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-  .^^.  /V^  //^ 


VOLUME 
NO.  3 


1\ 


NOVEMBER-DECEMBER  1976 


TECmNILOOT 

ABsnuurrs 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE 

National  Fire  Prevention 

and  Control  Administration 


NOTE . . . 


This  is  Volume  1,  No  3.  of  the  new  Fire  Technology  Abstracts,  sponsored  and 
published  by  the  National  Fire  Prevention  and  Control  Administration,  U.S. 
Department  of  Commerce.  Issues  of  this  abstract  journal  will  be  published  bi- 
monthly during  the  remainder  of  1977.  They  will  average  100  pages  per  issue. 
Subscriptions  to  all  first-year  issues  may  be  ordered  directly  from  the  Superintendent 
of  Documents,  U.S.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.C.  20402.  The 
price  is  $11.50  per  year  ($14.50  foreign).  Send  check  or  money  order  payable  to: 
Superintendent  of  Documents.  Or  charge  your  Supt.  Docs.  Deposit  Account,  if  you 
have  one. 


VOLUME 
NO.  3 


cfl 


NOVEMBER-DECEMBER  1976 


FIRE 

TECHIHILOOT 

ABSTRACTS 


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U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE 
National  Fire  Prevention 
and  Control  Administration 
The  National  Fire  Reference  Service 

Prepared  by 

The  Applied  Physics  Laboratory 

The  Johns  Hopkins  University 


For  further  information  contact; 
The  National  Fire  Reference  Service 
P.O.  Box  19518 
Washington,  D.C.  20036 
Telephone:  202/634-3913 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 


THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 
APPLIED  PHYSICS  LABORATORY 


L.  J.  Holtschlag 

Chief  Editor 


B.  W.  Kuvshinoff 

Associate  Editor 


TECHNICAL  ASSISTANTS 

J.  B.  Jernigan 
A.  I.  Bailey  .  B.  E.  Hess 

EDITORIAL  ADVISORY  BOARD 


I.  A.  Benjamin 

National  Bureau  of  Standards 
Center  for  Fire  Research 

W.  G.  Berl 

Johns  Hopkins  University 
Applied  Physics  Laboratory 

J.  E.  Bihr 

International  Conference  of 
Building  Officials 

J.  L.  Bryan 

University  of  Maryland 
Fire  Protection  Curriculum 

R.  M.  Fristrom 

Johns  Hopkins  University 
Applied  Physics  Laboratory 

A.  F.  Robertson 

National  Bureau  of  Standards 
Center  for  Fire  Research 

P.  S.  Schaenman 

National  Fire  Prevention  and 
Control  Administration 

P.  G.  Seeger 

University  of  Karlsruhe  (FRG) 
Fire  Protection  Engineering 
Research  Facility 


J.  H.  Shern 

City  of  Pasadena,  California 
Fire  Department 

G.  W.  Shorter 

National  Research  Council  (Canada) 
Division  of  Building  Research, 
Fire  Research  Section 

V.  Sjolin 

National  Defense  Research 
Institute  (Sweden) 

R.  E.  Stevens 

National  Fire  Protection  Association 

A.  R.  Taylor 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 
Forest  Service 

P.  H.  Thomas 

Building  Research  Establishment  (UK) 
Fire  Research  Station 

T.  Wakamatsu 

Ministry  of  Construction  (Japan) 
Building  Research  Institute 

I.J.  Witteveen 

TNO  for  Building  Materials  and 
Building  Structures  (The  Netherlands) 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


1.  GENERAL 

a.  Fire  Protection  Organization 145 

b.  Meetings    and    Professional 

Activities 146 

c.  Literature  and  Notices 146 

d.  Fire  and   Explosion  Incident 

Critiques  and  Analyses 147 

e.  Fire  Science  Education 148 

f .  Legislation 149 

g.  Research  and  Development  Pro- 

grams   149 

2.  DYNAMICS  AND  MECHANICS  OF  FIRE 

a.  Fire  Buildup,  Propagation,  and 

Spread 150 

b.  Flammability,  Ignition,  and 

Extinction 151 

c.  Flow  of  Combustion  Products 151 

d .  Instrumentation 153 

e.  Meteorology 153 

f .  Radiation , .153 

g.  Thermal  Conductivity 154 

3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

a.  Characteristics  and  Thermal 

Behavior  of  Materials 154 

b.  Combustion  and  Flammability 

Tests  and  Methods 155 

c.  Fire  and  Explosion  Hazards  of 

Materials 157 

d.  Nature  of  Combustion  Products. .. .158 

e.  Protection  and  Modification  of 

Materials 159 

f.  Stability  of  Materials  at 

Elevated  Temperatures 160 

4.  FIRE  MODELING  AND  TEST  BURNS 

a.  Field  Evaluation 162 

b.  Fire  Testing,  Structures 162 

c.  Modeling  and  Scaling. 162 

d .  Systems  Behavior 164 

5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

a.  Building  Design  and  Construc- 

tion Principles 164 

b.  Detection  and  Alarm  Equipment ....  165 

c.  Fire  and  Explosion  Risks 170 

d.  Fire  Loads 172 

e.  Heat  and  Pressure  Load  Effects 

on  Structures 172 

f.  Prevention  and  Hazard  Reduction. .172 

g.  Protection  Devices  and  Equip- 

ment  , 173 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equip- 
ment   178 


6.  FIRE  SAFETY 

a.  Agriculture  and  Wildlands 188 

b.  Commercial  Occupancies 188 

c.  Electrical 188 

d .  Industrial  Occupancies 189 

e.  Institutional  Occupancies 190 

f .  Mining 190 

g .  Power  Plants 191 

h .  Public  Buildings 191 

i .  Residential  Occupancies 191 

j.  Transportation    (Air,    Rail, 

Road ,  Water) 191 

7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILI- 
TIES 

a.  Administration,  Organization 

and  Management 192 

b.  Education  and  Training 193 

c.  Facilities 194 

d .  General  Equipment 194 

e.  Information  Systems 195 

f.  Investigation  and  Reporting 196 

g.  Personal  Equipment 196 

h .  Personnel  Affairs 198 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS  PREVENTION  AND  SUP- 
PRESSION 

a.  Communications  and  Signalling. . .199 

b.  Extinguishing  Agents  and  Ad- 

ditives   199 

c.  Hydraulics  and  Water  Supplies. . .202 

d.  Inspection 202 

e .  Operational  Problems 202 

f.  Public  Education  and  Public 

Relations 203 

g.  Rescue  Operations 203 

h.  Tactics 206 

9.  PLANNING 

a .  Budgeting 207 

b.  Logistics 208 

c  .  Operations  Analysis 208 

10.  HUMAN  BEHAVIOR,  SOCIAL,  AND  MEDICAL 
PROBLEMS 

a .  Arson 208 

b .  Combustion  Toxicology 208 

c.  Emergency  Medical  Services  and 

Facilities 210 

d.  Injuries  and  Fatalities 210 

e.  Physiology 211 

f .  Psychology 211 

III 


11.  CODES,  STANDARDS,  SAFE  HANDLING,  c.  Restoration 213 

IDENTIFICATION  OF  HAZARDS  d .  Risk  Management 214 

a .  Codes 211      e .  Salvage , 214 

b.  Hazards  Identification ..212 

c.  Safe  Handling  of  Hazardous 

Materials 212   13 .  STATISTICS 214 

d  .  Standards 212 

AUTHOR  INDEX I-l 

12.  INSURANCE,  ECONOMICS  OF  LOSS  AND  SUBJECT  INDEX 1-5 

PREVENTION  SOURCE  INDEX 1-29 

a  .  Insurance 213   REPORT  NUMBER  INDEX 1-33 

b .  Losses 213  EXPANSIONS  OF  JOURNAL  ABBREVIATIONS  .  .  .  1-35 


IV 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


Fire  Technology  Abstracts  is  an  abstracts  journal  being  prepared  bimonthly  by 
the  Fire  Problems  Program  Group  of  the  Applied  Physics  Laboratory  of  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  Laurel,  Maryland,  USA,  under  the  sponsorship  of  the  National  Fire 
Prevention  and  Control  Administration  (NFPCA)  of  the  US  Department  of  Commerce.  It 
complements  the  Fire  Research  Abstracts  and  Reviews  published  under  the  auspices  of 
the  US  National  Academy  of  Sciences/National  Research  Council  in  cooperation  with 
the  NFPCA. 

SCOPE  AND  COVERAGE 

The  aim  of  Fire  Technology  Abstracts  is  to  provide  comprehensive  reference  to 
the  applied  fire  literature  in  the  broad  range  of  topics  outlined  in  the  "Table  of 
Contents."  Most  topics  are  covered  fully;  a  few  topics,  such  as  forest  fires  and 
mine  fires,  are  referenced  selectively,  because  they  are  covered  systematically  in 
other  specialized  indexing  and  abstracting  serials.   For  such  topics  an  appropriate 
notice  has  been  entered  under  the  respective  category. 

The  information  contained  in  Fire  Technology  Abstracts  has  been  gleaned  from  a 
wide  variety  of  sources  (journals,  books,  reports,  patents,  codes,  and  standards), 
with  particular  emphasis  on  the  report  and  patent  literature,  for  which  referencing 
heretofore  has  been  inadequate.   Although  the  English-language  literature  comprises 
the  majority  of  the  entries,  the  coverage  includes  selections  from  the  world  fire 
literature,  identified  in  part  through  such  sources  as  Safety  in  Mines  Abstracts  of 
the  Safety  in  Mines  Research  Establishment  (UK) ,  identified  in  the  abstracts  as 
(SMRE) ,  the  Soviet  Abstracts  Journal,  Series  68,  "Fire  Protection,"  identified  as 
(RZh) ,  and  the  card  abstracts  issued  monthly  by  the  Fire  Literature  Documentation 
Section  of  the  German  Fire  Technology  Research  Center  at  the  University  of  Karls- 
ruhe, identified  as  (Fachdok) . 

Many  of  the  entries  in  Fire  Technology  Abstracts  are  being  used  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  copyright  holder.  Any  abstract  terminating  with  (Author)  should  be 
considered  as  possibly  subject  to  copyright  restrictions. 

ARRANGEMENT 

The  journal  is  arranged  in  two  sections:   Abstracts  and  Indexes. 

The  Abstracts  section  contains  complete  bibliographic  description  required  for 
retrieval  of  the  item,  along  with  a  brief  description  of  the  contents  of  the  item, 
usually  consisting  of  the  author's  abstract,  summary,  or  conclusions.   The  abstracts 
are  classified  under  the  13  main  categories  listed  in  the  "Table  of  Contents"  and  a 
suitable  number  of  subcategories,  which  are  subject  to  revision  as  the  necessity  for 
finer  classification  arises.   The  page-keyed  categories  and  subcatergories  of  the 
"Table  of  Contents"  are  repeated  on  the  appropriate  pages  in  the  abstracts  section 
to  assist  the  reader  in  rapid  identification  of  the  topical  field  of  interest. 

The  Index  section  consists  of  four  indexes:   author,  subject,  source,  and  report 
number.   Each  entry  in  each  index  is  keyed  to  an  abstract  number.   Annual  cumulative 
indexes  will  be  published. 

The  Author  Index  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  all  authors  cited  in  the  abstracts 
section,  whether  principal  or  secondary. 


The  Sub.ject  Index  entries  consist  of  up  to  three  hierarchic  descriptive  levels 
to  characterize  the  nature  of  the  subject  content. 

The  Source  Index  displays  citations  in  alphanumeric  order  of  the  sources  under 
the  headings:   Books,  Codes,  Conferences,  Congresses,  Dissertations,  Journals,  Meet- 
ings, Patents,  Reports,  Seminars,  Standards,  and  Symposia. 

The  Report  Index  lists  in  alphabetical  order  the  numbers  of  all  the  reports 
entered  in  each  issue,  including  multiple  numbers,  as  well  as  the  accession  numbers 
under  which  reports  are  available  from  document  repositories. 

These  indexes  (as  indeed  the  entrie  journal)  are  composed  and  printed  out  by  an 
IBM  360/91  computer,  using  the  INFO-360  Document  Writing  Package  of  programs  develop- 
ed at  the  Applied  Physics  Laboratory.   All  but  the  subject  index  are  produced  direc- 
tly from  the  printed  portion  of  the  entries.   The  subject  index  terms  are  typed  in  at 
the  ends  of  the  abstracts,  but  are  not  printed  in  the  body  of  the  journal.   Author 
affiliations,  whenever  available,  are  also  included  in  the  records.   These  are  not 
printed  or  listed,  but  are  reserved  for  future  use  in  developing  directories  and  the 
like. 

AVAILABILITY 

Fire  Technology  Abstracts  is  a  literature  announcement  service  only  and  cannot 
respond  to  requests  for  the  documents  announced  in  the  journal.   For  all  literature 
citations  an  effort  is  made  to  provide  the  information  needed  by  the  reader  to 
acquire  the  document.   In  general,  however,  the  full  text  of  many  of  the  journal 
articles  cited  in  the  FTA  can  be  purchased  through  the  Original  Article  Tear  Sheet 
service  (registered  tradename  OATS)  of  the  Institute  for  Scientific  Information 
(registered  ISI)  in  Philadelphia,  PA.   The  full  text  of  those  abstracts  terminating 
with  (Fachdok  plus  number)  can  be  purchased  by  citing  the  number  and  ordering  from 
the  Documentation  Center  of  the  German  Fire  Technology  Research  Center  in  Karlsruhe, 
FRG.   The  addresses  of  these  two  organizations  are  given  below. 

For  books,  monographs,  conference  papers,  and  proceedings  the  source  is,  in 
most  cases,  either  the  publisher  or  the  sponsoring  organization. 

Dissertations  are  available  in  xerographic  copy  from  University  Microfilms  of 
Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 

Patents  can  be  obtained  from  the  respective  national  Patent  Offices. 

US  Reports  are  available  for  a  fee  from  the  National  Technical  Information 
Service  (NTIS)  or  from  the  US  Government  Printing  Office  (GPO) .   If  availability  is 
not  indicated,  the  issuing  organization  should  be  queried. 


VI 


ADDRESSES 

NTIS 


Fachdok 


GPO 


OATS 


Pat  Off 


Univ  Micro 


National  Technical  Information  Serivce 
Springfield,  VA  22161 

Forschungsstelle  fuer  Brandschutztechnik 
an  der  Universitaet  Karlsruhe  (T.H.) 
Abteilung  Fachdokumentation 
Hertzstrasse  16,  Postfach  6380 
Federal  Republic  of  Germany 

Superintendent  of  Documents 
US  Government  Printing  Office 
Washington,  DC   20402 

Institute  for  Scientific  Information 
325  Chestnut  Street 
Philadelphia,  PA  19106 

Commissioner  of  Patents  and  Trademarks 
Washington,  DC  20231 

University  Microfilms 
300  North  Zeeb  Road 
Ann  Arbor,  MI  48106 


VII 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


Volume  1,  Number  3 


November-December  1976 


1.  GENERAL 

a.  FIRE  PROTECTION  ORGANIZATION 

668.  Obukhov  FV,  Filatov  AV  and  Gavriley  VM 
ORGANIZATIONAL  PROBLEMS  IN  IMPROVING  THE 
CONTROL  OF  SOCIALIST  PRODUCTION  (PROBLEMY 
ORGANIZATSIY  SOVERSHENSTVOVANIYA 
UPRAVLENIYA  SOTSIALISTICHESKOM  PROIZ- 
VODSTVOM) 

Moscow  University  Press,  Moscow,   USSR;  pages   284- 
288.  1975  (Russian) 

This  book,  which  was  compiled  and  published  at 
Moscow  University,  contains  an  article  entitled  "Problems 
of  Organization  in  Improving  Administration  of  the  Na- 
tion's Fire  Fighting  Service",  the  principal  author  of 
which  is  head  of  the  Main  Fire  Protection  Administration. 
Discussed  in  the  article  is  the  development  of  a  set  of 
predictions  to  solve  the  following  problems:  evaluation 
of  the  volume  of  work  required  to  ensure  fire  protection 
of  the  national  economy  and  the  tendency  of  this  volume 
to  change  as  the  national  Uving  standard  increases;  ap- 
praisal of  the  operational  status;  and  development  of  ways 
and  means  to  influence  the  operational  situation.  (RZh) 

669.  Jurkat  MP 

A  REGIONALIZATION  STUDY 

Fire  Chief;  20(8):72-74,  1976 

A  thorough  study  of  fire  protection  in  six  communities 
in  New  Jersey  shows  how  regionalization  could  provide 
fire  protection  at  less  cost  and  more  efficiently.  The  study 
also  provides  a  basic  plan  for  merging  the  fire  department 
functions  on  a  step-by-step  basis.  1  table.  (Author) 

670.  Lucht  DA 

NFPCA   DESIGNED   TO    ASSIST   LOCAL   AND   STATE 
GOVERNMENTS 

Fire  Eng;  129(8):  18,  21-22,  1976 

In  a  talk  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Amer- 
ican Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  held 
in  Boston  on  Feb  24,  1976,  the  Deputy  Administrator 
of  NFPCA  outlined  one  of  the  first  products  of  the  Ad- 
ministration to  assist  local  and  state  governments  to  decide 
what  to  do  about  fire  safety,  the  creation  of  a  community 
fire  protection  master  planning  procedure.  The  various 
components  of  the  plan  are  discussed  in  some  detail,  in- 
cluding identification  and  measurement  of  the  community 
fire  situation,  identification  and  agreement  on  an  accepta- 
ble fire  risk,  identification  and  evaluation  of  alternative 
combinations    of   pubhc    and    private    sector    actions    to 


achieve  the  acceptable  level  of  community  fire  risk,  adop- 
tion and  implementation  of  a  community  action  plan,  and 
monitoring  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  plan.  The  same 
types  of  analytical  procedures  are  applied  to  buildings. 

671.  OkawaT 

THE  JAPANESE  FIRE  SERVICE 

Internal  Fire  Chief,  42(3):8-13,  1976 

This  article  is  a  paper  presented  by  Chief  T.  Okawa 
at  the  102nd  annual  meeting  of  the  IFAC  in  Las  Vegas, 
NV.  Following  a  broad  survey  of  the  historical  develop- 
ment of  the  Japanese  fire  service,  which  has  undergone 
major  reforms  on  several  occasions,  the  author  describes 
the  organization  and  operating  methods  of  the  fire  depart- 
ments, which  are  shared  in  large  measure  by  national, 
prefectural  and  municipal  authorities.  Financial  problems 
are  discussed,  as  are  the  specific  problems  of  the  in- 
dividual fire  departments,  which  have  the  tasks  of  fire 
prevention  and  protection,  controlling  hazardous  materials 
and  ambulance  service,  as  well  as  measures  to  protect 
against  earthquakes,  protection  of  the  fundamental  rights 
of  firemen,  and  others.  2  figs. 

672.  Rule  CH 

COULD  REGIONALIZATION  SOLVE  YOUR  PROBLEM? 

Fire  Chief,  20(8):  68-71,  1976 

More  responsive  and  cost-effective  deUvery  of  fire  and 
emergency  medical  services  can  be  accomplished  by  con- 
solidation or  regionalization  of  two  or  a  number  of  fire 
department  jurisdictions.  The  planning,  command,  person- 
nel, communication,  funding,  training,  and  logistics 
problems  involved  in  such  a  procedure  are  examined. 

673.  Pfefferh  W 

THE  FIRE  SERVICE  IN  THE  STATE  OF  BADEN- 
WUERTTEMBERG 

Schweiz  Feuerwehr  Z,  102(8):303-308,  1976  (German) 

On  the  occasion  of  a  visit  of  a  delegation  of  the  (j  entral 
Committee  of  the  Swiss  Fire  Protection  Association  to 
the  State  Fire  Protection  School  of  Baden-Wuerttemberg 
in  Bruchsal  (FRG)  and  the  inspection  of  several  fire  sta- 
tions in  the  Karlsruhe  administrative  district,  the  author 
presents  an  outUne  of  the  organization  of  the  fire  protec- 
tion service,  its  legal  foundations,  training,  funding,  and 
the  problems  arising  in  Baden-Wuerttemberg  from  commu- 
nity and  territorial  reform.  3  figs,  2  tables.  (Fachdok 
12/1006) 


145 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


1 . GENERAL 


b.  MEETINGS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  ACTIVITIES 

674.  Anon 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  368  pages,  1975 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

For  over  20  years  the  Commission  W14  of  the  Conseil 
International  du  Batiment  (CIB)  has  been  a  focus  for  fire 
research  workers.  It  has  conducted  joint  research  projects 
and  has  provided  a  forum  for  the  exchange  of  information 
and  ideas  between  its  members,  representing  countries 
all  over  the  world.  This  symposium  on  the  problems  of 
smoke  control  in  buildings  was  hosted  by  the  Fire 
Research  Station  of  the  Building  Research  Establishment, 
UK.  In  the  symposium,  research  workers,  building 
designers,  regulatory  officials,  fire  brigade  spokesmen  and 
others  met  to  pool  their  knowledge  and  experience.  The 
volume  of  papers  and  discussion  forming  the  proceedings 
of  the  symposium  provide  an  authoritative  and  up-to-date 
source  of  information  and  opinion  for  the  many  specialists 
involved  in  the  design  of  safer  buildings.  This  volume 
contains  the  26  papers  presented  at  the  symposium,  all 
of  which  are  separately  abstracted.  The  individual  ab- 
stracts can  be  found  by  consulting  the  source  index  under 
the  appropriate  "symposia"  entries. 

675.  Anon 

Dynamics  of  Fire  Prevention  Conf,  Proc;    1976,  Oct    18- 

20,  Los  Angeles,  CA 

Sponsor:  Nat  Fire  Prev  and  Control  Admin 

The  second  national  conference  of  the  NFPCA  was 
devoted  to  the  theme  of  providing  the  fire  community 
with  assistance  in  planning,  organizing,  managing,  and 
evaluating  effective  fire  prevention  programs.  The  major 
components  of  the  conference  were  addressed  in  the  first 
five  sessions,  followed  by  a  sixth  session  to  summarize 
the  content  of  the  previous  sessions.  The  first  session, 
A  Proper  Mix  for  Fire  Prevention,  emphasized  the  various 
facets  and  responsibilities  of  fire  prevention,  including  in- 
dustry, the  firefighter,  and  the  city  manager.  Session  II, 
Fire  Prevention  Through  PubUc  Education,  dealt  with  new 
developments  in  public  fire  education;  professional  qualifi- 
cations for  public  education  specialists;  goals,  objectives 
and  functions  of  a  public  education  program  which 
reduces  fire  losses,  and  a  special  report  on  the  NFPCA 
fire  prevention  programs.  Session  III,  Fire  prevention 
Through  Building  Design,  took  into  account  the  significant 
impact  on  fire  losses  of  the  ways  buildings  are  designed, 
constructed,  and  furnished,  stressing  the  importance  of 
building  design  in  fire  prevention  to  provide  specific  infor- 
mation on  how  to  reach  improvements  in  this  area.  Four 
papers  were  read  in  Session  IV,  Fire  Prevention  Through 
Inspection  and  Enforcement,  namely:  goals,  objectives, 
and  functions  of  fire  inspection  programs  which  reduce 
losses;  a  discussion  of  the  qualifications  required  for  fire 
inspectors;  a  discussion  of  the  factors  associated  with 
the  enforcement  of  fire  codes,  standards,  and  regulations. 
Fire  Prevention  through  Fire  and  Arson  Investigations  and 
Fire  Prevention  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  the  theme 
of  session  V,  in  which  three  papers  were  presented:  goals, 
objectives,  and  functions  of  fire/arson  investigation  pro- 
grams which  reduce  fire  losses;  why  arson  is  not  a  class 
1  crime;  and  professional  qualifications  for  fire  investiga- 

146 


tors.  The  final,  sixth  session.  Getting  It  Together  in  Fire 
Prevention,  had  as  its  primary  object  to  illustrate  the  con- 
tent of  the  previous  sessions  by  drawing  on  examples 
of  two  successful  fire  prevention  programs,  one  in  Ed- 
monds, Washington,  the  other  in  Fort  Washington, 
Pennsylvania.  The  proceedings  contains  the  texts  of  the 
twenty-four  papers  and  ends  with  a  list  of  conference 
participants.  110  pages. 

676.  Anon 

Industrial  Civil  Defense  Conf,  Int,  3rd,  Proc  Record;  1975, 

Apr  8-12,  Beirut,  Lebanon 

Sponsor:  Intemat  Civil  Def  Org,  Geneva,  Switzerland 

The  complete  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  con- 
ference contains  abbreviated  versions  of  several  papers 
relating  to  fire  safety  within  the  framework  of  civil 
defense  planning:  paper  13  -  Protection  and  Security 
Problems  in  Petroleum  and  Petrochemical  Industries; 
paper  14  -  Security  Regulations  and  Devices  for  Public 
Premises  and  Conveyances;  paper  15  -  Safety  Measures 
in  Highrise  Buildings;  paper  16-Modem  Construction 
Materials  and  Their  Use  in  Highrise  Buildings;  Research 
into  Inflammability  and  Toxicity  of  Materials;  and  Rescue 
of  Trapped  Persons  from  Highrise  Buildings  by 
Helicopter.  107  pages. 

677.  Anon 

THE  SCIENTIFIC  APPROACH  IS  THE  FOUNDATION 
FOR  SUCCESS 

Pozhar  delo;  (5):  14-16,  1976  (Russian) 

A  detailed  report  is  given  on  an  All-Union  scientific 
and  practical  conference  on  the  fire  protection  of  public 
housing  held  in  Moscow  in  1975,  in  which  buUders, 
architects  and  fire  speciaUsts  reviewed  current  and  future 
problems  of  fire  protection  in  the  light  of  present-day 
trends  in  the  development  of  urban  construction.  An  im- 
portant theme  of  the  conference  was  fire  protection  of 
the  future,  which  begins  in  the  laboratories  of  chemists 
and  workshops  of  the  building  industries,  with  particular 
emphasis  on  the  scientific  aspects  of  fire  safety  develop- 
ment. 

c.  LITERATURE  AND  NOTICES 

678.  Bennett  D 

IS  THERE  A  NEED  FOR  A  FIREMAN'S  HANDBOOK? 

Fire;  69(855):  183,  1976  - 

Following  a  discussion  of  the  recent  re-issue  of  the 
Manuals  of  Firemanship  (UK)  and  their  availability,  the 
author  proposes  compilation  of  a  "Fireman's  Handbook", 
which  would  be  a  reference  book  satisfying  the  fireman's 
everyday  needs.  The  contents  should  include  the  headings 
of  fire  service  conditions,  practical  firemanship  and  fire 
prevention. 

679.  Jason  NH 

FIRE  RESEARCH  PUBLICATIONS,  1975.  Nat  Bureau  of 
Standards,  Center  for  Fire  Res,  Washington,  DC;  NBSIR 
76-1120,  12  pages,  Sep  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  n  ? «■     , 

Fire  Research   Publications,    1975   is   a   supplement  to 

the   previous   editions,   which  covered   the   years    1969   - 

1972  (NBSIR  73-736).   1973  (NBSIR  74-511)  and   1974 


WW 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


1.  GENERAL 

c.  Literature  and  Notices- 


Continued 


(NBSIR  75-736).  Only  publications  prepared  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Center  for  Fire  Research  (CFR),  by  National 
Bureau  of  Standards  (NBS)  personnel  or  external  laborato- 
ries under  contract  or  grant  from  the  CFR  are  cited.  Arti- 
cles published  in  NBS  house  organs  also  are  cited.  The 
standards  publications  include  Technical  Notes  (TN), 
Building  Science  Series  (BSS),  and  Standards  Interagency 
Reports  (NBSIR).  (Author) 

d.  FIRE  AND  EXPLOSION  INCIDENT  CRITIQUES 
AND  ANALYSES 

680.  Baldino  A 

TRAIN  FIRE  IN  AN  UNDERGROUND  STATION 

Antincendio  protez  civ;  27(10): 767-771,  1975  (Italian) 

After  a  fire  in  a  subway  station  in  Naples,  deficiencies 
and  difficulties  in  organizing  the  fire-suppression  attack 
and  in  evacuating  people  from  underground  stations  were 
discovered.  The  presence  of  cables  in  the  tunnels  and 
of  flammable  materials  used  to  finish  car  interiors  makes 
such  premises  fire  hazards,  requiring  special  fire  safety 
measures,  such  as  the  installation  of  fire  hydrants  in  sub- 
way stations,  emergency  smoke  removal  systems,  and 
others. 

681.  Anon 

FIRE  IN  A  SYNTHETIC  RESIN  VARNISH  FACTORY 

Brandverhuetung;  (118):57-59,  1976  (German) 

The  synthetic  resin  department  of  a  varnish  factory  in 
the  Federal  State  of  Salzburg  (Austria)  was  the  scene 
of  a  fire  which  was  instructive  with  respect  to  the  manner 
of  ignition.  The  production  process  is  illustrated.  Owing 
to  overboiling,  the  contents  of  the  reaction  vessel  ran 
over,  releasing  xylene  vapors,  which  could  have  been  ig- 
nited only  by  some  remote  source.  The  overflow  from 
the  vessel  was  then  set  afire  by  flame  flashback.  2  figs. 
(Fachdok  12/0977) 

682.  Dimeo  MJ 

WHERE  THERE  ARE  NO  EMERGENCY  EXITS 

Fire  Command;  43(8):46-49,  1976 

An  NFPA  fire  analysis  specialist  examines  the  causes 
of  prison  fires  and  the  advantages  and  liabilities  of  the 
prison  fire  environment,  such  as  construction,  lack  of  staff 
training,  detection  and  alarm  delays,  lack  of  smoke  ven- 
tilation, and  evacuation.  Nine  actual  prison  fire  scenarios 
are  cited  in  evidence  of  the  prison  fire  prevention  and 
protection  problems.  1  photo. 

683.  Gebhardt  M 

FTRE  IN  THE  LIVING  QUARTERS  OF  OCEAN  GOING 
VESSELS  -  A  MORTAL  DANGER 

Hansa;  11 2(23):  1937- 1942,  1975  (German) 

A  description  of  fires  in  the  living  quarters  of  three 
dry-cargo  ships  leads  to  the  following  conclusions:  all  the 
fires  built  up  rapidly  (10-15  min)  and  spread  outside  the 
compartments  where  they  broke  out.  All  the  fires  were 
accompanied  by  rapid  smoke  logging  of  all  decks, 
promoted  by  open  gangways  and  doors.  Conditions  which 
threatened  the  lives  of  the  personnel  developed  quickly. 
Fire-fighting  teams  were  not  able  either  to  save  the  lives 


of  those  cut  off  by  the  fires  or  to  extinguish  them  on 
their  own.  The  ships  were  built  in  accordance  with  the 
regulations  of  the  International  Convention  for  the  Protec- 
tion of  Human  Life  at  Sea  of  1960,  but  the  structural 
protection  measures  specified  by  the  Convention  did  not 
prevent  the  rapid  spread  of  flame  and  smoke.  In  1972 
the  Federal  Republic  of  Germany  introduced  the  new 
regulations  of  the  Professional  Seaman's  Union, 
strengthening  the  active  protective  measures,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  is  the  shielding  of  gangways,  corridors 
and  quarters  by  incombustible  bulkheads.  It  is  stated  that 
these  measures  are  inadequate  and  it  is  recommended  that 
automatic  detection  systems  be  installed  in  these  areas. 
2  refs.  (RZh) 

684.  Scott  RL 

BROWNS  FERRY  NUCLEAR  POWER-PLANT  FIRE  ON 
MAR  22,  1975 

Nuclear  Saf;  17(5):592-611,  1976 

This  article  reviews  the  Mar  22,  1975,  fire  at  the  Browns 
Ferry  nuclear  power  plant.  The  fire  originated  in  the  elec- 
trical cable  trays  and  burned  for  7  hrs  before  it  was 
extinguished  by  water.  The  use  of  water  was  delayed 
until  the  reactors  were  in  a  stable  shutdown  condition 
because  of  the  possibility  of  shorting  circuits,  which  might 
have  caused  further  degradation  of  conditions  that  would 
have  been  more  difficult  to  control.  However,  when  water 
was  authorized,  the  fire  was  quickly  extinguished.  The 
fire-fighting  efforts  and  the  damage  by  the  fire  are 
described.  The  loss  of  electrical  power  and  control  circuits 
resulted  in  the  unavailability  of  emergency  core-cooling 
systems  and  hampered  efforts  to  provide  normal  cooling 
to  the  reactor  fuel.  The  availability  of  alternate  cooUng 
methods  is  reviewed,  the  efforts  to  maintain  cooling  of 
the  reactor  fuel  are  discussed,  and  the  basic  reasons  for 
the  common-mode  failures  are  described.  Assessments  of 
the  fire  were  made  by  three  groups  in  the  U.S.  Nuclear 
Regulatory  Commission  (NRC),  as  well  as  by  an  indepen- 
dent insurance  group.  Some  of  the  details  of  these  assess- 
ments are  presented,  in  particular,  some  deficiencies  that 
the  NRC  Office  of  Inspection  and  Enforcement  found 
during  its  investigation  and  some  of  the  lessons  learned 
from  the  events  as  determined  by  the  NRC  Special 
Review  Group.  14  figs,  8  refs.  (Author) 

685.  Bieletzke  A 

AN  UNUSUAL  CAUSE  LED  TO  A  FIRE  IN  AN  OPTI- 
CIAN'S WORKSHOP 

Unser  Brandschutz;  26(7):28-29,  1976  (German) 

A  fire  with  appreciable  property  damage  occurred  in 
an  optician's  place  of  business.  A  large  quantity  of  highly 
combustible  material,  such  as  celluloid  plates,  frames  for 
glasses,  acetone  and  wooden  fittings,  was  located  in  the 
workshop,  contributing  to  rapid  spread  of  the  fire.  An 
investigation  of  the  cause  of  the  fire  showed  that  the 
explosion  of  an  a-c  meter  in  the  workshop  was  responsible 
for  the  fire.  Due  to  the  continuous  use  of  acetone,  acetone 
vapors  must  have  penetrated  into  the  meter  through  the 
openings  for  the  cable  lead,  resulting  in  the  buildup  of 
an  explosive  mixture.  Ignition  may  have  been  by  a  spark. 
Then  the  acetone  was  ignited  by  the  short-circuit  spark. 
4  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0888) 


147 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


1.  GENERAL 

d.  Fire  and  Explosion  Incident  Critiques  and  Analyses — Continued 


686.  Kordina  K,  Krampf  L  and  Seiler  HF 

AN  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  EFFECTS  OF  A  BIG  FIRE 
IN  SOME  CONCRETE  BUILDINGS 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technol;  (14):4-17,  1976  (English;  German 
and  French  summaries) 

The  types  of  concrete  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
buildings  are  detailed,  and  the  damage  which  occurred 
in  the  fire  is  described.  The  performance  of  these  materi- 
als is  considered  in  relation  to  the  mechanical  and  fire 
loadings  present.  This  contribution  is  the  translation  of 
an  article  pubUshed  in  Beton  u.  Stahlbeton,  Vol  67,  Nos. 
5/6,  pp.  108-113,  129-134.  15  figs.  (Author) 

687.  ButUn  RN 

ESTIMATION  OF  MAXIMUM  EXPLOSION  PRESSURE 
FROM  DAMAGE  TO  SURROUNDING  BUILDINGS.  EX- 
PLOSION AT  MERSEY  HOUSE,  BOOTLE,  28  AUGUST 
1975.  Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices'  Committee 
(UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1054,  11  pages, 
4  figs,  7  refs,  Jul  1976 

An  explosion  in  the  ground  floor  flat  of  a  16-story  block 
caused  severe  damage  to  the  flat,  some  other  parts  of 
the  16-story  block,  and  resulted  in  the  failure  of  many 
windows  in  surrounding  property. 

Calculations  based  on  the  decay  of  pressure  with 
distance,  and  the  dimensions  and  thickness  of  glazing 
broken  in  nearby  buildings,  indicate  that  the  peak  explo- 
sion pressure  within  the  flat  was  between  46  and  81  kN/m^. 
(6.5  and  11.5  Ibf/in^).  These  pressures  are  substantially 
greater  than  those  that  would  be  expected  from  measure- 
ments made  from  explosions  in  single,  empty  compart- 
ments, and  are  also  greater  than  that  calculated  from  an 
equation  making  some  allowance  for  turbulence,  and  in- 
dicate that  a  high  degree  of  turbulence  was  generated 
by  the  complexity  of  the  compartmentation  and  the  con- 
tents of  the  flat. 

These  findings  emphasize  the  importance  of  tests  to 
be  carried  out  by  the  Fire  Research  Station  in  a  complex 
array  of  compartments  and  corridors  and  the  development 
of  appropriate  mathematical  expressions  for  the  relation- 
ship between  vent  area  and  explosion  pressure  for  a  given 
set  of  conditions.  (Author) 

688.  Burriss  WH,  Jr 

EXPLOSION  AND  FIRE  IN  A-LINE  FACILITY  OF  THE 
SAVANNAH  RIVER  PLANT.  EI  DuFont  de  Nemours  and 
Co,  Savannah  River  Lab,  Aiken,  SC;  CONF-75 1084-1,  4 
pages,  Sep  1975 
AvaUabihty:  NTIS  DPSPU-75-30-13 

During  routine  operations  to  reduce  uranyl  nitrate  hex- 
ahydrate  to  uranium  trioxide,  an  excessive  amount  of  or- 
ganic solution  entered  denitrator  pots  and  ignited.  Damage 
from  the  resulting  explosion  and  fire  amounted  to  about 
S300,000,  No  spread  of  contamination  or  serious  injuries 
occurred.  The  faciUty  has  been  restored  to  production 
with  process  modifications  to  prevent  recurrence.  (Author) 

e.  FIRE  SCIENCE  EDUCATION 

689.  Zwingmann  R 

BASIC  nRE  EDUCATION   AT  THE  BERLIN  TECHNI- 
CAL UNIVERSITY 

Beratende  Ing;  (6):17-18,  21-24,  1976  (German) 


The  Interior  Design  and  Planning  Institute  of  the  Berlin 
Technical  University  is  the  first  institute  in  the  Federal 
Republic  of  Germany  to  take  steps  toward  introducing 
preventive  structural  and  industrial  fire  protection  as  a 
required  subject  in  the  curriculum.  The  fire  protection 
informatipn  absolutely  necessary  for  the  architect  is  in- 
troduced at  this  institute.  The  present  article  gives  the 
reasons  why  this  must  be  done  and  explains  what  is  taught 
about  fire  protection.  2  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0903) 

690.  Sylvia  RP 

FIREMEN  WILL  FEEL  ACADEMY  IMPACT  ON  EDU- 
CATION 

Fire  Eng;  129(8):44-45,  1976 

The  status  of  planning  for  the  National  Fire  Academy's 
training  and  education  program  is  reviewed.  The  scope 
of  the  program  is  indicated  in  a  chart.  Position  papers 
are  being  written  for  the  fire  prevention,  arson,  data, 
instruction  training  and  management  education  and  train- 
ing programs  and  for  the  two-  and  four-year  college  cur- 
ricula and  correspondence  courses.  The  greatest  progress 
has  been  made  on  the  arson  detection  and  investigation 
program.  Ways  of  delivering  the  programs  to  the  fire  ser- 
vice are  being  examined,  perhaps  by  classes  and  seminars 
at  the  Academy,  where  possible  by  working  through  state 
directors  of  fire  service  training.  Model  courses  may  be 
made  available.  A  computerized  record  system  for  the 
Academy's  training  and  educational  program  is  being  con- 
sidered. 2  tables. 

691.  Sylvia  RP 

ARSON    PROGRAM   ON   WAY   TO   FIGHT   NATION'S 
MAJOR  FIRE  PROBLEM 

Fire  Eng;  129(8):48-49,  1976 

An  arson  detection  and  investigation  program  will 
probably  be  the  first  educational  program  to  be  instituted 
by  the  National  Fire  Academy,  as  recommended  by  con- 
ferees at  the  Battelle  Institute  Conference  in  Jan,  1976. 
The  four  phases  of  the  program  are  discussed,  namely, 
detection,  company  officer  training,  arson  investigation, 
and  fire  investigation.  The  scope  of  course  development 
participation  by  representatives  of  the  fire  service,  police 
service,  and  criminal  justice  system,  as  well  as  from  the 
insurance  industry  and  banking  industry  is  being  con- 
sidered. The  course  may  include  the  material  needed  for 
an  arson  investigator  to  become  certified.  1  photo. 

692.  Sylvia  RP 

13  STATES  GETTING  PLANNING  GRANTS 

Fire  Eng;  129(8): 50-52,  1976 

The  planning  assistance  program  of  the  National  Fire 
Academy  has  provided  funding  for  state  use.  Nine  states 
have  been  recommended  for  grants  to  develop  statewide 
fire  education  and  training  organizational  designs  and  four 
states  have  been  selected  for  the  development  of  com- 
prehensive five-year  statewide  plans  for  improving  fire 
education  and  training.  The  objectives  and  procedures  of 
the  assistance  program  are  discussed. 


148 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


1.  GENERAL 


f.  LEGISLATION 

693.  Schaffner  LE  and  DeCicco  PR 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  A  COMPREHENSIVE  FIRE 
SAFETY  LAW  FOR  NEW  YORK;  Paper  No.  24 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  317-341 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

In  January  1973,  after  two  serious  fires  in  highrise  office 
buildings.  New  York  City  adopted  a  comprehensive  fire 
safety  law.  For  the  first  time  in  the  City's  history  such 
legislation  was  made  retroactive,  affecting  900  existing 
buildings  over  100  feet  high  and  thousands  under  100  feet. 
Mr.  Schaffner,  who  was  the  Executive  Director  of  the 
Mayor's  Committee  on  Fire  Safety  in  Highrise  Office 
Buildings,  describes  conditions  which  led  to  the  formation 
of  the  Committee,  participation  of  industry,  full-scale  fea- 
tures of  the  law,  and  the  compliance  experience  in  existing 
buildings.  In  order  to  verify  the  appUcability  of  the 
proposed  requirement  for  stairwell  pressurization  in  exist- 
ing buildings.  Professor  Paul  R.  DeCicco  of  Polytechnic 
Institute  of  New  York  was  asked  to  conduct  full-scale 
fire  tests  in  a  22-story  office  building.  In  addition,  scale 
models  (including  stairwells)  were  tested  to  establish  drag 
coefficients  and  means  of  control.  Continuing  studies  on 
stairwell  pressurization  systems  are  being  made  in  a  41- 
story  building  as  well  as  in  models  which  will  lead  to 
general  design  guidelines  applicable  to  a  wide  variety  of 
buildings.  A  report  will  also  be  made  on  model  studies 
of  smoke  control  measures  for  a  major  atrium-type  hotel 
to  be  built  in  New  York  City.  22  refs.  (Author) 

694.  Hinkel  E 

OPERATIONS  OFFICER  ACCORDING  TO  THE  "STATE 
LAW  ON  FIRE  PROTECTION  AND  TECHNICAL 
ASSISTANCE"  OF  RHEINLAND  PFALZ 

Brandschutz;  30(4):92-95,  1976  (German) 

In  this  brief  article  an  attempt  is  made  to  shed  light 
on  points  not  adequately  classifed  by  the  fire  protection 
law  of  June  27,  1974.  This  is  true  particularly  of  technical 
control,  which  is  missing  entirely  in  this  law.  On  the 
other  hand,  a  distinct  regulation  on  "overall  command" 
is  introduced  in  the  law;  both  operations  control  in  the 
normal  case  or  with  joint  operations  by  the  professional 
and  voluntary  fire  departments  or  operations  by  industrial 
fire  brigades  with  the  voluntary  or  professional  fire  depart- 
ments, all  these  combinations  are  regulated  in  the  law 
and  discussed  in  the  article.  The  law  as  it  applies  to 
the  powers  of  the  operations  officer  is  criticized  because 
of  inadequate  delineation  of  duties.  The  coercive  measures 
available  to  the  operations  officer  are  classified.  4  figs. 
(Fachdok  12/0642) 

g.  RESEARCH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  PROGRAMS 

695.  Stolp  M,  Zorgman  H,  CrommeUn  RD  and  Euser  P 
RESEARCH    PROPOSAL    ON    SMOKE    PROBLEMS    IN 
BUILDINGS;  Paper  No  26 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  355-368 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 


In  this  research  proposal  concerning  smoke  problems 
presented  by  fire  in  buildings,  the  motivation  is  based 
on  the  annual  loss  of  some  fifty  human  lives  (in  The 
Netherlands)  in  consequence  of  smoke  generation,  as  well 
as  on  an  economic  loss  amounting  to  approximately  100 
million  florins  per  year.  In  order  to  obtain  an  overall 
view  of  the  problem,  the  following  questions  may  be 
posed:  (1)  How  much  smoke  does  a  fire  produce?  (2) 
In  what  manner  does  smoke  propagation  take  place?  (3a) 
How  much  smoke  can  a  human  being  tolerate  under  cer- 
tain conditions?  (3b)  How  much  smoke  can  a  material 
tolerate  before  suffering  smoke  damage?  and  (4)  What 
measures  are  available  for  combating  the  smoke  problem? 
In  answering  these  questions  it  appears  meaningful  to  sub- 
divide smoke  in  terms  of  particles,  gases  and  convective 
heat,  and  to  apply  to  the  fire  a  subdivision  corresponding 
to  its  three  stages  of  development,  namely,  the  start  of 
the  fire,  the  stage  of  growth,  and  burning  state  (when 
the  fire  is  fully  developed).  Each  of  these  three  stages 
is  characterized  by  its  own  smoke  production  and  smoke 
spread  mechanism.  The  acceptabiUty  level  decides  which 
stage  of  development  of  the  fire  will  have  to  be  considered 
and  how  accurately  smoke  production  and  propagation 
will  have  to  be  known.  Set  up  in  this  way,  the  proposal 
aims  to  present  an  overall  approach  to  the  smoke  problem. 

696.  Anon 

FIRE  RESEARCH  STATION'S  ANNUAL  REPORT  FOR 
1975 

Fire;  69(853):80,  1976 

The  results  of  Fire  Research  Station  studies  of  the 
economic  aspects  of  fire  and  fire  protection  are  to  be 
used  in  the  formulation  of  fire  protection  poUcies  and 
to  be  of  influence  when  considering  the  provisions  of 
fire  regulations  for  buildings.  Some  of  the  programs  being 
pursued  are  the  problems  of  escape  from  house  fires, 
research  and  testing  of  detectors  and  contribution  to  inter- 
national standardization  of  these  devices;  linking  the  extin- 
guishing capabilities  of  foams  with  their  physical  proper- 
ties; full-scale  experiments  on  the  behavior  of  many  items 
of  furniture  and  furnishings  in  fire;  and  the  use  of  a 
suitable  plastic  (polyurethane  or  polyisocyanurate)  foamed 
into  reusable  molds  to  form  temporary  shelters  for  large 
numbers  of  disaster  survivors.  1  ref. 

697.  Zachary  WB,  Grossman  ERFW  and  Quan  EC 

AN  INTERIM  REPORT  ON  THE  FINDINGS  OF  THE 
SAN  FRANCISCO  HIGH-RISE  STUDY.  Univ  of  California 
(Berkeley),  Fire  Res  Group;  UCB  FRG  76-5,  34  pages, 
17  tables,  Oct  1975 

The  interim  report  forms  part  of  an  ongoing  project 
designed  to  acquire  up-to-date  knowledge  of  the  ex- 
periences of  people  with  fire  incidents,  availability  of  fire 
protection  equipment,  fire  knowledge  and  preparedness, 
and  attitudes  and  desires  regarding  fire  protection.  This 
information  is  needed  to  design  an  efficient  and  cost- 
effective  fire  protection  system.  The  initial  survey  on 
which  the  present  one  is  modeled  was  performed  in 
Berkeley,  California.  Another  study,  still  in  the  planning 
phase,  is  scheduled  for  the  city  of  Worcester,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Current  research  is  concerned  with  extending  and 
deepening  the  data  base  available  from  pioneer  studies. 
Also  see  UCB  FRG  WP-76-10.  (Author) 


149 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


1.  GENERAL 

g.  Research  and  Development  Programs— Continued 


698.  Zachary  WB,  Grossman  ERFW  and  Quan  EC 
THE  SAN  FRANCISCO  RESIDENTIAL  HIGH-RISE  FIRE 
SAFETY  INVESTIGATION.  Univ  of  California  (Berkeley), 
Fire  Res  Group;  UCB  FRG  WP  76-10,  57  pages,  23  tables, 
1976 

This  report  forms  part  of  an  ongoing  project  designed 
to  acquire  up-to-date  knowledge  of  the  experiences  of 
people  with  fire  incidents,  availability  of  fire  protection 
equipment,  fire  knowledge  and  preparedness,  and  attitudes 
and  desires  regarding  fire  protection.  Such  information 
is  needed  to  design  an  efficient  and  cost-effective  fire 
protection  system.  The  initial  one  on  which  the  present 
one  is  modeled  was  performed  in  Berkeley,  California. 
Additional  study  has  since  been  done  in  the  city  of  Wor- 
cester, Massachusetts.  Current  research  is  concerned  with 
extending  and  deepening  the  data  base  from  the  pioneer 
Berkeley  and  NBS  studies. 

This  report  represents  the  bulk  of  the  more  saUent 
findings  in  the  San  Francisco  highrise  survey.  It  will  be 
followed  shortly  by  a  comparison  of  Berkeley,  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  selected  Worcester  results  which  will  seek  to 
establish  some  justifiably  generalizable  statements  about 
occupant  response  to,  and  preparedness  for,  fires  occur- 
ring in  this  country.  A  forthcoming  report,  to  be  filed 
with  the  National  Technical  Information  Service,  will  con- 
tain additional  analysis,  conclusions,  and  information  on 
the  actual  project  techniques.  See  also  UCB  FRG  76- 
5.  (Author) 


2.  DYNAMICS  AND  MECHANICS  OF 
FIRE 


a.  FIRE  BUILDUP,  PROPAGATION,  AND  SPREAD 

699.  Rasbash  DJ 

A     FLAME     EXTINCTION     CRITERION     FOR     FIRE 
SPREAD 

Combust  Flame;  26(3):41 1-412,  1976 

A  number  of  theories  of  flame  spread  over  surfaces 
have  been  advanced,  both  for  solid  and  liquid  fuels, 
mostly  fuel  oriented  and  focusing  on  the  rate  at  which 
fuel  ahead  of  the  flame  becomes  heated  to  a  certain  tem- 
perature that  characterizes  flame  onset.  The  author  sug- 
gests that  it  may  be  illuminating  to  focus  on  the  flame 
as  well  as  the  fuel,  visualizing  the  flame  as  extending 
within  boundaries  (near  the  surface  of  the  fuel)  at  which 
a  flame  extinction  condition  prevails  and  regarding  the 
movement  of  the  flame  forward  over  the  fuel  as  the  move- 
ment of  one  of  these  extinction  fronts.  The  simple  fire 
point  theory  is  applied  to  the  development  of  the  criterion. 
1  fig,  3  refs.  (Author) 

700.  DeUchatsios  MS 

HRE  GROWTH  RATES  IN  WOOD  CRIBS 

Combust  Flame;  27(2):267-278,  1976 

The  burning  history  of  a  wood  crib  ignited  at  the  center 
of  its  base  has  been  investigated  theoretically  and  experi- 
mentally. A  simple  energy-balance  model  has  proven  suc- 
cessful in  predicting  the  radial  fire-spread  rates  and  mass 


burning  rates  for  varying  crib  geometries  with  accuracies 
of  ±10%.  Exceptions  to  the  vaUdity  of  the  model  were 
only  noted  for  very  densely  packed  cribs,  for  which  sig- 
nificant lateral  spread  occurred  simultaneously  with  verti- 
cal fire  spread.  Cribs  consisting  of  sticks  with  thicknesses 
of  0.635  cm,  1.905  cm  and  3.17  cm  were  burned  in  the 
present  experiments.  Analysis  of  pressure  modeUng  ex- 
periments has  also  shown  that  pressure  modeling  cannot, 
in  general,  model  the  fire  growth  rates  in  wood  cribs. 
8  figs,  2  tables,  15  refs.  (Author) 

701.  BullenML 

A  COMPARISON  OF  FLASHOVER  TIMES  IN  SMALL- 
SCALE  FIRES  USING  TEST  DATA 

Fire  Mater;  1(2):  74-75,  1976 

Reaction  to  fire  standard  tests  on  materials  used  as 
Unings  are  not  sufficient  in  themselves  to  predict  the 
behavior  of  growing  fires.  However,  flashover  times  with 
cellulosic  Unings  have  been  correlated  qualitatively  with 
the  British  test,  but  generally  there  is  wide  divergence 
in  the  test  results  from  different  countries.  This  short 
paper  discusses  some  aspects  of  this  problem.  2  tables, 
7  refs.  (Author) 

702.  Martin  RE,  Pendleton  DW  and  Burgess  W 
EFFECT    OF    FIRE    WHIRLWIND    FORMATION    ON 
SOLID  FUEL  BURNING  RATES 

Fire  Technol;  12(1): 33-40,  1976 

Burning  rates  of  Douglas  fir  wood  were  measured  using 
crosspiled  sticks  1/4,  1/2,  3/4  and  1  inch  in  cross-sectional 
dimensions.  The  1/4-inch  crosspiles  (cribs)  burned  up  to 
4.2  times  as  fast  with  whirlwind  as  without,  and  1-inch 
cribs,  as  low  as  1.4  times  as  fast  with  whirlwind  formation 
as  without.  Differences  between  size  classes  of  crib  sticks 
were  inconsistent,  perhaps  due  to  variation  in  wood  densi- 
ty, high  packing  ratios,  and  crib  shape.  6  figs,  2  tables, 
14  refs.  (Author) 

703.  Nakakuki  A 

FLAME  SPREAD  OVER  SOLID  AND  LIQUID  FUELS 

J  Fire  Flammability;  7(l):19-40,  1976 

The  mechanism  of  flame  spread  over  solid  and  liquid 
fuels  was  studied.  The  horizontal  flame  spread  over  solid 
fuels,  especially  for  plastics,  is  discussed.  The  various 
heats  transferred  from  the  flame  to  the  fuel  ahead  of 
the  flame  front  are  estimated  from  the  experimental  data. 
The  conductive  heat  through  the  gas  phase  is  seen  to 
be  dominant.  The  heat  from  the  flame  to  the  unbumt 
fuel,  calculated  by  the  equation  derived  by  Lastrina  et 
al,  agreed  roughly  with  the  value  estimated  from  the  data. 
The  flame  spread  over  liquid  fuels  is  discussed.  In  flame 
spread  over  non- volatile  hquid,  the  fire  point  and  the  con- 
vection of  the  Uquid  are  known  to  give  effects  on  the 
flame  spreading  velocity.  The  flame  spread  over  the 
volatile  liquid  under  various  ambient  pressures  and  ox- 
ygen-enriched atmospheres  is  analyzed  by  the  theory  of 
flame  propagation  in  the  Bunsen  burner  and  tube.  12  figs, 
4  tables,  27  refs.  (Author) 

704.  Tu  K-M  and  Davis  S 

FLAME  SPREAD  OF  CARPET  SYSTEMS  INVOLVED  IN 
ROOM  FIRES.  Nat  Bureau  of  Standards,  Center  for  Fire 
Res;  NBSIR  76-1013,  41   pages,  23  figs,  4  tables,  4  refs, 
Jun  1976 
Availability:  NTIS 


150 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


2.  DYNAMICS  AND  MECHANICS  OF  FIRE 

a.  Fire  Buildup,  Propagation,  and  Spread — Continued 

This  study  was  designed  to  test  the  hypothesis  that  given 
a  situation  where  a  chair  or  other  item  of  furniture 
becomes  the  first  item  to  bum  in  a  room  (providing  the 
ceihng  and  walls  are  noncombustible),  there  is  Uttle  reason 
to  expect  involvement  of  the  carpet  in  the  fire  beyond 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  burning  object.  Four  small- 
sized  carpet  fire  tests  and  eight  full-scale  bum  room  fire 
experiments  were  conducted.  Experimental  data  for  tem- 
perature distribution  and  incident  heat  flux  to  the  floor 
covering  were  measured  in  the  rooms.  General  analysis 
of  the  experimental  results  obtained  shows  this  to  be  the 
case.  It  also  is  evident  that  the  critical  radiant  flux  of 
the  floor  covering  system  is  predictive  of  the  extent  of 
burning.  From  this  study,  carpet  systems  used  in  rooms 
will  not  normally  spread  fire  provided  they  meet  the 
requirements  of  DOC  FF  1-70  (the  pill  test).  (Author) 

705.  BuUen  ML 

A  COMBINATION  OVERALL  AND  SURFACE  ENERGY 
BALANCE  FOR  FULLY-DEVELOPED  VENTILATION- 
CONTROLLED  LIQUID  FUEL  FIRES  IN  COMPART- 
MENTS. Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices'  Committee 
(UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1051,  43  pages, 
15  figs,  7  tables,  1  ref,  Jun  1976 

As  part  of  the  research  to  extend  the  understanding 
of  fully-developed  wood  fires  to  non-cellulosic  fuels,  the 
outline  of  a  theoretical  energy  balance  for  a  liquid  fuel 
fire  in  a  compartment  is  presented.  A  computer  solution 
of  the  heat  balance  is  described  and  the  results  of  simu- 
lated fires  are  given  to  illustrate  the  uses  of  the  model 
and  the  limitations  of  the  assumptions  made  in  the  theory. 

The  results  show  systematic  departures  from  the  well- 
known  assumption  of  the  constancy  of  the  ratio  of  burning 
rate  to  ventilation  rate;  this  can  account  for  some  of 
the  scatter  commonly  found  in  measurements  of  this  ratio. 
(Author) 

b.  FLAMMABILITY,  IGNITION,  AND  EXTINCTION 

706.  Damant  GH 

FLAMMABILFTY  ASPECTS  OF  UPHOLSTERED  FURNI- 
TURE. Part  II. 

Fj>e//ne;  :9-ll,  June,  1976 

The  second  part  of  this  report  of  work  performed  by 
the  California  Bureau  of  Home  Furnishings  on  furniture 
composites  indicates  the  interaction  of  dissimilar  uphol- 
stery materials  when  tested  in  the  form  of  prototype 
mock-up  furniture  systems.  In  addition,  the  positive 
flammability  effect  of  using  filling  materials  which  comply 
with  California  furniture  regulations  versus  conventional 
filling  materials  is  indicated. 

c.  FLOW  OF  COMBUSTION  PRODUCTS 

707.  Brown  VL 

THE  NATURE  OF  SMOKE  AND  ITS  SIGNIFICANCE  IN 

A  FIRE;  Paper  No.  1 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  5-11 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Building  Res  Estab  (UK) 


Smoke  is  probably  the  most  significant  and  dangerous 
phenomenon  associated  with  fires  in  buildings.  It  poses 
serious  problems  for  persons  trying  to  escape  and  for 
firefighters  who  may  need  to  rescue  people  as  well  as 
fight  the  fire.  In  designing  new  buildings,  therefore,  it 
is  of  vital  importance  from  a  safety  viewpoint  to  make 
effective  arrangements  both  to  contain  smoke  and  extract 
it.  It  is  essential  that  architects  and  engineers  have  a 
good  basic  understanding  of  smoke  behavior  and  of  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  various  existing  con- 
trol methods.  (Author) 

708.  Archer  AJ 

SMOKE  AND  ITS  PROBLEMS  IN  THE  FIRE  STATION; 

Paper  No.  2 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  13-19 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

Fire  situations  present  a  hazard  to  life  both  when  mem- 
bers of  the  Fire  Service  are  engaged  in  fire  fighting  or 
members  of  the  pubUc  are  making  their  way  to  safety 
when  danger  arises.  The  rapid  buildup  of  heat  and  smoke 
which  can  occur  in  these  situations  demands  that  attention 
should  be  paid  to  a  more  positive  approach  to  smoke 
control.  Common  features  can  be  identified  in  a  cross 
section  of  different  fires;  one  concludes  that  these 
problems  can  be  resolved  and,  furthermore,  that  the  future 
concepts  of  building  developments  should  give  smoke  con- 
trol a  high  priority  at  the  design  stage.  (Author) 

709.  Robertson  AF 

ESTIMATING   SMOKE   PRODUCTION   FROM   ROOMS 

AND  FURNISHINGS;  Paper  No.  3 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  21-32 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

In  the  absence  of  specific  analytical  methods  for  mea- 
suring the  hazards  of  fire  gases,  there  is  a  trend  towards 
the  use  of  smoke  production  as  a  partial  measure  of  this 
hazard.  It  is  suggested  that  present  smoke  test  methods 
may  be  best  used  to  provide  indications  of  the  possible 
smoke  production,  i.e.,  product  of  specific  optical  density 
and  fire  exposed  area,  characteristic  of  fuUy  involved 
furnishing  and  interior  finish  products.  It  is  demonstrated 
that  very  large  quantities  of  smoke  will  result  from  com- 
bustion of  only  small  quantities  of  most  combustibles. 
Because  of  this  there  is  UtUe  opportunity  for  eUmination 
of  the  smoke  hazard  during  fires  through  estabUshment 
of  any  but  the  most  drastic  limitations  on  the  smoke 
development  characteristics  of  materials  considered  ac- 
ceptable. Measures  for  Umiting  ignition  and  development 
of  fires,  together  with  containment  and  disposal  of  smoke 
when  fires  occur,  appear  the  most  promising  methods  for 
reducing  hazards  due  to  smoke.  2  figs,  5  tables,  10  refs. 
(Author) 

710.  McCaffrey  BJ  and  Quintiere  JG 

FIRE-INDUCED     CORRIDOR     FLOW     IN     A     SCALE 
MODEL  STUDY;  Paper  No  4 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  33-47 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 


151 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


2.  DYNAMICS  AND  MECHANICS  OF  FIRE 
c.  Flow  of  Combustion  Products — Continued 


The  airflow  induced  within  a  corridor  by  a  room  fire 
was  studied  for  a  scale  model  configuration.  The  effect 
of  corridor  exit  opening  was  determined  for  a  fixed  room 
door  opening  and  temperature  gradient.  Velocity  and  tem- 
perature measurements  were  made.  At  the  room  doorway 
and  corridor  exit  the  thermally  stratified  flow  would  enter 
and  leave  with  a  sharp  boundary  between  the  counter- 
current  flows.  However,  within  the  corridor  the  flow  was 
more  complex,  giving  rise  to  a  large  recirculating  zone 
traversing  the  corridor  length  and  trapped  between  the 
hot  ceiling  jet  and  entering  cold  flow.  Smoke  tracer 
visualization  techniques  illuminated  these  complex  flow 
patterns  along  with  mixing  caused  by  shedding  vortexes. 
These  flow  results  are  quantitatively  presented  and  their 
nature  is  discussed.  The  total  mass  flow  rate  induced 
into  the  corridor  was  measured  and  compared  to  theoreti- 
cal results.  At  this  time,  the  implications  of  these  complex 
corridor  flows  in  a  scale  model  must  be  limited  until  they 
are  verified  in  similar  full-scale  experiments  and  their  na- 
ture is  more  thoroughly  understood.  5  figs,  8  refs. 
(Author) 

71 1 .  Wakamatsu  T 

UNSTEADY-STATE  CALCULATION  OF  SMOKE  MOVE- 
MENT IN  AN  ACTUALLY  FIRED  BUILDING;  Paper  No. 

8 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  81-97 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

We  have  already  developed  three  calculation  methods 
for  predicting  smoke  movement  and  designing  smoke  con- 
trol systems;  these  are  (1)  simplified  steady-state,  (2) 
steady-state  (on  a  whole  system  of  a  building)  and  (3) 
unsteady-state  method.  The  methods  of  (1)  and  (2)  have 
been  developed  mainly  for  designing  smoke  control 
systems.  The  unsteady-state  calculation  method  could  be 
useful  in  checking  reliabilities  of  predicting  smoke  move- 
ment by  the  former  methods,  or  in  analyzing  fLe  and 
smoke  behavior  in  actually  fired  buildings.  In  this  method, 
pressures,  air  and  smoke  flow  quantities,  concentrations 
of  smoke  or  gases  and  temperatures,  which  are  variant 
with  time,  can  be  calculated  for  every  compartment  in 
a  building.  We  have  checked  and  discussed  reUabilities 
or  accuracies  of  the  methods  stated  above  by  means  of 
field  experiments  or  cross  comparisons  of  calculated 
results  by  these  methods.  Furthermore,  we  have  analyzed 
smoke  movement  in  two  actually  fired  buildings  by  the 
unsteady-state  calculation  method.  One  of  them  has  been 
pubUshed  in  the  Occasional  Reports  of  JAFSE,  No.  1 
(CIBAV14/60/74(J)).  This  paper  presents  another  example 
as  an  application  of  analyses  by  the  calculation  method 
for  a  five-story  hospital  building.  In  the  example  analysis, 
air  and  smoke  flows  are  considered  along  approximately 
440  flow  paths,  and  concentrations  of  smoke  or  gases 
and  temperatures  are  calculated  for  approximately  120 
compartments,  including  the  fire  compartment.  8  figs,  1 
table,  1  ref.  (Author) 

712.  Shannon  JMA 

COMPUTER    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    MOVEMENT    AND 
CONTROL      OF      SMOKE      IN      BUILDINGS      WITH 


MECHANICAL   AND   NATURAL   VENTILATION;   Paper 

No.  9 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  99-126 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

The  method  predicts  smoke  flow  in  naturally  ventilated 
and/or  air-conditioned  buildings.  The  program  simulates 
the  building  as  a  complete  pressure/smoke  flow  system. 
Being  a  simulation,  it  is  capable  of  not  only  the  conven- 
tional constant  pressure/temperature/flow  'steady  state' 
analysis,  but  also  a  'dynamic'  analysis  in  which  the  tem- 
perature and  pressure  distributions  vary  appropriately  with 
time  throughout  the  building.  The  fire  is  described  in 
terms  of  its  volume,  temperature  and  smoke  production 
characteristics  with  time.  The  usual  factual  tabular  results 
are  augmented  by  graphical  output.  The  resulting  pollutant 
concentration  is  shown  on  a  Visual  Display  Unit  (VDU) 
as  a  number  of  dots  (proportional  to  the  concentration) 
in  the  appropriate  parts  of  each  room  of  a  schematic 
section  of  the  building.  This  visual  aspect  considerably 
aids  a  proper  understanding  of  the  building  operation.  The 
VDU  output  completes  a  feedback  loop  and  the  program 
can  be  run  in  an  interactive  mode  also.  The  characteristics 
of  any  air  path  and/or  fan  system  can  be  changed  and 
fire^s)  can  be  started  in  as  many  rooms  and  at  any  time 
desired  through  the  calculation.  Thus,  the  designer  can 
investigate,  in  detail,  for  this  particular  building,  the 
results  of  several  approaches  to  controlling  smoke  move- 
ment. 12  figs.  (Author) 

713.  Appleton  IC 

A  MODEL  OF  SMOKE  MOVEMENT  IN  BUILDINGS; 

Paper  No.  10 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  127-137 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

For  some  time  investigations  have  been  continuing  at 
FRS  (the  Fire  Research  Station  (UK))  into  the  physics 
of  the  movement  of  smoke  in  buildings  and  the  effective- 
ness of  various  smoke  control  measures.  To  coordinate 
this  work,  FRS  commissioned  SCICON  (Scientific  Control 
Systems  Ltd  (UK))  to  develop  a  model  of  smoke  in 
buildings,  based  on  physical  equations  derived  at  the  sta- 
tion and  to  write  a  computer  program.  This  paper  is  a 
summary  of  the  SCICON  reports  of  the  computer  model 
and  its  subsequent  usage.  6  refs.  (Author) 

714.  Pyle  WC 

SMOKE  CONTROL  BY  MECHANICAL  VENTILATION; 

Paper  No.  1 1 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;     1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  139-148 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

A  look  is  taken  at  the  current  trends  and  the  present 
state-of-the-art  of  smoke  control  technology  in  the  UK 
from  the  viewpoint  of  the  Building  Services  Engineer, 
involving  a  general  consideration  of  the  principles  and 
concepts  for  the  control  of  smoke  in  buildings  by  mechani- 
cal ventilation  and,  in  particular,  related  to  engineering 
aspects  of  primary  concern  to  the  engineer  responsible 


152 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


2.  DYNAMICS  AND  MECHANICS  OF  FIRE 
c.  Flow  of  Combustion  Products— Continued 

for  the  design  of  building  services.  The  review  is  confined 
to  the  aspects  of  smoke  control  as  distinct  from  preven- 
tion, and  to  smoke  control  by  mechanical  ventilation  as 
distinct  from  natural  ventilation.  The  principal  aspects 
under  consideration  are  the  factors  on  which  the  require- 
ments for  smoke  control  are  based,  and  the  possible 
methods  for  achieving  these  requirements  by  mechanical 
ventilation  by  the  implementation  of  measures  such  as 
dilution  of  smoke,  pressure  differentials,  smoke  removal, 
but  excluding  examination  of  the  mechanism  of  smoke 
spread  and  the  related  principal  factors  involved  in  the 
motivating  force  of  the  fire,  buoyancy  effect,  weather 
effect  and  air-handling  effect,  all  of  which  are  outside 
the  scope  of  this  particular  paper.  7  refs.  (Author) 

715.  GUbert  L 

THE  nREMAN'S  VIEWPOINT  ON  THE  CONTROL  OF 

SMOKE  MOVEMENT;  Paper  No.  22 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  299-306 

Sponsor:  Fu-e  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

On  the  basis  of  personal  fireground  experience,  the 
author  proposes  seven  points  for  close  examination  on 
a  research  project  to  combat  the  problem  of  smoke  as 
a  killer  in  fires:  the  need  for  more  research  to  replace 
the  smoke-producing  materials;  the  need  for  legislative 
control  over  the  building  contents  and  for  international 
standards  of  reasonably  safe  materials;  the  urgent  need 
for  a  simple,  cheap,  and  effective  home  smoke  detection 
system;  in  public  places  automatic  smoke  detection  should 
be  regarded  as  an  integral  part  of  escape  means  and  a 
legislative  requirement;  the  need  for  a  small,  compact 
breathing  apparatus  for  firemen  and  others;  the  need  to 
bring  the  home  under  the  scope  of  fire  safety  legislation; 
and  the  need  for  a  distinctive  fire  alarm  signal  which 
would  be  standard  throughout  the  world.  3  figs,  1  table. 

716.  Silcock  A 

SOME   PRACTICAL    PROBLEMS   OF   SMOKE    MOVE- 
MENT IN  BUILDINGS;  Paper  No.  23 
Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  307-316 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

Outlined  in  this  paper  are  problems  relating  to  the  less 
predictable  ways  in  which  smoke  can  travel  through 
buildings.  These  problems  may  arise  owing  to  concealed 
voids  and  cavities  in  the  structure,  or  may  result  from 
the  particular  circumstances  of  fire  development,  the  per- 
formance of  the  building  and  its  components  in  the  fire, 
and  also  from  the  actions  of  the  occupants.  6  figs,  1 
table,  3  refs.  (Author) 

d.  INSTRUMENTATION 

717.  Greenberg  S 

QUANTITATIVE   DETERMINATION    OF   SMOKE    AND 
TOXIC  PRODUCT  POTENTIAL  OF  MATERIALS  WITH 


THE     AMINCO-NBS     SMOKE     DENSITY     CHAMBER; 

NASA  Spec  Publ  No.  379 

Space  Simulation  Conf,  8th,  Proc;    1975,  Nov  3-5,  Silver 

Spring,  MD 

The  Aminco-NBS  Smoke  Density  Chamber  is  discussed 
in  terms  of  design  and  appUcation.  The  instrument  uses 
a  collimated  vertical  light  beam  in  conjunction  with  an 
ultra-linear  photomultiplier  microphotometer  to  measure 
quantitatively  smoke  obscuration  produced  by  standard 
area  samples  under  high-energy  pyrolysis.  Results  are  ex- 
pressed in  dimensionless  Specific  Optical  Density.  48  refs. 
(Author) 

718.  Martin  SB 

CHARACTERIZATION  OF  THE  STANFORD  RESEARCH 
INSTITUTE  LARGE-SCALE  HEAT-RELEASE 

CALORIMETER.  Stanford  Res  Inst,  Menlo  Park,  CA;  NBS 
GCR-76-54,  81  pages,  22  figs,  6  tables,  8  refs,  Oct  1975 
AvailabiUty:  NTIS 

A  scaled  up  version  of  the  NBS  heat  release  rate 
calorimeter  was  constructed  at  SRI.  It  can  measure 
specimen  sizes  up  to  18  x  24  inches  over  an  incident 
radiant  flux  range  of  1.5  to  7.0  W/crn^.  The  performance 
of  the  instrument  is  evaluated  and  various  cahbration 
procedures  are  described.  The  effect  of  specimen  size 
and  irradiance  is  investigated  and  data  are  compared  with 
those  taken  in  the  NBS  instalment.  The  use  of  the  heat 
release  rate  calorimeter  as  a  research  tool  is  discussed. 
In  particular  a  "limiting  thermal  index"  and  a  "thermal 
sensitivity  index"  are  defined.  (Author) 

e.  METEOROLOGY 

f.  RADIATION 

719.  Tamanini  F 

THE  PREDICTION  OF  REACTION  RATES  AND  ENER- 
GY TRANSFERS  IN  TURBULENT  FIRE  PLUMES.  Facto- 
ry Mutual  Res  Corp,  Basic  Res  Dept;  FMRC  22360-3, 
44  pages,  5  figs,  3  tables,  22  refs,  May  1976 

An  improved  version  of  the  k-e-g  model  of  turbulence 
is  applied  to  the  case  of  buoyancy-controlled  turbulent 
diffusion  flames.  The  model  accounts  for  the  generation 
of  turbulence  due  to  the  gravity  field  and  describes  the 
fluctuations  of  a  conserved  scalar  quantity  by  introducing 
a  polynomial  probability  density  function  (PDF).  The 
polynomial  PDF  has  the  advantage  of  being  much  easier 
to  handle  numerically  than  a  Gaussian.  A  combustion 
model  is  assumed  which  postulates  infinitely  fast  chemical 
kinetics  and  determines  the  local  burning  rate  by  solving 
for  the  source  term  thfe  fuel  conservation  equation  in 
which  convection  and  diffusion  of  fuel  have  been  deter- 
mined from  calculated  profiles  of  mean  fuel  mass  fraction. 
The  local  emission  of  radiation  by  the  flame  is  assumed 
to  be  proportional  to  the  local  volumetric  burning  rate. 
Predictions  of  the  radiation  emitted  by  horizontal  shces 
of  the  flame  agree  with  experimental  measurements.  While 
flame  heights  are  correctly  predicted,  the  model  underesti- 
mates the  lateral  spread  of  the  flame,  despite  the  fact 
that  total  agreement  between  experiment  and  model  pre- 
dictions was  obtained  in  an  earlier  study  for  a  non-reacting 
thermal  plume.  The  flame  result  is  attributable  to  lack 
of  modeling  of  the  large-scale  eddies  and  their  control 


153 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


2.  DYNAMICS  AND  MECHANICS  OF  FIRE 

f.  Radiation— Continued 


over  transition  to  turbulence.  Model  predictions  of  an  ef- 
fective flame  radius,  which  is  representative  of  the  net 
width  of  the  region  where  reaction  is  taking  place,  agree 
with  the  values  of  the  same  quantity  obtained  from  radia- 
tion measurements.  Areas  in  which  the  modeUng  technique 
needs  to  be  improved  are  also  discussed.  (Author) 

720.  Modak  AT 

THERMAL  RADIATION  FROM  POOL  FIRES.  Factory 
Mutual  Res  Corp,  Basic  Res  Dept;  FMRC  22361-5,  56 
pages,  6  figs,  17  refs,  Aug  1976 

For  an  axisymmetric  horizontal  pool  fire  of  specified 
flame  shape,  effective  flame  radiation  (Schmidt)  tempera- 
ture and  a  gray  flame  absorption  coefficient,  this  analysis 
computes  1)  radiative  energy  fluxes  to  surfaces  located 
external  to  the  fire  in  any  arbitrary  orientation,  2)  varia- 
tions of  radiative  heat  flux  along  the  fuel  surface,  from 
fire  center  to  fire  edge,  3)  the  total  radiative  heat  transfer 
from  the  flames  to  the  fuel  surface,  4)  forward  radiative 
heat  transfer  from  the  fire  to  the  virgin  fuel  bed  external 
to  the  fire,  5)  the  angular  distribution  of  the  radiative 
flux  emitted  by  the  pool  fire  and  6)  the  total  radiative 
power  output  of  the  fire.  The  calculations  are  in  excellent 
agreement  with  experimentally  measured  radiative  fluxes 
at  different  locations  on  the  pool  surface  and  outside  the 
fire.  The  radiative  flux  from  the  flames  to  the  burning 
fuel  surface  is  shown  to  be  maximum  at  the  center  of 
the  fuel  bed  and  to  decrease  markedly  toward  the  edge 
of  the  fire.  The  forward  radiative  heat  transfer  from  the 
flames,  to  the  virgin  fuel  bed  external  to  the  fire,  is  shown 
to  be  highest  at  the  leading  edge  of  the  fire  and  to  decay 
rapidly  with  increasing  distance  from  it.  Necessary  condi- 
tions for  validity  of  isotropic  flame  radiation  are  also 
established.  (Author) 

g.  THERMAL  CONDUCTIVITY 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF 

MATERIALS 

[For  literature  on  fire  and  flame  retardants,  fire  and 
flame  proofing,  etc  see  Chemical  Abstracts.] 

a.  CHARACTERISTICS  AND  THERMAL 
BEHAVIOR  OF  MATERIALS 

721.  Thomsen  AB 

THE    DETECTION    OF    THERMAL    INCLUSIONS     IN 

MINERAL  WOOL 

Brandforsvar,  FoU-Brand;  (1):13-15,  1976 

The  cause  of  most  fires  in  mineral  wool  factories  is 
unknown.  It  is  assumed  that  60%  are  caused  by 
processing,  during  fabrication,  included  particles  which  are 
still  hot  from  the  production  Hne.  The  manufacturing 
process  and  some  fires  are  described.  The  goals  of  in- 
vestigation, the  manner  of  testing,  the  reflection  method, 
stationary  measurements,  ambient  effects  and  tempera- 
tures are  discussed.  These  are  the  aspects  used  by  the 
author  to  get  at  the  heart  of  the  problem.  5  figs,  2  tables. 
(Fachdok  12/0681) 


722.  Lee  CK 

FLAME      PROPAGATION      CHARACTERISITCS      OF 
CYLINDRICAL  PMMA  RODS 

J  Fire  Flammability;  7(1):104-111,  1976 

Flame  velocity  measurements  were  made  on  cylindrical 
PMMA  rods  of  diameters  from  3/4  to  1-1/2  inch  burning 
vertically  downward  and  horizontally.  Pyrolysis  zone 
lengths  were  also  measured  to  calculate  pyrolysis  zone 
surface  regression  rates  and  gaseous  fuel  velocities.  The 
present  experimental  data  together  with  the  flame  spread 
data  of  M  Sibulkin  and  CK  Lee  on  burning  PMMA  rods 
of  diameters  from  1/16  to  1/2  inch  showed  that  the  flame 
spreading  process  could  be  divided  into  an  intermediate 
thermal  regime  and  a  thermally  thick  regime  which  were 
defined  by  their  individual  burning  characteristics.  The 
non-dimensional  parameters  derived  by  FA  Lastrina  et 
al,  which  characterized  the  thermal  thickness  of  a  fuel 
bed,  was  verified  by  the  present  experimental  data.  3 
figs,  8  refs.  (Author) 

723.  Quinn  EJ  and  Dieck  RL 

FLAME  AND  SMOKE  PROPERTIES  OF  FILLED  AND 
UNFILLED  POLY(ARYLOXYPHOSPHAZENE) 

HOMOPOLYMERS 

J  Fire  Flammability ;  7(  1 ) :  5- 1 8 ,  1 976 

A  large  number  of  filled  and  unfilled 
poly(aryloxyphosphazene)  homopolymers  were  tested 
using  the  oxygen  index  and  a  NBS  smoke  density  test 
method.  They  did  not  bum  when  exposed  to  air,  but 
tended  to  melt  and  evolved  smoke  when  exposed  to  flame. 
The  behavior  of  three  different  mixtures  of 
poly(aryloxyphosphazenes)  and  aluminum  trihydrate, 
CaCOa,  and  silica  hydrate  at  various  mixing  ratios  (10, 
25  and  50  phr)  is  described.  The  values  are  compared 
in  tables.  Polymers  with  alcoxy-substituted  phenols  on  a 
phosphor-nitrogen  base  exhibited  striking  reductions  in 
smoke  evolution  compared  to  the  alkyl-substituted 
polymers.  6  tables.  (Fachdok  12/0824) 

724.  Moulder  JL 

METAL  FIRES  -  SCIENCE  AND  SAFETY 

Dimensions  I  NBS;  60(1):10-11,  1976 

Metals  will  burn,  usually  with  destructive  force,  generat- 
ing large  amounts  of  heat  and  Ught.  The  National  Bureau 
of  Standards  has  undertaken  a  study  of  the  basic 
mechanisms  of  metal  combustion  to  help  prevent  ac- 
cidental metal  fires.  Research  results  of  the  NBS  Boulder 
laboratory  team  are  reported  in  brief.  1  photo. 

725.  Woolley  WD,  Ames  SA,  Pitt  AI  and  MureU  JV 
FIRE  BEHAVIOR  OF  BEDS  AND  BEDDING  MATERI- 
ALS Q%'. 

Fire  Mater;  l(2):63-73,  1976 

Full-scale  fire  tests  on  domestic  beds  fully  equipped 
with  bedding  materials  have  been  carried  out  in  an  experi- 
mental compartment-corridor  facility  at  the  Fire  Research 
Station,  Borehamwood,  UK.  Mattresses  made  of  hair, 
spring  interior,  foam  rubber  and  polyurethane  of  various 
types,  together  with  mattress  covers  of  cotton,  flame- 
retarded  cotton  or  proofed  nylon  were  studied.  The  effec- 
tiveness of  protective  hair  or  glass  fibre  interlining  was 
examined.  The  study  has  shown  that  a  rapid  development 
of  fire  in  bed  and  bedding  materials  can  take  place  with 


154 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

a.  Characteristics  and  Thermal  Behavior  of  Materials— Continued 


certain  combinations  of  mattresses  and  their  covers.  The 
type  of  cover  is  extremely  important  in  overall  fire 
development,  particularly  with  polyurethane  mattresses. 
A  substantial  improvement  in  the  fire  behavior  of  many 
of  the  principal  types  of  beds  tested  can  be  achieved 
by  a  careful  selection  of  bedding  materials,  such  as  the 
type  of  mattress  cover,  and  in  certain  cases  by  the  use 
of  protective  interlinings.  13  figs,  7  tables,  3  refs.  (Author) 

726.  Gumbrecht  K 

FIRE  PERFORMANCE  OF  CONVEYOR  BELTS 

Glueckauf  Forschungsh;  37(4):  142- 147,  1976  (German) 

Major  fire  experiments  in  the  large  fire  tunnel  of  the 
Tremonia  experimental  mine  (FRG)  revealed  fire-response 
differences  between  SBR,  PVL  and  CR  behs.  On  the 
basis  of  these  large-scale  tests  a  laboratory  method  was 
developed.  This  test  in  the  so-called  laboratory  fire  tunnel 
was  incorporated  into  standard  DIN  22118  for  belts  with 
two  textile  liners.  A  committee  of  experts  specified  two 
test  methods  for  member  couriries  of  the  European  com- 
munity, the  friction  drum  and  the  propane  rust  tests.  An 
effort  is  being  made  to  develop  a  laboratory  method  which 
would  yield  the  same  results  for  belts  with  steel  wire 
liners  as  the  fire  tunnel  test.  15  figs,  10  refs.  (Fachdok 
12/1030) 

727.  Modak  AT  and  Croce  PA 

PLASTIC  POOL  FIRES.  Factory  Mutual  Res  Corp;  FMRC 
22361-3,  39  pages,  7  figs,  4  tables,  20  refs,  Jun  1976 

Experimental  results  relating  flame  radiation  feedback 
mechanisms  to  the  burning  behavior  of  51  mm-thick,  solid, 
horizontal,  square,  polymethyl  methacrylate  (PMMA) 
pools  are  discussed.  Data  for  sizes  ranging  from  25  mm 
x  25  mm  (1  in.  x  1  in.)  to  1.22  m  x  1.22  m  (4  ft  x 
4  ft)  show  that  the  burning  rate  per  unit  surface  area 
of  plastic  pool  fires  increases  with  scale  and  is  dominated, 
at  the  larger  scales,  by  thermal  radiation  from  the  flames. 
The  total  radiative  power  output  of  the  flames  represents 
42  percent  of  total  heat  release  rate  of  the  larger  PMMA 
fires.  Local  burning  rates  for  the  larger  plastic  pools  are 
maximum  at  pool  center,  corresponding  to  maximum 
radiative  heat  transfer  from  the  flames,  and  decrease 
monotonically  to  the  edge  of  the  pool.  Relatively  long 
time  periods  are  required  to  establish  steady  burning  in 
the  intermediate  sized  pools.  The  long  "bum-in"  time 
to  reach  steady  state  is  associated  with  increasing  radiative 
heat  flux  from  the  flames  to  the  pool  with  time.  The 
magnitude  of  the  time-dependent  radiative  heat  flux  to 
the  pool  is  calculated  on  the  basis  of  a  one-dimensional 
analysis  for  a  semi-infinite  slab.  The  variation  of  local 
burning  rates  along  the  pool  surface  is  formulated  in  terms 
of  a  cylindrical  flame  model.  Physical  implications  of  the 
assumptions  made  in  the  analysis  and  their  limitations 
are  reviewed  critically.  (Author) 

728.  Alderson  SE  and  Breden  LH 

EVALUATION  OF  THE  FIRE  PERFORMANCE  OF  CAR- 
PET UNDERLAYMENT.  Nat  Bureau  of  Standards,  Center 
for  Fire  Res;  NBSIR  76-1018,  69  pages,  40  figs,  2  tables, 
7  refs,  Sep  1976 
Availability:  NTIS 


A  series  of  carpet  underlayments  was  evaluated  for  fire 
performance  in  a  coiridor  configuration  using  the  same 
carpet  corridor  tests.  In  a  series  of  small-scale  tests,  such 
as  the  smoke  density  chamber  and  the  radiant  panel,  the 
flammability  properties  of  the  carpet  tended  to  mask  the 
flammability  properties  of  the  underlayment.  The  excep- 
tion to  this  masking  effect  was  the  results  from  the  floor- 
ing radiant  panel  test,  where  the  thermal  conductivity  of 
the  underlayment  influenced  the  burning  characteristics 
of  the  carpet.  High  concentrations  of  toxic  combustion 
products  were  observed  at  the  time  of  flashover  in  the 
corridor,  with  both  cellulosic  and  synthetic  underlayments. 
Smoke  optical  density  values  for  the  various  carpet-plus- 
underlayment  combinations  were  approximately  the  same 
in  the  flaming  mode,  except  for  the  integral  pad  system, 
which  has  a  higher  value.  (Author) 

729.  Rogowski  BFW 

PLASTICS  IN  BUILDINGS  -  FIRE  PROBLEMS  AND 
CONTROL.  Building  Res  Estab  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station; 
BRE  CP-39-76,  14  pages,  4  tables,  14  refs,  Jun  1976 

This  paper  reviews  the  more  common  apphcations  of 
plastics  as  sheets  and  films,  composites,  and  individual 
components  in  building  construction  and  discusses  the  ef- 
fect of  their  fire  performance  on  factors  such  as  density, 
thickness  and  method  of  use.  Test  methods  appropriate 
for  assessing  the  probable  fire  performance  of  construc- 
tional elements  or  lining  materials  incorporating  plastics 
are  hsted  and  the  possibility  of  different  types  complying 
with  current  Building  Regulations  requirements  is  in- 
dicated in  the  tables.  (Author) 

b.  COMBUSTION,  EXPLOSION,  AND 

FLAMMABILITY  TESTS  AND  METHODS 

730.  Bemskiold  A 

IGNITION  AND  BURNING  PROPERTIES  OF  TEXTILES 
-  A  STUDY  OF  TEST  METHODS 

Brandforsvar,  FoU-Brand;  (l):l-6,  1976 

After  evaluating  international  cooperation  in  the  field 
of  test  methods,  the  author  reviews  kinds  of  textiles,  pro- 
perties to  be  examined,  methods  for  determining  ignition 
time,  classification  of  textiles  on  this  basis,  flame,  parame- 
ters, melting  points,  smoke  emission,  then  flame  propaga- 
tion, methods  of  determining  propagation  and  determina- 
tion of  burned  areas  on  textiles  impregnated  with  fire- 
resistant  agents.  In  so  doing,  the  author  investigates  all 
aspects  and  evaluates  their  significance.  22  figs,  24  refs. 
(Fachdok  12/0752) 

731.  Damant  GH 

FLAMMABILITY  ASPECTS  OF  UPHOLSTERED  FURNI- 
TURE, PART  I 

Fireline;  :8-10,  May  1976 

This  paper  summarizes  some  of  the  work  performed 
by  the  California  Bureau  of  Home  Furnishings  on  furni- 
ture composites,  indicating  the  interactions  of  dissimilar 
upholstery  materials  when  tested  in  the  form  of  furniture 
cushions.  15  refs. 


155 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

b.  Combustion,  Explosion,  and  Flammability  Tests  and  Methods— Continued 


732.  Damant  GH 

FLAMMABILITY  ASPECTS  OF  FLEXIBLE  POLYU- 
RETHANE  FOAMS  COMMONLY  USED  IN  UPHOL- 
STERED FURNITURE 

J  Consumer  Prod  Flammability;  3(2):73-127,  1976 

Some  flammability  characteristics  were  investigated  in 
detail.  Smoldering  tendencies  were  investigated  using 
burning  cigarettes,  smoldering  fabric  strips,  and  combina- 
tions of  the  two.  Flammability  characteristics  under  a 
variety  of  conditions  were  investigated.  The  flammability 
tests  included  the  methenomine  tablet,  vertical  flame, 
horizontal  flame,  450  flame,  and  the  oxygen  index.  In 
addition,  an  attempt  was  made  to  correlate  the  test  values. 
The  test  apparatus,  procedures  and  results  are  illustrated 
in  figures;  the  data  and  values  are  compared  in  tables. 
14  figs,  37  tables,  54  refs. 

733.  McCarter  RJ 

SMOLDERING  OF  FLEXIBLE  POLYURETHANE  FOAM 

J  Consumer  Prod  Flammability;  3(2):128-140,  1976 

Various  flexible  polyurethane  foam  samples  were  stu- 
died for  their  smoldering  behavior.  All  began  to  smolder 
when  exposed  to  burning  cigarettes  and  smoldering  fabric, 
representing  hazardous  fire  sources,  some  especially  so 
because  they  sustained  smoldering.  The  studies  covered 
oxygen  index,  density,  permeability,  and  charring  ten- 
dencies. Correlations  between  smoldering  and  charring 
tendencies  (as  opposed  to  melting)  were  noted.  Strong 
differences  were  observed  for  foams  with  different  base 
polyols  and  for  foams  with  fire-retardant  additives.  1  fig, 
9  refs. 

734.  Brauman  SK,  Fishman  N,  Brolly  AS  and 
Chamberlain  DL 

SMOKE  GENERATION  FROM  THE  BURNING  OF 
SOME  POLYMERIC  MATERIALS 

J  Fire  Flammability;  7(l):41-58,  1976 

By  use  of  a  small-scale,  gravimetric  collection 
technique,  smoke  particulates  from  burning  polypropylene, 
polystyrene,  and  crosslinked  polyester  samples  have  been 
collected  and  analyzed.  The  effects  of  fire-retardant  addi- 
tives on  the  smoke  particulate  yields  have  been  examined, 
and  the  influences  of  mass  burning  rate,  oxygen  concen- 
tration, thermal  environment,  and  sample  geometry  on  the 
smoke  particulate  generation  have  been  considered. 
Several  conventional  fire-retardant  additives  were  found 
to  increase  the  amount  of  smoke  particulates  generated 
from  the  polymer  systems  studied.  Most  often  these  in- 
creases in  smoke  generation  cannot  be  attributed  merely 
to  inclusion  of  the  elements  of  the  retardant  in  the  smoke, 
but  can  be  attributed,  in  some  cases,  to  chemical  effects 
in  the  gas  phase  due  to  volatile  halogen  from  the  retardant 
additive,  and  in  other  cases,  to  increased  mass  burning 
rates.  10  figs,  2  tables,  9  refs.  (Author) 

735.  Fountain  R 

HRE  RETARDANT  ANALYSIS  OF  AN  FRP  COMPOSITE 
BEFORE  AND  AFTER  THE  TUNNEL  TEST 

J  Fire  Retard  Chem;  3(l):22-33,  1976 

Two  defined  FRP  composite  systems  used  in  bathroom 
fixture  apphcations  were  subjected  to  the  ASTM  E-84 
Tunnel   Test.    The    materials   contained    flame   retardants 


which  were  measured  via  elemental  analysis  before  and 
after  burning  the  composite  in  the  tunnel.  Comparisons 
were  made  between  (a)  the  manner  in  which  the 
phosphorus  and  chlorine  elements  were  distributed  and 
consumed  by  burning  and  (b)  the  type  of  analyses  (surface 
or  bulk).  The  two  composites  had  different  structural  rein- 
forcement and  hence  different  burning  rates.  7  figs.  6 
refs.  (Author) 

736.  Anon 

TESTING  PLASTICS  FOR  FIRE  BEHAVIOR:  THE 
SMOKE  IS  BEGINNING  TO  CLEAR  AWAY 

Mod  Plast;  53(3):46-48,  1976 

Th^  results  of  research  programs  devoted  to  the  study 
of  the  behavior  of  plastics  products  in  real  fire  situations 
are  summarized.  Research  at  many  levels  shows  promise 
of  practical  new  ways  to  evaluate  fire  performance.  The 
needs  for  future  research,  especially  of  the  hazards  to 
be  tested,  are  considered.  A  reliable  small-scale  test  and 
the  test  equipment  needed  to  perform  it  are  outlined.  1 
fig,  3  photos. 

737.  Anon 

TESTING  PLASTICS  FOR  FIRE  BEHAVIOR:  SMOKE 
HAZARDS  GET  MORE  ATTENTION 

Mod  Plast;  53(5):47-49,  1976 

Some  of  the  research  programs  being  devoted  to  the 
smoke  hazards  from  plastics,  including  the  bio-assay  ap- 
proach of  the  University  of  Utah's  Flammability  Research 
Center,  the  sensory-pulmonary  effects  of  smoke  being  stu- 
died at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University's  Applied  Physics 
Laboratory,  and  others,  are  reviewed  within  the 
framework  of  the  fire  behavior  of  plastics.  This  is  the 
second  part  of  an  article  on  this  theme;  part  1  appeared 
in  Mod  Plast,  53(3):46-48,  1976  (see  the  source  index). 
1  fig,  1  photo. 

738.  Finck  HW 

PROBLEMS  INVOLVED  IN  MEASURING  THE  SMOKE 
DENSITY  OF  PLASTICS 

Kunstst;  66(6): 375 -378,  1976 

The  operation  of  most  smoke-density  measurement  in- 
struments is  based  on  the  principle  of  smoke-particle  at- 
tenuation of  the  light  beam  of  a  photometer.  The  factors 
which  influence  the  measured  values  of  the  device  are 
listed,  including  ventilation,  ambient  temperature,  and 
weight  of  the  specimen;  the  latter  is  well  suited  for 
delineation  of  a  suitable  measurement  range  for  compara- 
tive investigations.  The  melting  viscosity  of  the  plastics 
being  investigated  does  not  exert  any  measurable  influence 
on  the  results.  The  article  concludes  with  a  survey  of 
the  smoke  generated  by  some  important  thermoplastics. 
4  figs,  3  tables,  13  refs.  (Author) 

739.  Segal  L  and  Drake  GL 

THE  HORIZONTAL  FLAME-PROPAGATION  RATE  OF 
UNDYED  COTTON  FABRICS 

Text  Res  J;  46(4):238-246,  1976 

Differentiation  of  the  flammabihties  of  nonflame-retar- 
dant,  all-cotton  fabrics  cannot  be  accomphshed  by  the 
usual  test  procedures,  as  these  merely  provide  the  means 
for  determining  when  a  fabric  exceeds  a  certain  set  stan- 
dard. The  desired  differentiation,  however,  can  be  ob- 


156 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

b.  Combustion,  Explosion,  and  Flammability  Tests  and  Methods— Continued 


tained  by  measurement  of  the  flame-propagation  rate  using 
the  Ahiba  Flammability  Tester  with  the  sample  in  the 
horizontal  position.  Eight  nonflame-retardant,  undyed  cot- 
ton fabrics  of  different  constructions  were  studied.  The 
weights  of  the  fabrics  fell  into  four  groups:  3.1,  3.6-3.8, 
4.1-4.4,  and  7.5  oz/yd^  Specimens  were  cut  from  the 
warp  and  filling  directions  of  the  fabrics;  one  set  of 
specimens  was  oven-dried  prior  to  testing,  while  another 
set  was  conditioned  to  equilibrium  moisture  content  at 
65%  relative  humidity  and  70°  F.  Burning  was  different 
in  the  warp  and  filling  directions.  Differences  in  flame- 
propagation  rates  were  found  that  were  not  weight-depen- 
dent. In  general,  flame-propagation  rate  was  not  constant 
over  the  length  of  the  specimen;  in  the  warp  direction 
the  rates  increased  with  distance  from  point  of  ignition, 
while  in  the  fiUing  direction  constant  and  decreasing  rates 
were  also  found.  Flame-propagation  rate  was  not  effected 
to  the  extent  expected  by  changing  from  oven  drying  to 
conditioning  to  equilibrium  moisture  content;  only  four 
of  the  eight  fabrics  showed  significant  changes.  Burning 
in  the  filling  directions  of  two  fabrics  was  markedly 
changed;  smaller  differences  were  found  in  the  warp 
direction  only  of  a  third  fabric  and  in  both  the  warp 
and  filling  directions  of  a  fourth  fabric.  10  figs,  3  tables, 
17  refs.  (Author) 

740.  Buckland  IG,  Butlin  RN  and  Annable  DJ 

GAS  EXPLOSIONS  IN  BUILDINGS.  PART  VI.  REMOTE- 
LY CONTROLLED  GAS  SAMPLING  PROBE  AND  CLO- 
SURE VALVES  FOR  A  GAS  EXPLOSION  CHAMBER. 

Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices'  Committee  (UK), 
Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1052,  11  pages,  9  figs, 
4  refs,  Jun  1976 

The  Engineering  Services  Section  have  designed,  in  col- 
laboration with  ITH  Section,  a  new  Sampling  Probe 
System  for  the  28-m-'  explosion  chamber  at  Cardington. 
The  system  is  remotely  operated  with  digital  indication 
of  the  probe  position.  The  gas  mixture  in  the  cell  can 
be  sampled  at  any  point  between  the  ceiling  and  the  bot- 
tom of  the  extended  probe.  After  filhng  the  chamber  the 
probe  is  retracted,  thus  avoiding  the  possibility  of  the 
probe  affecting  the  characteristics  of  an  ensuing  explosion. 
All  the  gas  inlet  and  exhaust  valves  on  the  rig  are  remotely 
operated  using  the  same  power  source,  for  reasons  of 
safety  and  convenience.  See  also  Fire  Res  Note  988. 
(Author) 

741.  Butlin  RN 

PRODUCTION  OF  GAS  LAYERS  FOR  LARGE-SCALE 
GAS  EXPLOSION  STUDIES.  PART  1.  PRELIMINARY 
INVESTIGATIONS.  Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices' 
Committee  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1004, 
16  pages,  20  figs,  1 1  refs,  Apr  1976 

A  series  of  experiments  on  the  formation  of  roof  layers 
of  buoyant  flammable  gas,  using  mixtures  of  natural  gas 
and  air  and  also  100%  natural  gas,  is  described  in  which 
both  vertical  and  horizontal  distribution  of  gas  concentra- 
tion were  determined. 

Mixing  of  the  introduced  flammable  gas  with  air  in  the 
explosion  chamber  was  reduced  by  the  adoption  of  ap- 
propriate input  conditions.  The  distribution  of  gas  in 
horizontal  planes  in  all  mixtures  was  found  to  be  uniform, 
but  the  vertical  distribution  of  gas  indicated  the  formation 


of  diffuse  layers,  particularly  when  introducing  100%  natu- 
ral gas.  The  effects  of  filling  rate  and  also  the  change 
of  concentration  with  time  in  a  quiescent  layer  are 
described.  (Author) 

742.  Kline  GM 

FACTS  BEHIND  THE  'CONSPIRACY'  IN  FLAMMABILI- 
TY -  TEST  TERMINOLOGY 

ModPlasf,  53(6):64-66,  1976 

Civil  suits  emanating  from  Federal  Trade  Commission 
proceedings  in  1973  imply  that  industry  and  ASTM  con- 
spired to  write  standard  methods  to  make  plastics  look 
good  in  laboratory  tests.  The  historical  truth  is,  however, 
that  even  in  the  earliest  days  of  test  development  printed 
instructions  cautioned  against  correlating  these  laboratory 
results  with  real  fire  situations.  Some  of  the  history  of 
the  development  of  the  flammability  test  methods  for 
plastics  is  reviewed  here  to  refute  these  charges.  3  refs. 

c.  FIRE  AND  EXPLOSION  HAZARDS  OF 
MATERIALS 

743.  Woolley  WD  and  Ames  SA 
EXPLOSION  HAZARD  OF  FOAMS 

Brandaus;  84(7):247-251,  1976  (German) 

In  November  1974  an  explosion  and  fire  in  a  warehouse 
for  foam  mattresses  in  Chatham,  England,  claimed  four 
lives  and  four  injured  persons.  The  explosion  occurred 
when  firemen  were  looking  for  the  cause  of  the  heavy 
smoke  in  the  storage  area.  As  a  result  of  this  event, 
ignition  tests  were  carried  out  at  the  Fire  Research  Station 
in  Borehamwood  with  specimens  of  this  and  a  similar 
foam;  the  tests  are  reported  on  in  detail  in  this  article. 
The  specimens  were  heated  with  small  ignition  sources 
(matches,  cigarettes)  and  studied  with  respect  to  flamma- 
bility and  behavior  under  smoldering  conditions.  The  in- 
completely burned  gases  (smoldering)  were  tested  for  com- 
bustibility and  explosivity.  4  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0979) 

744.  Hackstaff  BW 

FIRE  HAZARDS  WITH  FOAMED  PLASTIC  INSULA- 
TION 

Brauwelt;  B115(38):1247-1249,  1975 

Polyurethane  foam  insulation  is  probably  the  most  effec- 
tive and  efficient  insulation  presently  known  to  man. 
When  properly  formulated  and  applied,  and  protected 
against  accidental  ignition  and  the  weather,  it  should  func- 
tion very  well.  Burning  characteristics  of  polyurethane 
foams  had  not  been  fully  delineated  by  earHer  laboratory 
tests  and  test  methods  which  had  determined  that  many 
foams  were  of  "non-burning"  or  "self-extinguishing" 
character.  That  the  earlier  tests  were  totally  inadequate 
is  well  known  to  a  number  of  brewers  who  suffered  from 
disastrous  and  costly  fires.  New  test  methods,  formula- 
tions and  application  procedures  are  being  or  have  been 
developed  to  permit  polyurethane  foams  to  be  used  with 
safety  and  assurance.  5  figs,  5  tables.  (Author) 

745.  Krzystolik  P  and  SUz  J 

EVALUATION  OF  THE  DUST  EXPLOSION  HAZARD  IN 
THE  WOOD  INDUSTRY 

Arch  Termodyn  Spal\  7(2):243-253,  1976  (Polish;  English 
and  Russian  summaries) 


157 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 
c.  Fire  and  Explosion  Hazards  of  Materials — Continued 


The  flammability  and  explosivity  of  three  kinds  of  dust 
formed  by  the  grinding  of  wood  industry  products,  name- 
ly, wood  dust,  fiberboard  dust,  and  dust  from  lacquer 
coatings,  are  compared.  Despite  the  difference  in  grain 
material,  the  explosion  dynamics  of  these  dusts  are 
similar.  Wood-dust  explosions  were  found  to  spread  easi- 
ly, and  therefore  appropriate  safeguards  must  be  provided 
for  in  plants  of  the  wood-processing  industry.  6  figs,  4 
tables,  6  refs.  (Author) 

746.  Factory  Mutual 

METAL  DECK  ROOFS  AND  FOAMED  PLASTIC  INSU- 
LATION 

Constr  Specifier,  29(5):46-53,  1976 

Reviewed  in  this  paper  are  the  test  programs  conducted 
by  Factory  Mutual  to  determine  the  fire  hazard  of  roof 
coverings  over  metal  roof  decking  and  of  foamed  plastics 
in  rigid  form  as  building  insulation.  These  extensive  test 
programs  have  produced  new  information  that  has  led 
to  the  development  of  adequate  protection  standards, 
which  are  identified  and  recommended  to  designers  and 
contractors.  6  figs. 

747.  King  RW 

THE    DANGERS    OF    SUDDEN    BOILING    OF    SUPER- 
HEATED  LIQUIDS 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technol;  (15):17-21,  1976  (English;  German 
and  French  summaries) 

This  paper  examines  physical  explosions  caused  by  the 
sudden  boiling  of  superheated  liquids.  It  shows  how  two 
immiscible  liquids,  such  as  water  and  benzene,  neither 
of  which  are  boiling,  can  produce  a  superheated  mixture 
which  "explodes"  when  the  two  come  together.  The 
phrase  "latent  superheating"  is  coined  to  describe  the 
phenomenon.  8  figs,  4  refs.  (Author) 

748.  Dobrovol'skiy  IP,  Belov  VA  and  Zuev  AS 

THE   FIRE   HAZARD   OF   SOME   PRODUCTS   OF   THE 
PAINT  AND  VARNISH  INDUSTRY 

Lakokrasoch   materialy   i  ikh  primenenie;  (6):77-l%,    1975 
(Russian) 

The  fire  hazard  characteristics  of  19  varnish  and  paint 
products  are  given,  such  as  the  flash  point,  ignition  and 
self-ignition  temperatures  of  vapors  in  air,  the  ignition 
temperature  hmits  for  vapors  in  air,  and  the  combustibility 
classification  and  the  nature  of  burning  substances  in- 
teracting v/ith  water-and-foam  extinguishants.  A  method 
of  processing  experimental  data  is  described.  1  table. 
(RZh) 

749.  Carhart  HW,  Alroth  F,  Burgess  DS,  Hoy  HC  and 
Leonard  JT 

HRE  HAZARD  CLASSIFICATION  OF  CHEMICAL 
VAPORS  RELATIVE  TO  EXPLOSION-PROOF  ELECTRI- 
CAL EQUIPMENT  (FINAL  REPORT).  Nat  Acad  Sci, 
Committee  on  Hazardous  Materials,  Washington,  DC; 
USCG  D-71-76,  52  pages.  May  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  AD-A026  215/4GA 

At  the  request  of  the  US  Coast  Guard,  a  detailed  study 
of  flammabUity  has  been  made  by  the  Electrical  Hazards 
Panel  of  the  Committee  on  Hazardous  Materials  in  order 
to  assign  tentative  classifications  to  388  chemicals  of  com- 


merce according  to  the  classification  groups  given  in  the 
National  Electrical  Code,  NEC  500.  The  method  used 
was  based  on  available  physical  and  flammabihty  proper- 
ties, and  chemical  structure  as  an  adjunct  (by  homology 
and  analogy)  where  data  were  limited.  (Author) 

750.  Gouldson  EJ,  Woolerton  GR  and  Checkland  JA 
FIRE     HAZARD     EVALUATION     OF     CABLES     AND 
MATERIALS 

International  Wire  and  Cable  Symp,  24th,  Proc;  1975,  Nov 

18-20,  Cherry  Hill,  NJ,  pages  6-36 

AvailabiUty:  NTIS  AD-A017  787/3GA 

Sponsor:  US  Army  Electron  Command,  Fort  Monmouth, 

NJ 

Test  methods  currently  used  for  testing  cables  and  cable 
materials  are  discussed  and  improved  techniques  are 
proposed.  The  virtues  of  the  proposed  techniques  are  illus- 
trated by  means  of  a  typical  fire-retardant  cable-compound 
development.  Finally,  the  concept  of  a  fire  hazard  rating 
system  is  introduced  as  a  rationahzation  of  the  interpreta- 
tion of  cable  and  materials  flammability  testing.  19  refs. 
(Author) 

d.  NATURE  OF  COMBUSTION  PRODUCTS 

751.  Manley  TR  and  Glennie  BR 

MEASUREMENT  OF  SMOKE  FROM  SMOULDERING 
POLYMERS 

SPE  Annua!  Technical  Conf,  Proc;  1976,  Apr  26-29,  Atlan- 
tic City,  NJ,  pages  396-397 
AvailabiUty:  NTIS  AD-A017  787/3GA 

Plastics  are  being  used  increasingly  in  furnishings  and 
buildings.  They  are  sometimes  blamed  for  the  increasing 
number  of  casualties  from  the  ingestion  of  smoke.  Several 
test  methods  have  been  devised  to  measure  the  amount 
of  smoke  produced  when  materials  bum,  but  the  related 
problem  of  smoke  produced  in  the  early  stages  of  a  fire 
from  smoldering  materials  has  received  less  attention.  An 
apparatus  for  the  measurement  of  smoke  from  smoldering 
materials,  with  provision  for  analysis  of  the  toxic  gases 
concomitantly  produced,  has  been  constructed.  Some 
preliminary  results  are  presented  and  compared  with  those 
from  a  commercial  burning  test  apparatus.  The  apparatus 
developed  is  described  along  with  its  operation  techniques. 
(Author) 

752.  Hilado  CJ  and  LaBossiere  LA 

EVALUATION  OF  SOME  COMMERCIAL  MATERIALS 
USING  THE  USF/NASA  FIRE  TOXICITY  SCREENING 
TEST  METHOD 

J  Consumer  Prod  Flammability;  3(2):141-149,  1976 

Twenty  commercial  materials,  including  polyurethane 
foams,  neoprene  foam,  cotton  fibers,  polyester  fibers, 
wool  fibers  and  fabrics,  were  investigated  for  their  toxic- 
gas  emission  hazard  by  the  USF/NASA  fire  toxicity 
screening  test  method,  in  order  to  determine  the  best- 
suited  test  method  for  characterization  of  these  materials. 
The  procedures  developed  for  this  purpose  are  described, 
and  the  results  are  presented  in  the  form  of  tables.  Wool 
turned  out  to  be  the  most  toxic,  followed  by  cotton, 
polyester,  and  neoprene.  The  aromatic  polyamides  and 
polyurethane  were  the  least  toxic.  1  fig,  3  tables,  9  refs. 


158 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 
d.  Nature  of  Combustion  Products — Continued 

753.  MuUer  R  and  Couchoud  P 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE   PYROLYSIS   AND  COMBUSTION 

GASES  OF  TEXTILE  FIBERS 

Melliand  Textilber;  57(10):807-810,  1976  (German) 

The  formation  of  the  "main  toxins"  (CO,  HCl,  HCN) 
and  the  O2  consumption  when  the  most  important  textUes 
are  treated  in  an  air  stream  at  400  to  1000i"C  was  deter- 
mined by  comparison.  The  IR  method  selected  makes  it 
possible  to  determine  both  the  developmental  kinetics  of 
these  gases  and  the  total  quantity.  All  natural  and 
synthetic  textile  fibers,  except  for  heat-resistent  fibers, 
exhibit  a  high  tendency  to  decompose  at  temperatures 
between  500  and  1000°  C  and,  in  general,  the  behavior 
of  wool  is  not  very  different  from  that  of  nylon  6.6. 
At  400°C  the  kinetics  are  low  and  the  gas  evolution  con- 
sists mainly  of  CO  with  high  O  2  consumption  in  the  case 
of  cellulosic  fibers,  of  HCl  in  the  case  of  chlorine-contain- 
ing fibers,  and  HCN  for  acrylic  fibers.  1  table,  1  ref. 
(Author) 

754.  Kracklauer  J,  Sparkes  C  and  Legg  R 

NEW  SMOKE  TEST  -  FAST,  SIMPLE,  REPEATABLE 

Plast  Technoi,  22(3):46-49,  1976 

After  reviewing  the  three  dominant  optical  tests  and 
some  of  the  problems  that  can  be  encountered,  the  authors 
introduce  a  new  smoke  test  for  plastics  designed  for  prac- 
tical use  in  lab  screening  of  large  numbers  of  samples. 
The  new  test  differs  from  those  most  commonly  used 
in  the  plastics  industry  in  that  it  measures  smoke  evolution 
gravimetrically,  by  the  weight  of  the  smoke  particulates 
produced,  rather  than  optically,  by  the  light  obscuration 
caused  by  the  particulates.  2  figs,  4  tables,  5  refs. 

755.  Nikitina  NS,  Turkov  AS  and  Saranchuk  AD 
METHOD  OF  DETERMINING  THE  SMOKE-GENERAT- 
ING CAPACITY  OF  CONSTRUCTION  MATERIALS 

USSR  Patent  No.  463,900;  CI  GOln  25/24,  GOln  21/12, 
Appl  5  Apr  1973,  Disci  4  Sep  1975,  Assignee:  VNII 
protivopozhar  oborony 

The  method  consists  in  burning  specimens  of  the  materi- 
al under  study,  measuring  its  burning  rate,  tapping  a  mix- 
ture of  the  combustion  products  and  air  into  a  pipeline, 
measuring  the  flow  rate  and  optical  density  of  the  mixture, 
and  determining  the  smoke-generating  capacity  of  the 
material  from  the  measurement  data.  The  distinctive  fea- 
ture of  this  method  is  that,  to  increase  the  accuracy  of 
determination  of  the  smoke-generating  capacity,  the 
specimens  are  burned  in  an  air  flow,  while  the  mixture 
of  combustion  products  and  air  must  be  drawn  out  into 
the  pipeline.  1  drawing  fig.  (RZh) 

756.  Watts  PR  and  Goldstone  B 

THE  ASSESSMENT  OF  SMOKE  PRODUCTION  BY 
BUILDING  MATERIALS  IN  FIRES.  PART  4.  LARGE- 
SCALE  TESTS  WITH  WALL  LINING  MATERIALS.  Dept 
of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices'  Committee  (UK),  Fire 
Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1013,  9  figs,  4  tables,  Jun 
1976 

Quantitative  measurements  have  been  made  of  the 
smoke  production,  in  vision-obscuring  terms,  of  5  materi- 
als exposed  both  in  the  Fire  Propagation  Test  Apparatus 
and  also  in  much  larger  quantities  (8  m^)  as  the  linings 


of  a  compartment  containing  a  substantial  fire,  itself 
producing  little  or  no  smoke. 

The  range  of  smoke  production  was  very  large,  extend- 
ing over  three  orders  of  magnitude.  Both  methods  gave 
similar  values  for  the  smoke  production  of  materials 
producing  much  smoke,  but  for  materials  producing  little 
smoke  the  large-scale  tests  registered  less  smoke  than  the 
Fire  Propagation  test  method.  Nevertheless,  there  was  a 
strong  correlation  between  the  values  of  smoke  production 
from  the  two  methods  under  the  conditions  examined. 
(Author) 

e.  PROTECTION  AND  MODIFICATION  OF 
MATERIALS 

757.  Hanshn  R 

PRINCIPAL  FEATURES  OF  FIREPROOFING  IN 
GENERAL.  INTUMESCENT  COATINGS:  WHAT  CAN  BE 
EXPECTED  OF  THEM:  THEIR  LIMITATIONS 

Apave;  57(193):89-91,  1976  (French) 

The  entire  problem  of  fire-resistance  of  materials  and 
structures  with  fire -proof  coatings  and  sheaths,  especially 
intumescent  systems,  is  reviewed,  including  the  effects 
of  building  fires  on  structures,  the  outlook  for  intumescent 
systems,  the  cost  of  a  three-layer  system,  the  unknown 
features  of  present-day  insulating  coatings,  lifetime  of 
coatings,  and  experimental  fire  studies.  6  refs. 

758.  Hill  BJ 

FLAME-RESISTANT  FIBRES  AND  FABRICS:  A  REVIEW 
OF  THE  WORK  AT  LAMBEG  INDUSTRIAL  RESEARCH 
ASSOCIATION 

Fire  Mater,  l(2):52-56,  1976 

This  paper  discusses  the  relative  merits  of  a  number 
of  flame-resistant  fabrics.  The  information  quoted  draws 
heavily  from  a  five  year  program  of  research  carried  out 
on  the  subject  by  Lambeg  Industrial  Research  Association 
(Northern  Ireland).  The  fabrics  concerned  were  made 
either  from  flame-resistant  fiber  or  by  flame-resistant 
treatment  of  fabrics.  The  textile  problems  which  can  arise 
in  the  production  of  these  fabrics  are  considered  and 
means  of  avoiding  them  suggested.  Test  methods  for 
flammability  are  discussed  briefly  and  the  subject  of  toxic 
gases  generated  from  flame-resistant  materials  in  fire 
situations  is  introduced  as  an  area  which  needs  further 
study.  The  paper  is  essentially  a  situation  report  describing 
the  present  state  of  knowledge,  indicating  gaps  therein, 
the  limitations  of  the  fibers,  fabrics  and  finishes  available 
and  hence  areas  for  future  work.  7  tables,  1  ref.  (Author) 

759.  Plate  W,  Lorenz  W  and  Harder  A 

ECONOMIC  USE  OF  MATERIALS  FOR  STRUCTURAL 
FIRE  PROTECTION  ON  SHIPS 

5eew/mc;i;  7(1 1):684-686,  1975  (German) 

Steps  for  reducing  the  fire  hazard  on  ships  and  the 
toxicity  of  synthetic  materials  are  considered.  Particular 
attention  is  devoted  to  problems  of  manufacturing 
plywood  boards  with  different  layers  of  veneer  coatings. 
Requirements  with  respect  to  esthetics,  fire  safety  and 
human  health  when  using  various  kind  of  materials  in 
construction  are  discussed.  It  is  emphasized  that  standards 
for  the  use  of  no  more  than  45  kgs/m^  of  combustible 
materials  in  living  and  service  quarters  on  ships  have  been 


159 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

e.  Protection  and  Modification  of  Materials — Continued 


established  in  some  countries.  The  requirements  that  must 
be  met  by  composite  materials  manufactured  for  ships 
are  enumerated. 

760.  Anon 

A  NEW  FIRE-RESISTANT  BUILDING  MATERIAL 

Technocrat  (Japan);  8(10): 72-73,  1975 

A  new  material  based  on  calcium  silicate  is  being  used 
in  construction  for  walls  and  ceilings  as  having  good  ther- 
mal-insulation properties  and  heat  stability.  The  material 
is  produced  in  rather  thick  slabs  because  of  the  production 
techniques,  although  it  is  more  economical  to  produce 
slabs  with  a  thickness  of  5-10  mm.  The  State  Industrial 
Research  Institute  of  Japan  in  Osaka  has  developed  a 
production  technique  for  slabs  of  the  desired  thickness 
which  have,  in  addition,  increased  strength  owing  to  the 
addition  of  a  polymer  resin.  The  calcium  silicate  is  mixed 
with  a  resin  emulsion,  is  shaped  and  molded  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  180°C  and  a  pressure  of  20-30  kg/cm^  yielding 
a  homogeneous  material.  When  20%  PVC  resin  is  added, 
a  material  is  obtained  with  a  bending  strength  of  50 
kg/cm^,  compression  strength  of  70  kg/cm 2,  and  shock 
strength  of  517  kg/cm  2  at  a  specific  volumetric  weight 
of  0.5-0.7  and  is  not  subject  to  self -ignition.  Increasing 
the  PVC  content  to  30%  increases  the  strength  of  the 
material,  but  also  increases  the  specific  weight.  The  shock 
resistance  can  be  increased  by  a  factor  of  five  by  adding 
10%  fiber  glass  and  by  a  factor  of  10  by  adding  5% 
vinyl  fiber.  The  mechanical  strength  of  the  material  can 
be  doubled  by  adding  20-30%  gypsum  when  mixing  the 
PVC  resin  and  calcium  silicate.  2  tables.  (RZh) 

761.  Taubkin  SI,  Katts  NV,  Kolganova  MN,  Kochura 
ST  and  Rychikhina  SE 

METHOD  OF  PRODUCING  A  METALLIZED  FABRIC 

USSR  Patent  No.  329,814;  CI  D06m  15/24,  Appl  22  Apr 
1969,  Disci  16  Sep  1975,  Assignee:  VNII  protivopozhar 
oborony,  Mosk  tekstil'n  in-t 

A  method  of  producing  a  metallized  fireproof  fabric 
for  the  manufacture  of  special  clothing  is  described.  The 
method  consists  in  transferring  metal  onto  the  fabric  from 
a  vacuum-metallized  film  coated  with  a  nonpolar  com- 
pound. What  is  different  in  this  method  is  the  use  of 
an  aqueous  solution  of  methyl  cellulose  as  the  nonpolar 
compound  to  simplify  the  manufacturing  process.  (RZh) 

762.  Louzon  E 

PROCEDURE  FOR  PRODUCING  AND  EMBELLISHING 

A  FLAMEPROOF  OR  INCOMBUSTIBLE  COMPLEX  TO 

BE  USED  FOR  DECORATING  OR  STRUCTURAL  WALL 

FINISHINGS 

French  Patent  No.  2,251,183;  CI  B44C  3/02,  E04F  13/08, 

Appl  14  Nov  1973,  Disci  6  Jun  1975 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  composite  material  to  be 
used  for  decorative  finishing  of  walls  inside  buildings. 
The  base  is  to  be  made  of  glass  fabric  or  some  other 
mineral  fabric.  A  decorative  layer  consisting  of  glass 
fibers,  paints,  and  various  kinds  of  binders  is  applied 
to  the  fabric  by  various  methods  (sewing,  cementing,  hot 
calandering).  Three  examples  are  given  for  the  production 
of  the  material  along  with  a  description  of  the  components 
used    and    the    different    features    of    the    technological 


process.  The  material  is  manufactured  by  a  continuous 
method  and  is  put  out  in  the  form  of  30-m  packaged 
rolls. 

763.  Hugh  A,  Robinson  G  and  Morley  W 
IMPROVEMENTS  IN  OR  RELATING  TO  FIRE  RETAR- 
DANT  MATERIALS 

UK  Patent  No.  1,401,634;  CI  B5L,  (B32B  33/00),  Appl 
30  Jun  1972,  Disci  30  Jul  1975 

Sandwich  materials  consisting  of  alternating  layers  of 
wood  (paper,  plastics  or  metal)  and  of  a  material  capable 
of  sublimating  or  sublimating  and  swelling,  e.g.,  the 
product  with  the  trade  name  of  Thermo-lag,  are  described. 

764.  Abbott  NJ,  Schoppee  MM  and  Skelton  J 

HEAT  RESISTANT  AND  NONFLAMMABLE  MATERI- 
ALS. Fabric  Res  Labs,  Dedham,  MA;  AFML  TR-76-47, 
127  pages,  68  figs,  19  tables,  8  refs,  Apr  1976 

The  tensile  properties  of  spun-yam,  fUght-suit  weight 
HT-4,  Durette,  Nomex  I,  Kynol,  cotton,  nylon  and 
polyester  fabrics  have  been  measured  during  exposure  to 
bilateral  radiant  heat  fluxes  in  the  range  0.2  to  0.9 
cal/cm^/sec.  Specially  designed  test  equipment  allows  test- 
ing at  times  as  short  as  a  few  seconds  after  initiation 
of  exposure.  All  fabrics  tested  lost  at  least  50%  of  their 
strength  in  the  first  6  seconds  of  exposure  at  flux  levels 
of  0.4  cal/cmf/sec  and  at  least  75%  of  their  strength  after 
6  seconds  at  0.7  cal/cm^/sec  and  above.  Of  those  fabrics 
tested,  HT-4  provides  the  greatest  degree  of  protection 
and  polyester  provides  the  least  protection  against  a  high 
heat  flux. 

Studies  were  also  made  of  launderability  of  HT-4  fabric, 
abrasion  of  Kevlar  webbing,  weaving  of  BBB  fabric,  and 
other  analyses  requested  by  AFML.  (Author) 

f.  STABILITY  OF  MATERIALS  AT  ELEVATED 
TEMPERATURES 

765.  Meyer-Ottens  C 

SPALLING  OF  CONCRETE  STRUCTURAL  COM- 
PONENTS EXPOSED  TO  FIRE 

Dtsch  Ausschuss  Stahlbeton;  (248):  1-40,  1975  (German, 
English  summary) 

An  effort  is  made  to  review  the  causes  of  explosive 
spalling  in  dense  concrete  exposed  to  fire.  Spalhng  due 
to  steam  flux  in  wet  concrete  when  heated,  to  thermal 
stress,  and  to  the  mineralogical  structure  of  the  aggregates 
is  considered.  Tensile  stresses  resulting  from  the  escape 
of  steam  by  friction  at  the  walls  of  pores  in  heated 
concrete  are  found  to  be  the  most  important  reason  for 
explosive  spalling.  Spalling  does  not  occur  if  steam  does 
not  escape.  The  second  reason  for  spalling  is  thermal 
residual  and  composed  stresses.  The  resultant  sudden  sur- 
face cracking  has  a  considerable  influence  on  spalling. 
Normally,  however,  stresses  and  surface  cracking  do  not 
produce  spalling.  Spalhng  from  the  mineralogical  structure 
of  aggregates  is  of  minor  importance.  Physical  and  chemi- 
cal variations  in  aggregates  and  cement  stone  during  fire 
exposure  always  lead  to  concrete  fatigue,  when  structural 
disintegration  occurs  regardless  of  explosive  spalhng. 
Knowing  the  causes  of  spalling  makes  it  possible  to  take 
measurements  to  reduce  or  prevent  spalling.  The  minimum 
dimensions   required   to  prevent  destructive   spalhng  are 


160 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

f.  Stability  of  Materials  at  Elevated  Temperatures— Continued 


compared  with  those  proposed  by  Kordina  and  by  the 
CEB/F/P  commissions  to  obtain  a  definite  fire  resistance 
time.  46  figs,  13  tables,  94  refs.  (Author) 

766.  Contini  P 

THE  FIRE  RESISTANCE  OF  NORMAL  REINFORCED 
AND  FRESTRESSED  CONCRETE  STRUCTURES  AND 
RELATED  FIB/CEB  RECOMMENDATIONS.  PART  2. 

Not  AICAP;  3(4):2-8,  1976  (ItaUan) 

The  recommendations  mentioned  in  the  title,  in  the  form 
of  tables,  permit  the  design  of  both  cross-  and  parallel- 
reinforced  ceihngs,  both  simple  and  continuous  support 
beams,  and  both  stressed  structural  members,  as  well  as 
columns  and  partitions.  For  their  use  the  designer  does 
not  need  to  know  the  high-temperature  behavior  of  the 
concretes  and  steels,  or  the  heating  and  heat-transfer 
phenomena  in  bearing  structures.  The  values  given  in  the 
tables  correspond  to  the  present  state  of  knowledge  in 
the  field  of  fire-behavior  research,  which  is  adequate  for 
the  present.  The  progress  of  inquiry  and  study  will  make 
it  necessary  to  revise  the  data  and  values  indicated  in 
the  tables,  which  are  applicable,  with  prudence,  to  current 
cases.  In  order  to  stabilize  the  fire-resistance  charac- 
teristics, analytical  methods  have  been  developed  that  take 
into  account  interaction  between  framework  members, 
which  will  result  in  a  certain  economy.  Finally,  as  regards 
specific  cases,  test  results  of  the  fire  resistance  for  sample 
structures  are  taken  into  account  for  entry  into  the  tables. 
4  figs,  6  tables. 

767.  Sahota  MS 

HEAT  AND  MASS  TRANSFER  IN  POROUS  CONCRETE 
STRUCTURES  SUBJECT  TO  FIRE.  Univ  of  California 
(Berkeley),  Fire  Res  Group;  UCB  FRG  76-^15,  155  pages, 
18  figs,  4  tables,  52  refs,  Sep  1976 

The  transient  solution  of  two-phase,  two-component 
flow  in  one-dimensional  or  axisymmetric  porous  concrete 
structures  exposed  to  time-dependent  nonlinear  mixed 
boundary  conditions  has  been  obtained.  The  basic 
mechanisms  considered  in  the  theory  are:  heat  conduction 
through  all  the  components,  the  molecular  diffusion  of 
the  gaseous  components,  and  the  pressure-driven  convec- 
tive  flow  governed  by  Darcy's  law.  The  governing  heat- 

and  mass-transfer  equations  are  solved  numerically  by 
an  impUcit  finite-difference  scheme.  A  simplified 
technique  for  calculating  the  temperature  field  is 
developed  and  the  results  compare  favorably  with  the 
complete  analysis.  The  temperature  fields  for  dry  and  wet 
cases  do  not  differ  significantly  for  normal  amounts  of 
moisture  content  in  concrete.  The  two-dimensional 
transient  solution  for  a  rectangular  element  with  heat  con- 
duction alone  for  time-dependent  nonlinear  mixed  bounda- 
ry conditions  was  also  obtained  using  a  minimum  of  nu- 
merics. General  results  are  given  for  two  limiting  fire 
histories,  the  American  Society  for  Testing  and  Materials 
E-119  time-temperature  curve  and  a  short-duration  high- 
intensity  time-temperature  curve.  Comparisons  are  made 
between  experimental  and  theoretical  temperature  fields 
in  a  wet,  porous,  alumina  powder  system  for  the  heat 
and  mass  transfer.  (Author) 


768.  Bresler  B 

RESPONSE  OF  REINFORCED  CONCRETE  FRAMES  TO 
FIRES.  Univ  of  California  (Berkeley),  Fire  Res  Group; 
UCB  FRG  76-12,  20  pages,  8  figs,  3  tables,  12  refs,  Aug 
1976 

Mathematical  models  developed  for  predicting  the  ther- 
mal and  structural  response  of  reinforced  and  prestressed 
concrete  frames  in  fire  environments  are  substantiated  by 
laboratory  tests  and  case  studies.  Suggestions  for  a  more 
rational  design  of  structures  for  fire  resistance  are  in- 
cluded. 

This  paper  was  published  in  a  preUminary  report  of 
the  Tenth  Congress  of  the  International  Association  for 
Bridge  and  Structural  Engineering,  Tokyo,  September 
6-11,  1976. 

See  also  UCB  FRG  76-12.  (Author) 

769.  Bresler  B,  Thielen  G,  Nizamuddin  Z  and  Iding  R 
LIMIT       STATE        BEHAVIOR       OF       REINFORCED 
CONCRETE   FRAMES   IN   FIRE   ENVIRONMENT.   Univ 
of  California  (Berkeley),  Fire  Res  Group;  UCB  FRG  76- 
12,  25  pages,  8  figs,  3  tables,  13  refs,  Aug  1976 

A  fire-safe  design  procedure,  with  special  emphasis  on 
defining  damage  levels  and  on  assigning  limit  states  of 
structural  behavior  to  these  damage  levels,  is  presented 
and  discussed.  A  prototype  reinforced  concrete  frame  is 
analyzed  for  two  time-temperature  actions,  and  the  result- 
ing thermal  and  structural  responses  of  selected  beam  and 
column  elements  are  discussed.  These  results  are  used 
to  illustrate  the  development  of  hmit  state  design  criteria. 

This  paper  was  submitted  for  pubhcation  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Regional  Conference  on  Tall  Buildings, 
Hong  Kong,  September  20-22,  1976. 

See  also  UCB  FRG  76-12.  (Author) 

770.  Ellingwood  B  and  Shaver  JR 

ANALYSIS  OF  REINFORCED  CONCRETE  BEAMS  SUB- 
JECTED TO  FIRES.  Nat  Bureau  of  Standards,  Center  for 
Bldg  Technol;   NBS   BSS-76,   83   pages,   23   figs,   20   refs, 
July  1976. 
Availability:  GPO 

Methods  for  analytically  predicting  the  behavior  of 
simply  supported  reinforced  concrete  beams  subjected  to 
fire  are  presented.  This  is  generally  a  two-step  process 
involving  a  thermal  analysis  followed  by  a  stress  analysis. 
This  study  emphasizes  the  latter,  wherein  the  determina- 
tion of  moment-curvature-time  relationships  for  the  beam 
cross  section  incorporates  the  temperature-dependent 
strength  degradation  in  the  steel  and  concrete  as  well 
as  thermal  and  creep  strains.  The  sensitivity  of  the  predic- 
tions to  various  phases  of  analytical  modeling  is  in- 
vestigated to  establish  the  parameters  most  important  for 
the  predictions  of  beam  behavior  and  to  indicate  where 
additional  data  should  be  gathered.  A  comparison  of  pre- 
dicted behavior  with  that  observed  in  fire  tests  shows 
excellent  agreement  when  reahstic  reinforcement  tempera- 
ture histories  are  used.  (Author) 


161 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


3.  BEHAVIOR  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  MATERIALS 

f.  Stability  of  Materials  at  Elevated  Temperatures — Continued 


771.  Anon 

FIRE  RESISTANCE  OF  PRESTRESSED  CONCRETE 
BEAMS.  Netherlands  Committee  for  Concrete  Res,  Zoeter- 
meer;  CUR  Rapport  68,  56  pages,  1975  (Dutch) 

Research  being  carried  out  on  prestressed  concrete 
beams  is  continued  in  this  report,  in  which  a  method 
is  developed  to  calculate  the  endurance  of  a  fire-exposed 
prestressed  concrete  beam  before  the  prestressing  steel 
fails  after  reaching  critical  temperature.  Some  beams  did 
not  conform  to  standard  conditions,  failing  prematurely 
and  suddenly  (so-called  "rogue"  beams).  The  cases  of 
premature  failure  in  fire  tests  is  considered  in  this  paper. 
Failures  are  classified  as  "rogues",  encountered  mainly 
in  I-beams,  in  which  continuous  horizontal  cracks  develop 
in  the  web,  and  cases  where  shp  of  the  pretensioned 
1-1/2-inch  strand  tendons  initiates  premature  failure.  The 
failure  is  related  to  shear  problems,  while  the  attainment 
of  critical  temperatures  is  related  to  bending  moment. 

The  principal  unsolved  problem  is  that  of  bond  strength 
of  the  steel  and  concrete  in  fire  environments.  Apparently, 
however,  the  use  of  3/8-inch  strands  or  a  helix  of  reinforc- 
ing steel  around  1/2-inch  strands  in  a  concentrated  ar- 
rangement delays  failure  from  deficient  bond  strength. 
(Author) 


4.  FIRE  MODELING  AND  TEST  BURNS 

a.  FIELD  EVALUATION 

772.  Williams  FW,  Indritz  D  and  WeUs  E 
FULL-SCALE  SHIPBOARD  FIRE  TEST:  COMPARISON 
OF      THREE      PARAMETERS      VIA      PERSPECTIVE 
PLOTTING 

J  Fire  Flammability;  7(l):59-70,  1976 

Fires  as  they  occur  in  nature  are  exceedingly  complex. 
For  one  to  gain  insight  into  the  intricate  physical  and 
chemical  parameters  which  control  fires,  one  builds  vary- 
ing-size  fires  and  controls  as  many  variables  as  possible. 
In  an  attempt  to  overcome  the  problem  of  the  larger 
number  of  variables,  large-scale  tests  are  highly  instru- 
mented, resulting  in  a  large  number  of  discrete  data  points 
which  ultimately  have  to  be  related  to  the  overall  test. 
Perspective  plots  of  three  parameters,  fire  test  area  and 
temperature,  have  been  developed  to  gain  better  insight 
into  the  overall  aspects  of  large-scale  fire  tests.  10  figs, 
1  table,  7  refs.  (Author) 

773.  Wilson  WJ 

LARGE  SCALE  FIRE  TESTS 

J  Fire  Flammability]  7(1):  1 12-124,  1976 

Laboratory  fire  tests  are  economical,  but  never  fully 
satisfactory,  because  they  can  exhaust  only  limited  possi- 
bilities. Large-scale  tests  are  unavoidable  and  were  carried 
out  on  a  broad  scale.  Described  are  the  fire  test  house 
used  for  the  large-scale  tests,  its  floor  plan  and  interior 
finishing,  various  kinds  of  furnishings,  and  the  practical 
tests  with  different  kinds  of  fires,  once  with  toxic  gases 
as  test  basis,  once  with  medium  ventilation.  The  materials 
inside  the  house  have  the  greatest  influence  on  the  fire 
intensity.  6  figs,  2  tables,  6  refs 


774.  Stuckey  RN,  Bricker  RW,  Kuminecz  JF  and  Supkis 
DE 

FULL-SCALE  AIRCRAFT  CABIN  FLAMMABILITY 
TESTS  OF  IMPROVED  FIRE-RESISTANT  MATERIALS. 
TEST  SERIES  2.  Nat  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin,  LB 
Johnson  Space  Center;  NASA  TM-X-58172,  JSC-10613, 
62  pages,  Apr  1976 
AvaUabiUty :  NTIS  N76-23 1 8 1  /OG A 

Full-scale  aircraft  flammability  tests  in  which  the  effec- 
tiveness of  new  fire-resistant  materials  was  evaluated  by 
comparing  their  burning  characteristics  with  those  of  other 
fire-resistant  aircraft  materials  were  described.  New  fire- 
resistant  materials  that  are  more  economical  and  better 
suited  for  aircraft  use  than  the  previously  tested  fire- 
resistant  materials  were  tested.  The  fuel  ignition  source 
for  one  test  was  JP-4;  a  smokeless  fuel  was  used  for 
the  other  test.  Test  objectives,  methods,  materials,  and 
results  are  presented  and  discussed.  The  results  indicate 
that,  similar  to  the  fire-resistant  materials  tested  previ- 
ously, the  new  materials  decompose  rather  than  ignite 
and  do  not  support  fire  propagation.  Furthermore,  the 
new  materials  did  not  produce  a  flash  fire.  (Author) 

b.  FIRE  TESTING,  STRUCTURES 

775.  Anon 

FRS  LARGE-SCALE  FIRE  TEST  ON  ALUMINUM  ROOF- 
ING 

Fire;  69(853):82,  1976 


e:i'. 


The  Aluminum  Federation  (UK)  showed  a  film  of  the 
large-scale  test  carried  out  by  the  Fire  Research  Station. 
The  film  demonstrated  how  an  aluminum  sheeting  roof 
vented  rapidly  in  the  test  fire  and  minimized  damage  to 
the  test  building's  interior  structure  and  cladding  materials. 
The  venting  also  had  a  significant  effect  on  temperature 
distribution  within  the  building.  1  photo. 

c.  MODELING  AND  SCALING 

776.  Smith  EE 

RELATION   OF   PERFORMANCE   TESTS   TO   ACTUAL 

FIRES 

Fire  Technoi,  12(l):49-54,  1976 

"Hazard  load"  calculations  have  been  proposed  which 
use  exposed  surface  area  and  release  rate  data  for  the 
control  of,  or  to  measure,  loading.  Release  rate  values 
can  be  used  to  rate  and  specify  materials  and  products 
as  a  function  of  location  in  the  fire  system  and  the  nature 
of  the  occupancy.  In  theory,  predictive  methods  based 
on  release  rate  data  offer  an  approach  by  which  the  per- 
formance of  materials  and  products  can  be  determined 
under  any  fire  exposure.  The  advantage  of  this  approach 
is  the  ability  to  look  at  a  number  of  combustion  charac- 
teristics, rather  than  just  one  attribute,  to  describe  the 
fire  safety  of  a  material.  No  one  characteristic,  nor  one 
exposure,  can  adequately  describe  the  performance  of  an 
item  in  a  fire.  Release  rate  data  give  a  more  complete 
evaluation  of  combustibility  characteristics  and  a  more 
relevant  description  of  a  material's  or  product's  per- 
formance. 2  tables,  3  refs.  (Author) 


162 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


4.  FIRE  MODELING  AND  TEST  BURNS 

c.  Modeling  and  Scaling— Continued 


777.  Dean  RK 

A    FINAL     REPORT    ON     FIRE    TESTS    INVOLVING 

STORED  PLASTICS 

Fire  Technol;  12(l):55-65,  1976 

This  paper  highlights  the  final  report  of  a  five-year  fire 
test  program  to  determine  how  plastic  commodities  com- 
pared to  ordinary  combustibles  and  to  determine  sprinkler 
protection  requirements  for  stored  plastic  goods.  Tests 
were  conducted  on  three  scales  -  laboratory,  small,  and 
large.  Laboratory  tests  analyzed  thermal  characteristics 
of  plastic  materials  used  in  the  program.  Small-scale  tests 
were  run  to  determine  the  burning  characteristics  of 
plastic  commodities,  and  large-scale  tests  provided  data 
used  in  the  development  of  some  fire  protection  standards. 
The  program  was  a  generahzed  one;  therefore,  the  solu- 
tions to  fire  protection  problems  that  came  out  of  it  are 
also  generalized.  17  figs.  (Author) 


778.  Svetashov  I  and  Bunin  E 
STAIRWELL        PRESSURIZATION 
BUILDINGS 

Pozhar  delo;  (6):26-27,  1976  (Russian) 


IN 


HIGHRISE 


In  order  to  determine  the  degree  of  pressurization 
required  in  stairwells  of  highrise  buildings  for  heat  and 
smoke  removal  during  fires,  a  model  of  a  stairwell  of 
a  16-story  residential  building  was  built  and  tested  at  the 
All-Union  Fire-Engineering  Academy  of  the  USSR.  On 
the  basis  of  calculations  it  was  found  that  the  pressure 
and  air  flow  must  be  determined  successively  for  each 
floor  taking  into  account  not  only  gravitational  and  wind 
pressures,  but  also  the  hydraulic  resistance  of  the  steps 
and  landings.  The  model  is  illustrated  in  a  diagram,  the 
calculations  in  graphs.  3  figs. 

779.  Alpert  RL 

PRESSURE  MODELING  OF  TRANSIENT  CRIB  FIRES. 

Factory  Mutual  Res  Corp,  Basic  Res  Dept;  FMRC  22360- 
2,  38  pages,  1 1  figs,  4  tables,  7  refs,  Dec  1975 

It  has  previously  been  demonstrated  that  free-burning 
fires  in  solid  fuels  can  be  modeled  by  increasing  the  am- 
bient air  pressure  while  reducing  all  length  scales  with 
the  two-thirds  of  pressure.  The-modeling  concept  has  been 
tested,  up  till  now,  for  steady  or  quasi-steady  aspects 
of  fires  in  simple,  isolated  fuel  elements  of  wood  or  solid 
plastic.  The  current  study  is  concerned  with  testing  the 
pressure-modeling  concept  for  the  important  transient 
processes  of  fire  growth  and  delay  in  pine-wood  cribs 
ignited  at  the  center  of  the  crib  base.  In  addition,  the 
validity  of  pressure-modeling  compartment  fires  is  tested 
by  burning  cribs  within  simplified,  vented  enclosures. 
Measurements  of  crib  burning  rates  for  a  ten-to-one  range 
of  length  scale  show  that  pressure  modeling  of  portions 
of  the  burning  rate  time  history  is  indeed  feasible.  While 
modeling  of  ventilation-controlled  crib  fires  is  highly  suc- 
cessful, it  appears  that  a  lack  of  modeling  of  the  rate 
of  radial  fire  spread  within  the  crib  allows  only  peak 
burning  rates  and  the  fire  decay  process  to  be  modeled 
in  the  fuel-surface-controlled  regime.  For  the  specific  crib 
geometries  considered,  the  effect  of  an  enclosure  on  fire 
intensity  is  measurable  and  can  be  pressure-modeled. 
(Author) 


780.  Furukawa  K 

MODEL    EXPERIMENTS    ON    NA    POOL    FIRE.    Japan 
Atomic  Energy  Res  Inst,  Tokai  Res  Establ,  Tokai,  Japan; 
JAERI  M-6073,  176  pages.  Mar  1975  (Japanese) 
AvaUability:  NTIS 

In  an  Na-cooled  Fast  Breeder  Hazard  Analysis  for  an 
Na  pool  fire  in  the  reactor  containment  vessel,  Na  fire 
model  experiments  have  been  carried  out  with  a  3.2  m^ 
closed  vessel  of  height  2  m  and  diameter  1.5  m.  The 
burning  areas  used  are  0.3,  0.15  and  0.075  m^  For  the 
different  initial  Na  temperatures,  initial  oxygen  contents 
and  atmospheric  humidities,  the  burning  rate  was  esti- 
mated from  change  of  the  oxygen  content  in  the  at- 
mosphere, gas  density  or  generated  heat.  The  Na  surface 
burning  rate  of  initial  temperature  500°  C  in  the  closed 
air  with  21  v/o  oxygen  depends  strongly  on  the  ratio  of 
Na  surface  area  and  sectional  (bottom)  areas  of  the  reac- 
tion vessel.  The  apparent  burning  rate  is  nearly  constant. 
Below  5  v/o  oxygen,  at  least,  the  mild  oxidation  without 
brightness  proceeds  in  first-order  reaction  with  the  oxygen 
content.  (Author) 

781.  Clark  RK 

ANALYTICAL  MODEL  FOR  CABLE  TRAY  FIRES.  San 

dia   Labs,   Albuquerque,   NM;   SAND   75-0288,   23   pages, 
Sep  1975 
Availability:  NTIS 

A  model  for  cable  tray  fires  based  on  buoyant  plume 
theory  is  presented.  Using  the  model  in  conjunction  with 
empirical  data  on  size  of  natural  fires  and  burning  rate 
of  cellulosic  materials,  estimates' are  made  of  the  heat 
flux  as  a  function  of  vertical  and  horizontal  distance  from 
a  tray  fire.  Both  local  fires  and  fires  extending  along 
a  significant  length  of  tray  are  considered.  For  the  particu- 
lar set  of  fire  parameters  assumed  in  the  calculations  the 
current  tray  separation  criteria  of  five  feet  vertical  and 
three  feet  horizontal  are  found  to  be  marginal  for  local 
fires  and  too  small  to  prevent  fire  spread  for  extended 
tray  fires.  8  refs.  (Author) 

782.  Boehm  L  and  Jordan  S 

AEROSOL  GENERATION  AND  FILTER  BEHAVIOR  IN 
SODIUM  FIRES.  Kernforschungszentrum  Karlsruhe,  FRO, 
Lab  fuer  Aerosolphys  und  Filtertech;  KFK-2202,  43  pages, 
23  figs,  9  refs,  Nov  1975  (German) 

Within  the  scope  of  a  long-term  program,  the  authors 
investigated  a)  aerosol  formation  rates  during  Na  fires, 
b)  behavior  of  Na  aerosols  in  a  closed  system,  and  c) 
filtration  of  Na  aerosols.  These  experiments  in  the 
ABRAUS  facility  were  intended  to  simulate  the  behavior 
of  Na  aerosols  after  an  accident  in  the  inner  and  outer 
sheaths  of  the  sodium-cooled  SNR  300  fast  breeder  reac- 
tor. A  sand-bed  filter  arrangement  was  developed  which 
is  better  than  the  fiberglass  filters.  Sand-bed  filters  resist 
high  pressure  and  temperature  peaks.  Liquid  Na  aerosols 
are  filtered  with  an  efficiency  of  better  than  99.9%.  A 
physical  model  was  evaluated  to  explain  pressure  increase 
at  the  sand-bed  filter  under  load  conditions  with  filter 
penetration.  Calculated  values  were  in  good  agreement 
with  experimenai  results. 


163 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 
4.  FIRE  MODELING  AND  TEST  BURNS 


d.  SYSTEMS  BEHAVIOR 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

a.  BUILDING  DESIGN  AND  CONSTRUCTION 
PRINCIPLES 

783.  Pettersson  O  and  Thor  J 

FIRE  ENGINEERING  DESIGN  OF  STEEL  STRUCTURES 

Swedish  Institute  of  Steel  Construction;  232  pages,  1976 

This  handbook  describes  a  national  fire  engineering 
design  process  for  loadbearing  structures  and  steel  parti- 
tions based  on  performance  requirements.  The  design 
methods  presented  here  are  based  on  the  regulations,  ad- 
visory notes,  and  recommendations  given  in  the  Swedish 
Building  Regulations  and  on  a  separate  publication  on  na- 
tional fire  engineering  design  compiled  from  instructions 
of  the  National  Swedish  Board  of  Physical  Planning  and 
Building.  The  handbook  discusses  the  principles  governing 
national  fire  engineering  design  and  also  gives  a  detailed 
method  for  practical  application.  The  handbook  can  also 
be  used  for  courses  of  instruction  in  technical  schools. 

784.  Anon 

UNPROTECTED  STEEL  CONSTRUCTION  PROVES  IT- 
SELF IN  A  FIRE 

Brandaus;  84(7):266-267,  1976  (German) 

A  fire  in  a  one-story  workshop  in  Wuppertal  (FRG) 
which  contained  large  quantities  of  highly  combustible 
semifinished  and  finished  products  served  as  the  stimulus 
for  a  discussion  of  the  resistance  of  unprotected  steel 
constructions.  The  shop  was  built  as  an  unsheathed  rigid 
frame  structure  made  of  5-mm  hollow  sections.  The  smoke 
and  heat  removal  possibilities  were  good.  Despite  a  fully 
developed  fire  and  one-and-a-half  hours  of  exposure,  only 
3  of  40  columns  were  destroyed.  Then  a  description  of 
structural  application  of  water-filled  hollow  section 
columns  is  given,  not  only  representing  a  preventive  struc- 
tural fire  protection  measure,  but  also  permitting  the 
erection  of  less  massive  facades.  The  article  was  taken 
from  Stahlbau-Nachrichten,  Nos.  1/2,  1976,  of  the  Ger- 
man Steel  Association.  (Fachdok  12/1003) 

785.  Hopp  H 

THE  INTERMEDIATE  SCHOOL  CENTERS  IN  BERLIN 

Brandschutz;  30(6):  158-161,  1976  (German) 

The  program  to  integrate  the  traditional  school  system 
in  Berlin  led  to  the  construction  of  intermediate  school 
centers,  which  were  intended  to  be  used  also  for  extracur- 
ricular activities.  The  arrangement  of  space  in  these 
buildings  is  loose  and  flexible.  The  general  design  of  these 
buildings  is  described  and  illustrated.  The  main  portion 
of  the  article  deals  with  the  cooperation  of  the  Berlin 
Fire  Department  in  the  building  permit  process.  The  com- 
petent judgement  of  the  Department  was  solicited  with 
respect  to  the  supply  of  water  for  firefighting,  accessibili- 
ty, freedom  of  action  and  safety  for  firefighting  systems 
and  rescue  equipment,  smoke  removal  systems,  detection 
and  alarm  equipment,  operational  fire-protection  regula- 
tions. 8  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0775) 


786.  Anon 

SCHOOLS  -  A  REAPPRAISAL 

Fire  Prev;  (115):21-22,  1976  (English;  French  and  German 
summaries) 

A  further  look  is  taken  at  fire  protection  for  schools 
with  particular  references  to  construction,  especiaUy  ceil- 
ing voids,  and  arson,  in  the  light  of  recent  pubhcations 
from  the  Building  Research  EstabUshment  (UK)  and  the 
Department  of  Health  and  Social  Security.  School  fire 
statistics,  including  damage,  causes,  date  of  school  con- 
struction, and  time  of  call  to  the  fire  brigades,  are  sum- 
marized in  four  tables.  4  tables. 

787.  Carroll  JL 

COMBINATION  AIR  CONDITIONING  AND  FIRE  PRO- 
TECTION SYSTEM  FOR  A  BUILDING 

US  Patent  No.  3,939,914-  CI  169/16,  (A62C  35/00),  Appl 
26  Apr  1974,  Disci  24  Feb  1976 

A  combination  air-conditioning  and  fire  protection 
system  for  a  building  including  a  heat  exchanger  through 
which  fluid  may  pass  under  pressure,  a  fluid  conditioning 
unit  operable  to  bring  fluid  to  a  desired  temperature  for 
passing  through  the  heat  exchanger,  and  fluid  supply  and 
return  conduits  interconnecting  the  heat  exchanger  and 
fluid  conditioning  unit  for  circulating  fluid  therebetween. 
The  supply  and  return  conduits  have  discharge  heads 
spaced  therealong  which  are  openable  in  case  of  fire  to 
discharge  fluid  therefrom  to  extinguish  a  fire  in  the  vicini- 
ty of  the  head.  The  conduits  may  include  risers  in  the 
form  of  hollow,  fluid-tight  structural  columns  which  also 
act  to  provide  structural  support  for  the  building.  Flow 
control  devices  and  check  valves  in  the  system  assure 
that  pressure  will  be  maintained  in  either  the  supply  or 
return  conduits  to  discharge  fluid  onto  a  fire  if  the  other 
conduit  is  damaged  and  loses  pressure.  6  claims,  6  drawing 
figs.  (Author) 


i6- 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 


b.  DETECTION  AND  ALARM  EQUIPMENT 

788.  Anon 

WIDE-RANGE       AIRBORNE       INFRARED       PHOTO- 
GRAPHIC FIRE  SENSING  SYSTEM 

Technocrat  (Japan);  8(10):53,  1975 

The  Fire  Research  Institute,  Fire  Defense  Agency, 
Ministry  of  Home  Affairs  (Japan)  is  developing  a  remote 
sensing  technology  for  fire  detection  based  on  the  fact 
that  infrared  rays  from  fires  readily  pass  through  smoke. 
An  airborne  infrared  camera  rapidly  and  accurately  shows 
where  fires  are  and  is  expected  to  prove  particularly  use- 
ful in  case  of  earthquake  or  simultaneous  outbreak  of 
fires  in  many  places.  A  two-year  study  on  development 
of  this  technique  is  to  be  initiated.  2  photos. 

789.  Bachmann  F  and  Elias  S 

PROBLEMS  IN  THE  USE  OF  AUTOMATIC  FIRE  PRO- 
TECTION EQUIPMENT 

Vnser  Brandschutz;  26(5):29-31,  1976  (German) 

The  necessity  of  using  automatic  fire  protection  systems 
is  governed  primarily  by  economic  viewpoints.  The  targets 
to  be  protected  present  comphcated  evacuation  conditions, 
have  a  high  fireload  or  contain  fire-hazardous  materials, 
or  rapid  fire  buildup  must  be  expected.  The  type  of 
system  to  be  used  (fire  alarm,  detector,  etc.)  is  determined 
on  the  basis  of  a  fire-hazard  analysis.  The  information 
systems  (including  automatic  fire  alarms)  are  classified 
on  four  levels  and  the  appropriate  system  for  each  level 
is  adopted.  The  construction  and  operating  modes  of 
level-I  fire  alarms  are  described.  2  figs,  1  table.  (Fachdok 
12/0691) 

790.  Lein  H 

FIRE  PROTECTION  AND  SMOKE  CONTROL.  DETEC- 
TORS: FIRST  LINE  OF  DEFENSE 

ASHRAEJ;  18(2):26-28,  1976 

Four  stages  of  a  fire  are  described,  from  a  nascent 
fire  without  visible  smoke  or  apparent  flame  or  heat  to 
the  heat  stage  of  a  fire  with  heat  and  toxic  fume  emission. 
Different  types  of  detectors,  adapted  to  different  situa- 
tions, suitable  for  one  or  other  of  the  four  stages,  are 
presented,  namely:  fixed-temperature  thermal  detectors 
and  thermal  compensation  detector,  in  which  the  rate  of 
temperature  rise  is  measured;  flame  detectors,  which  mea- 
sure the  hght  of  the  flame  in  the  visible  or  UV  range; 
photoelectric-cell  smoke  detectors;  combustion  detectors, 
which  pick  up  the  combustion  products;  and  finally  some 
new  types,  more  sophisticated,  such  as  laser  beam.  The 
type,  number,  and  location  of  detectors  relative  to  the 
ventilation  system  are  discussed. 

791.  Anon 

MINI  FIRE  ALARMS:  MODELS  CF  2,  DCF  10,  SF  200 

Protivpozarna  Zastita;  16(2):58-59,  1976  (Serbocroatian) 

Three  types  of  mini  fire  alarms  which  emit  a  buzzing 
signal  when  the  temperatures  reaches  57  °C  are  described. 
The  CF  2,  DCF  10,  and  SF  200  fire  alarms  are  operated 
either  by  batteries  or  by  the  electric  power  supply  line. 
The  dimensions  of  the  alarms  are  5.1  x  4.4  x  3.15  cm 
and  12.7  x  7  x  3.8  cm  in  the  prismatic  versions  (CF 
2,  SF  200)  and  11.4  x  3.8  cm  in  the  bell-shaped  version. 
(Fachdok  12/0926) 


792.  Moor  W 

ALARM  FACILITIES  OF  THE  FIRE  DEPARTMENT,  PO- 
LICE AND  SECURITAS  PROTECTION  COMPANY  IN 
BASEL 

PTT  Tech  Mitt;  54(4):  126-1 34,  1976  (German) 

A  new  electronic  alarm  signal  system  and  new  alarm 
systems  for  the  municipal  fire  department  and  medical 
services  were  introduced  in  1970  in  conjunction  with  an 
overhaul  of  the  municipal  fire  service  in  Basel.  At  the 
same  time,  additional  alarm  systems  for  the  fire  depart- 
ments of  suburban  communities  of  the  Canton  of  Basel 
were  integrated  into  the  municipal  alarm  center.  In  view 
of  the  similarity  of  interests  and  the  possibility  of 
economizing  costs  of  central  control  points,  the  police 
and  the  Securitas  Protection  Company  were  also  included 
in  the  alarm  system.  The  author  outlines  the  structure, 
arrangement  and  operation  of  the  system.  14  figs.  (Author) 

793.  Lundstrom  I,  Shivaraman  MS,  Stiblert  L  and 
Svensson  C 

HYDROGEN  IN  SMOKE  DETECTED  BY  THE  Pd-GATE 
FIELD-EFFECT  TRANSISTOR 

Rev  Scilnstrum;  47(6):738-740,  1976 

A  recently  developed  hydrogen-sensitive  Pd-gate  MOS- 
transistor  was  used  to  detect  small  amounts  of  hydrogen 
in  smoke.  It  is  shown  that  the  device  can  be  used  to 
detect  a  fire  before  it  has  really  started  and  therefore 
has  a  potential  application  as  a  fire  alarm.  2  figs,  1  table, 
3  refs.  (Author) 

794.  Stoib  W 

SRS  150,  A  NEW  CENTRAL  STATION  FOR  COMPLEX 
FIRE  PROTECTION  SYSTEMS 

Siemens  Rev;  43(8):351-353,  1976 

Complex  fire  protection  systems,  i.e.,  systems  with  au- 
tomatic and  manual  alarm  signaling,  different  types  of 
alarms,  control  of  fire  protection  facihties  and  plants,  in- 
cluding automatic  fire-extinguishing  systems,  required  cen- 
tral stations  with  capabilities  greater  than  simply  receiving 
and  transmitting  alarms.  They  should  be  suitable  for 
signaling  alarms  and  for  controlling  external  devices 
without  human  manipulation,  and  full  programming  flexi- 
bility in  the  allotment  of  tripping  to  tripped  components 
should  be  provided  for.  Those  qualities  are  incorporated 
in  the  SRS  150.  2  figs.  (Author) 

795.  Hakino  A  and  Takeda  M 
FIRE  WARNING  SYSTEM 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;  62(13):46-51,  1975  (Japanese) 

The  design,  block  diagram  and  operating  principle  of 
a  modem  electronic  fire  warning  system  for  highrise  plant 
administration  buildings  are  described.  The  system  is 
semiautomatic,  because  it  provides  for  a  human  operator 
at  the  control  panel.  The  panel  is  provided  with  communi- 
cation, control  and  indicating  equipment,  including  a 
cathode-ray  tube  which  makes  it  possible  to  switch  in 
to  and  supervise  at  will  different  sections  of  the  area 
being  protected  via  a  closed  TV  system.  The  operation 
of  the  system  under  various  conditions  is  examined.  A 
particular  feature  of  the  system  is  that  it  is  all-purpose, 
as  compared  with  the  peripheral  devices,  in  that  it  can 
operate  normally  with  any  type  of  fire  detector.  The 
characteristics,    tactical    features    and    specifications    are 


165 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

b.  Detection  and  Alarm  Equipment— Continued 


given,  and  the  electrical  circuitry,  design  and  operating 
principle  of  the  four  types  of  most  up-to-date  fire  detec- 
tors used  in  such  systems  in  Japan  are  described.  The 
advantages  and  deficiencies  of  each  detector  are  noted; 
recommendations  for  their  most  efficient  use  are  given. 
It  is  reported  that  one  of  the  modifications  of  this  system 
provides  for  an  improved  closed-circuit  TV  system  which 
combines  color  and  black  and  white  channels.  This  feature 
will  improve  the  man-machine  characteristic  of  the  control 
panel  to  an  appreciable  degree.  18  figs,  1  table.  (RZh) 

796.  Kato  S  and  Ohashi  Y 

nRE  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEM 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;  62(13):52-56,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  description  is  given  of  the  design,  operating  principle, 
block  diagram,  and  results  of  testing  an  automatic  fire 
detection  and  extinguishing  system  for  use  in  relatively 
small  municipal  installations.  All  the  control  and  signal 
components  of  the  system  have  leads  to  the  control  panel, 
which  is  a  comparatively  small  vertical  console-type  stand. 
The  combination  of  assembUes  and  subassembles  within 
the  stand  is  analyzed.  A  large  reserve  of  blank  boards 
in  the  printed  and  volumetric  mounting  of  the  electric 
components  as  well  as  free  space  in  the  forward  panel 
of  the  console  permit  free  planning  of  further  system 
improvements  in  the  sense  of  a  more  complicated  struc- 
ture. The  extinguishing  agent  is  Halon  1301,  which  is  con- 
tained under  high  positive  pressure  in  a  hermetically 
sealed  cylinder  and  is  distributed  via  a  grid  of  sprinkler 
heads.  Experimentally  obtained  graphic  relations  illustrate 
the  efficiency  of  system  operation.  11  figs,  3  tables.  (RZh) 

797.  Simon  FN  and  Rork  GD 
IONIZATION -TYPE  SMOKE  DETECTORS 

Rev  Scilnstrum;  47(l):74-80,  1976 

A  simple  model  is  developed  to  determine  quantitative 
relations  among  operating  parameters  applicable  to  the 
design  of  ionization-type  smoke  detectors.  The  model  per- 
mits the  adjustable  parameters  of  operating  current, 
radioisotope  source  intensity,  and  cell  geometry  to  be 
specified  for  ambient  pressure  response  and  optimum  sen- 
sitivity to  smoke  particulates.  Specific  ionization  has  been 
measured  for  two  sources  (^H  and  *  ^Ni)  as  a  function 
of  pressure  as  required  by  the  model.  Experimental  agree- 
ment with  the  model  presented  shows  its  validity  for 
design  evaluation  of  ionization  cells  for  smoke  detection 
and  possibly  other  special  applications  with  particulates. 
12  figs,  8  refs.  (Author) 

798.  Nash  P  and  Theobald  CR 

THE  USE  OF  AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS  AS  FIRE  SEN- 
SORS IN  CHEMICAL  PLANTS 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technol;  (15):11-18,  1976  (English;  German 
and  French' summaries) 

Automatic  sprinklers  in  chemical  plants  may  be  used 
in  two  main  ways.  First,  they  may  be  used  as  closed 
sprinklers  in  sprinkler  systems  in  buildings,  e.g.,  in  control 
rooms,  offices,  etc.  In  the  event  of  fire  they  will  respond 
to  the  convected  hot  gas  layer  beneath  the  ceiUng  of 
the  room  in  which  the  fire  occurs.  Second,  they  may 
be  used  in  the  open  air  as  "detectors"  or  "detectors" 
for  triggering  a  supply  of  water  to  a  series  of  open  water 

166 


spray  nozzles  designed  to  control  flammable  liquid  fires 
or  to  provide  a  degree  of  cooling  of  vulnerable  areas 
of  the  plant  which  might  be  subjected  to  intense  heat 
radiation  from  a  nearby  fire.  Where  the  sensor  is  likely 
to  be  immersed  in  rapidly-developing  flames,  e.g.,  when 
sited  above  an  oil-cooled  transformer,  it  will  operate 
quickly  by  conduction  of  heat  from  the  flames.  Where 
it  has  to  depend  upon  the  incidence  of  thermal  radiation 
alone,  however,  it  has  been  found  that  its  operation  may 
be  long  delayed  unless  the  size  and  temperature  of  the 
radiator  is  such  that  radiant  intensities  of  not  less  than 
1.5  W/cm[  are  available.  These  points  must  be  considered 
when  siting  sensors  in  chemical  plants.  7  figs,  8  refs. 
(Author) 

799.  Sharovar  F  and  Metelkin  G 
NEW  ELECTRIC  FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEM 

Pozhar  delo;  (5):26-27,  1976  (Russian) 

A  new  type  of  electric  fire  alarm  receiving  system  has 
been  developed  by  the  All-Union  Fire  Protection  Research 
Institute  of  USSR.  The  system  permits  discrimination  of 
signals  from  fire  detectors  and  '■ensors  combined  in  one 
beam.  A  distinctive  feature  of  the  system  is  monitoring 
of  the  operational  status  of  all  wire  communication  Unes 
with  automatic  determination  of  line  damages.  The  system 
is  described  on  the  basis  of  two  circuit  diagrams.  2  figs. 

800.  MatobaK  -  -A 
FIRE  ALARM  " 

Swiss  Patent  No.  566,602;  CI  G08B  17/10,  Appl  14  Jun 
1974,  Disci  15  Sep  1975,  Assignee:  Cerberus  AG 

The  fire  alarm  consists  of  a  pickup  sensitive  to  signs 
of  fire  and  an  integral  electric  circuit  for  signal  transmis- 
sion when  a  limit  monitoring  level  is  exceeded.  The 
proposed  detector  is  different  in  that  the  circuit  contains 
at  least  one  voltage-sensitive  member  with  resistance  vary- 
ing as  a  function  of  the  voltage  of  the  communications 
line  and  controlling  the  resistance  of  the  element  which 
determines  the  threshold  value  of  the  variable  being  mea- 
sured. 4  drawing  figs. 

801 .  Jacoby  S 

COMBINATION  SMOKE  AND  HEAT  DETECTOR 
ALARM 

US  Patent  No.  3,938,115;  CI  340/237S,  (G08B  17/04),  Appl 
13  June  1974,  Disci.  11  Feb  1976,  Assignee:  Evergard 
Fire  Alarm  Co,  Inc,  Philadelphia,  PA 

A  combination  smoke  and  heat  detector  alarm  including 
a  self-contained  stored  energy  source  in  the  form  of  a 
cylinder  of  compressed  gas.  A  T-fitting  connects  to  the 
cylinder  and  feeds  separate  conduit  systems  leading  to 
individual  sounding  devices.  A  fusible  element  is  inter- 
posed in  one  of  the  conduit  systems  to  automatically  per- 
mit transfer  of  the  compressed  gas  to  a  first  sounding 
device  upon  the  presence  of  elevated  temperatures.  A 
solenoid  operated  switch  is  interposed  in  the  other  conduit 
system  to  normally  prevent  the  flow  of  gas.  The  solenoid 
is  responsive  to  a  smoke  detector  and  is  wired  to  open 
the  solenoid  valve  upon  sensing  the  presence  of  a 
predetermined  concentration  of  smoke.  12  claims,  1  draw- 
ing figure.  (Author) 


■^mww 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

b.  Detection  and  Alarm  Equipment — Continued 


'i-J-'z 


DiFFEREKCt 
AMPLIFIER    ^ 


FILTERS 


ALiRn 


802.  Rims  L 

ALARM  DEVICE,  PREFERABLY  FOR  FIRE  ALARMS 

FRG  Patent  No.  2,408,129;  CI  G08B  23/00,  G08B  17/06, 
Appl  20  Feb  1974,  Disci.  21  Aug  1975,  Assignee:  Preussag 
AG  Feuerschutz 

The  patent  device  is  designed  for  single-wire  connection 
of  sets  of  signal  devices,  regardless  of  what  kind, 
preferably  fire  detectors,  to  a  central  control  panel  or 
some  other  kind  of  commutator.  5  drawing  figs. 

803.  Mueller  P 

DETECTION  OF  PRESENCE  OR  ABSENCE  OF  FLAMES 

US  Patent  No.  3,940,753;  CI  340/227  R,  (G08B  21/00), 
Appl  13  Sep  1974,  Disci  24  Feb  1976,  Priority:  Switzer- 
land, Appl  No  13722/73,  25  Sep  1973,  Assignee:  Cerberus 
AG,  Mannedorf,  Switzerland 

At  least  two  photoelectric  sensors,  sensitive  to  different 
spectral  ranges  of  incident  light,  provide  two  sensed  out- 
put signals;  the  relationship  of  the  a-c  components  of 
the  sensed  output  signals  is  evaluated,  and  it  is  determined 
if  these  a-c  components  fall  within  predetermined  low- 
frequency  ranges,  for  example,  2  to  50  Hz,  preferably 
5  to  25  Hz;  if  so,  a  "flame  present"  signal  is  provided, 
for  example  to  give  a  fire  alarm,  or  to  indicate  that  a 
burner  is  operating.  Preferably,  the  relationship  of  the 
signals  is  such  that  a  different  signal  is  provided  between 
one  of  the  sensed  signals  and  a  fraction  of  the  other, 
and  conversely,  and  the  sensitivity  of  the  sensors  is  ad- 
justed to  have  the  same  output  signals  at  a  predetermined 
color  temperature,  for  example  about  1400°K.  Illumina- 
tion signals  incident  on  the  sensors  due  to  other  sources 
than  flames  then  are  reliably  eliminated  while  still  provid- 
ing the  "flame  present"  signal  upon  coincidence  of  the 
appropriate  difference  signals,  which  coincidence 
preferably  is  determined  by  analyzing  the  phase  relation- 
ships of  the  resulting  difference  signals  in  a  phase  com- 
parator. 20  claims,  1  drawing  fig.  (Author) 


804.  Anon 

FIRE     DETECTION     DEVICE     CONSISTING     OF     AN 

IONIZATION  DETECTOR 

Swiss  Patent  No.  563,044;  CI  GOSb   17/10,  Appl   1   Dec 
1972,  Disci  13  Jun  1975,  Assignee:  Universal  Det 

This  ionization  fire  detector  design  permits  elimination 
of  the  major  deficiency  of  existing  ionization  detectors, 
which  is  actuation  by  an  air  stream  without  a  fire  hazard. 
The  detector  (see  the  drawing)  is  mounted  on  an  insulation 
base  1,  which  is  equipped  with  pins  for  insertion  into 
holes  in  the  pedestal  3.  AU  the  parts  are  enclosed  in 
a  cowl  4.  Above  the  base  is  a  sheet  with  a  printed  circuit 
8  containing  all  the  components  of  the  alarm  circuit.  A 
closed  calibration  ionization  chamber  5  is  found  above 
the  sheet.  Its  positive  electrode  6  is  connected  to  the 
positive  pole  of  the  alarm  circuit.  The  radioactive  source 
7  can  contain  Pu^  3 '  which  emits  alpha  particles  with 
an  activity  of  4-8  microcuries.  The  space  between  the 
negative  electrode  9  of  the  calibration  chamber  and  the 
cowl  forms  an  open  ionization  measurement  chamber  10 
connected  to  the  negative  pole  of  the  alarm  circuit.  The 
radioactive  source  14  of  the  measurement  chamber  has 
an  activity  of  10-18  microcuries.  The  chamber  is  open 
to  the  atmosphere  through  holes  12  and  slots  13  in  the 
cowl.  The  detector  is  supplied  from  a  d-c  source  (24V). 
The  common  electrode  9  of  the  ionization  chamber  is 
connected  to  the  gate  of  a  field  transistor  whose  outlet 
is  connected  via  a  potentiometer  and  zener  diode  with 
a  thyristor  which  cuts  in  current  in  the  circuit  of  a  signal 
lamp  5  (or  some  other  signal  device).  Under  normal  condi- 
tions the  diode  is  blocked  and  the  signal  circuit  open. 
When  smoke  reaches  the  measuring  chamber,  the  potential 
at  the  outlet  of  the  field  transistor  rises,  the  diode  opens, 
the  thyristor  is  actuated  and  transmits  an  alarm  signal. 
To  eliminate  signals  from  strong  air  currents  the  openings 
and  slots  in  the  cowl  are  dimensioned  for  minimum  pertur- 
bation in  the  measuring  chamber.  In  addition,  by  regulat- 
ing the  distance  between  electrodes  9  and  11  as  a  function 
of  the  radioactive  source,  the  field  transistor  outlet  poten- 
tial can  be  reduced  when  exposed  to  an  air  current.  For 


W--: 


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'  ■■'U-    ■..■iiV-v  ' 

167 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

b.  Detection  and  Alarm  Equipment — Continued 

example,  a  decrease  of  about  2V  is  obtained  with  an 
electrode  spacing  of  10-20  mm.  This  measure  excludes 
the  possibility  of  triggering  the  diode  and  issuing  a  false 
alarm.  In  the  presence  of  smoke  the  potential  increases 
by  8-9V,  which  is  sufficient  for  reliable  alarm  signaling 
even  with  the  above-mentioned  drop  in  potential.  Also 
provided  for  are  signal  lamp  triggering  circuits  in  case 
of  failure  of  the  detector  or  supply  system.  3  drawing 
figs.  (RZh) 


805.  Nagakura  M 
FLAME  SENSING  UNIT 

Japanese  Patent  No.  50-16179;  CI  111F19,  GOIJ  5/36, 
Appl  3  Sep  1969,  Disci  11  Jun  1975,  Assignee:  Nippon 
Pajrotekuta  kk 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  block  diagram  and  operating 
principle  of  a  complex  fixed  installation  based  on  the 
capacity  of  heated  objects  and  flame  to  radiate  elec- 
tromagnetic oscillations  in  the  IR  range  for  the  detection 
and  timely  warning  of  the  outbreak  of  fire  in  a  protected 
area.  The  device  consists  of  a  sensitive  IR  element 
responding  to  radiation  in  the  1700-2900  A  wavelength 
range;  a  standard  pulse-count  generator  operating  from 
an  external  potential  input  and  having  a  monostable  mul- 
tivibrator, a  coincidence  circuit  operating  on  a  logic  "and" 
element,  a  multiple-discharge  fUp-flop  pulse  counter,  a 
video  pulse  ampMier,  and  a  warning  circuit  with  acoustic 
and  visible  signal  system.  In  case  of  fire,  if  radiation 
in  the  given  range  appears  in  the  field  of  vision  of  the 
IR  element,  the  element  is  actuated  and  a  control  voltage 
is  applied  to  the  external  triggering  input  of  the  pulse 
generator,  resulting  in  a  sequence  of  counting  pulses, 
highly  stable  in  length  and  frequency,  at  the  generator 
output,  with  external  characteristics  variable  by  means 
of  generator  control  levers,  depending  on  the  nature  and 
value  of  the  desired  threshold.  The  generator  pulse 
sequence  is  appUed  to  the  counting  input  of  the  multiple- 
discharge  flip-flop  pulse  counter  which  makes  a  binary 
count.  The  coincidence  circuit  is  connected  in  parallel 
to  the  output  of  the  pulse  counter  in  such  a  way  that 
each  discharge  of  the  counter  is  commutated  with  the 
corresponding  discharge  of  the  coincidence  circuit.  The 
pulse  counter  and  coincidence  circuit  must  be  in  the 
system  to  implement  the  threshold  detection,  principle  in 
which  a  decision  as  to  the  presence  of  fire  is  made  by 
the  device  only  when  the  control  voltage  at  the  output 
of  the  IR  unit  persists  longer  than  a  certain  predetermined 
threshold  period.  This  prevents  an  alarm  from  random 
effects.  The  control  circuit  permits  arbitrary  selection  of 
threshold  length  within  a  broad  range  by  appropriate  ad- 
justment of  the  coincidence  circuit.  2  drawing  figs,  2  refs. 
(RZh) 

806.  Sullivan  JT 

GAS-POWERED  ALARM  WITH  PRESSURE  RESPON- 
SIVE REMOTE  INDICATOR  CIRCUIT 

US  Patent  No.  3,938,114;  CI  340/227.1,  (G08B  17/02), 
Appl  5  Apr  1974,  Disci  10  Feb  1976,  Assignee:  Standard- 
Farrington  Alarm  and  Signal  Corp,  Trevose,  PA 

The  passageway  between  a  freon  cylinder  and  a  freon- 
powered  horn  is  plugged  by  a  eutectic  metal  plug.  When 


sufficient  heat  loosens  the  plug,  the  horn  is  activated. 
A  switch  in  the  passageway  senses  the  back  pressure 
from  the  freon  gas  flow  and  activates  a  remote  electrical 
indicator  which  can  be  used  to  determine  which  of  a 
plurality  of  horns  has  been  activated.  3  claims,  3  drawing 
figs.  (Author) 

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807.  Hunzeker  CJ 
ALARM  DEVICE 

Swiss  Patent  No.  564,809;  CI  G08h  19/00,  Appl  21  Feb 
1974,  Disci  31  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  Raymond  Lee  Org 

The  device  consists  of  a  radio  transmitter  with  a  heat 
detector,  a  photocell  and  a  tilt  sensor,  and  a  portable 
radio  receiver.  When  the  temperature  increases  near  the 
point  where  the  transmitter  has  been  located,  when  the 
light  beam  incident  on  its  photocell  is  intercepted,  or  when 
the  object  to  which  the  transmitter-detector  is  fixed  tends 
to  move  or  tilt,  the  detector  begins  to  transmit  radiowaves 
and  an  acoustic  signal  is  emitted  in  the  portable  receiver. 
The  heat  sensor  is  set  at  a  specific  temperature.  A  mercu- 
ry circuit  breaker  is  used  as  the  tilt  sensor.  3  drawing 
figs.    .  • 

808.  Dunphy  MJ 
PORTABLE  FIRE  DETECTOR 

US  Patent  No.  3,943,499;  CI  340/227R,  (G08B  21/00),  Appl 
16  Apr  1974,  Disci  9  Mar  1976,  Assignee:  Pyrotector, 
Inc,  MA 

A  portable  fire  alarm  device  comprising  fire  detecting 
means  and  alarm  means  powered  from  a  self-contained 
power  supply.  The  power  to  the  detector  and  alarm  is 
through  a  normally  closed  switch  of  the  type  such  as 
a  mercury  switch  which  may  be  opened  by  tilting  the 
device  to  a  predetermined  angle  from  the  vertical  so  that 
the  alarm  may  be  shut  off.  A  second  normally  open  switch 
of  the  mercury  type  connects  the  power  supply  directly 
to   the  alarm  device  and  is  so  oriented  that  tilting  the 


168 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

b.  Detection  and  Alarm  Equipment— Continued 

device  to  a  predetermined  angle  from  the  vertical  closes 
said  switch  and  energizes  the  alarm  to  test  the  condition 
of  the  battery.  3  claims,  2  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


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809.  Duggan  J 
nRE  DETECTOR 

UK  Patent  No.  1,402,783;  CI  G4N,  (G08B  17/04,  HOIH 
37/40),  Appl  11  Apr  1973,  Disci  13  Aug  1975,  Assignee: 
Fire  Devices  Mfg,  Ltd 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  device  to  be  used  in  various 
fire  alarm  systems  to  determine  when  the  permissible  rate 
of  heating  of  an  object  being  monitored  is  exceeded.  The 
system  must  contain  means  for  sensing  the  heat  on  the 
object  and  transmitting  data  to  the  detector.  The  sensor 
consists  of  a  housing  and  pickup  connected  in  such  a 
way  as  to  form  an  air  chamber  with  an  outlet,  so  that 
when  a  flame  appears  or  fire  breaks  out  the  air  can  escape 
from  the  chamber.  The  chamber  contains  a  thin  flexible 
membrane  (about  0.06  mm  thick)  over  an  electric  contact. 
When  the  pressure  increases,  the  membrane  closes  the 
contact.  The  membrane  has  a  stiffening  rib  along  its  edge 
and  a  special  plastic  coating  of  a  certain  distinctive 
strength,  elasticity  and  electrical  resistance.  Membrane 
properties  are  maintained  up  to  +750°C  .  The  rate  of 
escape  of  air  from  the  chamber  can  be  regulated  to  adjust 
the  detector  to  various  rates  of  temperature  increase  of 
the  ambient  air.  4  drawing  figs. 

810.  Matoba  K  and  Iwami  F 
IONIZATION  FIRE  DETECTOR 

Swiss  Patent  No.  569,335;  CI  G08B  17/10,  Appl  23  Sept 
1974,  Disci  14  Nov  1975,  Assignee:  Cerberus  AG 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  this  ionization  fire  detector 
is  that  the  common  point  of  the  fire  detector's  series 
connected  ionization  chambers  is  connected  to  the  control 
electrode  (gate)  of  the  field  transistor  with  a  voltage  di- 
vider or,  in  another  version,  a  stabilizer  in  the  output 
circuit.  The  output  circuit  of  the  field  transistor  contains 
a  resistor  and  the  control  electrode  of  the  thyristor  which, 
when  actuated,  short  circuits  the  supply  and  signal  circuit. 
2  drawing  figs. 


811.  Broadbent  A  and  Frost  P 
IMPROVEMENTS  IN  FIRE  DETECTION  APPARATUS 

UK  Patent  No.  1,410,482;  CI  GIA,  (G08B  17/12),  Appl 
20  Jan  1972,  Disci  15  Oct  1975,  Assignee:  Talentum 
Development  Ltd 

A  patent  is  granted  for  an  improved  fire  detector  con- 
sisting of  a  photo-receiver  sensitive  to  IR-radiation  having 
a  spectral  characteristic  of  1.5-3  microns  and  a  selective 
frequency  amplifier  with  a  maximum  frequency  charac- 
teristic of  about  10  Hz  and  a  cutoff  frequency  of  20 
Hz.  The  actuator  relay  is  a  thyristor  which  responds  when 
a  signal  of  the  appropriate  strength  impinges  on  the  con- 
trol electrode  and  shorts  the  signal  circuit.  The  alarm 
signal  receiver  can  be  located  at  some  distance  from  the 
detector.  This  detector  is  designed  to  work  in  combination 
with  a  smoke  detector. 

812.  Peberdy  WT 
FIRE  ALARMS 

UK  Patent  No.  1,455,615;  CI  G4N,  (G08B  17/10),  Appl 
11  Aug  1972,  Disci  10  Sep  1975 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  an  alarm  system  which  uses 
the  change  in  transmission  and  scatter  of  a  gaseous  light 
medium  when  strongly  heated  or  when  smoke  appears 
to  detect  fire.  The  system  consists  of  a  pulse  source  which 
generates  a  broad  light  beam  and  a  detector,  so  arranged 
that  the  light  beam  between  them  passes  through  a  con- 
trollable gas  medium,  means  for  transforming  light  signals 
into  electric  signals,  devices  for  the  extraction  of  signals 
with  frequency  corresponding  to  the  source  frequency, 
and  the  alarm  itself,  which  is  triggered  when  the  light 
signal  is  modulated  in  amphtude  by  heating  the  gas  medi- 
um. An  infrared  gallium-arsenide  semiconductor  radiator 
is  used  as  the  light  source.  The  Ught-radiation  detector 
is  a  phototransistor  to  which  a  constant  positive  bias  is 
applied  by  bias  lighting.  A  pulse  radiator  is  used  to  reduce 
the  influence  of  the  ambient  light,  a  broad  light  beam 
to  reduce  the  influence  of  wall  oscillation,  etc.  6  drawing 
figs. 

813.  Keeley  JR  and  Everson  R 
AUTOMATIC  FIRE  ALARM 

US  Patent  No.  3,931,785;  CI  116/106,  (G08B  17/00),  Appl 
18  Nov  1974,  Disci  13  Jan  1976 

This  device  comprises  an  audible  alarm  member  ar- 
ranged to  be  sounded  by  spring  operated  clapper  means 
which  is  normally  held  inoperative  by  temperature-respon- 
sive devices,  all  in  a  perforated  housing  suitable  for  instal- 
lation in  a  room.  The  temperature-responsive  devices  in- 
clude a  body  of  wax-like  material  disposed  between  two 
cup-shaped  members  of  good  heat-conductive  material  and 
holding  said  members  apart  at  all  ordinary  room  tempera- 
tures. If  the  temperature  surrounding  the  device  is  raised 
to  a  predetermined  limit,  as  by  a  fire  in  the  room,  the 
wax  body  will  soften  or  melt  and  this  will  permit  the 
cup-shaped  members  to  be  moved  and  cause  the  alarm 
to  be  sounded.  4  claims,  4  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


169 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

b.  Detection  and  Alarm  Equipment — Continued 


^2 


814.  Charles  SJ 

A  LIGHT  OBSCURATION  METER.  Telecomm  Australia 

Res  Lab,  Melbourne,  Australia;  REFT  6953,  9  pages,  Jun 

1975 

Availability:  NTIS  N76-22513/5GA 

The  light  obscuration  meter  described  is  an  instrument 
in  which  smoke  is  produced  and  its  light  obscuration  mea- 
sured. It  is  primarily  designed  for  the  testing  and  calibra- 
tion of  smoke-operated  fire  detectors.  (Author) 

815.  Pistor  M 

ON  A  SCATTERED-LIGHT  MEASURING  DEVICE  FOR 
USE   IN    TESTING    TYPES   OF   SMOKE    DETECTORS. 

Rheinisch-Westfalian   Tech   Coll,    Inst   Electron   Commun 
Technol,  Aachen,  FRO;  NBSIR  76-1087,  35  pages,  9  figs, 
16  refs,  Jul  1976 
Availability:  NTIS 

Generally,  the  response  threshold  value  of  fire  detectors 
is  tested  with  measuring  instruments  which  operate  on 
the  same  physical  principle  as  the  detectors  to  be  tested. 
For  example,  this  means  that  the  response  threshold  value 
of  an  ionization  measuring  chamber  and  the  response 
threshold  value  of  an  optical-type  smoke  detector  operat- 
ing on  a  light  extinction  principle  is  checked  using  an 
extinction  measuring  instrument.  However,  optical-type 
smoke  detectors  operating  on  a  light-scatter  principle 
(photoelectric  in  U.S.  parlance)  have  also  been  checked 
using  an  extinction  measuring  instrument. 

Since  the  light-scatter  type  of  smoke  detector  is  by  far 
the  most  commonly  used  of  the  optical  type  of  smoke 
detector  it  seems  appropriate  to  use  a  light-scatter  measur- 
ing instrument  to  check  the  response  threshold  value  of 
these  detectors.  In  addition,  the  need  for  such  a  measuring 
instrument  is  emphasized  by  the  fact  that  both  the  parame- 
ters of  the  smoke  aerosol  and  the  design  features  of  the 
measuring  instrument  are  affected  in  different  ways  by 
light  scatter  and  hght  extinction. 

The  author  describes  the  technical  features  and  design 
details  of  a  newly  developed,  light-scatter  measuring  in- 
strument along  with  some  experiments  to  determine  its 
response  to  artificially-generated  aerosols.  (Author) 


816.  Aarts  HF,  Evans  WB  and  Utley  LW 
RADIO-FREQUENCY     INDUCTION     FOR     CHECKING 
FIRE  DETECTORS.  Atomics  Internat  Div,  Golden,  CO; 
TID-26978,  10  pages,  Jan  1976 

Availability:  NTIS 

A  new  method  of  testing  fire  detectors  in  the  glove- 
box  lines  has  been  developed.  The  method  includes  heat- 
ing the  fire  detector  by  a  strong  electromagnetic  field 
which  induces  eddy  currents  in  the  metal  case  of  the 
fire  detector.  Developed  as  a  radiofrequency  induction 
heating  system,  a  prototype  was  designed  and  built  for 
use  with  fire  detectors  installed  at  the  Rocky  Flats  Plant. 
The  system  has  been  tested  and  operates  satisfactorily. 
It  is  concluded  that  the  system  could  be  installed  in  glove 
boxes  and  could  easily  be  automated  from  a  central  point. 
Applications  exist  for  glove-box  lines  on  site  or  for  facili- 
ties off  site.  (Author) 

c.  FIRE  AND  EXPLOSION  RISKS 

817.  Laufke  H 

A  METHOD  FOR  THE  EVALUATION  OF  RISKS 
CAUSED  BY  ELECTROSTATIC  CHARGING  AND 
FLAMMABLE  ATMOSPHERE  IN  INDUSTRY 

Acta  Univ  Upsaliensis;  (356):l-49,  1976 

This  thesis  aims  at  shedding  light  on  injuries  and  damage 
caused  by  electrostatic  discharges  in  connection  with 
flammable  mixtures  and  at  developing  a  method  for  quan- 
titative calculation  of  the  risk  for  simultaneous  fire 
damage.  It  consists  of  an  introduction  and  four  papers 
by  the  author,  in  collaboration  with  others,  as  follows: 
static  electricity  in  industry -introductory  investigations; 
static  electricity  in  industry-risk  for  personal  injuries  and 
property  damage  in  conjunction  with  the  simultaneous 
presence  of  electrostatic  charging  and  a  flammable  at- 
mosphere; equipment  for  measuring  flammable  at- 
mospheres and  static  electricity  in  industry;  and  measure- 
ments of  flammable  atmospheres  and  static  electricity  in 
industry.  21  figs. 

818.  Anon 

A  LOOK  AT  AVIATION  HAZARDS 

Fire  Internat;  5(52):57-66,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

This  is  an  edited  extract  from  the  new  14th  edition 
of  the  National  Fire  Protection  Association  Handbook. 
Methods  to  reduce  the  post-crash  fire  hazard  are  enu- 
merated. Considerable  attention  is  devoted  to  the  codes 
for  aircraft  power  plants  of  the  U.S.  Federal  Aviation 
Administration  and  to  their  basic  fire  prevention  funda- 
mentals for  the  design  of  reciprocating  engine  power 
plants.  The  types  of  failures  and  hazards  considered  basic 
to  gas  turbine  engines  are  hsted  and  described,  along  with 
the  fire  prevention  design  features,  which  apply  to  both 
turbine  and  reciprocating  engines.  Summary  data  on  the 
fire  hazard  properties  of  aviation  fuels  are  presented  in 
table  form.  Other  hazards  identified  and  discussed  are 
cabin  materials.  The  problems  of  fire  detection  and  extin- 
guishing and  the  provision  of  emergency  exit  facihties 
are  emphasized.  3  figs. 


170 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 
c.  Fire  and  Explosion  Risks — Continued 


819.  Anon 

SPECIAL  HAZARDS  OF  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT 

Fire  Internal;  5(52):69-72,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

The  special  military  aircraft  hazards  facing  rescue  and 
firefighting  crews  are  discussed,  including  ejection  seats 
and  canopy  ejectors,  armament,  bombs,  rockets, 
pyrotechnics,  missile  propellants,  rockets  and  space  vehi- 
cles, and  missile  launch  sites.  The  article  is  an  edited 
abstract  from  the  new  14th  edition  of  the  National  Fire 
Protection  Association  Handbook. 

820.  Petrov  I  and  Belozerov  N 

FIRE    SAFETY    OF    A    CLUSTER    OF    OIL    AND    GAS 
WELLS 

Pozhar  delo;  (4):18-19,  1976  (Russian) 

A  detailed  description  is  given  of  tests  made  in  1975 
at  the  Nizhnevartovsk  (USSR)  testing  grounds  to  extin- 
guish fires  in  a  cluster  of  ten  wells.  The  results  of  the 
tests  showed  that  a  cluster  of  eight  oil  wells  exceeds 
fire  safety  requirements  and  that  the  number  of  clustered 
well  drillings  cannot  be  increased  before  fire  suppression 
techniques  and  equipment  or  drilling  and  oil  well  operation 
techniques  are  improved.  1  photo. 

821.  Jorgensen  M 

nRE  HAZARD  OF  BUCKET  ELEVATORS 

Brandvaern;  2(2):20-22,  1976  (Danish,  English  summary) 

The  slowdown  or  stopping  of  a  bucket  elevator  because 
of  overloading  or  jamming  is  the  usual  reason  for  fires 
in  mills,  grain  elevators,  drying  plants,  and  the  like.  There- 
fore, fire  engineering  regulations  require  that  such  eleva- 
tors be  equipped  with  devices  which  cut  off  the  supply 
of  power  to  their  motors  when  the  rate  of  motion 
decreases  or  when  they  stop.  The  design  principles  of 
such  devices  are  briefly  examined.  8  figs. 

822.  Gregersen  fnu 

THE  FIRE  HAZARD  OF  TEXTILE  FLOOR  COVERINGS 

Feuerwehr;  26(3):67-68,  1976  (German) 

Differing  opinions  as  to  the  fire  hazard  of  textile  floor 
coverings  and  as  to  suitable  test  methods  typify  the  situa- 
tion with  regard  to  evaluation  of  carpeted  floors.  Two 
fire  accidents  with  serious  consequences,  resulting  in 
human  fatalities  (carpeted  floors  contributing  principaUy 
to  the  spread  of  the  fire),  have  led  the  author  to  believe 
that  laying  carpeted  floors  in  halls  and  stairwells  in  dense- 
ly occupied  buildings  is  hazardous.  Opinions  also  differ 
as  to  the  correct  hazard  evaluation  by  standard  DIN 
54332.  In  contrast,  the  corresponding  standards  in  the 
USA  consider  two  different  risk  situations,  (pill  test  for 
a  small  ignition  source  and  radiant  panel  test  for  a  major 
primary  fire),  which  take  better  account  of  the  actual 
situation.  (Fachdok  12/0651) 

823.  Anon 

SPECIAL    FIRE    HAZARD    IN    MAJOR    INDUSTRIAL 
PLANTS 

Brandverhuetung;  (118):59-61,  1976  (German) 

A  major  fire  in  a  chipboard  factory  with  property 
damage  of  60,81 1,(X)0  Austrian  shillings  illustrates   once 


again  that  inadequate  fire  protection  measures,  especially 
in  plants  with  a  high  fire  risk,  have  serious  consequences. 
Following  a  description  of  the  work  processes  and  the 
outbreak  of  the  fire,  the  cause  of  the  fire  is  discussed, 
namely,  abnormal  operation  of  the  chip  drier,  whereby 
glowing  chips  reached  the  bunker,  triggering  an  explosion 
and  fire.  2  figs.  (Fachdok  12/1001) 

824.  Anon 

TAR  VAPOR  HAZARDS  TO  ELECTRICAL  WIRING 

Brandverhuetung;  (ll8):61-62,  1976  (German) 

A  usiially  ignored  possibility  of  fire  occurring  in  tar- 
paper  factories  can  sometimes  lead  to  damages  of  major 
proportions.  It  was  possible  to  pinpoint  the  source  of 
the  fire  incident  discussed  in  this  paper.  The  fire  broke 
out  solely  because  of  a  short  circuit  in  the  Ughting  installa- 
tion. Hot  bitumen  generates  fumes;  the  condensate  of 
the  fumes  affects  the  synthetic  insulation  of  the  electric 
wiring.  The  insulation  of  the  electric  wiring  consists  of 
soft  PVC,  which  is  not  particularly  resistant  to  napthenes 
such  as  benzene,  naphthaline,  etc.  In  the  course  of  time, 
therefore,  the  insulation  is  destroyed.  2  figs.  (Fachdok 
12/1025) 

825.  Vinter  FW 

FIRE  HAZARDS  IN  THE  PAPER  AND  BOARD  INDUS- 
TRY 

Paper  Technol;  16(6):  36 1-367,  1975 

Causes  of  fires,  such  as  faulty  building  construction, 
and  fires  resulting  from  dust,  pulpwood  storage  areas, 
waste  paper  storage  areas,  and  storage  of  rolled  stock 
in  inadequately  ventilated  areas  are  discussed.  Properly 
planned  maintenance  can  be  a  strong  preventive  measure 
in  fire  control;  sprinkler  systems  for  extinguishing  fires 
are  also  evaluated.  5  figs,  2  tables,  2  refs.  (Author) 

826.  Anon 

WASHING  MACHINE  EXPLOSIONS 

Protivpozarna  Zastita;  16(2):59,  1976  (Serbocroatian) 

This  brief  note  reports  on  explosions  and  fires  that  may 
occur  when  washing  clothing  soiled  with  oil.  The  gases 
and  vapors  that  form  when  clothing  is  cleansed  with 
gasoline  and  other  solvents  can  sometimes  cause  explo- 
sions. The  cause  of  the  explosion  is  electric  sparks  that 
are  Generated  when  the  washing  machine  is  turned  on. 
Incidents  from  Switzerland  and  Yugoslovia  are  cited.  1 
fig.  (Fachdok  12/0950) 

827.  Koprivica  B 

CAN  FIRES  AND  EXPLOSIONS  OCCUR  IN  HEATING 
OIL  CONTAINERS? 

Protivpozarna  Zastita;  16(5):47-48,  1976  (Serbocroatian) 

An  explosion  which  took  place  in  a  heating  oil  tank 
is  reported.  The  cause  of  the  explosion  was  an  excessively 
low  oil  level  in  the  tank,  which  was  not  provided  with 
an  oil  level  gauge,  resulting  in  empty  heating  elements. 
It  was  discovered  that  oil-level  gauges  are  not  prescribed 
in  the  safety  regulations.  The  author  demands  that  the 
regulations  be  modified.  2  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0973) 


171 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 


d.  FIRE  LOADS 

e.  HEAT  AND  PRESSURE  LOAD  EFFECTS  ON 

STRUCTURES 

828.  Anon 

nRE     ENDURANCE     OF     BUILDING      STRUCTURES 

(OGNESTOYKOST  STROITEL'NYKH  KONSTRUKTSIY) 
VNII  Protivopozhar  oborony,  Moscow  USSR;  115  pages, 
1975  (Russian) 

This  digest,  No.  3  in  the  series  Sbornik  trudov  VNII 
protivopozharnoy  oborony,  contains  articles  on  the  results 
of  theoretical  and  experimental  investigations  of  building 
and  ship  structures.  The  thermal  engineering  problem  of 
calculating  the  fire  endurance  of  structures  is  solved  using 
a  computer.  Recent  data  on  the  change  in  strength  and 
in  the  deformation  of  concrete  and  steel  at  high  tempera- 
tures as  well  as  on  the  causes  of  explosive  spalling  of 
concrete  during  fires  are  cited.  Information  is  given  on 
the  fire  endurance  of  laminated  protective  structures, 
fiberglass  cladding,  and  suspended  fireproof  ceihngs.  The 
fire  endurance  of  a  ship  bulkhead  with  an  air  layer  in 
the  insulation  is  calculated  for  the  first  time.  (RZh) 

829.  Barthelemy  B 

HEATING  CALCULATION  OF  STEEL  MEMBERS 

ASCEProc.  J  Struct  Div;  102(ST8):1549-1558,  1976 

A  method  of  calculation  of  fire  resistance  of  steel  struc- 
tures has  been  developed  in  France  by  the  Technical 
Center  for  Steel  Construction.  The  main  parts  of  this 
method  are  the  determination  of  critical  temperature  and 
heating-up  behavior  of  steel  structures.  This  second  part 
is  developed  in  detail.  It  takes  into  account  the  steel  pro- 
tection by  dry,  wet,  form-fitting,  or  sprayed  protecting 
materials,  but  not  by  intumescent  paints.  Flow  charts 
make  the  use  of  theoretical  calculations  easier.  Thermal 
properties  of  some  well-known  materials  are  listed.  7  figs, 
2  tables,  14  refs.  (Author) 

830.  Lee  BT 

FIRE  PERFORMANCE  TESTING  OF  BULKHEAD  INSU- 
LATION SYSTEMS  FOR  HIGH  STRENGTH  TO 
WEIGHT  SHIP  STRUCTURES.  Nat  Bureau  of  Standards, 
Center  for  Fire  Res;  NBSIR  76-1012,  63  pages,  8  figs, 
28  tables,  12  refs,  Aug  1976 
Availability:  NTIS 

Sixteen  insulated  aluminum  bulkhead  specimens  were 
subjected  to  a  material  screening  process  as  well  as  evalu- 
ated for  their  comparative  fire  performance  with  a  2-foot 
horizontal  slab  furnace.  Two  insulated  and  two  unpro- 
tected glass-reinforced  plastic  specimens  were  also  tested 
to  obtain  fire  performance  data  on  these  structural  materi- 
als. In  addition,  painted  aluminum  and  steel  panel 
specimens  were  included  to  determine  the  fire  protective 
merits  of  two  types  of  intumescent  paints.  Potential  heat 
release,  smoke,  and  combustion  gas  generation  were  also 
determined  for  the  insulation  and  coating  materials. 
Specimens  insulated  with  organic  base  foams  released  high 
levels  of  combustion  gases  and  could  contribute  considera- 
ble heat  to  an  on-going  fire.  Specimens  insulated  with 
either  refractory  fibrous  material  or  with  mineral  wool 
gave  the  best  overall  performance.  The  same  thickness 
of  insulation   needed   to  protect  an  aluminum   panel   for 


over  an  hour  can  provide  up  to  20  minutes  of  protection 
for  a  glass-reinforced  plastic  panel  of  the  same  thickness. 
The  intumescent  paints  did  little  to  protect  the  specimens 
during  the  fire  exposure.  Parameters  of  insulation 
thickness,  heat  capacity,  density,  and  thermal  conductivity 
as  well  as  fire  duration  on  specimen  temperature  were 
analytically  investigated.  (Author) 

831.  Butlin  RN  and  Finch  CP 

GAS  EXPLOSIONS  IN  BUILDINGS.  PART  V.  THE  MEA- 
SUREMENT OF  SOUND  LEVELS  AND  PRESSURES 
OUTSIDE    A    VENTED    GAS    EXPLOSION    CHAMBER. 

Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices'  Committee  (UK), 
Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  988,  9  pages,  7  figs,  7 
refs.  May  1976 

The  methods  of  measuring  the  external  pressure  and 
sound  levels  resulting  from  vented  gas  explosions  in  ex- 
periments by  the  Fire  Research  Station  at  Cardington  are 
described,  together  with  the  methods  of  calibration.  Exam- 
ples of  the  oscilloscope  traces  for  sound  and  pressure 
are  given.  See  also  Fire  Res  Note  1052.  (Author) 

f.  PREVENTION  AND  HAZARD  REDUCTION 

832.  Smith  FJ 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  FIRE  RESISTANT  ELECTRONIC 
CONFIGURATIONS  FOR  USE  IN  OXYGEN  ENRICHED 
ENVIRONMENTS 

Space  Simulation  Conf,  8th,  Proc;  1975,  Nov  3-5,  Silver 
Spring,  MD 

The  flammability  requirements  of  the  various  manned 
space  programs  required  development  of  electronic  con- 
figurations that  would  eliminate  any  flammability  hazard 
to  crews  or  missions.  Initial  test  and  development  efforts 
were  directed  at  the  development  of  nonflammable  or 
self -extinguishing  materials.  Design  concepts  for  electronic 
black  boxes  and  modules  were  tested  in  oxygen-enriched 
atmospheres,  and  it  was  found  that  various  types  of  sealed 
configurations  would  generally  eliminate  any  flammability 
hazard.  The  type  of  configuration  and  its  construction 
was  found  to  be  of  more  importance  in  the  elimination 
of  flammability  hazards  in  electronic  configurations  than 
the  types  of  materials  utilized  in  them.  The  design  con- 
cepts developed  for  fire-hazard-free  electronic  configura- 
tions for  use  in  manned  space  programs  are  applicable 
for  the  design  of  electronic  hardware  for  any  use  or  en- 
vironment. (Author) 

833.  Stefancic  S 

FIRE  HAZARDS  AND  FIRE-PROTECTION  MEASURES 
IN  THEATERS 

Sigurnost;  18(l):27-54,  1976  (Serbocroatian) 

Fires  in  theaters  are  characterized  by  several  particular 
features,  viz.,  numerous  rooms,  special  equipment,  etc. 
The  author  reports  on  fire  protection  in  the  Zagreb 
(Jugoslavia)  theater  and  music  hall.  The  indispensible 
guidelines  for  the  organization  of  fire  protection  in 
theaters  are  also  discussed.  The  author  presents  the  results 
of  his  dissertation  on  fire  protection  in  theaters.  2  figs. 
(Fachdok  12/0877) 


172 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

f.  Prevention  and  Hazard  Reduction— Continued 


834.  Kawashima  K 

INCREASING    THE    FIRE    SAFETY    OF    HYDRAULIC 
LIFTS 

Yuatsuka  sekkei;  13(10):65-69.  1975  (Japanese) 

A  fire-safety  study  is  made  of  the  four  basic  designs 
of  hydraulic  lifts  used  in  Japan  and  other  countries  as 
tools  to  mechanize  laborious  loading  and  unloading  tasks: 
lift  with  a  one-section  telescopic  cylinder;  lift  with  a 
three-section  telescopic  cylinder;  lift  with  one  cable  as- 
sembly (cable  reduction  gear);  and  lift  with  a  system  of 
cable  assemblies.  The  first  two  lifts  represent  an  increased 
fire  hazard,  because  the  working  pressure  developed  in 
the  cylinder  is  approximately  four  times  greater  than  that 
developed  in  lift  cylinders  with  cable  reduction  gears.  The 
temperature  conditions  in  the  two  types  of  lift  cylinders 
also  differ  by  about  the  same  factor.  It  is  concluded  that 
it  is  necessary  to  develop  mineral  oils  with  a  higher  igni- 
tion temperature,  considerably  greater  than  270° C  (this 
is  the  temperature  reached  in  such  types).  In  addition, 
it  is  recommended  that  monitoring  and  measuring  devices 
(manometers)  and  the  automatic  safety  devices  (valves) 
on  the  Uft  compressors  and  motors  be  improved.  Given 
in  tabular  form  are  the  reasons  and  various  combinations 
of  circumstances  that  lead  to  oil  overheating  in  the  lifts. 

2  figs,  1  table.  (RZh) 

835.  Jowett  CE 

CONTROL  OF  STATIC  ELECTRICITY 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technoi,  (15):4-10,  1976  (EngUsh;  German 
and  French  summaries) 

Electrostatic  charges  are  a  threat  to  safety,  and  to  the 
reUability  of  plants,  and  they  can  exist  without  their 
presence  being  reaHzed,  due  to  the  ease  with  which  they 
are  generated  and  their  inconspicuous  nature.  As  they 
are  always  present  in  the  manufacturing  environment,  and 
often  act  as  the  "match"  which  causes  the  blaze  or  explo- 
sion, they  must  be  controlled.  In  this  article  some  ways 
in  which  static  electricity  is  generated  are  described  and 
the  appropriate  safe  working  practices  which  should  be 
adopted  in  order  to  minimize  this  generation  are  outlined. 
Methods  of  increasing  the  rate  of  dissipation  of  charge 
such  as  the  use  of  conductive  clothing,  flooring  and  other 
materials,  bonding  and  grounding,  and  the  formation  of 
surface  films,  for  example  of  moisture,  carbon  or  metals, 
are  described.  10  figs,  2  tables.  (Author) 

836.  Kul'pin  SE,  Panazdyr  VV,  Red'kin  VV,  Zhilenko 
IM  and  Borisov  AN 

METHOD  OF  STORING  NATURAL  GAS 

USSR  Patent  No.  453,224;  CI  F17c  5/02,  C07c  9/04,  Appl 

3  Feb  1971,  Disci  4  May  1975 

A  method  of  storing  natural  gas  in  the  liquified  state 
using  absorbents  is  described.  The  novelty  of  the  method 
consists  in  the  use  of  carbon  dioxide,  sulfur  dioxide,  or 
formaldehyde  as  absorbents  to  reduce  the  fire  hazard  and 
cost  of  storage.  1  drawing  fig.  (RZh) 

837.  Kirby  WE  and  Ruggles  BE 

CONCEPT  STUDY:  FEASIBILITY  OF  CHARACTERIZ- 
ING AIRFIELD  FIRE  HAZARDS  AND  OF  DEVELOPING 
ASSIGNMENT  CRITERIA  FOR  FIRE  SUPPRESSION 
RESOURCES   (FINAL   REPORT).   Wright-Patterson   AFB, 


DoD  Aircraft  Ground  Fire  Suppression  and  Reserve  Office, 
OH;  DoD  AGFSRS-76-4,  49  pages.  Feb  1976 
AvailabiUty:  NTIS  AD-A024  449/lGA 

This  report  presents  the  results  of  a  project  that  was 
undertaken  to  correlate  aircraft  fire  hazards  aground  with 
some  quantified  airfield  parameters  involving  aircraft 
operations.  The  feasibiUty  of:  (1)  correlating  aircraft  ac- 
cident/incident history  data  with  airfield  operations  data 
in  order  to  characterize  aircraft  fire  hazards  which  exist 
in  aircraft  operations  on  airfields  and  (2)  developing  the 
criteria  needed  to  assign  crash  fire  suppression  equipment 
to  airfields  in  a  manner  that  reflects  the  level  of  an  aircraft 
fire  hazard  which  exists  at  a  given  airfield  and  the  capa- 
bility of  specific  equipment  to  deal  with  the  hazards  that 
actually  exist  was  studied. 

838.  Woods  JF 

SMOKE  HAZARD  IN  BUILDING  FIRES;  Paper  No   25 
Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  343-351 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

It  is  important  when  formulating  building  regulations 
to  recognize  that  smoke  is  also  a  primary  life  hazard. 
This  review  of  methods  for  reducing  the  smoke  hazard 
in  building  fires  has  indicated  areas  where  research  and 
cost  benefit  studies  are  necessary  in  order  to  evaluate 
future  code  requirements.  These  include  smoke  detection 
and  the  coupling  of  detector  systems  to  doors  and  dam- 
pers, the  effectiveness  of  roof  venting,  lobby  ventilation 
requirements,  and  the  determination  of  which  test  methods 
are  best  suited  for  New  Zealand,  to  Umit  the  use  of 
materials  according  to  their  smoke  emissions.  22  refs. 
(Author) 

g.  PROTECTIVE  DEVICES  AND  EQUIPMENT 

839.  Terai  T 

THE  DESIGN  OF  FIRE  PROTECTION  SYSTEMS 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;   62(13):21-27,  1976  (Japanese) 

Aspects  of  the  design  and  use  of  complex  modern  fire 
detection  and  suppression  systems  embodying  both  elec- 
tronic equipment  for  control  and  measurement  and 
mechanical  equipment  for  suppression  are  analyzed.  One 
of  the  most  important  developmental  tendencies  in  such 
systems  is  the  standardization  of  parts,  assembhes  and 
subassemblies  comprising  the  system.  The  use  of 
completed  standardized  parts  and  assembhes  will  make 
it  possible,  in  the  design  and  development  stage,  to  perfect 
such  systems  and  to  increase  the  number  of  functions 
they  perform  without  excessive  complication  of  the  design 
of  the  equipment.  In  this  way  the  reliability  of  the  systems 
will  be  improved,  since  standardized  apparatus  is  charac- 
terized by  a  high  level  of  operational  reliabihty,  repairabili- 
ty  and  interchangeability.  Some  new  rehability  factors 
used  to  evaluate  such  complex  fire  protection  systems 
from  a  technical  and  economic  standpoint  are  examined 
on  the  basis  of  the  MIL  STD-882  fire  detection,  ventila- 
tion and  suppression  system,  which  is  mass-produced.  In 
particular,  the  concept  of  systems  rehability  is  introduced, 
which  is  defined  as  the  product  of  three  factors:  opera- 
tional readiness,  reliability,  and  degree  of  compliance  with 
requirements.   The   first  and  third  factors   are   measured 


173 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

g.  Protective  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


in  conventional  units.  The  various  influences  which  affect 
the  value  of  these  factors  are  analyzed.  An  analytical 
comparison  is  made  by  tables  which  relate  the  efficiency 
of  the  system  as  a  whole  and  the  efficiency  of  the  con- 
stituent parts.  5  figs,  2  tables.  (RZh) 

840.  Hashegawa  K,  Akaogi  I  and  Kumazawa  M 
INFLATABLE  SMOKE-CUT  SHUTTER,  PART  2 

Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan);  (12):68-70,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  description  is  given  of  the  design  and  operating  princi- 
ple of  several  versions  of  balloons  of  varying  configura- 
tion to  be  automatically  inflated  in  the  case  of  fire  for 
the  purpose  of  effective  localization  of  smoke  sources 
during  fires.  In  particular,  the  use  of  inflatable  smoke 
barriers  is  expedient  in  buildings  with  forced  fresh  air 
ventilation  systems,  especially  in  the  underground  floors 
of  multistory  buildings.  The  basic  version  of  such  barriers 
provides  for  storage  of  the  deflated  balloons  in  special 
recesses  between  floors  with  ceiling  panels  normally 
closed.  When  a  fire  breaks  out  and  smoke  appears,  the 
smoke  detectors  are  actuated  (these  detectors  may  either 
form  an  integral  part  of  the  inflatable  smoke  barriers  or 
may  be  part  of  the  building  net  or  self-contained  fire 
detectors).  The  ceiling  panels  of  the  recesses  open  auto- 
matically; the  smoke  barrier  balloons  drop  out,  the  upper 
edge  remaining  fixed  in  the  recess;  the  valves  of  the  com- 
pressed air  cylinders  in  the  recesses,  which  are  connected 
to  the  balloons  via  flexible  hoses,  open,  filhng  the  sheOs 
with  air  and  thus  making  them  operable.  The  balloons 
take  on  the  form  of  inflated  barriers  of  a  size  commensu- 
rate with  the  size  of  the  corridor  in  which  the  smoke 
barrier  is  located.  The  barriers  partition  the  building  cor- 
ridors and  other  enclosures  into  isolated  sections,  thus 
barring  the  propagation  of  smoke.  The  barriers  have  spe- 
cial apertures,  hatches,  permitting  people  to  crawl  through 
them  unhindered  in  case  of  necessity.  To  prevent  the 
passage  of  smoke  through  the  hatches,  an  elastic  sleeve 
is  attached  along  the  perimeter;  the  outlet  of  the  sleeve 
can  be  easily  closed  off  by  applying  a  little  tensile  force. 
(RZh) 

841.  PoweU  ADWT 

FIRE-RESISTING  FIRE-CHECK  SELF-CLOSING  DOORS 

Fire;  68(85 1):600,  1976 

Defective  installation  and  maintenance  and  neglect  in 
the  daily  use  of  fire  doors  cancel  their  effectiveness.  The 
author  suggests  methods  of  correcting  these  defects,  par- 
ticularly the  self-closing  aspect,  by  improving  the 
mechanics  and  efficiency  of  the  method. 

842.  Voellinger  H 

nRE-PROTECTION  CLOSURES:  STANDARDIZATION 
AND  LICENSING 

Brandschutz;  30(7):186-191,  1976  (German; 

A  survey  of  the  existing  supply  of  "genuine"  fire-pro- 
tection seals  as  stipulated  in  German  standard  DIN  4102, 
page  3,  and  as  hcensed  for  use  by  the  building  inspec- 
torate is  given  in  this  article.  A  distinction  is  made 
between  three  kinds  of  "genuine"  fire-protection  doors: 
standard  doors,  licensed  doors,  and  doors  licensed  for 
use  in  certain  cases.  The  most  flagrant  infringements  and 
defects  that  appear  time  and  again  in  the  installation  of 


fire  protection  seals  are  shown.  A  Ust  of  fire -protection 
seals  presently  licensed  by  the  building  inspectorate  is 
given  in  the  appendix.  7  figs,  3  refs.  (Fachdok  12/0907) 

843.  Hijirikawa  I 

DESIGN  OF  FIRE  AND  DISASTER  PREVENTION 
SYSTEM  AND  ITS  CONSTRUCTION 

Densetsu  kogyo;  21(ll):82-98,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  survey  is  made  of  the  automatic  fire  detection  and 
suppression  systems  used  in  Japan.  The  organizational  and 
technical  problems  facing  the  designers  of  such  systems 
are  discussed.  The  tactical  characteristics  and  specifica- 
tions, the  organizational  principle,  the  construction  and 
operation  of  several  systems  are  considered.  The  technical 
parameters  and  the  special  system  design  features  are 
given  in  the  form  of  comparative  tables.  Deficiencies  are 
noted  and  recommendations  are  made  as  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  system  components  during  installation  and  their 
location  relative  to  standard  building  assembhes.  A 
method  of  calculating  the  emplacement  of  fire  detectors, 
sprinkler  extinguishing  devices,  ventilation  anc*  smoke- 
removal  systems,  and  public  warning  devices  is  given. 
A  method  for  selecting  the  parameters  and  dimensions 
of  emergency  elevators  as  well  as  of  emergency  elevator 
shafts  is  examined  in  detail.  The  specifics  of  using  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  fire  detectors  are  analyzed  separately.  It 
is  noted  that  the  demands  imposed  on  the  reliability  and 
capacity  of  energency  power-supply  systems  are  particu- 
larly high:  gas-driven  generators,  batteries,  etc.  The  or- 
ganization of  specialized  governmental  agencies  em- 
powered to  check,  repair  and  perform  other  technical  ser- 
vicing tasks  of  a  regulatory  nature  for  large  fixed  systems 
is  outUned.  Up  to  the  present  time  such  work  has  been 
performed,  as  a  rule,  by  the  personnel  of  the  organizations 
that  are  using  the  equipment.  26  figs,  8  tables,  1  ref. 
(RZh) 

844.  SaitoH 

FIRE  PROTECTION  OF  VENTILATION  SYSTEMS 

Kuki  tyowa  to  reito;  15(ll):61-66,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  survey  is  made  of  the  existing  methods  of  preventing 
fire  break-out  and  spread  through  ventilation  and  smoke- 
removal  ducts  in  large  buildings.  The  types  of  fire-and 
heat-resistant  varnishes  and  coatings  used  in  combination 
with  various  materials  from  which  the  ducts  and  other 
system  components  are  made  are  classified.  Recommenda- 
tions are  given  for  optimum  selection  of  such  combina- 
tions. It  is  emphasized  that  the  hazard  of  fire  ignition 
and  spread  through  the  ventilation  ducts  depends  in  large 
measure  on  the  configuration  and  cross-sectional  area  of 
the  duct.  The  results  of  experimental  investigations  of 
this  relationship  are  presented  using  as  an  example  three 
circular  ducts  made  of  fiberboard,  cotton  felt,  and  par- 
ticleboard.  It  is  noted  that  the  temperature  at  which 
favorable  conditions  for  fire  break-out  and  spread  are 
created  decrease  from  330  to  130°C  when  the  cross-sec- 
tional duct  area  increases  from  0.25  to  250  cm  (which 
is  the  average  for  all  types  of  ducts).  A  formula  is  given 
which  estabhshes  an  optimal  relationship  between  the 
geometrical  dimensions  of  a  rectangular  duct,  smoke  tem- 
perature, and  the  rate  of  smoke  removal.  The  formula 
also  takes  into  account  the  properties  of  the  duct  material. 
The  formula  is  recommended  for  use  in  calculating  the 
capacity  of  ventilation  systems.  2  figs,  6  refs.  (RZh) 


174 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

g.  Protective  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


845.  Medlock  LE 

AUTOMATIC      FIRE      PROTECTION      SYSTEM      FOR 
DIESEL-ENGINED  VEHICLES 

Fire  Internal;  5(52):89-93,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

This  article  is  a  reprint  of  an  article  appearing  in  Fire, 
68(848):449-50,  1976.  For  the  abstract  consult  the  entry 
for  the  journal  in  the  Source  Index.  5  figs. 

846.  Nakanishi  H 
EMERGENCY  LIGHTING 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;  62(13):67-72,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  survey  is  made  of  the  types  of  emergency  lighting 
systems  used  in  Japan  and  of  the  different  kinds  of  signs 
used  to  aid  in  evacuating  people  via  emergency  exits, 
stairwells,  elevators,  etc.,  in  case  of  fire.  These  aids  are 
classified  in  several  categories,  depending  on  the  specific 
purpose.  They  are  principally  verbal  or  symboUc  signs, 
either  suspended  from  the  ceiling  or  attached  to  the  walls; 
they  are  made  in  the  form  of  semi-transparent  materials 
with  internal  fluorescent  lighting.  Some  of  the  more  suc- 
cessful designs  are  illustrated.  The  technical  requirements 
relating  to  size,  configuration  and  other  parameters  of 
the  statements  and  symbols  used  in  these  signs  are 
discussed.  Recommendations  for  the  optimal  location  of 
all  types  of  signs  at  different  places  in  buildings  are  made. 
Of  considerable  interest  is  the  method  used  to  install  flat 
illuminated  signs  flush  with  the  floor  in  corridors.  For 
this  purpose,  the  framework  of  the  signs  is  of  optimum 
mechanical  strength.  An  example  of  the  use  of  such  signs 
in  combination  with  fire  warning  devices  (visual  and 
acoustic)  in  complex  fire  safety  systems  is  given  and  ex- 
amined. 10  figs,  1  table,  6  refs.  (RZh) 

847.  Kletz  TA 

THE  PROTECTION  OF  PRESSURE  VESSELS  AGAINST 
FIRE 

Fire  Internal;  5(53):18-30,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

This  article  explains  how  pressure  vessels  can  be  pro- 
tected against  the  effects  of  fire  by  sloping  the  ground 
so  that  spillages  of  flammable  materials  do  not  accumulate 
under  the  vessel,  thermal  insulation,  water  cooUng,  and 
reducing  pressure  in  a  vessel.  Particular  attention  is  paid 
to  the  rate  at  which  the  pressure  should  be  reduced  and 
the  methods  of  reducing  it.  (Author) 

848.  Anon 

FLAME  AND  SMOKE  INTERCEPTING  WALL  IN  FLEX- 
IBLE CONSTRUCTION 

Technocrat  {Japan);  8(9):52,  1975 

The  automatic  flame  and  smoke  intercepting  wall  is 
designed  as  a  two-layer  net  with  gap  which  is  dropped 
from  the  ceiling  when  a  fire  breaks  out.  Foam  fills  the 
gap  between  net  layers,  the  net  intercepts  the  heat  and 
smoke  emitted  by  the  fire  and,  by  preventing  oxygen 
supply,  stifles  the  fire.  The  system  consists  of  a  smoke 
detector,  an  actuator  panel,  solenoid  valve,  pump,  un- 
diluted solution  (surfactant),  tank,  mixer,  synchronized 
valve,  foam  maker,  piston  damper,  foam  container  and 
net. 


849.  Levoy  RP 

FIRE  INSURANCE  IS  NOT  ENOUGH 

Vet  Med  Small  Anim  Clin;  7 1(4): 520-521,  1976 

The  author  recommends  that  hospital  records,  important 
papers,  and  accounts  receivable  be  stored  in  fire-insulated 
cabinets  to  ensure  coverage  of  losses  not  included  in  fire 
insurance.  2  figs. 

850.  Sterling  WK 

PREVENTIVE   FIRE   PROTECTION    BY   MEANS   OF   A 
SELF-CLOSING  SAFETY  CABINET 

Zentralbl  Arbeitsmed  Arbeitsschulz;   25(12):373-374,    1975 
(German) 

A  fire-resistant,  automatically  closing  steel-plate  cabinet 
for  the  storage  of  readily  combustible  or  very  sensitive 
materials,  such  as  critical  liquids,  chemicals,  antibiotics, 
or  documents,  magnetic  tapes  and  the  like,  is  described. 
1  fig. 

851.  Schmidt  WA 

FIRE    PROTECTION    AND    SMOKE    CONTROL    HVAC 
SYSTEMS  CAN  SAVE  LIVES 
ASHRAEJ;  18(2):17-19,  1976 

The  problems  of  firefighting  in  highrises  are  briefly 
reviewed  along  with  the  fire  regulations,  which  were 
aimed  at  blocking  the  ventilation  system  responsible  for 
the  spread  of  fire  and  asphyxiating  those  in  a  hospital, 
for  the  development  of  a  controlled  ventilation  system 
which  could  produce  negative  pressures  in  the  fire  zone 
and  positive  pressures  elsewhere,  thus  permitting  smoke 
evacuation  from  zones  not  yet  touched  by  the  fire.  This 
system  is  not  compatible  with  the  stipulations  of  the 
NFPA  code,  and  therefore  a  new  code  draft  is  presented. 
7  refs. 

852.  Rozotte  R 

SMOKE-VENTING  FIREBREAK  HATCHES 

French  Patent  No.  2,242,845;  CI  A62C  2/02,  Appl  28  Aug 
1973,  Disci  28  Mar  1975,  Assignee:  Caprec 

A  smoke  hatch  with  a  fire  endurance  of  two  hours 
for  installation  in  partitions  between  compartments  is 
patented.  The  opening  is  spanned  by  two  small  doors 
whose  connecting  portions  are  canted  in  such  a  way  that 
one  door  restrains  the  other.  The  spring-loaded  doors 
strive  to  rotate  through  180°,  but  the  restraining  door 
is  fixed  in  position  and  is  remotely  controlled  by  means 
of  an  electromagnet.  The  doors  are  hollow  and  have  an 
inorganic  filling  to  increase  the  fire  resistance.  7  drawing 
figs. 

853.  Marois  J 

FIRE    RESISTANT    WALL    AND    ENCLOSURE    WITH 
SUCH  A  WALL 

French  Patent  No.  2,248,722;  CI  E05G  1/02,  Appl  17  Oct 
1973,  Disci  16  May  1975 

Ordinary  safes  frequently  do  not  provide  adequate 
security  for  valuable  papers  and  documents  in  case  of 
fire.  The  proposal  relates  to  reliable  safe-keeping  by  fitting 
out  a  room  partitioned  off  from  the  rest  of  the  building 
with  hollow  walls,  ceihng  and  floor  within  which  water 
pipes  with  sprinklers  are  laid.  In  case  of  fire,  the  readily 
fusible  plates  blocking  the  sprinkler  valves  melt  and  the 


175 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

g.  Protective  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


heated  portion  of  the  structure  is  cooled  with  water, 
providing  a  high  degree  of  fire  resistance  to  the  structure 
and,  consequently,  security  to  the  valuables  stored  in  the 
room.  8  drawing  figs. 

854.  Meshman  LM,  Kuznetsov  NP,  Rode  AA,  Grunenkov 
VS  and  Veselov  AI 

DEVICE  FOR  DETECTING  DEFECTIVE  STATES  IN 
FIRE  AND  EXPLOSION  PROTECTION  SYSTEMS 

USSR  Patent  No.  451,111;  CI  G08b  17/10,  Appl  25  Jul 
1973,  Disci.  29  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  VNII  protivopozhar 
oborony 

The  patented  device  relates  to  an  automatic  alarm  and 
is  suitable  for  detection  of  UV  flame  radiation  of  mixtures 
of  gas,  vapor,  and  airborne  dust  against  background  and 
industrial  noise.  1  drawing  fig.  (RZh) 

855.  Mikovich  P 

HRE  PROTECTION  AND  SMOKE  DAMPER 

Austrian  Patent  No.  324,631;  C^  36  E  009,  (F24F  013/08), 
Appl  4  Oct  1972,  Disci  10  Sep  1975,  Assignee:  Peter 
Mikovich  oHG 

The  damper  is  intended  for  automatic  closing  of  air- 
conditioning  ducts  when  the  hot  gases  generated  by  a 
fire  enter  the  ducts.  A  toothed  segment  and  a  pulley  for 
a  rope  and  weight  extend  outward  from  the  axis  of  the 
housing.  An  open  pipe  with  a  piston  is  fixed  inside  the 
housing  perpendicular  to  the  wall.  The  piston  rod  also 
projects  outside,  where  a  small  gear-wheel  is  press-fitted 
on  it.  In  the  normal  open  damper  position  the  pulley 
cannot  turn,  since  the  toothed  segment  on  its  axis  is 
locked  to  the  gear  wheel  on  the  piston  rod.  The  other 
(inner)  end  of  the  hollow  pipe  is  filled  with  a  low-melting 
metal,  to  which  the  piston  is  held  by  a  spring.  When 
the  metal  melts  because  of  rising  temperature,  the  piston 
ejects  it  from  the  pipe  and  withdraws  inside,  pulling  in 
the  gear  wheel,  which  unlocks  from  the  toothed  segment. 
The  weighted  rope  pulley  turns  the  axle  with  the  damper, 
closing  the  duct.  3  drawing  figs. 

856.  Barbarin  J 
FIRE  DAMPER 

French  Patent  No.  2,233,549;  CI  F16K  17/38,  A62C  3/14, 
Appl  14  Jun  1973,  Disci  10  Jan  1975 

The  damper  is  designed  to  prevent  fire  from  spreading 
from  the  area  in  which  it  breaks  out  into  a  ventilation 
duct.  The  damper  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  shutter  which, 
under  the  pressure  of  two  springs,  is  restrained  from  slid- 
ing over  the  plane  of  the  wall  by  a  fusible  lock.  When 
the  temperature  rises,  the  lock  melts  and  the  shutter  is 
released  by  the  springs,  closing  the  opening  of  the  ventila- 
tion shaft.  The  advantage  of  this  configuration  is  that 
the  shutter  panel  is  made  of  an  incombustible  material 
of  low  thermal  conductivity.  The  thickness  of  the  material 
can  be  increased,  if  necessary,  to  provide  greater  fire 
resistance.  6  drawing  figs. 

857.  Novikov  VN 

DEVICE  FOR  AUTOMATIC  CONTROL  OF  A  SMOKE- 
REMOVAL  SYSTEM 

USSR  Patent  No.  475,646;  CI  G08b  17/10,  Appl  3  May 
1973,  Disci  13  Oct  1975,  Assignee:  Upr  po  Proektir 
Obshchestv  Zdaniy  i  Sooruzh    Mosproekt-2 


A  description  is  given  of  an  automatic  device  to  control 
a  smoke-venting  system.  The  device  contains  parallel 
beam  sets  with  series-connected  sensors,  shunted  by 
diodes,  a  supervisory  relay  and  actuator  relays.  The 
definitive  feature  of  the  device  is  that  it  is  simplified 
by  being  equipped  with  make-or-break  pushbuttons.  The 
make  pushbuttons  are  series  connected  with  the  superviso- 
ry relay,  the  break  buttons  with  the  sensors;  the  super- 
visory relay  and  the  actuator  relays  are  connected  to  a 
single  feed  line.  2  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

858.  Patterson  G 

FIELD  TRIALS  OF  A  FIRE  DOOR  CLOSER  SYSTEM; 

Paper  No.  7 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  69-77 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

The  purpose  of  the  trials  was  to  monitor  how  people 
behave  under  normal  conditions.  The  main  interest  of  the 
results  lies  in  the  contribution  to  a  better  understanding 
of  why  people  wedge  fire  doors  and  how  a  closer  system 
might  diminish  this  form  of  abuse.  The  system  allowed 
the  doors  to  be  held  open  and,  if  they  had  latches,  to 
be  free-swinging  under  normal  conditions.  Under  fire  con- 
ditions, the  system  ensured  the  doors  automatically 
became  self-closing  only.  The  trials  demonstrated  that  the 
additional  facilities  significantly  reduced  abuse  and  in- 
dicated how  they  might  be  selected  to  meet  different 
behavior  patterns.  (Author) 

859.  Holt  JE 

FIRE  VENTILATION  POLICY;  Paper  No    12 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;   1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  149-169 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

The  two  documents  given  here  are  Colt  International's 
Fire  Ventilation  Policy  Document  and  a  quarterly  test 
record  book.  The  policy  document  was  produced  for  inter- 
nal use  and  gives,  what  is  in  the  Company's  view,  the 
obligations  of  a  company  designing  and  supplying  heat 
and  smoke  exhaust  schemes.  The  quarterly  test  record 
is  an  endeavor  to  obtain  cooperation  from  the  user  to 
ensure  that  the  equipment  is  in  good  working  order 
between  the  annual  visits  by  the  Colt  representative.  9 
figs.  (Author) 

860.  Morgan  J  and  Marchant  EW 

SOME     EFFECTS     OF     NATURAL     WIND     ON     VENT 
OPERATION  IN  SHOPPING  MALLS;  Paper  No.  13 
Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;     1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  171-183 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

In  town  center  redevelopments  the  wind  pressures 
developed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  mall  roofs,  due 
to  the  presence  of  taller  buildings  close  to  the  mall,  may 
have  an  adverse  effect  on  the  operation  of  smoke  vents. 
An  experimental  investigation  was  carried  out  in  a  wind 
tunnel  using  nineteen  building  geometries  in  an  attempt 
to  quantify  the  problem.  The  results  from  four  geometries 
are   discussed.   Criteria  for  vent  failure  are  defined  and 


176 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

g.  Protective  Devices  and  Equipment— Continued 


calculated  probabilities  of  failure  are  presented.  5  figs, 
6  tables,  7  refs.  (Author) 

861.  Heselden  AJM 

STUDIES  OF  SMOKE  MOVEMENT  AND  CONTROL  AT 

THE  FIRE  RESEARCH  STATION;  Paper  No.  14 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Froc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  185-195 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

Recent  studies  of  smoke  movement  and  control  at  the 
Fire  Research  Station  (UK)  are  described.  These  have 
included:  (a)  the  movement  of  a  buoyant  smoke  layer 
in  a  channel  and  its  implications  for  smoke  control  in 
certain  types  of  buildings,  notably  shopping  complexes, 
(b)  the  entrainment  of  air  into  a  smoke  plume  rising  within 
a  shopping  complex,  (c)  the  production  of  smoke  by  a 
sprinklered  fire,  (d)  the  efficient  extraction  of  smoke  from 
a  thin  ceiling  layer,  (e)  smoke  extraction  by  a  ducted 
water  spray,  and  (f)  the  effect  of  sprinklers  on  smoke 
layering.  These  have  involved  both  model  and  large-scale 
experiments,  and  the  development  of  instrumentation  and 
experimental  methods.  4  figs,  18  refs.  (Author) 

862.  Butcher  EG 

THE  DESIGN  OF  PRESSURIZATION  SYSTEMS  -  A  SUR- 
VEY OF  CURRENT  CODES  AND  DISCUSSION  OF  DIF- 
FICULTIES; Paper  No.  15 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  199-208 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

In  this  paper  the  requirements  of  the  Codes  or  Regula- 
tions relating  to  the  use  of  pressurization  in  various  coun- 
tries are  compared  and  their  main  differences  discussed. 
The  desirable  features  of  a  pressurization  system  are 
stated  and  a  brief  discussion  of  how  these  can  be  incor- 
porated in  a  building  design  is  given.  The  difficulties  aris- 
ing and  the  criticisms  commonly  made  are  indicated. 
(Author) 

863.  Leworthy  LR 

CONTROL  AND  PREVENTION  OF  SMOKE  MOVE- 
MENT AND  ENTRY  INTO  BUILDINGS  BY  MECHANI- 
CAL VENTILATION;  Paper  No.  16 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  209-218 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

An  essential  part  of  a  scheme  to  control  smoke  move- 
ment by  mechanical  ventilation  is  a  release  vent  or 
evacuation  valve  to  vent  or  release  air  pressure  from  the 
protected  cube.  The  earhest  schemes  known  to  its  author 
were  the  wartime  report  and  control  centers  (circa  1940) 
which  were  designed  to  keep  war  gases,  as  well  as  smoke 
from  adjacent  fires,  from  the  protected  accommodation. 
The  paper  briefly  describes  the  plant,  the  air  distribution, 
the  return  air  path  and  the  final  evacuation  valve  venting 
to  atmosphere.  6  figs,  1  ref.  (Author) 


864.  Fung  FCW 

SMOKE    CONTROL    BY    SYSTEMATIC    PRESSURIZA- 
TION; Paper  No.  17 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;     1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  219-235 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

An  experimental  investigation  of  smoke  control  in 
highrise  buildings  by  the  "Systematic  Pressurization"  con- 
cept is  presented  here.  This  concept  of  smoke  control 
involves  the  utilization  of  a  modified  buUding  air-handling 
system.  The  building  is  generally  divided  vertically  into 
several  horizontal  smoke  control  zones,  each  containing 
a  predetermined  number  of  floors.  Upon  smoke  alarm 
the  airhandling  system  is  programmed  to  switch  to  smoke 
control  mode  by  providing  100%  exhaust  to  the  smoke 
zone  and  100%  supply  to  the  other  zones.  The  idea  is 
to  simultaneously  exhaust  smoke  from  its  zone  of  origin 
and  prevent  smoke  propagation  to  the  other  zones  by 
pressurization.  9  figs,  2  tables,  10  refs.  (Author) 

865.  Moulen  AW 

FIRE  PRECAUTIONS   IN   BUILDINGS   WITH   AIRHAN- 
DLING SYSTEMS;  Paper  No.  1 8 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol  1  -  Papers;     1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  237-243 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

The  purpose  of  a  mechanical  smoke  control  system  in 
the  event  of  fire  in  a  building  is  to  prevent  the  recycling 
of  combustion  products  through  the  building,  to  prevent 
smoke  and  hot  gases  from  entering  fire  escape  routes, 
and  to  avert  the  spread  of  fire  by  way  of  the  air-handhng 
ducts  to  other  stories  or  other  parts  of  the  building. 
Results  of  field  surveys  of  pressures  measured  in  multisto- 
ry buildings  are  reported.  These  pressure  measurements 
were  made  to  forecast  the  likely  smoke  movement,  the 
effectiveness  of  air-handling  systems  in  exhausting  decom- 
position products  from  possible  fire  areas,  and  whether 
escape  routes  would  be  kept  smoke-free  when  air-handling 
plants  are  operated  as  specified  by  Australian  Standard 
1668,  Part  1  -  1974,  Mechanical  Ventilation  and  Air-condi- 
tioning Code  Part  1,  Fire  Precautions  in  Buildings  with 
Air-handling  Systems.  1  fig,  1  table,  4  refs.  (Author) 

866.  Minne  IR 

SMOKE     INFILTRATION      IN      THE     FIRE      ESCAPE 

ROUTES  OF  TALL  BUILDINGS;  Paper  No.  19 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK 

Sponsor:    Fire    Res    Sta,    Bldg   Res    Estab    (UK),    pages 

245-265 

During  the  time  required  for  evacuation,  fire  escapes 
must  remain  free  of  smoke.  Tests  were  done  in  the 
Government  Administrative  Center  in  Brussels,  a  highrise 
building,  in  which  lock  chambers  are  present  between  each 
compartment  and  the  staircase.  In  each  lock  chamber, 
an  overpressure  is  reaUsed  by  means  of  a  blower  system. 
It  is  shown  that  this  procedure  can  insure  that  no  smoke 
comes  into  the  staircase  even  through  a  lock  chamber 
with  open  doors,  when  the  air  supply  is  a  SOOm^hunit 
and  the  blower  duct  is  provided  with  an  efficient  diffuser. 


177 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

g.  Protective  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


The  solution  "staircase  in  overpressure"  seems  to  be  less 
advantageous.  6  figs,  1  table,  4  refs.  (Author) 

867.  Ferrie  M 

SMOKE  REMOVAL   IN   HIGHRISE   BUILDINGS;   Paper 

No.  20 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  267-279  (French,  English  Summary) 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

As  a  sequel  to  his  previous  report  in  April  1969  at 
Watford  (UK),  the  author  begins  by  explaining  experi- 
ments made  in  actual  buildings.  After  a  brief  summary 
of  the  possible  solutions  for  making  stairways  smoke- 
proof,  the  author  compares  the  three  systems  currently 
adopted  in  France:  systems  with  0,  1,  2  ducts  per  lobby 
(security  and  rehability,  ease  of  adjustment  of  ventilating 
systems).  This  is  followed  by  an  explanation  of  the 
problems  raised  by  the  adjustment,  service  control  and 
maintenance  of  these  installations.  The  financial  aspect 
is  also  considered  both  at  the  stage  of  construction  and 
in  use.  The  writer  than  outlines  the  energy  savings  which 
can  be  made  by  the  use  of  automatic  systems  in  high 
buildings,  for  which  a  mechanical  smoke  proofing  system 
is  not  imposed  by  French  regulations  (buildings  less  than 
28  m  high  or  less  than  50  m).  The  report  closes  with 
a  presentation  of  the  current  level  of  technology  of  the 
automatic  materials  which  ensure  the  smooth  running  of 
these  installations.  In  particular,  two  innovations  are 
presented,  the  first  concerning  doors,  trapdoors,  dampers 
and  gates  which  open  and/or  close  automatically;  the 
second  concerning  the  working  reliability:  the  "Positive 
Safety"  floor  by  floor.  2  figs,  4  tables,  7  refs.  (Author) 

868.  Kohno  M  and  Kasahara  I 

SMOKE   MOVEMENT   CALCULATION   FOR   SEVERAL 
CONTROL    SYSTEMS    IN    A    HIGH-RISE    BUILDING; 

Paper  No.  21 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  281-295 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

The  behavior  of  smoke  during  a  fire  is  determined  by 
such  meteorological  conditions  as  temperature  and  wind 
direction  as  well  as  by  the  height  and  floor  plan  of  the 
building,  by  window  status  (open  or  closed),  etc.,  factors 
which  are  particular  for  each  building.  In  order  to  decide 
on  a  smoke  control  system  that  is  optimum  for  a  certain 
building,  therefore,  it  is  necessary  that  a  simulated  circula- 
tion of  air  flow  be  made  by  varying  these  factors;  that 
is,  determine  whether  the  building  is  capable  of  withstand- 
ing these  conditions.  Air  flow  calculations  in  full-scale 
buildings  require  much  time,  even  when  a  computer  is 
used,  so  that  it  is  almost  impossible  in  practice  to  calculate 
aU  the  conditions  involved.  For  this  reason,  the  authors 
prepared  a  rough  calculation  program  to  take  into  account 
these  conditions  and  carried  out  a  calculation  for  about 
1(X)  cases.  The  present  paper  gives  the  results  of  these 
calculations.  2  figs,  11  tables,  2  refs.  (Author) 

178 


h.  SUPPRESSION  DEVICES  AND  EQUIPMENT 

869.  Stevens  RE 

THE      NEED      FOR      SPRINKLERS      IN      HIGH-RISE 
BUILDINGS 

Constr  Specifier;  29(l):36-40,  1976 

The  author  points  out  the  advantages  of  sprinkler 
systems  in  terms  of  influencing  the  cost  of  insurance  rates 
and  life  safety  in  conjunction  with  an  active  fire  safety 
program.  Some  NFPA  standards  and  codes  having  a  direct 
bearing  on  certain  phases  of  sprinkler  protection  are  cited 
in  the  bibliography.  7  tables. 

870.  Jiromaru  M 

CONSOLIDATION     OF    THE     FIRE    EQUIPMENT    OF 
HIGHRISES  IN  CENTRALIZED  SYSTEMS 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;  62(13):17-20,  1975  (Japanese) 

In  multistory  residential  and  plant  administrative 
buildings,  a  natural  way  of  increasing  the  effectiveness 
of  fixed  fire  equipment  is  to  consoUdate  it  into  systems 
and  to  centrahze  control  of  the  systems.  An  ideal  tool 
for  controlhng  and  coordinating  such  systems  is  a  mul- 
tipurpose computer.  The  comparative  simplicity  of  the 
tasks  involved  in  automatic  detection  of  a  fire  source 
and  in  controlhng  the  suppression  process  make  it  possible 
to  use  obsolescent  and  unused  third-  and  even  fourth- 
generation  computers,  regardless  of  whether  they  are 
analog  or  digital.  Considered  is  a  block  diagram  and 
operating  principles  of  a  computer  used  for  this  purpose, 
combining  both  analog  and  digital  information  processing 
methods.  The  computer  tasks  include  the  following:  col- 
lection, conversion  and  processing  of  information  arriving 
in  the  form  of  d-c  signals  from  peripheral  sensors,  fire 
detectors;  making  a  decision  as  to  whether  a  fire  has 
broken  out;  determination  of  the  location  and  boundary 
lines  of  the  fire  sources;  generation  of  a  visual  and  ac- 
coustic  emergency  alarm  signal;  transmission  of  control 
signals  to  magnetic  starters  or  directly  to  the  actuators 
of  the  foam  extinguishing  system  through  a  branching  net- 
work of  sprinkler  heads;  transmitting  an  alarm  signal  to 
the  control  panel  of  the  municipal  fire  protection  office; 
providing  for  emergency  telephone  and  TV  (local)  commu- 
nication, and  other  tasks.  2  figs.  (RZh) 

871.  KitaM 

AUTOMATIC  SMOKE  REMOVAL  SYSTEM  IN  CASE  OF 
FIRE 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;  62(13):62-66,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  technical  description  is  given  of  an  automatic  smoke 
removal  system  designed  for  installation  and  operation 
in  case  of  fire  in  buildings  of  complex  design,  such  as 
multistory,  factory  buildings,  etc.  The  system  consists  of 
powerful  fans  and  a  set  of  compact  smoke  removal  sec- 
tions of  varying  cross-section  and  configuration.  The 
design  of  the  sections  is  such  that  they  can  be  joined 
to  each  other  for  easy  construction  of  a  smoke  removal 
line  to  conform  to  the  particular  features  of  the  building 
design.  Several  ways  of  joining  smoke  removal  sections 
to  form  Unes  of  a  given  configuration  are  illustrated.  The 
operation  of  the  system  is  examined  using  interaction  with 
a  complex  automatic  fire  detection  and  sprinkler  suppres- 
sion system  as  an  example.  The  fire  detection  signals, 
which   correspond   to   outbreak   of   a   fire,    automatically 


wmt 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 

trigger  the  magnetic  starters,  actuating  the  fans  and  also 
opening  the  smoke  intake  holes  of  the  smoke  removal 
system.  The  holes,  with  shutters  normaUy  closed,  are  in 
the  end  panels  of  the  system,  either  in  the  side  walls 
of  the  smoke  removal  system,  flush  with  the  walls  or 
ceiling  of  the  enclosure.  The  system  is  self -supervisory 
owing  to  several  control  points  along  the  line  provided 
with  draft  sensors,  which  transmit  telemetric  information 
on  the  level  of  rarefication  at  these  points  over  wire  com- 
munications lines  to  the  control  panel.  9  figs,  6  refs.  (RZh) 

872.  Anon 

AUTOMATIC         EXTINGUISHMENT         OF         FIRES 

(AVTOMATICHESKOE  TUSHENIE  FOZHAROV) 

VNII  Protivopozhar  oborony,  Moscow,  USSR;  112  pages, 

1975  (Russian) 

Various  aspects  of  automatic  detection  and  suppression 
of  combustible  liquid  fires  are  presented  in  this  digest 
of  papers  of  the  All-Union  Fire  Protection  Research  In- 
stitute in  its  series  Sbornik  trudov  VNII  protivopozharnoy 
oborony.  This  digest  contains  the  results  of  research  into 
determining  the  mass  flow  into  a  nitrogen-Freon  mixture 
required  to  extinguish  combustible  liquid  fires  in  an  enclo- 
sure. A  solution  is  given  of  one  of  the  problems  of  heat 
exchange  between  a  protective  surface  and  a  heated  gas. 
Data  are  presented  on  the  temperature  conditions  in  enclo- 
sures, on  determining  tolerable  distances,  on  methods  of 
locating  detectors  and  on  their  time  of  actuation  as  a 
function  of  the  fire  buildup  conditions.  (RZh) 

873.  Shimanuki  T 

SELECTION  OF  EQUIPMENT  IN  DESIGNING  SMOKE- 
REMOVAL  AND  FIRE-EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS 

Kuki  tyowa  to  reito;  15(11):110-112,  1975  (Japanese) 

Problems  connected  with  the  optimum  method  of  select- 
ing the  technical  parameters  and  types  of  mass-produced 
equipment  and  accessories  in  the  design  and  calculation 
of  large-scale  automatic  fire-extinguishing  and  smoke - 
removal  systems  are  discussed.  AU-purpose  indexes 
governed  by  some  Japanese  and  US  standards,  estabhsh- 
ing  a  relationship  between  the  characteristics  of  the  pro- 
tected installations  and  the  parameters  of  the  smoke- 
removal  and  fire-extinguishing  systems,  are  presented.  In 
addition,  data  from  the  results  of  experiments  carried  out 
by  the  Tokyo  Laboratory  of  Microclimatic  Devices  are 
cited.  These  data  establish  a  relationship  between  the 
capacity  of  ventilators  of  smoke-removal  systems,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  the  volume  as  well  as  relative  geometric 
dimensions  of  enclosures,  on  the  other  hand.  Also 
established  is  an  optimum  relationship  between  the  capaci- 
ty of  the  ventilators  and  the  cross-sectional  area  of  the 
smoke-removal  ducts.  A  block  diagram  is  shown,  and  the 
operating  principle  of  an  all-purpose  automatic  fire-extin- 
guishing system  combined  with  smoke-removal  equipment 
is  analyzed.  1  fig,  1  table.  (RZh) 

874.  Oda  K 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEM 

Yuatsu  gijutsu;  14(13):57-62,  1975  (Japanese) 

The  structure  and  operation  of  some  new  automated 
fire-extinguishing  systems  for  use  in  various  branches  of 
industry  are  described.  A  component  part  of  one  of  these 


systems  is  a  subsystem,  an  emergency  system  for  protec- 
tion against  the  formation  of  e>  plosion-  and  fire-hazard 
gas  concentrations  in  air.  The  system  consists  of  a  photo- 
calorimetric  analyzer,  a  relay,  a  magnetic  starter,  an  elec- 
tric motor,  and  a  high-powered  fan.  The  system  operates 
as  follows:  from  the  analyzer  vessel  a  reagent  is  piped 
continuously  to  a  liquid  pump,  which  serves  to  pump 
into  the  analyzer  a  gas  mixture  which  blends  with  the 
reagent  and  goes  into  a  glass  cuvette.  The  latter  is  illu- 
minated by  a  gas-discharge  lamp  with  a  special  reflector 
to  ensure  uniform  illumination  over  the  entire  volume. 
The  beam  of  hght  passes  through  the  solution  and  hits 
a  photocell.  When  the  color  of  the  solution  or  its  optical 
properties  change,  so  does  the  current  intensity  of  the 
photocell,  which  is  recorded  instantaneously  by  electrical- 
contact  galvanometers.  If  the  gas  concentration  in  the 
medium  under  study  exceeds  the  maximum  permissible 
concentration,  the  photocell  current  causes  the  galvanome- 
ter needle  to  close  the  terminals  of  the  relay  circuit,  which 
in  turn  closes  the  terminals  of  the  magnetic  starter,  trans- 
mitting voltage  of  industrial  frequency  to  the  electric 
motor  of  the  high-power  fan.  After  the  fan  has  run  for 
some  time,  the  gas  concentration  in  the  medium  drops, 
the  galvanometer  needle  changes  position  and  opens  the 
terminals  of  the  relay.  The  fan  motor  is  disconnected 
from  the  power  supply.  The  industrial  production-line 
processes  that  are  recommended  to  be  carried  out  in  con- 
junction with  automatic  gas  analyzers  are  listed.  It  is 
pointed  out  that  secondary  devices,  such  as  visual  and 
acoustic  signalling  devices,  various  indicators,  communica- 
tions devices,  power  packs,  etc.,  should  be  located  in 
adjacent  premises,  or  in  premises  where  explosion-  and 
fire-hazard  concentrations  of  vapors  and  gases  cannot 
form  with  air.  The  operationa^  and  technical  parameters 
of  this  and  the  other  systems  are  given.  11  figs,  3  tables, 
2  refs.  (RZh) 

875.  Korzhov  VT 

UVS  AUTOMATIC  FIREFIGHTING  SYSTEM 

Bezop  tr  prom-sti;  (4):20-21,  1976  (Russian) 

A  report  is  made  of  fire  suppression  tests  with  the 
UVS  automatic  extinguishing  system  constructed  by  the 
Donetsk  mine  rescue  equipment  factory.  The  extinguisher 
nozzles  operate  at  a  pressure  of  6-35  atm  and  form  a 
water  curtain  which  wets  down  the  entire  cross  section 
of  the  mine  area.  The  nozzles  can  be  actuated  automati- 
cally or  manually.  The  system  has  proved  to  be  effective 
in  coal  mines  of  the  Donetsk  basin.  1  fig.  (Fachdok 
12/0971) 

876.  Jiromaru  S 

DESIGN  OF  FIRE-FIGHTING  DEVICES  AND  METHODS 
OF  EXTINGUISHING  FIRES 

Kuki  tyowa  to  reito;  15(ll):74-80,  1975  (Japanese) 

Aspects  of  the  optimal  location  and  use  of  mass- 
produced  fire-fighting  equipment,  including  large  systems 
and  individual  assemblies,  to  ensure  the  fire  safety  of 
multi-story  buildings  are  discussed.  It  is  pointed  out  that 
the  effectiveness  of  large  complex  automatic  fire-extin- 
guishing systems  depends  largely  not  only  on  the  correct 
distribution  of  fire  detectors  and  sprinkler  heads,  but  also 
on  the  correct  choice  of  types  and  the  correct  combination 
of  detectors  and  heads  in  the  design  and  assembly  of 
systems.  Ideas  relating  to  the  choice  of  detector  and  sprin- 


179 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


kler  head  types  as  a  function  of  the  nature  and  parameters 
of  the  installations  and  premises  being  protected  are 
developed.  Optimal  variants  of  selection,  as  well  as  of 
the  combination  and  distribution  of  various  types  of  detec- 
tors and  sprinkler  heads,  are  illustrated  in  tabular  and 
graphic  form  as  a  function  of  the  geometric  parameters 
and  purpose  of  the  premises,  the  number  and  types  of 
fire-hazard  equipment  found  in  the  building,  the  area  of 
the  building  occupied  by  people,  and  how  many,  the  type 
and  capacity  of  the  intake  and  exhaust  ventilators,  etc. 
Also  considered  are  the  design  and  operating  principles 
of  some  centralized  sprinkler  extinguishing  systems  of 
high  (nominal)  efficiency  in  various  stages  of  design  and 
development.  3  figs,  3  tables.  (RZh) 

877.  Gulyaev  G  and  Kochnev  A 
OPERATION  OF  FIXED  FOAM  INSTALLATIONS 

Pozhar  delo;  (5):24-25,  1976  (Russian) 

One  of  the  most  important  components  of  fixed  foam 
fire-extinguishing  systems  is  the  foam  generator.  If  the 
generator  operation  is  unstable,  the  expansion  ratio  and 
stability  of  the  foam  are  low.  The  reason  may  be  the 
poor  quality  of  the  foam  compound,  a  low  foam-com- 
pound concentration  in  the  solution,  abnormal  operation 
of  the  spray  tip,  painting  over  or  clogging  the  screens 
with  rust,  trash,  etc.  Each  of  these  reasons  is  discussed 
in  detail. 

878.  Itskov  AI 

TECHNICAL  MAINTENANCE  AND  RELIABILITY  OF 
AUTOMATIC  FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS 

Pozhar  delo-A4):23-25,\916 

The  rehability  of  automatic  fire-extinguishing  systems 
depends  on  correct  use  and  timely  and  careful  technical 
maintenance.  Data  on  statistical  analysis,  checking  and 
reUabiUty  of  these  systems  are  given  with  the  aim  of 
estabUshing  servicing  techniques  and  schedules.  The  relia- 
bihty  data  were  obtained  by  mathematical  formulas.  A 
chart  is  included  which  lists  the  methods  of  improving 
rehability  in  the  design,  manufacturing,  construction,  in- 
stallation and  operating  stages.  6  tables 

879.  Anon 

nRE  EXTINGUISHER  WITH  PROPELLANT-GAS  CAR- 
TRIDGE 

Maschinenmarkf,  82(2):29,  1976  (German) 

A  description  is  given  of  a  fire  extinguisher  containing 
a  powder  and  a  compressed  gas  cylinder.  The  cylinder 
is  placed  in  a  special  duct  inside  the  extinguisher.  The 
powder  fills  the  space  between  the  walls  of  the  extin- 
guisher and  the  cylinder  ducts.  The  advantage  of  this 
extinguisher  consists  in  the  fact  that  the  inside  of  the 
extinguisher  is  pressurized  only  when  it  is  used.  When 
actuated,  the  compressed  gas  cyhnder  opens,  forcing 
powder  into  the  seat  of  the  fire.  The  extinguisher  is 
recharged  by  replacing  the  used  cylinder  and  refilling  with 
powder.  1  fig. 

880.  Kramer  HJ 

DISCHARGE  DEVICES  FOR  WET  WATER,  HIGH-  AND 
MEDIUM-EXPANSION  FOAMS  AND  THEIR  OUTPUT 
CAPACITY 

Vnser  Brandschutz;  26(4) : 29-3 1 ,  1976  (German) 


The  effective  application  of  wet  water,  high-  and  medi- 
um-expansion foams  depends  on  the  discharge  devices 
used  for  them.  Precise  information  on  their  construction, 
operating  method  and,  above  all,  on  the  technical  and 
tactical  conditions  for  their  use  is  a  prerequisite  if  effec- 
tive extinguishment  is  to  be  achieved.  Data  are  presented 
on  the  important  details  of  some  discharge  devices 
produced  and  used  in  the  GDR.  8  figs,  1  table.  (Fachdok 
12/0575) 

881.  Kisling  HM 

FOAM  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS  FOR  DIP-PAINTING 
PLANTS 

Brandvaern;  2(1):17-19,  1976  (Danish) 

Automatic  extinguishing  systems  for  special  production 
sites  where  combustible  liquids  are  used  normally  contain 
carbon  dioxide  as  the  extinguishant.  In  this  article  a 
description  is  given  of  a  novel  foam  extinguishing  system 
that  uses  light  water  to  make  the  foam  and  is  capable 
of  guaranteeing  the  safety  of  large  dipping  tanks  in  which 
large  components  and  body  parts  are  painted.  1  fig. 
(Fachdok  12/0756) 

882.  Tsurumi  T 

AUTOMATIC  FIRE  EXTINGUISHER 

Japanese  Patent  No.  50-10478;  CI  95B3,  (A62C  13/50), 
Appl  18  May  1970,  Disci.  22  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  Tyuo 
Kiki  Sejsakusyo  kk 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  manual  fire  extinguisher 
equipped  with  an  automatic  on-off  valve  which  is  triggered 
by  a  cable  with  a  heat-sensitive  head  attached  to  the 
hose  of  the  extinguisher.  The  head  is  located  near  the 
discharge  nozzle.  The  cable  consists  of  a  tube  housing 
with  a  flexible  movable  rod.  The  head  is  a  plug  in  the 
housing,  one  side  spring-loaded,  the  other  with  a  heat- 
sensitive  plate.  The  flexible  rod  of  the  cable  is  fixed  to 
the  drive  mechanism  of  the  valve  and  the  heat-sensitive 
head.  When  the  hose  is  aimed  at  the  seat  of  the  fire, 
the  heat-sensitive  plate  heats  up,  deforms  and  releases 
the  plug;  the  spring  forces  the  plug  out  of  the  housing, 
pulling  out  the  rod;  the  rod  actuates  the  driving 
mechanism,  opens  the  on-off  valve,  and  extinguishant  is 
delivered  from  the  extinguisher  tank  through  the  hose. 
4  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

883.  Balagin  PG 

DEVICE  FOR  SPRAYING  LIQUIDS 

USSR  Patent  No.  461,743;  CI  B05b  1/30,  A62C  35/54, 
Appl  14  Aug  1972,  Disci  23  Jun  1975,  Assignee:  VNII 
protivopozhar  oborony 

The  invention  relates  to  a  device  for  spraying  hquids, 
consisting  of  a  container  with  lateral  inlet  perforations 
and  an  outlet.  The  device  also  has  a  stopper  with  a  duct 
and  is  suitable  for  spraying  atomized  liquids  onto  fast- 
burning  materials.  The  novelty  of  the  device  consists  in 
the  stopper,  which  can  be  moved  vertically.  2  drawings. 
(RZh) 

884.  Sukharenko  VI,  Mikhedov  VG,  Zemskiy  GT, 
Kupriyanova  LI,  Tsvetkov  MN,  Nazarov  NI,  Sukhov  lYa 
and  Krutov  VA 

EXTINGUISHER  FOR  ALKALI  METAL  FIRES 

1755;?  Patent  No.  326,799;  CI  A62d  1/00,  Appl  29  Oct 
1970,  Disci  29  Oct  1975,  Assignee:  VNII  protivopozhar 
oborony 


80 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment— Continued 


A  method  of  extinguishing  alkali  metals  is  described. 
The  innovation  of  the  method  is  the  addition  of  1  to 
15  vol  %  of  COz  to  the  inert  gas  (nitrogen,  argon,  helium) 
to  increase  the  extinguishing  efficiency.  1  table.  (RZh) 

885.  Anon 

AUTOMATIC  VALVE  FOR  FIRE  EXTINGUISHANTS 

French  Patent  No.  2,242,847;  CI  A62C  37/08,  Appl  31 
Aug  1973,  Disci  28  Mar  1975,  Assignee:  Soc  de  Fabrica- 
tion et  d'Entretien  de  Materiel  Electrique 

If  the  fire  extinguishant  is  discharged  from  the  extin- 
guisher as  a  single  conical  jet,  the  desired  area  of  coverage 
is  not  assured.  The  valve  patented  here  has  a  nozzle 
with  six  openings  angled  in  such  a  way  as  to  produce 
a  spray  covering  an  area  considerably  greater  than  with 
one  opening.  The  valve  can  be  actuated  automatically, 
when  a  fixed  glass  flask  is  ruptured  by  the  increasing 
temperature,  electrically,  by  special  sensors,  or  manually. 
2  drawing  figs. 

886.  Anon 

EXTINGUISHER  WITH  A  MANOMETER 

French  Patent  No.  2,245,163;  CI  A62C  23/00,  GOIL  19/00, 
Appl  27  Jul  1973,  Disci.  18  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  A  Werner 
&  Co,  Spezialfabrik  fuer  Feuerloeschtechnik 

Manometers  are  used  to  check  the  operational  readiness 
of  fire  extinguishers  containing  a  pressurized  extin- 
guishant. The  special  feature  of  this  version  is  a  manome- 
ter connected  to  the  cylinder  via  a  shut-off  valve,  per- 
mitting a  periodic  check  to  be  made  of  the  charging  status 
of  the  extinguisher  and  replacement  of  a  defective 
manometer  without  losing  pressure  in  the  cylinder.  2  draw- 
ing figs. 

887.  Bohme  AE 

nRE  EXTINGUISHING  APPARATUS  FOR  OXY- 
ACETEYLENE  WELDING  ASSEMBLIES 

US  Patent  No.  3,945,440;  CI  169/54,  (F23D  13/46),  Appl 
23  Jun  1975,  Disci.  23  Mar  1976 

The  fire-extinguishing  apparatus  for  oxyacetylene  weld- 
ing assemblies  with  a  cylinder  having  a  free-floating 
piston,  over  the  actuator  of  a  release  valve,  mountable 
at  one  end  of  a  pressurized  bottle  containing  a  fire-extin- 
guishing fluid  and  connectable  at  its  opposite  end  to  an 
oxygen  return  line  and  a  valve  assembly  connectable 
between  the  oxygen  line  and  the  torch,  the  valve  assembly 
has  a  through-passage  for  enabling  passage  of  oxygen 
from  the  oxygen  line  to  the  torch  and  an  intersecting 
passage  having  a  manually  operated  shutoff  valve  inter- 
secting the  through-passage  at  one  end  and  having  means 
at  its  opposite  end  for  connection  to  the  oxygen  return 
line  to  the  bottle  of  extinguishing  fluid  for  enabling  pres- 
surized oxygen  to  flow  to  the  cylinder  and  move  the 
piston  into  operating  engagement  with  the  actuator  of  the 
release  valve  so  as  to  release  the  fire-extinguishing  fluid 
therefrom.  A  discharge  hose  is  extended  from  the  fire- 
extinguishing  fluid  bottle  to  the  operator  of  the  welding 
torch.  4  claims,  3  drawing  figures.  (Author) 


//. 


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888.  Miyazaki  T 

HOSE  REEL  DEVICE  FOR  FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  AP- 
PLIANCE 

VS  Patent  No.  3,935,879;  CI  137/355.16,  (B65H  75/34), 
Appl  11  Mar  1975,  Disci  3  Feb  1976,  Assignee:  Nomi 
Bosaikogyo  Kabushiki  Kaisha,  Japan 

A  hose  reel  device  for  a  fire-extinguishing  apphance 
of  the  type  having  a  cabinet  and  a  swingable  door  to 
be  horizontally  opened  so  as  to  provide  a  vertical  rota- 
tional axis  for  the  hose  reel  mounted  on  the  inside  of 
the  door  in  opened  position.  The  device  is  accordingly 
adapted  to  use  in  a  highway  tunnel  so  as  to  be  recessed 
into  a  wall  portion  immediately  over  an  inspection  walk- 
way and  is  intended  to  provide,  in  case  of  emergency, 
a  better  mode  of  opening  the  door  and  convenient  reach 
of  the  device  by  an  operator  even  though  remaining  under 


181 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 

the  walkway,  while  permitting  the  hose  to  be  run  out 
in  any  direction  without  any  deliberate  effort  of  the  opera- 
tor. 6  claims,  4  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


889.  Kinoshita  E 

DEVICE  FOR  THE  EXTINGUISHMENT  OF  FIRES  IN 
BUSES 

Japanese  Patent  No.  50-13598;  CI  95B263,  (A62C  35/12), 
Appl  12  Feb  1969,  Disci  21  May  1975,  Assignee:  Nissin 
Kogyo  kk 

The  design  and  operating  principle  of  a  fire-extinguishing 
system  for  passenger  buses  are  disclosed.  The  device  in- 
cludes the  following  units:  a  set  of  fire  detectors  located 
at  various  points  in  the  chassis  of  the  bus  and  the  motor; 
a  water  tank,  a  cylinder  filled  with  a  powder  extinguishing 
agent  to  form  a  high-expansion  foam  when  mixed  with 
water;  sprinkler  heads  distributed  over  the  chassis  of  the 
bus,  around  the  motor,  and  within  the  passenger  compart- 
ment; a  pipe  system;  an  inert-gas  cylinder  under  high 
pressure,  connected  to  the  pipe  system,  to  extinguish  the 
fire  when  opened  by  forcing  the  components  of  the  fire- 
extinguishing  solution  into  the  mixing  chamber  and  then 
into  the  network  of  sprinkler  heads;  a  system-triggering 
mechanical  lever  located  next  to  the  driver's  seat;  and 
a  visual  and  acoustic  alarm  device  connected  to  the  fire 
detectors  by  means  of  electrical  commutators  in  the  instru- 
ment panel  of  the  driver's  compartment.  The  fire  in  the 
passenger  compartment  is  located  visuaUy  by  the  driver. 
Depending  on  the  location  of  the  fire,  the  driver  can 
actuate  only  some  of  the  sprinkler  heads  to  extinguish 
the  fire.  4  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

890.  Ogino  A 

DEVICE  FOR  EXTINGUISHING  A  FIRE  IN  A  TUNNEL 

Japanese  Patent  No.  50-10476;  CI  95AO,  (B62C  2/00), 
Appl  1  Oct  1969,  Disci  22  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  Nomi 
Bosai  Kogyo  kk 

A  method  is  patented  for  suppressing  fires  in  vehicle, 
railroad  and  other  tunnels  by  means  of  a  complex  auto- 
matic system.  The  system  consists  of  a  large  number  of 
fire  detectors  uniformly  distributed  along  the  inside  of 
the  tunnel.  The  system  also  contains  several  openings  of 
comparatively  large  diameter  in  the  tunnel  roof  which  are 
usually  closed  by  automatic  shutters;  a  pipe  system  with 
sprinkler  heads  distributed  along  the  inner  surface  of  the 
tunnel  to  extinguish  fires  with  fire-extinguishing  foam;  a 
system  of  electromagnetic  drive  mechanisms  which  are 
triggered  by  the  fire  detectors  in  case  of  fire  and  which 
in  turn  actuate  levers  to  open  the  shutters  over  the 
openings  as  well  as  the  sprinkler  system.  In  addition, 
the  system  also  provides  for  ventilators  next  to  the 
openings  for  rapid  removal  of  smoke.  The  ventilators  are 
also  turned  on  automatically.  The  system  operates  by  sec- 
tions, that  is,  when  a  fire  breaks  out,  a  certain  number 
of  detectors  located  in  the  involved  tunnel  section  are 
actuated.  The  detectors  turn  on  only  part  of  the  system, 
each  section  of  which  has  its  own  vent,  ventilator  and 
set  of  sprinkler  heads  with  individual  foam  containers. 
See  also  Japanese  patent  50-2960.  2  drawing  figs,  2  refs. 
(RZh) 


891.  BiroG 

IMPROVED  PROCEDURE  FOR  PRESSURIZING  FIRE- 
FIGHTING  EQUIPMENT  TANKS 

French  Patent  No.  2,245,162;  CI  A62C  13/00,  Appl  25 
Sept  1973,  Disci  18  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  Biro  et  Fils, 
Dion 

The  patent  is  for  a  method  of  maintaining  operating 
pressure  in  tanks  for  fire-extinguishing  powders.  The 
systems  usually  used  to  regulate  the  gas  pressure  are  sub- 
ject to  frosting  because  of  the  intense  cooling  caused 
by  rapid  gas  expansion.  Considerable  deviations  from  the 
prescribed  pressure  occur  because  of  the  delays  involved 
in  closing  and  opening  valves.  These  delays  in  estabUshing 
operating  pressure  are  due  in  part  to  gas  entering  the 
tank  through  the  regulation  system.  Since  the  delivery 
rate  depends  on  the  pressure,  such  delays  in  the  fire- 
extinguishing  system  can  lead  to  disastrous  results.  To 
eUminate  these  deficiencies,  it  is  proposed  that  a  quantity 
of  gas  sufficient  to  maintain  the  required  pressure  in  the 
entire  system,  except  for  the  control  system,  be  supplied 
directly  to  the  tank.  This  method  ensures  almost  instan- 
taneous pressurization  and  preparation  of  the  control 
system  for  operation  before  the  gas  has  passed  through 
it.  The  gas  required  to  maintain  pressure  during  operation 
of  the  fire-extinguishing  system  passes  from  a  second 
source  directly  into  the  control  system  and  through  it 
into  the  tank.  The  control  process  begins  directly  with 
operating,  not  atmospheric,  pressure,  and  the  operating 
pressure  differences  are  minimized.  The  system,  consists 
of  the  tank,  a  pressurized  gas  source  connected  to  the 
tank  via  a  valve  and  designed  to  first  fill  the  tank  with 
gas,  a  second  source  connected  to  the  tank  via  a  valve 
and  control  system  to  maintain  operating  pressure  during 
operation  of  the  system  as  a  whole.  The  control  system 
consists  of  a  gas  tank  supply  conduit  with  a  spring-actu- 
ated valve,  a  membrane  connected  to  the  moving  member 
of  the  valve,  a  gas  conduit  connecting  the  membrane  cavi- 
ty and  the  tank  to  apply  pressure  on  the  membrane  from 
the  tank  and  to  provide  for  feedback.  1  drawing  fig. 

892.  Anon 

HERMETIC  CONNECTION  BETWEEN  A  FIRE  EXTIN- 
GUISHANT  CONTAINER  AND  A  SHUT-OFF  DEVICE 

FRG  Patent  No.  2,336,502;  CI  A62C  23/00,  F16L  41/00, 
Appl  18  Jul  1973,  Disci  19  Jun  1975,  Assignee:  R  and 
G  Schmoelle  Metallwerk 

The  main  component  of  the  hermetic  connection 
between  a  fire-extinguishant  container  and  a  shut-off 
device  is  a  seal  ring  of  complex  configuration.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  ring  consists  of  a  cylindrical  portion  1/5 
to  1/6  the  total  height  of  the  ring,  diameter  approximately 
that  of  the  shut-off  device,  and  a  conical  portion.  The 
cone  half  angle  is  10  -  20°.  The  outer  surface  of  the 
ring  also  consists  of  two  portions,  one  adjoining  the  base 
with  a  slope  of  10  -  20?9.  the  other  some  distance  from 
the  base  with  a  slope  of  40  -  50'°,  corresponding  to  the 
slope  of  the  conical  surface  of  the  container  shaft.  In 
the  lower  portion  of  the  shaft  below  an  adjacent  horizontal 
or  inclined  wall  segment  is  a  ring,  threaded  on  the  shaft 
side,  which  is  connected  to  a  flange  by  means  of  an 
intermediate  component.  The  flange  is  attached  to  the 
wall,  e.g.,  by  point  welding.  This  coupling  provides  a 
reliable  seal  and  holds  the  shut-off  device  screwed  into 
it  in  a  certain  position.  8  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 


182 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment— Continued 


893.  Schmidt  VG 
FIRE  EXTINGUISHER 

French  Patent  No.  2,249,525;  CI  A62C  7/00,  Appl  29  Oct 
1973,  Disci  23  May  1975 

The  patent  relates  to  a  pad  for  the  suppression  of  small 
fires  in  vehicles,  living  quarters,  etc.  The  pad  is  made 
of  a  layer  of  flexible  flameproof  material  (e.g.,  fiberglass) 
and  a  layer  of  readily  fusible  material  (e.g.,  a  polyethylene 
film)  attached  to  the  first  layer  along  the  edges.  The  space 
between  the  fabric  and  the  film  is  filled  with  a  layer 
of  powder  (e.g.,  bicarbonate  of  sodium)  capable  of  releas- 
ing incombustible  gases  during  thermal  decompositiion.  To 
prevent  leakage  of  the  powder,  the  fiberglass  layer  is 
coated  with  a  poly  silicone.  The  fire  is  covered  with  the 
readily  fusible  film  side  facing  the  fire.  The  film  disin- 
tegrates and  the  powder  drops  into  the  fire.  The  dense 
layer  of  fireproof  fabric  prevents  escape  of  the  incom- 
bustible gases  generated  when  the  powder  decomposes 
and  supply  of  oxygen  to  the  combustion  zone,  effectively 
extinguishing  the  fire.  Also  provided  is  another  version 
of  the  pad  in  which  covers  for  the  powder  are  placed 
on  both  sides  of  the  fireproof  fabric.  So  that  the  pads 
harmonize  with  the  interior  of  the  vehicle  or  Uving  quar- 
ters, they  are  made  in  a  decorative  form,  such  as  rugs, 
coasters,  pillows,  etc.  The  results  of  a  number  of  tests 
demonstrating  the  efficiency  of  the  invention  are 
described. 

894.  Anon 

FOAM-WATER  SPRINKLER  DEVICE 

UK  Patent  No.  1,412,348;  CI  BIC,  (BOIF  3/04,  B05B  7/04), 
Appl  7  Mar  1973,  Disci  5  Nov  1975,  Assignee:  Mather 
and  Piatt,  Ltd 

A  drencher  type  device  is  patented  for  use  in  fire-extin- 
guishing systems  to  apply  foam  (or  water)  to  the  seat 
of  a  fire  with  the  following  characteristics.  The  housing 
of  the  drencher,  open  on  both  sides,  consists  of  a  number 
of  sections  of  variable  and  constant  diameter,  arranged 
in  series,  to  ensure  optimum  foam  (or  water)  delivery 
characteristics  and  better  foam-making  ratios  (from  the 
viewpoint  of  expansion  factors).  The  foam  is  formed  by 
deflecting  the  flow  (foam  solution)  to  the  inner  walls  of 
the  drencher  by  means  of  a  spherical  divider  fixed  by 
two  pins  at  the  point  of  the  expanding  section  of  the 
drencher  along  the  axis  of  symmetry.  The  diameter  of 
the  sphere  is  equal  to  the  minimum  diameter  of  the  inlet 
to  the  drencher  housing.  Final  foam  formation  occurs 
when  the  flow  hits  the  deflector  located  in  the  lower 
portion  of  the  drencher.  In  tests  of  this  device  foam  with 
an  expansion  factor  of  8.5  -  5.7  was  obtained  at  a  pressure 
of  2.1  kp/cmf  Analogous  tests  of  other  drenchers  of  the 
same  type  yielded  foam  with  a  factor  of  7.8-3.9.  8  drawing 
figs. 

895.  Grenier  WJ 

AUTOMATIC  ON-OFF  SPRINKLER  HEAD 

UK  Patent  No.  1,408,278;  CI  A5A,  (A62C  37/16),  Appl 
6  Nov  1972,  Disci  1  Oct  1975,  Assignee:  General  Ind, 
Inc 

The  sprinkler  head  includes  two  inter-connecting  cham- 
bers separated  by  a  spring-triggered  movable  diaphragm. 
The  upper  chamber  is  equipped  with  a  control  valve  actu- 


ated by  means  of  a  bimetallic  plate.  The  lower  chamber 
contains  an  outlet  with  valve  connected  to  the  diaphragm. 
At  normal  ambient  temperature,  equal  pressure  is  main- 
tained in  the  chamber  and  the  head  is  closed.  When  the 
ambient  temperature  rises  above  a  set  level,  the  bimetallic 
plate  opens  the  control  valve  of  the  upper  chamber  and 
part  of  the  fire-extinguishing  compound  in  it  escapes  into 
the  atmosphere.  The  pressure  in  the  upper  chamber  drops, 
the  movable  diaphragm  is  displaced  by  the  spring,  un- 
covering the  outlet  in  the  lower  chamber.  The  fire-extin- 
guishing compound  is  applied  to  the  seat  of  the  fire.  When 
the  ambient  temperature  drops,  the  bimetallic  plate 
resumes  its  original  position  and  the  control  valve  closes. 
Closure  of  the  control  valve  reestablishes  normal  pressure 
in  the  chamber,  the  movable  diaphragm  returns  to  its 
original  position,  and  the  outlet  of  the  head  closes.  2 
drawing  figs. 

896.  Govarrubias  GS 

STOPPER  FOR  A  HOLLOW  BODY  CONTAINING  A 
FLUID  UNDER  PRESSURE 

Swiss  Patent  No.  565,567;  CI  A62C  37/06,  Appl  25  Aug 
1973,  Disci  29  Aug  1975,  Assignee:  CBF  Systems,  Inc 

The  design  and  operating  principles  of  a  shut-off  valve 
for  a  container  filled  with  a  pressurized  liquid  are 
patented.  The  device  can  be  used  in  fire  extinguishers 
with  liquid  carbon  dioxide,  etc.  The  device  answers  the 
following  needs:  quick  and  easy  opening  by  hand  or  auto- 
matic mechanism;  a  straight-line  flow  of  liquid  when 
opened;  absence  of  leaks  during  many  years  of  storage; 
and  easy,  unambiguous  distinction  between  opened  and 
closed  position.  5  drawing  figs. 

897.  Sailar  G 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHER  WITH  CONTAINER  FOR  EX- 
PELLING AGENT,  PENETRATOR  AND  VALVE 

FRG  Patent  No.  1,559,691;  CI  A62C  13/42,  A62C  23/00, 
Appl  20  Sept  1966,  Disci  17  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  A  Werner 
and  Co,  Spezialfabrik  fuer  Feuerloeschtechnik 

The  extinguisher  contains  a  flask  with  expelling  agent 
inside  the  container  with  fire-extinguishing  agent.  The 
flask  is  opened  by  a  plunger  with  a  pin  to  penetrate  the 
membrane.  The  fire  extinguishant  is  discharged  through 
a  valve  with  housing  rigidly  connected  to  the  membrane 
plunger,  both  in  the  same  axis.  1  drawing  fig. 

898.  Fletcher  F 
TUBULAR  BODIES 

UK  Patent  No.  1,394,680;  CI  B2F,  (B05b  1/00),  Appl  20 
Dec  1971,  Disci  21  May  1975 

A  method  is  proposed  for  production  of  tubular  bodies 
working  under  pressure,  e.g.,  branchpipes,  hydrants,  shut- 
off  caps  for  fire  extinguishers.  The  method  makes  it  possi- 
ble to  reduce  the  metal  content  and  the  cost  while  preserv- 
ing adequate  strength.  According  to  the  method,  the  body 
is  cast  from  a  soUd  plastic  reinforced  with  a  metal  lattice 
incorporated  in  the  plastic.  The  reinforcing  lattice  is  af- 
fixed to  a  metal  ring  which  permits  uniform  distribution 
of  shocks  and  facilitates  manufacture.  An  example  of 
production  of  a  branchpipe  by  this  method  is  given.  1 
drawing  fig. 


183 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment— Continued 

899.  Donner  H,  Ibgen  S  and  Beyersdorf  H 
TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED  TRIGGER  FOR  AUTO- 
MATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS  OR  DEVICES 

FRG  Patent  No.  2,229,620;  CI  A62C  37/10,  Appl  19  Jun 
1972,  Disci  3  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  Minimax  GmbH 

A  device  is  patented  for  actuating  automatic  fire-extin- 
guishing systems,  especially  those  with  liquified  gas  as 
the  extinguishing  agent  (see  the  drawing).  The  device  is 
installed  in  the  wall  of  the  extinguishant  container,  which 
is  provided  with  a  metal  lock  8  held  in  place  by  the 
fusible  joint  10  and  membrane  4,  which  is  prevented  from 
sagging  by  the  loose  heat-insulating  material  7.  Area  7a 
corresponds  to  a  change  in  volume  when  the  membrane 
sags,  area  9  is  the  heat-insulating  section  between  the 
fire  extinguishant  and  the  fusible  joint.  When  the  device 
is  triggered,  the  membrane  breaks,  the  fusible  joint  disin- 
tegrates, the  material  moves  upward,  raising  the  lock  with 
overhang  13  beneath  the  upper  edge  of  the  housing  5. 
The  extinguishant  flows  through  the  duct  to  the  material, 
which  in  this  case  acts  as  a  deflector.  The  device  forms 
a  good  seal  over  a  long  period  of  time  under  high  tempera- 
ture conditions  and  prevents  false  triggering.  (RZh) 


A  thermally  sensitive  stored  chemical  energy  capsule 
is  formed  in  the  heat  collector  or  attached  to  the  fusible 
link  of  existing  thermally  sensitive  sprinkler  heads  for 
activating  individual  sprinkler  heads  by  heat  generated  by 
the  intermingling  of  the  capsule-contained  chemicals.  6 
claims,  5  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


^^^6 


7a    9       iO 


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900.  Rothman  AJ  and  Semple  JB 

A  SPRINKLER  HEAD  ACTUATOR 

UK  Patent  No.  1,406,677;  CI  A5A,  (A62C  37/12),  Appl 
10  Aug  1972,  Disci  17  Sept  1975,  Assignee:  S  R  Products, 
Inc 

The  patent  is  for  the  design  of  a  mechanism  to  permit 
actuation  of  a  sprinkler  head  in  the  early  stages  of  fire 
buildup  and  in  the  case  of  smoldering  fires.  The 
mechanism  includes  an  actuator  and  a  fire  detector 
(smoke,  heat,  etc.).  The  actuator  is  a  steel  cylinder  con- 
taining a  chemical  capsule  to  ignite  the  heat-generating 
compound  in  the  cylinder.  The  actuator  is  fixed  to  an 
ordinary  sprinkler  head  provided  with  a  readily  fusible 
lock  near  the  actuator.  When  a  fire  breaks  out,  the  detec- 
tor is  triggered,  transmitting  a  signal  to  the  chemical  cap- 
sule, which  ignites  the  heat-generating  compound.  The 
heat  from  the  actuator  melts  the  lock  of  the  sprinkler 
head  and  puts  it  in  operation.  9  drawing  figs. 

901.  Young  RJ 

EXOTHERMIC  CHEMICAL  REACTIVE  SPRINKLER 
RELEASE 

US  Patent  No.  3,937,284;  CI  169/37,  (A62C  37/18),  Appl 
30  Sept  1974,  Disci  10  Feb  1976 


902.  Isavnin  NV,  Kurbatskiy  CM  and  Shkvirskiy  IS 
POWDER  FIRE  EXTINGUISHER 

USSR  Patent  No.  450,431;  CI  A62C  13/50,  Appl  26  Nov 
1970,  Disci  20  Nov  1975,  Assignee:  VNII  protivopozhar 
oborony 

This  powder  fire  extinguisher  has  a  wide  chamber  base 
with  an  opening  and  is  provided  with  a  porous  diaphragm. 
1  drawing  fig.  (RZh) 

903.  Boud  C  G 

IMPROVEMENTS  IN  OR  RELATING  TO  FLUID  CON- 
TAINERS 

UK  Patent  No.  1,399,863;  CI  A5A,  (C62c  13/40),  Appl 
20  Jul  1971,  Disci  2  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  Graviner,  Ltd 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  device  for  opening  a  vessel 
containing  a  pressurized  fire-extinguishing  liquid  or 
powder  by  the  directed  explosion  method.  The  device 
includes  a  hermetically  sealed  vessel  containing  a  pres- 
surized charge  material,  external  means  holding  the  explo- 
sive charge  opposite  the  point  for  the  discharge  opening, 
a  detonator  placed  near  the  charge,  and  means  to  hold 
the  material  for  preventing  spread  of  the  explosion  away 
from  the  vessel.  3  drawing  figs. 

904.  Anon 

REMOTE  CONTROL  DEVICE  FOR  A  FIRE  EXTIN- 
GUISHER 

French  Patent  No.  2,240,605;  CI  A62C  23/02,  Appl  10 
Aug  1973,  Disci  7  Mar  1975,  Assignee:  Cie  Centrale  SicH 

The  invention  relates  to  a  device  for  wall-compartment 
fire  extinguishers.  The  spring-actuated  valve  which  shuts 
off  the  discharge  orifice  of  the  extinguisher  tends  to  force 
its  way  upward  into  the  open  position,  but  is  restrained 
by  a  lever  which  presses  the  valve  cap  upward.  The  free 
end  of  the  lever  is  release-coupled  to  a  plunger.  When 
the  plunger  moves  downward  the  lever  is  released  and 


184 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


the  valve  opens  the  outlet  for  the  fire-extinguishing  liquid. 
The  plunger  can  be  displaced  by  various  known  methods. 
1  drawing  fig. 

905.  Mohler  H 

SPRAY  SPRINKLER  HEAD 

Swiss  Patent  No.  566 J91;  CI  A62C  35/34,  Appl  22  Jun 
1973,  Disci  30  Sep  1975,  Assignee:  Jomos  Sprinkler- 
Material  AG 

A  fixed  sprinkler  head  consisting  of  a  nozzle  and  a 
serrated  deflecting  plate  is  patented.  The  water  stream 
issuing  from  the  nozzle  impacts  on  the  deflector  plate 
and  separates  into  individual  vortical  sprays.  The  teeth 
lining  the  edge  of  the  plate  convert  the  individual  sprays 
into  a  fog  which  covers  the  protected  area.  5  drawing 
figs. 

906.  Grishin  VV  and  Kukharuk  VA 

DEVICE  FOR  MAKING  MECHANICAL  FOAM 

USSR  Patent  No.  470,298;  CI  A62C  5/04,  Appl  15  May 
1973,  Disci  27  Aug  1975,  Assignee:  VNII  protivopozhar 
oborony 

Described  is  a  device  for  making  mechanical  foam  to 
be  used  as  a  fire  extinguishant.  The  device  consists  of 
a  housing  containing  a  set  of  screens  and  a  spray  tip. 
This  new  device  is  different  in  that  to  improve  mixing 
of  the  foam  agent  and  water,  a  mixing  chamber  has  an 
annulus  with  peripheral  perforations  tangential  to  the  inner 
diameter  of  the  annulus  and  opposite  in  direction  to  the 
perforations  of  the  spray  tip.  2  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

907.  Ogino  A 

AUTOMATIC  FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEM  FOR 
TUNNELS 

Japanese  Patent  No.  50-2960;  CI  95B260.3,  (A62C  37/04), 
Appl  27  Nov  1969,  Disci  30  Jan  1975,  Assignee:  Nomi 
Bosai  Kogyo  kk 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  an  electrical  circuit  and  operat- 
ing principle  for  an  automatic  system  of  extinguishing 
vehicle  fires  in  tunnels.  The  system  consists  of  a  set 
of  fire  detectors  and  foam  sprinkler  heads  uniformly  dis- 
tributed along  the  walls  and  ceihng  of  a  tunnel,  and  also 
an  emergency  lighting  and  TV  monitoring  system.  The 
circuit  transforms  the  d-c  signals  of  the  detectors  into 
pulse  sequences  which  control  the  magnetic  starters  of 
the  sprinkler  system.  A  balanced  multivibrator  is  used 
to  form  the  square-wave  video  control  pulses.  See  also 
Japanese  patent  50-10476.  2  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

908.  Anon 

AUTOMATIC  FIRE  PROTECTION  INSTALLATION 

French  Patent  No.  2,243,586;  CI  A62C  37/30,  Appl  7  Sep 
1973,  Disci  4  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  Cie  Centrale  Sicli 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  device  which  will  permit 
the  use  of  more  effective  fire-extinguishing  solutions  in 
sprinkler  systems  instead  of  water.  The  system  (see  the 
figure)  consists  of  a  tank  1  filled  with  a  fire-extinguishing 
fluid  connected  via  a  rupturable  diaphragm  2  to  the  pipe 
working  section  6  equipped  with  sprinkler  heads  7.  In 
the  monitoring  state  the  pipe  sections  6,  9  are  filled  with 
water;  complete  filling  is  ensured  by  a  reserve  in  a  special 
tank  8.  When  one  or  several  heads  7  are  actuated,  water 


flows  out  from  sections  6,  9;  as  a  result,  mechanism  3 
becomes  unbalanced  and  compressed-air  cylinder  5  opens 
up.  The  pressurized  fire-extinguishing  fluid  in  the  tank 
ruptures  the  diaphragm  and  is  supplied  to  the  open  sprin- 
kler heads.  2  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 


909.  Lockwood  CR  and  Fitch  DC 
FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  APPARATUS 

UK  Patent  No.  1,406,359;  CI  A5A,  (A62C  37/34),  Appl 
7  Feb  1973,  Disci  17  Sep  1975,  Assignee:  Chubb  Fire 
Security,  Ltd 

A  patent  is  disclosed  for  a  liquid  fire-extinguishing 
system  (see  the  drawing)  consisting  of  a  pressurized 
chamber  1  with  fire-extinguishing  liquid,  a  supply  line  4 
with  spray  heads  5  laid  around  the  premise  being  pro- 
tected. Mounted  on  the  upper  part  of  the  chamber  is 
a  head  (2  versions)  containing  a  shut-off  valve  (membrane 
or  piston  type);  a  tube  3  (other  end  plugged)  is  connected 
to  the  space  above  the  valve;  the  tube  is  filled  with  an 
inert  gas  under  sufficient  pressure  to  keep  the  shut-off 
valve  of  the  chamber  closed.  The  tube  also  serves  as 
a  detector;  it  is  made  of  a  fusible  material  (e.g.  nylon) 
and  is  laid  at  points  of  possible  fire.  When  a  fire  breaks 


iT 


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185 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 

out,  the  tube  melts,  disintegrates,  the  pressure  in  it  drops 
to  atmospheric,  and  the  extinguishing  Uquid  begins  to  flow 
from  the  chamber  through  the  pipeline  to  the  heads.  3 
drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

910.  Anon 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHER  CONSISTING  OF  AN  EXTIN- 
GUISHANT  TANK  FILLED  WITH  A  PRESSURIZED 
FIRE  EXTINGUISHANT 

Belgian  Patent  No.  754,896;  CI  A62C  23/00,  Appl  14  Aug 
1970,  Disci  5  Nov  1975,  Assignee:  A  Werner  and  Co 

This  improved  fire  extinguisher  has  a  pressurized  extin- 
guishant  in  the  housing  and  an  actuator  in  the  head  at- 
tached to  the  housing.  In  existing  appliances  of  this  type 
the  head  may  detach  from  the  housing  at  the  moment 
the  extinguisher  is  used.  It  is  proposed  that  the  head 
be  made  of  an  elastic  material  attached  to  the  housing 
by  a  special  collar,  which  increases  the  reliability  of  the 
coupling.  3  drawing  figs. 

911.  Bowman  DW,  Doetsch  RC,  Lemmer  FS  and  Zobel 
EC 

FLAME  PREVENTION  SYSTEM  FOR  FUEL  TANK 
FIRES 

US  Patent  No.  3,930,541;  CI  169/62,  (A62C  13/40),  Appl 
22  Oct  1974,  Disci  6  Jan  1976,  Assignee:  USA,  Secretary 
of  the  Army 

A  device  is  needed  to  rapidly  suppress  gasoline  fuel 
fires  which  are  started  as  a  result  of  the  rupture  of  milita- 
ry vehicle  fuel  tanks  by  armor-piercing  projectiles.  The 
present  invention  contemplates  a  fuel  fire  suppressing 
device  in  the  form  of  two  hollow  panels  pressurized  with 
a  fire-suppressant  substance,  such  as  Halon  1301;  the 
panels  are  located  in  the  path  that  an  enemy  projectile 
would  take  during  passage  through  the  fuel  tank.  The 
opening  formed  in  each  panel  by  the  projectile  permits 
automatic  discharge  of  the  pressurized  suppressant  onto 
the  fuel  escaping  from  the  tank.  2  claims,  5  drawing  figs. 
(Author) 


912.  Hay  OP 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS 

US  Patent  No.  3,949,812;  CI  169/61,  (A62C  37/06),  Appl 
12  Nov  1974,  Disci  13  Apr  1976 

A  fire  extinguishing  system  includes  a  container  of 
extinguishing  agent  and  a  valve  for  controlling  the 
discharge  of  the  extinguishing  agent.  The  discharge  control 
valve  is  opened  and  closed  by  a  pneumatic  cylinder 
operated  by  pressurized  gas  through  a  solenoid-actuated 
directional  control  valve.  The  solenoid  of  the  directional 
control  valve  is  coupled  with  a  pneumatic  timing  relay 
actuated  by  a  temperature  sensor.  With  this  arrangement, 
a  pre-determined  amount  of  extinguishing  agent  is 
discharged  from  the  container  and  delivered  to  the  hazard 
area  and  then  the  discharge  shut-off.  The  discharge  cycle 
is  repeated,  if  necessary,  until  the  fire  is  extinguished. 
The  system  is  then  automatically  reset  and  ready  to 
deliver  further  extinguishing  agent  on  demand.  The  system 
also  includes  manual  or  automatic  means  for  purging  the 
delivery  line  downstream  of  the  discharge  control  valve. 
14  claims,  3  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


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913.  Labes  WG 

EVALUATION       OF       FIRE       PROTECTION       SPRAY 
DEVICES:  THE  STATE  OF  THE  ART.  IIT  Res  Inst,  Fire 
Prot   and   Inf  Eng   Dept,   Chicago,   IL;   NBS   GCR-76-72, 
102  pages,  23  figs,  7  tables,  100  refs,  Jun  1976 
AvailabiUty:  NTIS 

This  report  represents  a  descriptive  review  of  the  state- 
of-the-art  on  spray  nozzle  characteristics,  drop-size  mea- 
surement, and  drop-size  distribution  and  spray  pattern 
analysis.  A  discussion  of  significant  information  gaps  is 
also  included.  A  list  of  references  supporting  these 
findings  has  been  prepared  and  appears  as  an  appendix 
to  this  report. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  evaluation  of  fire  protection 
spray  devices  must  be  updated  to  include  considerably 
more  than  the  volume  distribution  of  water  at  some  stan- 
dardized distance  below  the  deflector  of  a  sprinkler.  Since 
both  the  fire  environment  and  the  spray  structure  are 
three-dimensional  by  nature,  and,  as  these  opposing  forces 


86 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 


occur  simultaneously  in  real  fire  situations,  it  is  desirable 
to  understand  in  greater  detail  the  application  of  water 
to  fire  by  fire  protection  spray  devices.  (Author) 

914.  Nash  P  and  Young  RA 

SPRINKLER  SYSTEMS  FOR  SPECIAL  RISKS.  Building 
Res  Estab  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  BRE  CP-52-76,  7  pages, 
5  figs,  11  refs,  Jul  1976 

This  article  describes  and  discusses  those  risks  not 
covered  by  existing  rules  and  codes  for  sprinkler  systems 
and  the  methods  being  used  to  protect  them.  The  special 
risks  are  aircraft  maintenance  hangars,  computer  suites, 
cold  storage  plants,  paper  storage  facihties,  carpet 
warehouses,  and  offshore  drilling  platforms  and  terminals. 
The  article  is  reprinted  from  Fire  Surveyor,  1975,  4(6) :  23- 
31.  (Author) 

915.  Young  RA  and  Nash  P 

THE  TESTING  OF  SPRINKLER  INSTALLATIONS.  Build 
ing   Res   Estab   (UK),    Fire    Res   Station;    BRE   CP-77-75, 
9  pages,  7  figs,  3  tables,  4  refs   Aug  1975 

Sprinkler  systems  are  designed  to  provide  automatic  de- 
tection and  control  of  fire  in  a  wide  range  of  occupancies. 
They  are  required  to  operate  satisfactorily  at  any  time 
in  their  life,  which  for  some  systems  already  exceeds 
75  years.  If  they  are  to  meet  this  requirement,  the  system 
components  must  be  manufactured  to  the  highest  stan- 
dards. Approval  tests  are  devised  to  ensure  that  any  faults 
in  design,  materials,  or  workmanship  are  detected  and 
rectified  before  the  components  are  installed.  Subsequent 
installation  tests  indicate  that  systems  are  operational  and 
regular  maintenance  ensures  that  initial  high  standards 
were  kept  throughout  the  life  of  the  system.  This  article 
deals  with  the  testing  of  some  sprinkler  system  com- 
ponents to  the  requirements  of  the  Fire  Offices'  Commit- 
tee (UK)  installation  tests  and  maintenance  procedures. 
(Author) 

916.  Young  RA  and  Corrie  JG 

THE  PERFORMANCE  OF  A  FOAM-SPRINKLER  IN- 
STALLATION ON  SIMULATED  OIL  RIG  FIRES.  Build- 
ing Res  Estab  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  BRE  CP-98-75, 
14  pages,  17  figs,  6  tables,  Nov  1975 

The  experiments  described  in  this  paper  were  made  with 
the  object  of  finding  the  effectiveness  of  a  foam  sprinkler 
installation  against  typical  oil-spillage  fires  which  might 
occur  in  a  module  of  a  North  Sea  oil  platform.  The 
module  for  which  the  fire  protection  was  being  considered 
was  one  through  which  crude  oil  would  flow  through  an 
array  of  pipes.  The  actual  module  is  45  m  in  length, 
12  m  in  width,  and  9  m  in  height,  with  open  ends  and 
steel-clad  walls  and  roof.  The  fire  extinction  system  within 
the  module  would  be  actuated  by  fire  detectors,  and  the 
flow  of  crude  oil  through  the  pipes  would  be  shut  down 
automatically.  In  addition  to  the  foam  installation,  fire 
extinguishers  containing  BCF  and  dry  powder  would  be 
available. 

The  experiments  were  designed  to  simulate,  in  a 
reproducible  way  and  within  the  facilities  of  the  Joint 
Fire  Research  Organisation,  the  type  of  fire  which  would 
occur  in  an  oil  rig  due  to  a  leaking  flange  joint.  This 
would  be   most  likely    to   result  in   a   spill  fir-    together 


with    a   running   fuel    fire   from    the    residual   oil    in   the 
pipework. 
The  two  main  objectives  were: 

(1)  To  assess  the  effectiveness  of  the  foam  sprinkler 
installation  against  unobstructed  and  running  fuel  fires, 
and 

(2)  to  compare  the  performance  of  two  different  foam 
liquids  on  this  type  of  fire.  (Author) 

917.  Benson  SP  and  Corrie  JG 

A     50     LITRE     PER      MINUTE     STANDARD     FOAM 

BRANCHPIPE.  Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices' 
Committee  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1045, 
29  pages,  19  figs,  2  tables,  6  refs,  Jan  1976 

(J  onstruction  details  of  a  50  liter  per  minute  foam 
branchpipe  are  given.  The  foam  properties  using  protem 
foam  liquid  at  various  concentrations  and  pressures, 
together  with  properties  using  a  range  of  foam  liquids 
in  common  use,  have  been  determined.  A  method  for 
defining  the  performance  of  a  branchpipe  which  could 
be  used  in  specifications  is  also  iUustrated.  (Author) 

918.  Haney  JT 

HILL  AFB  PROTOTYPE  SMOKE  ABATEMENT  SYSTEM 
FOR    CRASH/RESCUE    TRAINING    FIRES.    Air    Force 
Weapons  Lab,   Kirtland  AF,   NM;  AFWL  TR-74-126,  27 
pages,  Apr  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  AD-A024  763/5GA 

The  first  large-scale  water  spray  injection  smoke  abate- 
ment system  for  open  burning  JP-4  fires,  which  was 
developed  by  the  Air  Fierce  Weapons  Laboratory,  is 
described.  The  system  was  tested  in  the  75-foot  diameter 
crash/rescue  training  fire  pits  at  Hill  AFB,  Utah.  Signifi- 
cant reduction  in  visible  smoke  emissions  was  achieved 
without  major  adverse  impact  on  the  realism  of  training. 
Details  of  design  are  given.  The  effects  of  various  system 
design  and  operating  parameters  are  discussed. 

919.  Laustsen  R  and  Bristow  R 

EVALUATION   OF   FUEL   FOG   INERTING   CONCEPTS 
(FINAL  REPORT).  Boeing  Commercial  Airplane  Co,  Seat- 
tle, WA;  USAAMRDL  TR-74-13,  48  pages,  Apr  1974 
Availability:  NTIS  AD-919  346/7GA 

This  report  describes  the  theory  and  results  of  testing 
conducted  to  determine  the  feasibility  of  using  condensate- 
formed  fuel  fog  for  inerting  fuel  tanks.  The  tests  were 
performed  in  such  a  manner  that  the  temperatures  of  the 
ullage  space  and  one  or  two  spray  nozzles  could  be  varied 
independently.  A  combination  of  spray  temperatures  and 
nozzle  types  was  found  that  provided  inerting  over  the 
complete  range  of  ullage-space  temperatures  tested 
(-t-60°F  to  155°  F).  Further  findings  for  the  6-cubic-foot 
ullage  space  (over  liquid  JP-4  fuel)  were  that  1.0-gph  noz- 
zles were  sufficient  but  0.4-gph  nozzles  were  not,  neither 
single  hot  nor  single  cold  nozzles  were  sufficient,  and 
inerting  would  not  occur  for  all  ullage  conditions  except 
when  both  hot  and  cold  nozzles  were  used.  It  was  found 
that  the  hot  and  cold  spray  temperature  differentials  could 
each  be  at  least  as  low  as  5°F.  In  addition,  a  fuel  fogging 
preliminary  design  for  the  AH-IG  Cobra  helicopter  is  in- 
cluded. (Author) 


187 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


5.  FIRE  PROTECTION  PRINCIPLES 

h.  Suppression  Devices  and  Equipment — Continued 

920.  Alger  RS,  Laughridge  FI,  Wiltshire  LL,  McKee  RG 
and  Johnson  WH 

AIRCRAFT  GROUND  FIRE  SUPPRESSION  AND 
RESCUE  SYSTEMS:  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  KINE- 
MATIC JET  FUEL  FIRES  CASCADING  AND  ROD  FUEL 
GEOMETRIES  (FINAL  REPORT).  Wright-Patterson  AFB, 
DoD  Aircraft  Ground  Fire  Suppression  and  Rescue  Office, 
OH;  DoD  AGFSRS-76-3,  81  pages,  Mar  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  AD-A024  447/5GA 

Based  on  a  survey  of  kinematic  fuel  fires  in  aircraft 
accidents,  two  types,  i.e.,  cascade  and  rod  fuel  flows, 
were  selected  for  theoretical  and  experimental  examina- 
tion. The  twofold  objective  was:  (1)  relate  fire  charac- 
teristics such  as  burning  rate,  radiation  field,  and  flame 
size  to  the  fuel  parameters,  the  flowing  conditions,  and 
the  environment,  and  (2)  determine  the  parameters  and 
their  degree  of  control  required  to  achieve  reproducible 
fires  suitable  for  testing  extinguishing  agents,  equipment, 
and  techniques.  Theoretical  models  based  on  steady, 
laminar,  one-dimensional  flow  were  developed. 


6.  FIRE  SAFETY 

a.  AGRICULTURE  AND  WILDLANDS 

[For  more  complete  coverage  of  the  forest  fire  litera- 
ture  see  Forest  Fire  Control  Abstracts  (Canada).] 

921.  Vereskunov  V 

NEW   FIRE   SAFETY    REGULATIONS   FOR   AGRICUL- 
TURAL ENTERPRISES 

Pozhar  delo;  (6):18-19,  1976  (Russian) 

The  Ministry  of  Internal  Affairs  of  the  USSR  has  issued 
new  standard  fire  safety  regulations  for  agricultural  enter- 
prises, such  as  collective  and  state  farms,  demonstration, 
secondary  and  experimental  farms,  and  others.  Many  of 
the  regulations  are  similar  to  those  for  the  same  facilities 
in  an  urban  environment;  others  are  tailored  to  the  specific 
agricultural  needs.  The  new  regulations  are  discussed  in 
detail. 

922.  Butler  CP 

THE  URBAN/WILDLAND  FIRE  INTERFACE,  PART  I 

Fireline;   5-8,  June  1976 

The  author  defines  the  urban/wildland  fire  problem 
primarily  as  it  applies  to  the  canyon  and  hill  dwellers 
of  California  suburban  areas.  1  photo,  12  refs. 

b.  COMMERCIAL  OCCUPANCIES 

923.  Borghini-Baldovinetti  G 

FIRE  PROTECTION  IN  HIGH  RACK  WAREHOUSES 

Antincendio  protez  civ;  27(10): 764-765,  1975  (Italian) 

The  problems  of  sprinkler  protection  of  high-rack 
warehouses  are  examined.  Attention  is  drawn  to  the 
specific  features  of  mechanized  storage  of  materials  with 
racks  higher  than  8m,  which  governs  the  special  require- 
ments on  the  layout  of  pipe  networks  and  on  the  selection 
of  technical  properties  of  the  sprinklers  (melting  point, 
sprinkler  discharge  rate,  etc).  In  view  of  the  high  specific 


load  of  combustible  materials  and  the  difficulty  of  sup- 
pressing fires  inside  the  racks,  the  planned  fire  suppres- 
sion time  must  be  set  higher  than  2  hours.  Pre-action 
sprinkler  systems  are  recommended  for  warehouse  areas 
where  positive  temperatures  cannot  be  guaranteed  in  cold 
weather.  (RZh) 

924.  Gripas  S 

INCREASING  THE  FIRE  SAFETY  OF  COMMERCIAL 
ENTERPRISES 

Pozhar  delo;  (3):27,  1976  (Russian) 

The  increase  in  area,  height  as  well  as  display  density 
of  modem  department  stores  and  the  complexity  of  floor 
space  arrangement  have  created  special  fire  hazards,  par- 
ticularly with  regard  to  evacuation  problems.  The  deficien- 
cies of  the  existing  fire  safety  code  in  this  regard  are 
pointed  out,  with  particular  attention  to  escape  routes  and 
evacuation. 

c.  ELECTR8CAL 

925.  Vasil'ev  A  ""'  '' 
FIXED  SYSTEMS  FOR  PROTECTING  CABLE  ENCLO- 
SURES USING  WATER  MISTS  . 

Poz/iar  flfe/o;  (l):24-25,  1976  (Russian) 

Fires  in  cable  enclosures  are  usually  extinguished  with 
mechanical  foam,  chemical  compounds  and  water  sprays, 
but  the  last  method  is  not  widespread  or  well  studied. 
Tests  carried  out  by  the  Lvov  Power  Commission  (USSR) 
and  other  power  agencies  of  the  USSR  in  accordance 
with  a  program  approved  by  the  AU-Union  Fire  Protection 
Research  Institute  indicate  that  water  mist  extinguishment 
of  fires  in  cable  enclosures  using  fixed  drencher  systems 
is  highly  effective  and  promising.  A  diagram  of  a  fixed 
system  and  the  results  of  hydraulic  and  fire  tests  are 
presented.  5  figs,  1  table. 

926.  Bikmukhametov  KKh 

THE  QUALITY  OF  DESIGN  OF  ELECTRICAL  SYSTEMS 
IN  INDUSTRIES  WITH  EXPLOSION  AND  FIRE 
HAZARDS 

Prom  energ;  (3):19-20,  1976  (Russian)  '       •  ; 

Some  deficiencies  in  the  design  of  electrical  systems 
for  industries  with  explosion  and  fire  hazards  are  ex- 
amined. It  is  concluded  that  a  radical  improvement  in 
the  quality  of  design  must  be  made.  4  refs.  (RZh) 

927.  Belau  G,  Thieme  H  and  Feldt  B  !=■,. 
FIRE  PROTECTION  IN  CABLE  SYSTEMS 

Vnser  Brandschutz;  26(3):30-31,  1976  (German) 

As  a  result  of  analysis  of  cable  fires  in  industrial 
estabHshments  and  power  plants  a  number  of  effective 
fire  protection  measures  have  been  developed  and  in- 
troduced recently.  The  subject  of  this  article  is  modem 
fire  protection  and  firefighting  steps  to  be  taken  in  the 
extensive  cable  systems  of  a  power  plant  in  the  GDR, 
such  as  effective  fire  compartmentation,  fire  alarm 
systems,  and  fixed  extinguishing  systems  (water  spray 
devices)  in  the  walk-in  cable  passages,  and  laying  cables 
in  sand  beds  as  an  economically  preferable  measure  com- 
pared to  laying  cables  on  trays.  7  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0871) 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


6.  FIRE  SAFETY 

c.  Electrical— Continued 

928.  Kaufman  S  and  Landreth  CA 

DEVELOPMENT   OF   IMPROVED   FLAME   RESISTANT 
INTERIOR  WIRING  CABLES 

International  Wire  and  Cable  Symp,  24th,  Proc;  1975,  Nov 

18-20,  Cherry  Hill,  NJ,  pages  9-14 

Sponsor:   US   Army   Electron  Command,   Ft  Monmouth, 

NJ 

Availability:  NTIS  AD-A017  787/3GA 

A  PVC  flexible  jacket  compound  with  an  oxygen  index 
of  32%  has  been  developed  without  sacrificing  good  low 
temperature  brittleness  properties.  The  high  oxygen  index 
was  achieved  by  minimizing  the  plasticizer  level  and  sub- 
stituting fine  particle  size  hydrated  alumina  as  a 
filter/flame-retardant  for  the  inert  filler,  calcium  car- 
bonate. 1  ref.  (Author) 

929.  Matsubara  H,  Matsunaga  C,  Inoue  A  and  Yasuda 
N 

DEVELOPMENT    OF    NEW    FIREPROOF    WIRE    AND 
CABLE 

International  Wire  and  Cable  Symp,  24th,  Proc;  1975,  Nov 
18-20,  Cherry  Hill,  NJ,  pages  15-25 
AvaQability:  NTIS  AD-A017  787/3GA 
Sponsor:    U.    S.   Army   Electron   Command,   Fort   Mon- 
mouth, NJ 

Design  data  for  low-voltage  fireproof  cables  as  well  as 
high-voltage  cables  are  given.  The  heat  resistance  layer 
is  made  of  asbestos  fibers.  Test  data  with  various  tem- 
peratures and  exposure  times  are  also  given.  9  refs. 
(Author) 

d.  INDUSTRIAL  OCCUPANCIES 

930.  Anon 

PLANT  MANAGEMENT  AND  FIRE  SAFETY 

Face  au  Risque;  (119):25-36,  1976  (French) 

A  round-table  discussion  was  held  on  the  topic 
"management,  its  tasks  with  respect  to  fire  risks,  inspec- 
tion, investigation,  checking"  and  another  discussion  on 
the  topic  "maintaining  fire  safety  when  structural  changes 
are  made."  Discussed  in  particular  were:  new  places  of 
employment,  maintenance  of  infrastructure  and  production 
means,  transportation,  construction  problems,  personnel 
problems,  fire-protection  foresight,  fire  prevention  and  in- 
surance problems.  The  topics  under  discussion  are  sum- 
marized. (Fachdok  12/0706) 

931.  Anderson  J 

NORTH  SEA  OIL  PROJECT  BRINGS  ON-SHORE  NEED 
FOR  FIRE  PROTECTION 

Fire  Internal;  5(53):87-92,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

This  article  is  the  same  as  that  published  by  the  same 
author  in  Fire,  Vol  69,  No.  855,  pp.  189-190,  1976. 
(Consult  the  source  index  for  the  appropriate  abstract). 
1  photo. 

932.  Anon 

FIRE     TRAINING      CENTRE      PROJECT      FOR      THE 
OFFSHORE  OIL  INDUSTRY 

Fire  Internal;  5(53):53-56,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 


In  view  of  the  expansion  of  underwater  oil  exploration 
and  exploitation,  proposals  are  being  formulated  to  build 
a  fire  training  center,  primarily  for  the  offshore  oil  indus- 
try, on  a  16-acre  site  in  Montrose,  Scotland.  It  is  an- 
ticipated that  about  1000  trainees  a  year  will  take  a  basic 
four-day  elementary  fire  training  course,  with  a  lesser 
number  of  supervisory  personnel  attending  for  additional, 
more  advanced  training.  The  facilities,  training  methods, 
and  aids  are  described.  The  scheme  is  sponsored  by  the 
major  oil  companies  operating  in  United  Kingdom  centers. 
1  fig. 

933.  Anderson  J 

THE  FORTIES  OIL  FIELD  AND  ITS  ASSOCIATED  PRO- 
JECTS 

Fire;  69(855):  189-190,  1976 

The  provision  of  fire  protection  facilities  for  the 
offshore  and  onshore  oil  extraction  and  production  instal- 
lations of  the  BP  Forties  Field  (UK),  which  lies  105  miles 
off  the  Scottish  coast  in  the  North  Sea,  is  described. 
The  entire  complex  consists  of  four  platforms,  a  170- 
km  submarine  pipeline,  a  210-km  buried  landpipe,  a 
refinery,  and  a  loading  terminal  on  the  Firth  of  Forth. 
1  photo. 

934.  Anon 

HOW  THE  BBC  ORGANIZES  FIRE  PREVENTION 

Fire  Prev;  (115):13-16,  1976  (English;  French  and  German 
summaries) 

Live  broadcasting  in  the  presence  of  studio  audiences 
and  the  use  of  highly  technical  equipment  are  two  of 
the  complications  faced  by  the  BBC  fire  prevention  team, 
including  more  than  90  full-time  firemen.  A  combination 
of  thorough  planning,  well-trained  staff  and  clearly-defined 
procedures  helps  overcome  such  problems  in  the  radio 
and  TV  studios.  7  photos.  (Author) 

935.  Anon 

FIGHTING  FIRE  WITH  FOAM 

Ind  Eng;  8(6):44-45,  1976 

To  protect  its  huge  truck  assembly  plant  from  fire,  the 
Ford  Motor  Company  employs  a  three-pronged  system 
of  automatic  detection  and  extinguishing  systems,  portable 
extinguishing  equipment,  and  a  well-organized  round-the- 
clock  fire  brigade.  The  basic  design  of  the  plant  included 
fire  walls,  fire  doors,  sprinkler  systems  with  fusible  plugs, 
water  tanks,  special  foaming  paints  for  shelving,  and  other 
installations.  2  photos.  (Author) 

936.  Mosbacher  CJ 

FIRE  -  CAN  YOU  PUT  IT  OUT? 

RID;  27(10):18-21,  1976 

This  article  presents  some  basic  information  on  fire- 
extinguishing  apparatus  and  standards  it  must  meet,  tells 
where  to  get  more  information,  and  describes  one  extin- 
guishing agent  (Halon  1301)  to  illustrate  how  detailed  anal- 
ysis is  needed  in  choosing  a  fire  protection  system.  13 
photos. 

937.  Zuber  K 

LNG  FACILITIES  -  ENGINEERED  FIRE  PROTECTION 
SYSTEMS 

Fire  Technol;  12(l):41-48,  1976 


189 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


6.  FIRE  SAFETY 

d.  Industrial  Occupancies- 


Continued 


In  various  types  of  LNG  processing,  storage,  and 
transfer  facilities,  consideration  must  be  given  to  vapor 
dispersion  control,  fire  control,  exposure  control,  and 
extinguishment.  Tests  conducted  with  LNG  spill  fires  in- 
dicate that  high-expansion  foam  facilitates  vapor  dispersal 
by  warming  the  vapors,  making  them  more  buoyant. 
High-expansion  foam  was  shown  to  be  more  efficient  than 
water  curtains  and  water  spray  in  reducing  radiant  heat 
flux  reaching  exposures.  Dry  chemicals  were  most  effec- 
tive in  extinguishing  test  fires  following  the  application 
of  a  controlling  layer  of  high  expansion  foam.  A  foam 
expansion  ratio  of  500:1  seemed  to  be  the  most  satisfacto- 
ry. In  designing  automatic  fixed  dry  chemical  systems, 
care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  disturbing  the  surface  of 
the  LNG,  which  can  result  in  increased  burning  rate. 
Manual  application  requires  well-trained  personnel  and  the 
proper  deployment  of  equipment  of  suitable  capacity  to 
cope  with  the  hazard.  4  figs.  (Author) 

938.  Huber  E 

IN-PLANT  FIRE  PROTECTION 

Sichere  Arb;  29(2):12-13,  1976  (German) 

The  steps  required  for  fire  prevention  (with  emphasis 
on  organizational  steps)  and  for  fire  protection  (fire  detec- 
tion points,  alarm  system,  internal  traffic  control  service, 
supply  of  water  and  extinguishants,  training  exercises)  are 
discussed  in  accordance  with  the  aims  of  in-plant  fire 
protection.  The  final  section  reports  on  how  fire  protec- 
tion is  organized  in  plants  with  and  without  fire  brigades. 
The  article  is  an  abbreviated  version  of  a  paper  presented 
at  the  63rd  Conference  of  the  Safety-Engineering  Working 
Committee  in  Salzburg  (Austria).  (Fachdok  12/0836) 

e.  INSTITUTIONAL  OCCUPANCIES 

f.  MINING 

[For  more  complete  coverage  of  the  mining  literature 
see  SMRE  Safety  in  Mines  Abstracts  (UK).] 

939.  Kocherga  NG 

THE  POSSIBILITY  OF  USING  MECHANICAL  FOAM  TO 
PREVENT  FRICTION-SPARK  IGNITION  OF  METHANE 
WHILE  OPERATING  MINING  MACHINES 

Bezop  ekspluat  elektromekh  oborud  v  shakhtakh;  (7):35- 
38,1975  (Russian) 

Methods  and  the  results  of  research  into  the  possibility 
of  using  foam  to  prevent  the  ignition  of  methane  by  fric- 
tion sparks  generated  by  the  teeth  of  mining  machines 
as  they  rub  against  solid  ores  are  presented.  It  is  shown 
that  foam  based  on  a  6%  methane-air  mixture  can  explode 
and  ignite  owing  to  friction  sparking.  Because  of  the  low 
fluidity  and  lightness  of  foam,  it  is  difficult  to  provide 
for  continuous  delivery  to  the  zone  of  contact  between 
the  teeth  and  the  mass  of  ore.  Consequently,  it  is  difficult 
to  rule  out  or  appreciably  reduce  the  possibility  of 
methane  ignition  by  friction  sparks  in  a  contact  zone. 
(RZh) 


940.  Kolosyuk  VP 

THE  ROLE  OF  PROTECTION  AGAINST  GROUND  CUR- 
RENT LEAKAGE  IN  REDUCING  THE  HAZARD  OF 
ELECTRICAL  SHOCK  AND  FIRE  IN  MINES 

Bezop  ekspluat  elektromekh  oborud  v  shakhtakh;  (7):67- 
72,  1975  (Russian) 

Formulas  are  given  for  determining  the  reduction  in 
probability  of  injury  by  electrical  current  and  fire  while 
using  a  system  for  protection  against  ground  current 
leakage.  It  is  shown  that  introduction  of  the  existing  ap- 
paratus for  leakage  protection  has  made  it  possible  to 
reduce  this  hazard  by  a  factor  of  4.5.  The  probability 
of  injury  and  fire  can  be  further  reduced  by  increasing 
the  reliability,  using  self-supervisory  circuits  and  providing 
for  standby  protective  ground  current  leakage  equipment. 
(RZh)  1  fig,  2  refs. 

941.  Anon 

FIGHTING  GAS,  SUDDEN  BLOWOUTS  AND  FIRES  IN 
COAL  MINES 

Tr  Vost  Nil  po  bezop  rabot  v  gorn  prom-sti;  (24):239, 
1975  (Russian) 

Problems  involved  in  predicting  sudden  blowouts  of  coal 
and  gas  from  the  nature  of  the  gas  emitted  from  drillholes, 
in  evaluating  the  effectiveness  of  methods  of  fighting 
blowouts  and  the  mechanism  of  unleashing  gasdynamic 
phenomena  in  thick  seams  during  preliminary  mining  work 
are  examined.  The  results  of  studies  aimed  at  evaluating 
methods  of  measuring  gas  pressure  and  the  degree  of 
degassing  of  seams  with  blowout  hazards,  and  the 
development  of  a  new  method  of  preventing  blowouts 
when  opening  seams  based  on  the  mechanical-hydraulic 
effect  are  presented.  Also  discussed  are  the  results  of 
improving  ways  and  means  of  predicting  endogenic  fires 
and  of  monitoring  the  temperature  and  gas  composition 
in  the  worked-out  space  of  prevention  and  fire  sections. 
(RZh) 

942.  Reid  GR,  Stockwell  DL  and  Plog  RJ 
DEVELOPMENT  OF  AN  AUTOMATIC  FIRE  PROTEC- 
TION SYSTEM  FOR  MOBILE  UNDERGROUND  METAL 
MINING  EQUIPMENT.  Ansul  Co,  Marinette,  WI;  BuMines 
OFR-81-76,  153  pages,  Dec  1975 

Availability:  NTIS  PB-254  851/9GA 

The  contract  objective  is  the  development  of  an  Auto- 
matic Fire  Control  System  for  Mobile  Underground- Metal 
Mining  Equipment.  The  Phase  I  Report,  which  described 
the  project  data  handling  plan,  was  published  on  July 
24,  1975.  The  Phase  II  effort  covered  the  period  from 
July  24  through  December  2  and  accomphshed  the  follow- 
ing objectives:  Acquisition  of  data  in  accordance  with 
the  project  data  handling  plan;  Analysis  of  accumulated 
data;  and.  Development  of  the  AFCS  design  concept.  By 
using  the  data  analysis  results  and  considering  the  state- 
of-the-art  of  fire  control  system  components,  a  recom- 
mended design  concept  was  developed  with  particular 
emphasis  placed  on  the  need  for  a  low  cost  and  reliable 
system.  Design  trade-off  studies  are  provided  for  the 
recommended  system  and  for  four  alternate  system  con- 
cepts. 


190 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


6.  FIRE  SAFETY 


g.  POWER  PLANTS 

943.  Belous  A  and  Zabelin  N 
PROTECTION  OF  POWER  PLANTS 

Pozhar  delo;  (2):26,  1976  (Russian) 

To  ensure  the  safety  of  power  plants,  a  number  of 
measures  have  been  taken  by  the  Power  Ministry  of  the 
USSR.  Automatic  fire  protection  systems  have  been  in- 
stalled in  installations  and  machine  assemblies  with  the 
greatest  fire  hazard.  Studies  have  been  made  on  the  use 
of  mobile  units  to  extinguish  fires  in  charged  electrical 
assemblies.  On  the  basis  of  these  studies,  a  set  of  fire- 
fighting  instructions  for  electrical  installations  in  power 
plants  has  been  issued.  The  provisions  of  this  set  of  in- 
structions are  described. 

944.  Anon 

NUCLEAR  SAFETY  CHARACTERIZATION  OF  SODIUM 
FIRES  AND  FAST  REACTION  FISSION  PRODUCTS. 
QUARTERLY  TECHNICAL  PROGRESS  REPORT,  JULY- 
SEPTEMBER  1975.  Atomics  Internat  Div,  Canoga  Park, 
CA;  Al  ERDA-13161,  24  pages,  Nov  1975 
Availabihty:  NTIS 

Progress  is  reported  in  the  areas  of  sodium  jet  dispersal 
tests,  SOMIX  code  development,  aerosol  leakage,  fuel 
and  fission  product  release  from  burning  sodium,  and  pro- 
perties of  high-temperature  fuel  mixtures. 

h.  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS 

945.  Yamada  Y 

nRE  SAFETY  SYSTEM 

Ohm:  denki  zasshi;  62(1 3): 57-61,  1975  (Japanese) 

The  technical  description  is  given  of  a  fire  safety  system 
implemented  in  an  individual  project  in  a  public  building 
in  Tokyo.  The  system  is  automatic  and  consists  of  foam 
extinguishing  devices,  fire  detectors  and  a  sprinkler  net- 
work. A  special  feature  of  the  system  is  the  incorporation 
of  special  induction  microphone  sensors  located  in  enclo- 
sures, corridors  and  stairwells  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
trolling flows  of  people  in  the  building.  This  is  necessary 
to  prevent  panic  and  associated  negative  phenomena  in 
case  of  fire,  alarms,  etc.  Statistical  data  illustrating  the 
high  number  of  injuries  and  fatalities  during  fires  as  a 
result  of  panic  and  the  absence  of  proper  coordination 
in  the  evacuation  of  people  are  cited  as  backup  for  the 
development  and  introduction  of  such  systems.  The  opera- 
tion and  design  principles  of  the  control  panel  of  such 
systems  are  given.  6  figs,  1  table.  (RZh) 

\.  RESIDENTIAL  OCCUPANCIES 

946.  Harper  K 

A  THREE-POINT  PLAN  FOR  HOME  FIRE  SAFETY 

F/re;  69(854):  11 9- 122,  1976 

The  author,  recipient  of  a  Winston  Churchill  Traveling 
Fellowship,  traveled  around  America  and  Canada  for 
two-and-a-half  months  to  study  ways  to  reduce  deaths 
and  accidents  caused  by  fires  in  homes.  On  the  basis 
of  his  experience,  the  author  discusses  the  three  points 
he  proposes  as  a  program  of  public  fire  safety:  (1)  child 
education  in  schools;  (2)  dwelling  inspections;  and  (3)  use 


of  the  media  for  direct  education  of  the  public,  especially 
television.  3  figs. 

j.  TRANSPORTATION  (Air,  Rail,  Road,  Water) 

947.  Seray  J 

FIRE    PREVENTION    AND    PROTECTION    ON    BOARD 
SHIPS  UNDER  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR 

Nav,  ports,  chant;  (302): 489-494,  1975  (French) 

A  member  of  the  Marine  Fire  Battahon  of  Marseille 
points  out  the  special  features  of  ship  fire  hazards,  which 
are  different  from  the  fire  hazard  factors  of  land  installa- 
tions. A  brief  description  is  given  of  the  structural  charac- 
teristics of  ships  and  of  the  cargoes  they  carry;  potential 
fire  sources  are  discussed.  Fire  prevention  measures  and 
fire -fighting  means  are  examined.  The  regulations  which 
must  be  adhered  to  in  oil  tankers  and  ships  transporting 
liquified  gas  are  listed.  The  text  of  a  regulation  dated 
July  18,  1958,  on  the  precautionary  measures  to  be  ob- 
served on  ships  containing  these  cargoes  is  given  as  an 
appendix.  6  figs.  (RZh) 

948.  Watters  P 

FIRE  PREVENTION  IN  SHIPS  UNDER  CONSTRUCTION 
AND  REPAIR 

Fire  Internat;  5(52):23-27,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

Steps  to  be  taken  to  prevent  fires  in  ships  under  repair 
and  construction  are  enumerated  and  discussed.  Of  par- 
ticular importance  is  liaison  with  local  fire  brigades  to 
ensure  that  vital  services  and  access  to  all  compartments 
are  maintained.  2  photos. 

949.  Watanabe  H 

STEPS   TO   PREVENT   TRAIN   FIRES   AND   TRAINING 
OF  SERVICE  PERSONNEL 

Diteru;  (274): 36-43,  1975  (Japanese) 

An  analysis  is  made  of  the  organizational  and  technical 
measures  developed  and  implemented  after  a  major  train 
fire  in  the  Hokushiku  railway  tunnel,  which  occurred  in 
1972,  resulting  in  30  fatahties  and  varying  degrees  of  inju- 
ry to  714  passengers.  The  technical  aspects  of  these  mea- 
sures were  aimed  at  eliminating  defects  in  the  design  of 
sleeping  cars  (from  the  fire-safety  viewpoint),  as  well  as 
at  improving  and  increasing  the  effectiveness  of  automatic 
and  manual  suppression  devices.  The  organizational 
aspects  relate  to  fire  training  of  train  personnel.  The  regu- 
lations and  the  content  of  theoretical  and  practical  training 
exercises,  instruction  methods,  examinations  and  different 
kinds  of  tests  are  described.  Potential  variants  and  situa- 
tions connected  with  the  outbreak  of  fire  in  trains  are 
illustrated  and  discussed,  as  are  appropriate  optimal 
methods  of  extinguishing  such  fires,  evacuating  anc  rescu- 
ing passengers  (including  rendering  various  kiiids  of 
assistance).  2  figs.  (RZh) 

950.  Kourtides  DA,  Parker  JA,  Hilado  CJ,  Anderson  RA, 
Tustin  E,  Arnold  DB,  Gaame  JG,  Binding  AT  and 
^^ilccslc^  JT 

FIRE  SAFETY  EVALUATION  OF  AIRCRAFT  LAVATO- 
RY AND  CARGO  COMPARTMENTS 
J  Fire  Flammability;  7(1):125-159,  1976 


191 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


6.  FIRE  SAFETY 

j.  Transportation  (Air,  Rail,  Road,  Water) — Continued 

A  program  of  experimental  fires  has  been  carried  out 
to  evaluate  containment  of  fire  in  aircraft  interior  spaces 
such  as  lavatories  and  cargo  compartments  of  wide-body 
jet  aircraft.  The  objective  of  the  program  was  to  assess 
fire  containment  and  other  fire  hazards  by  evaluation  of 
ignition  time,  bum-through  time,  fire  spread  rate,  smoke 
density,  evolution  of  selected  combustible  and  toxic  gases, 
heat  flux,  and  detector  response.  This  information  was 
intended  to  establish  baseUne  data  upon  which  improve- 
ments in  fire  safety  for  aircraft  interiors  could  be 
designed.  Two  tests  were  conducted:  one  involving  a  stan- 
dard Boeing  747  lavatory  and  one  involving  a  simulated 
DC-10  cargo  compartment.  Results  are  examined.  30  figs, 
6  tables,  10  refs.  (Author) 

951.  Hiroshige  I 

THE  RESULTS  OF  THE  WORK  OF  THE  TECHNICAL 

COMMISSION    ON    FIGHTING    FIRES    IN    RAILROAD 

TRANSPORTATION 

Sharyo  to  denki;  26(7):30-32,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  further  analysis  is  made  of  the  causes,  circumstances 
of  break-out,  nature  and  consequences  of  fires  in  trains 
on  the  basis  of  the  results  of  an  examination  of  fires 
occurring  in  Japan  in  1973-1974  and  of  the  results  of  fire 
tests  of  trains  that  have  been  carried  out  almost  continu- 
ously in  Japan  in  the  last  three  years.  Some  features 
of  the  design  of  NAHA-20  sleeper  cars  that  may  influence 
the  probability  of  fire  ignition  and  the  possibility  of  fire 
suppression  in  these  cars  are  discussed.  In  the  design 
of  the  cars,  an  essentially  new  method  of  rapid  smoke 
removal  during  fires  has  been  implemented,  as  has  flame 
suppression  by  knocking  it  down  with  a  powerful  jet  of 
air.  For  this  purpose  the  upper  end  portion  of  the  cars 
has  been  provided  with  air  intakes  of  large  inlet  area 
(0.2m2)  and  air  ducts  of  approximately  the  same  cross- 
sectional  area  (0.1 5m^,  giving  the  air  supply  system  a 
high  throughput.  NAHA-20  sleepers  are  designed  for  high- 
speed express  trains  with  a  normal  running  speed  of 
120-190  km/hr.  When  the  air  intake  is  opened  (in  case 
of  fire)  at  such  speeds,  therefore,  an  aerodynamic  shock 
of  comparatively  high  intensity  arises  in  the  corridor,  suf- 
ficient to  knock  down  the  flame  and  remove  the  smoke 
almost  instantaneously.  In  this  case  the  air  passes  only 
through  the  corridor.  When  this  system  is  used,  rigid 
requirements  are  imposed  on  the  closed  radio-telephone 
emergency  warning  system,  because  it  must  be  used  to 
inform  and  prepare  the  passengers  for  the  aerodynamic 
shock.  An  appreciable  deficiency  is  that  if  the  train  speed 
is  inadequate,  the  amplitude  of  the  air  wave  will  not  be 
great  enough  to  extinguish  the  flame.  In  fact,  the  reverse 
effect  occurs  and  the  fire  will  be  intensified  as  a  resuh 
of  the  powerful  addition  of  air.  Fire  tests  of  NAHA- 
20  cars  carried  out  in  June-August  1974  and  also  in 
April-June  1975  showed  that  this  system  will  be  highly 
effective  and  reliable  only  at  speeds  greater  than  160 
km/hr,  and  not  120  km/hr,  as  assumed  in  the  system 
design  stage.  Normally  the  air  intake  cone  is  closed  with 
a  streamlined  plastic  cowl.  In  case  of  fire  the  cowl  is 
stripped  off  by  means  of  a  simple  mechanical  device  with 
control  lever  in  the  car  vestibule.  Additional  fire  tests 
of  these  cars  are  planned  for  1975-1976  for  the  purpose 
of  determining  some  aspects  of  a  strategic  nature,  in  par- 
ticular, must  the  train  engineer  increase  the  speed  to  criti- 


cal (160  km/hr)  when  a  fire  breaks  out,  assuming  it  is 
less  than  that,  or  stop  the  train  and  resort  to  ordinary 
extinguishing  methods.  Also  to  be  tested  are  various  ver- 
sions of  system  design,  in  particular  with  a  greater  air- 
intake  area  and  greater  throughput.  If  a  positive  solution 
to  these  and  several  other  perplexing  problems  is  obtained 
from  the  test  results,  recommendations  will  be  made  for 
widespread  introduction  of  this  method  in  various  types 
of  high-speed  trains.  2  tables.  (RZh) 

952.  Anderson  RA,  Price  JO,  McClure  AH  and  Tustin 
EA 

EVALUATION  OF  MATERIALS  AND  CONCEPTS  FOR 
AIRCRAFT  FIRE  PROTECTION.  Boeing  Commercial  Air- 
plane Co,  Seattle,  WA;  NASA  CR-137838,  D6-42614,  38 
pages,  Apr  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  N76-22330/4GA 

Woven  fiberglass  fluted-core  aircraft  interior  panels 
were  flame  tested  and  structurally  evaluated  against  the 
Boeing  747  present  baseline  interior  panels.  The  NASA- 
defined  panels,  though  inferior  on  a  strength-to-weight 
basis,  showed  better  structural  integrity  after  flame  testing 
due  to  the  woven  fiberglass  structure.  (Author) 

953.  Arnold  DB,  Bumside  JV  and  Hajari  JV 
DEVELOPMENT  OF  LIGHTWEIGHT  FIRE  RETAR- 
DANT,  LOW-SMOKE,  HIGH-STRENGTH,  THERMALLY 
STABLE  AIRCRAFT  FLOOR  PANELING  (FINAL  RE- 
PORT). Boeing  Commercial  Airplane  Co,  Seattle,  WA; 
NASA  CR-147750,  74  pages,  Apr  1976 

Availability:  NTIS  N76-24365/8GA 

Fire-resistance  mechanical-property  tests  were  con- 
ducted on  sandwich  configurations  composed  of  resin- 
fiberglass  laminates  bonded  with  adhesives  to  Nomex 
honeycomb  core.  The  test  results  were  compared  to 
proposed  and  current  requirements  for  aircraft  floor  panel 
applications  to  demonstrate  that  the  fire  safety  of  the 
airplane  could  be  improved  without  sacrificing  mechanical 
performance  of  the  aircraft  floor  panels.  (Author) 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND 
FACILITIES 

a.  ADMINISTRATION,  ORGANIZATION  AND 
MANAGEMENT 

954.  Bahme  CW 

FIRE  SERVICE  AND  THE  LAW 

Nat  Fire  Prot  Assoc,  Boston,  MA;  270  pages,  1976 

This  recently  published  book  is  a  practical,  comprehen- 
sive, up-to-date  legal  guide  for  members  of  the  fire  ser- 
vice, city  attorneys,  and  other  legal  advisers.  It  is  a  suc- 
cessor to  the  Fireman's  Law  Book  (1967),  with  reference 
to  recent  court  ruHngs  on  legal  questions  appUcable  to 
firefighters  and  fire  departments,  plus  helpful  guidance 
in  applying  these  principles.  Modern  judicial  and  adminis- 
trative thinking  on  legal  matters  affecting  the  fire  service 
with  new  information  on  volunteer  fire-fighting  organiza- 
tions and  fire  protection  districts  is  reviewed.  The  chap- 
ters include  "Liabilities  of  a  Fire  Fighter",  "Salary  and 
Compensation",   "Duty  Owed  by  Public  to  Members  of 


192 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILITIES 

a.  Administration,  Organization,  and  Management— Continued 


Fire  Departments",  plus  introductory  chapters  on  "The 
Judicial  System"  and  "Organization  of  Fire  Depart- 
ments". The  book  can  be  used  as  a  classroom  text  and 
as  a  personal  reference. 

955.  Savkov  E 
TANKER  PLUS  PUMPER 

Pozhar  delo;  (6):24-25,  1976  (Russian) 

In  many  of  the  fire-fighting  districts  in  the  USSR  a 
1:20  imbalance  in  the  ratio  of  pumpers  to  tankers  has 
developed.  Supporters  of  this  proportion  of  firefighting 
equipment  have  advanced  many  arguments  to  defend  this 
view,  the  principal  one  being  deficient  water  supply 
systems.  The  author  cites  statistics  to  support  his  view 
that  the  ratio  should  be  changed  to  one  tanker  and  one 
pumper.  1  fig,  1  table. 

956.  Crawley  HH 

MASTER  PLANNING  PAYS  OFF 

Fire  Chief;  20(7):  29-30,  1976 

A  master  plan  begun  five  years  ago  in  Tukwila, 
Washington,  is  producing  results.  Better  relations  with  city 
fathers,  a  90%  sprinkler  coverage  in  the  city,  and  reduced 
fire  losses  are  some  of  the  advantages. 

957.  Adams  GH 

MUNICIPAL  FIRE  DEPARTMENTS  (A  BIBLIOGRAPHY 
WITH   ABSTRACTS).   Nat  Tech   Inf  Service,   Springfield, 
VA;  NTIS  PS-76/0575/1GA,  179  pages,  Jul  1976 
Availabihty:  NTIS 

Materials  are  presented  on  civil  fire  companies  involving 
stations,  equipment,  planning,  methods,  and  personnel. 
The  discussions  cover  operations;  the  selection-and  testing 
and  training  of  firemen;  pumps,  ladders,  hydrants,  hoses, 
extinguishers,  techniques,  and  vehicles;  mathematical 
models  and  computerized  technology;  fire  research  on 
buildings,  materials,  and  combustion;  and  toxic  com- 
bustion products.  Also  reported  are  integrated  municipal 
information  systems,  community  facilities,  regional 
planning,  emergency  services,  protective  clothing,  fire 
rescue,  and  projects  in  specific  urban  localities.  Reference 
is  made  to  civil  defense,  but  in  general  fire-fighting  opera- 
tions relating  to  ships,  mines,  aviation,  and  forests  are 
excluded.  (Contains  174  abstracts.) 

b.  EDUCATION  AND  TRAINING 

958.  Granito  AR 

FIRE  SERVICE  INSTRUCTOR'S  GUIDEBOOK 

Nat  Fire  Prot  Assoc,  Boston,  MA;  60  pages,  1976 

This  new  tracking  aid  for  fire  service  instructors  and 
training  officers  gives,  in  question-answer  format,  general 
guidelines  for  an  organized  approach  to  course  planning 
and  teaching  in  the  fire  service.  The  chapters  cover 
"Criteria  of  a  Good  Instructor",  "Instructor  Techniques", 
"The  Trainee  as  a  Member  of  the  Fire  Service. ..and  as 
a  Student",  "Lesson  Planning  and  Presentation", 
"Teaching  and  Training  Aids",  with  tips  on  visual  aids, 
and  "Student  Evaluation".  The  book  represents  a  helpful 
time-saving  aid  for  instructors. 


959.  Sima  M,  Saito  M  and  Adati  Y 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  ELECTROSTATIC  SMOKE 
REMOVAL  SYSTEM  (FOR  BREATHING  APPARATUS 
TRAINING  TENT).  PART  5 

Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  {Japan);  (12):55-58,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  detailed  description  is  given  of  several  design  versions 
of  test  smoke  chambers  to  be  used  for  testing  gas  masks, 
oxygen  masks,  and  other  protective  devices  used  in  fires 
in  a  smoke  environment.  The  smoke  chambers  are  com- 
paratively small  enclosures  equipped  with  various  smoke 
sources  as  well  as  control,  measurement,  and  other 
devices  required  for  testing.  The  test  subject  dons  the 
test  apparatus  for  breathing  and  then  enters  the  smoke 
chambers  where  the  required  smoke  charge  is  produced. 
During  as  well  as  after  the  tests,  check  measurements 
are  made  of  the  parameters  of  the  smoke  environment 
and  of  the  medical  and  physiological  parameters-of-state 
of  the  test  subject.  Various  smoke  chamber  models  were 
developed,  including  inflatable  rubberized  smoke  cham- 
bers of  different  configurations.  The  principal  difference 
between  this  series  of  smoke  chambers  and  the  preceding 
ones  was  the  inclusion  of  an  electrostatic  generator  set 
designed  for  rapid  smoke  removal  at  the  end  of  the  experi- 
ment. The  electrostatic  devices  were  powerful  transfor- 
mers of  a-c  voltage  of  100V/50Hz  industrial  frequency 
into  an  electrostatic  potential  of  negative  polarity  with 
a  maximum  amplitude  of  11  kV.  As  is  well  known,  smoke 
consists  of  soot  and  vapor  particles  which  are,  in  turn, 
positively  charged  particles,  cations,  capable  of  being  at- 
tracted to  a  cathode  having  a  sufficiently  high  negative 
potential.  Used  as  the  electrode  was  the  working  element 
of  a  generator  which,  depending  on  the  configuration  of 
the  smoke  chambers,  was  of  varying  shape  in  the  cases 
under  consideration  (in  the  form  of  a  cyhndrical  rod,  an 
integral  mesh  with  rectangular  cells,  or  a  multitooth 
comb).  At  the  end  of  the  experiment,  the  smoke  removal 
device  is  disconnected  and  the  smoke  environment  in  the 
chamber  is  suppressed  by  forced  precipitation  in  the  elec- 
trode, making  it  unnecessary  to  use  ventilation  systems 
and  a  cumbersome  smoke  removal  duct.  In  addition,  the 
sanitary  conditions  of  experimentation  are  measurably  im- 
proved. It  is  noted  that  these  devices  can  also  be  used 
not  only  for  the  complete  removal  of  smoke  at  the  end 
of  an  experiment,  but  also  to  control  (gradually  decrease) 
the  smoke  level  during  the  experiment  by  appropriately 
controUing  the  magnitude  of  the  negative  electrostatic 
potential  on  the  electrode.  Given  are  graphic  data  illustrat- 
ing the  results  of  testing  these  devices  in  the  form  of 
rate-of-smoke-removal  as  a  function  of  magnitude  of  the 
potential  on  the  electrode  for  various  smoke  chamber  and 
electrode  designs.  Also  examined,  in  addition  to  inflatable 
smoke  chambers,  are  prefabricated  rigid-shell  chambers 
mounted  on  four-wheel  rectangular  chassis,  making  the 
chambers  mobile.  10  figs.  (RZh) 

960.  Lamb  RTB 

A  SYSTEMS  APPROACH  TO  EXAMINATIONS 

f/re;  69(854):  124- 125,  1976 

A  systems  analysis  of  the  written  examinations  for 
promotions  in  the  UK  fire  service  indicates  that  greater 
emphasis  has  been  placed  on  knowledge  acquired  by  the 
association  of  symbols  and  objects  and  inadequate  empha- 
sis on  knowledge  associated  with  the  ability  to  perform 
tasks.    A    model    relating    learning    categories    to    some 


193 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILITIES 

b.  Education  and  Training — Continued 


methods  of  testing  is  constructed  to  match  course  con- 
tents, levels  of  attainment  and  categories  of  test  methods 
to  achieve  the  mix  necessary  to  reach  course  objectives. 
3  figs.  5  refs. 

961.  Gawiser  SR 

DEVELOPING  A  TRAINING  CURRICULUM  FOR  THE 
FIRE  SERVICE 

Fire  Chief;  20(9):39-40,  1976 

The  author  discusses  the  problems  of  organizing  the 
training  program  in  large  and  small  fire  departments  and 
suggests  some  possible  solutions. 

962.  Ball  TE 

CONCRETE  'SHIP'  USED  FOR  TRAINING 

Fire  Internal;  5(52):46-48,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

A  concrete  "ship"  is  used  by  Britain's  Fire  Service 
Technical  College  at  Moreton-in-Marsh  for  training  in 
marine  firefighting.  Fires  involving  the  aft  peak,  cabins, 
machinery,  lower  hold,  tween  decks  and  accommodations, 
as  well  as  off-shore  problems,  can  be  introduced.  The 
training  facility  and  the  fixed  installations  of  the  different 
ship  sections,  as  well  as  the  electronic  equipment,  are 
described  and  the  facility  is  illustrated  by  a  sketch.  1 
fig,  1  photo. 

963.  Anon 

TRAINING  CENTER  SPECIALIZES  IN  INDUSTRIAL 
BRIGADES 

Fire  Command;  43(7):27,  1976 

The  Celanese  Fire  Training  Center,  located  at  Rock  Hill, 
SC,  and  administered  by  the  York  Technical  College  of 
Rock  Hill,  operates  a  year-round  series  of  two-day  ad- 
vanced fire  technology  seminars  with  accommodations  for 
100  students  per  class.  Since  its  inception  in  Oct,  1974, 
more  than  1,000  emergency  fire  brigade  and  rescue  mem- 
bers representing  20  industrial  firms  have  used  the  training 
facihties.  1  photo. 

964.  Kraemer  K 

FIRE  SERVICE  REGULATION  2/1:  TRAINING  OF 
VOLUNTARY  FIRE  DEPARTMENTS  -  MINIMUM 
REGULATIONS.  IMPLEMENTATION  OF  FIRE  SER- 
VICE REGULATION  FwDV  2/1  IN  THE  FEDERAL 
STATE  OF  HESSEN 
Brandschutz;  30(8):  196-201,  1976  (German) 

The  new  fire  service  regulation  FwDV  2/1  regulates  the 
peacetime  training  of  voluntary  fire  departments  and  fire 
brigades  and  contains  some  innovations  and  modifications 
which  are  examined  in  this  article.  Information  is  given 
on  training  for  positions  in  units,  for  leadership  cadres 
and  for  special  positions,  where  training  is  carried  out, 
and  how  long  the  training  lasts  for  the  various  positions. 
The  problems  faced  by  the  fire  service  schools  due  to 
introduction  of  the  FwDV  2/1  regulation  and  the  possibili- 
ties for  implementation  in  the  State  of  Hessen  are 
discussed.  5  tables.  (Fachdok  12/0980) 

%5.  Alger  RS,  Martin  SB  and  Lipska  AE 
ENVIRONMENTALLY         COMPATIBLE         AIRCRAFT 
CRASH  AND  RESCUE  TRAINING  FACILITIES  (FINAL 


REPORT).   Stanford   Res   Inst;    NSWC    WOL   TR-75-205, 
56  pages,  Oct  1975 

With  the  increasing  sophistication  of  aircraft  has  come 
a  corresponding  increase  in  payload  of  weapons,  fuel  and 
cargo,  which  is  reflected  in  a  potential  increase  in  ac- 
cidents and  fires.  This  report  is  concerned  with  develop- 
ment of  training  facihties  and  techniques  to  enhance  the 
capability  of  firemen  in  coping  with  their  fires,  while  still 
maintaining  a  reasonable  level  of  environmental  impact. 
Training  objectives  are  reviewed  and  evaluation  criteria 
are  discussed.  Location  and  operation  of  training  facilities 
are  analyzed  from  a  cost-effectiveness  viewpoint.  Three 
levels  of  training  facility  are  described  that  fulfill  training 
requirements  on  a  local,  regional  or  national  basis.  It  is 
concluded  that  the  essential  facihties  can  be  reahzed 
within  the  environmental  constraints,  but  additional  cost- 
benefit  analysis  is  recommended. 

c.  FACILITIES 

966.  Ewing  DG 

A    PROFESSIONAL    APPROACH    TO    FIRE    STATION 
DESIGN 

Fire  Chief;  20(9):36-38,  1976 

A  professional  architect  offers  suggestions  on  planning 
and  construction  of  a  fire  station.  He  describes  the 
architect's  role,  the  client's  role,  and  gives  step-by-step 
procedures  for  effective  planning.  The  subject  of  fees 
and  additional  services,  e.g.,  site  selection,  is  also  given 
some  attention.  (Author) 

967.  Messer  R 

MODERN  DRYING  SYSTEM  FOR  FIRE  HOSES 

Schweiz    Feuerwehr   Z;    102(8):291, 293 ,295 ,297-299,    1976 
(German) 

The  first  part  of  the  report  deals  with  a  comparative 
analysis  of  the  economy  of  horizontal  hose  maintenance 
systems  and  drying  towers.  The  comparisons  relate  to 
civil  defense  hoses  and  fully  synthetic  hoses.  The  con- 
struction and  installation  costs  are  lower  for  horizontal 
systems,  but  the  time  expended  in  checking,  washing, 
drying,  dusting  and  winding  in  horizontal  systems  is 
greater  than  the  corresponding  costs  for  tower  installa- 
tions. In  the  second  part  a  system  which  has  been  installed 
in  the  civil  defense  training  center  in  Mythen/Schwyz  is 
described.  8  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0982) 

968.  Eremin  V 

NEW  FIRE  STATION  DESIGNS 

Pozhar  delo;  (3):29,  1976  (Russian) 

Two  new  fire  station  designs  are  illustrated  and 
described.  The  first  is  for  light  apparatus  with  living  quar- 
ters and  is  designed  for  temperature  zones  with  tempera- 
tures down  to  140°C,  except  for  permafrost,  earthquake 
and  mining  zones.  The  second  is  for  twelve  apparatus 
with  duty  rooms  for  the  same  cUmatic  conditions.  All 
construction  is  with  standard  prefab  parts.  2  figs 

d.  GENERAL  EQUIPMENT 

969.  Loeb  DL 

LARGE  DIAMETER  HOSE 

Fire  Chief;  20(9):  29-32,  1976 


194 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILITIES 
d.  General  Equipment— Continued 


The  author  surveys  the  use  of  large-diameter  hose  in 
fire  departments  throughout  the  US.  His  five-part,  in- 
depth  report  will  cover  the  history,  various  size  and 
material  options,  flows  and  friction  loss,  and  procedures 
fire  departments  have  developed  for  its  use.  In  this  first 
part  the  author  covers  the  history  and  development  of 
large-diameter  hose.  5  photos.  (Author) 

970.  Anon 
FIRE  BOAT 

Fune  no  kagaku;  28(9):  17,  1975 

An  information  sheet  containing  the  tactical  and  techni- 
cal parameters  of  the  fire  boat  Kiyotaki,  which  was  con- 
structed in  1974  by  the  Keykin  Etto  Co,  is  given.  The 
dimensions  of  the  boat  are:  27.5m  length,  10.4m  width, 
height  above  waterline  2.1m,  and  displacement  235  tons. 
The  boat  is  equipped  with  8  fixed  foam  nozzles  as  well 
as  20  sets  of  hose  with  different  connections  and  exten- 
sions and  is  designed  for  the  extinguishment  of  shore- 
line fires.  (RZh) 

971.  Ito  Y 

TESTS    OF    FIRE    APPARATUS    USING     NEW    FIRE- 
EXTINGUISHING  EQUIPMENT 

Kasai;  25(4):227-233,  1975  (Japanese) 

The  tactical  characteristics  and  specifications  of  several 
new  firefighting  vehicles,  each  of  which  is  especially 
designed  to  extinguish  fires  in  specific  installations,  are 
given.  The  design  and  operation  of  these  vehicles  are 
described,  as  are  the  results  of  operational  tests.  Ex- 
amined in  particular  are  apparatus  designed  to  extinguish 
fires  in  oil  tanks,  multi-story  buildings,  etc.  Of  greatest 
interest  is  a  firefighting  vehicle  designed  to  extinguish 
fires  in  various  live  electrotechnical  objects.  It  is  pointed 
out  that  the  suppression  of  fires  in  high-voltage  objects 
represents  a  considerable  obstacle  to  the  use  of  conven- 
tional firefighting  means,  in  that  a  stream  of  fire-extin- 
guishing solution  applied  to  such  an  object  will  become 
a  conductor  when  it  hits  the  current-carrying  portions, 
resulting  in  possible  electrical  injury  to  the  fireighting  per- 
sonnel. The  problem  is  complicated  by  the  fact  that  for 
various  reasons  the  high-voltage  energy  cannot  be  cut  off 
in  some  cases,  or  cutting  it  off  may  be  undesirable.  This 
apparatus  is  equipped  with  a  foam-nozzle  turret,  in  which 
the  foam  charge  is  in  a  cylindrical,  hermetically  sealed 
capsule  under  excess  pressure.  The  length  of  the  capsule 
is  1,(X)0  mm,  diameter  is  150  mm.  Discharge  is  accom- 
plished by  means  of  a  simple  electromechanical  capsule 
device,  which  has  sufficient  power  to  impart  an  initial 
velocity  of  46  m/'sec  to  the  capsule.  The  height  reached 
by  the  capsule  is  60  m.  When  the  nose  section  of  the 
capsule  strikes  a  rigid  surface,  a  directed  charge  of  high- 
expansion  foam  is  apphed.  For  highly  efficient  suppres- 
sion, even  on  vertical  surfaces,  the  foam  contains  a  binder 
so  that  the  foam  will  adhere  to  the  surface.  The  results 
of  testing  an  apparatus  equipped  with  this  nozzle  indicate 
that  it  is  highly  effective  for  extinguishing  fires  in  high- 
voltage  objects.  13  figs,  8  tables. 

972.  Freutel  H 

THE  AERIAL  LADDER:  A  SYMBOL  FOR  ASSISTANCE 
AND  RESCUE 

ZS  Magazin;  (4): 30-35,  1976  (German) 


A  comprehensive  article  is  devoted  to  the  aerial  ladder, 
which,  in  its  modern  form,  is  a  universal  tool  for 
assistance  and  rescue.  Since  the  initial  development  by 
C.  D.  Magirus,  the  founder  of  the  company  of  the  same 
name,  this  ladder  has  always  been  improved  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  fire  service  and  in  accordance  with  the  basic 
requirements  of  fireground  tactics.  The  present-day  ver- 
sion of  the  ladder  with  its  special  fittings,  which  expand 
the  range  of  application,  is  described  and  illustrated.  12 
figs.  (Fachdok  12/0619) 

973.  Anon 

DECISION  RELATED  RESEARCH  ON  EQUIPMENT 
TECHNOLOGY  UTILIZED  BY  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT: 
FIRE  SUPPRESSION.  VOLUME  I  -  EXECUTIVE  SUM- 
MARY. Mission  Res  Corp,  Santa  Barbara,  CA;  MRC  R- 
751 1-1-11 75-Vol-l,  NSF  RA/S-75-076,  51  pages,  Nov 
1975 
AvaUability:  NTIS  PB-252  389/2GA 

This  summary  outlines  the  work  accomplished  during 
Phase  I  of  a  two-phase  project  iniended  to  produce  a 
procedural  User's  Manual  to  aid  in  the  specification  and 
procurement  of  mobile  fire-suppression  apparatus 
(pumpers)  systems.  Phase  I  was  research-oriented  and 
focused  on  an  analysis  of  mobile  fire-suppression  systems 
and  ihe  definition  of  additional  work  required  to  develop 
the  Manual.  Phase  II  will  address  a  series  of  experimental 
tasks  and,  filially,  the  development  of  the  User's  Manual. 
(Author) 

974.  Anon 

DECISION    RELATED    RESEARCH    ON     EQUIPMENT 

TECHNOLOGY  UTILIZED  BY  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT: 

FIRE    SUPPRESSION.    VOLUME    III.    APPENDICES    A 

THROUGH  I.  Mission  Res  Corp,  Santa  Barbara,  CA;  MRC 

R-751 1-1-1 175-Vol-3,  NSF  RA/S-75-076B,  320  pages,  Nov 

1975 

Availability:  NTIS  PB-252  390/OGA 

An  analysis  of  mobile  fire  suppression  systems  is 
presented  for  the  purposes  of  developing  a  User's  Manual 
designed  to  aid  in  the  specification  and  procurement  of 
mobile  fire  suppression  apparatus  systems.  Volume  III 
compiles  the  supporting  information  contained  in  9  Appen- 
dices of  the  research  report.  (Author) 

e.  INFORMATION  SYSTEMS 

975.  Sims  J 

DATA  RETRIEVAL  MOBILIZING 

Fire;  69(835):177-179,  1976 

Amalgamation  in  April  1974  led  to  the  centralized  mo- 
bilizing of  four  brigade  areas,  with  the  consequential  need 
to  find  an  efficient  filing  system  for  the  enormous  number 
of  attendance  cards.  This  prompted  the  East  Sussex  Fire 
Brigade  (UK)  to  carry  out  investigations  into  modem  data 
retrieval  systems  to  find  a  solution.  Experiments  with  the 
microfiche  system,  marketed  by  Image  Systems  Inc, 
proved  successful  and  the  work  on  compiling  some  10,500 
entries  was  commenced.  By  1975  the  information  index 
had  developed  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be  the  largest 
single  index  in  a  data  retrieval  machine  manufactured  by 
the  company.  It  was  considered  that  the  system  was  suffi- 
ciently developed  to  justify  a  demonstration  at  last  year's 


195 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILITIES 

e.  Information  Svstems — Continued 


"Interfire"  Exhibition  in  London.  The  data  base  designed 
by  East  Sussex  Fire  Brigade  has  since  been  used  at  exhibi- 
tions in  America,  South  Africa  and  Germany;  subsequent 
exhibitions  in  this  country  have  resulted  in  16  brigades 
ordering  similar  machines.  2  figs,  1  photo. 

976.  Campbell  V  and  Hamilton  P 

FIRE  CONTROL  SYSTEM  -  MUNICIPAL  COBOL  COM- 
PUTER    PROGRAMS     MODULE     MAGNETIC     TAPE. 

USAC  Project,  Wichita  Falls,  TX;  USAC  IMIS-WFT-013, 
HUD  DF-76/012,  magnetic  tape,  1  reel.  May  1976 
AvaUability:  NTIS  PB-253  639/9GA 

This  tape  contains  the  USAC  Fire  Control  System 
Module  for  the  Wichita  Falls,  Texas,  Integrated  Municipal 
Information  System.  The  purpose  of  the  module  is  to 
provide  a  computerized  data  collection  and  reporting 
system  as  well  as  to  provide  all  pertinent  operational  data 
for  subsequent  analysis.  There  are  8  programs  and  one 
subroutine  recorded  on  the  tape.  256K  bytes  of  core 
storage  and  5M  bytes  of  disk  storage  are  needed  to 
operate  this  module.  Technical  documentation  describing 
this  module  include  PB-251  482,  PB-251  483,  PB-251  484, 
Volumes  1,  2,  and  3  respectively  of  the  AppUcation  of 
System  Management  to  Fire  Protection  Technique.  Re- 
lated documents  necessary  for  implementation  include: 
PB-227  709,  Geographic  Based  Index  Manual;  and  PB- 
234  988,  Data  Entry  System  Application  Completion  Re- 
port. Software  Description:  The  programs  are  written  in 
the  IBM  ANS  3.32  COBOL  programming  language  while 
the  subroutine  is  written  in  the  IBM  ALC  programming 
language.  These  programs  are  written  for  implemetation 
on  an  IBM  370/145  computer  using  the  DOS  VS  29  operat- 
ing system.  The  Data  Entry  System  Module  and  the 
proprietary  IBM  CICS  Teleprocessing  package  are  needed 
for  the  successful  implementation  of  this  module. 

f.  INVESTIGATION  AND  REPORTING 

977.  Deichman  JT 

EVALUATING  A  FIREFIGHTING  OPERATION 

Fire  Chief;  20(8):79-82,  1976 

Many  fire  departments  hold  critiques  after  fires,  but 
these  provide  little  specific  information  that  can  be  com- 
pared to  other  firefighting  operations.  The  author  has 
developed  some  methods  of  post-fire  analysis  and  per- 
formance evaluation  that  allow  for  comparison  and  pro- 
vide information  for  improving  firefighting  operations.! 
fig.  (Author) 

g.  PERSONAL  EQUIPMENT 

978.  Anon 

SHOULD  FIRE  PERSONNEL  BE  EQUIPPED  WITH 
BREATHING  FILTERS? 

Brandforsvar;  13(1):10,  1976  (Swedish;  English  summary) 

Experiments  with  light  breathing  filters  in  an  atmosphere 
with  a  high  concentration  of  sulfur  dioxide  were  carried 
out  in  Helsinborg  (Sweden).  It  was  found  that  these  filters 
provide  good  protection  against  the  majority  of  chemical 
gases,  except  CO,  for  35  minutes,  which  is  enough  for 
evacuation  from  a  hazardous  zone  should  a  fireman  unex- 
pectedly enter  such  a   zone.   The  filters  can  be  carried 


■  -A 

in  a  special  case  attached  to  the  belt.  For  use  it  is  pressed 
over  the  mouth,  the  nose  being  pinched  by  clamps.  The 
service  life  is  4  years.  Firemen  fighting  fires  in  factories 
should  be  equipped  with  these  filters,  in  addition  to  the 
usual  breathing  apparatus  issued  in  search  and  rescue 
work.  (RZh) 

979.  Walther  H-J 

TESTING  BREATHING  MASKS  FOR  THEIR  TEMPERA- 
TURE AND  HEAT  STABILITY 

Draegerheft;  (304):  13-17,  1976  (German) 

Investigations  of  the  resistance  of  the  Draeger  full-cover 
masks  Panorama  Nova  and  Koreta  to  fire  exposure  have 
verified  that  these  masks  are  highly  fire-resistant,  as  re- 
ported in  the  pubUcations  mentioned  in  the  introduction. 
Their  resistance  is  due  not  least  of  all  to  the  use  of 
a  metal  frame  for  the  window  of  the  mask  and  the  favora- 
ble arrangement  of  the  speach  diaphragm  and  exhaust 
valve  in  a  well-protected  position.  The  flame-test  facility 
and  the  test  method  are  described.  5  figs,  2  refs.  (Fachdok 
12/0909) 

980.  Vorob'ev  P  and  Zavarukhin  A 

SYSTEM  FOR  CHARGING  REBREATHING  CANISTERS 

Pozhar  delo;  (3):25,  1976  (Russian) 

A  system  for  charging  and  emptying  rebreathing 
canisters  of  breathing  apparatus  is  described.  Canisters 
can  be  emptied  in  14-17  sec  and  filled  in  10-12  sec.  A 
block  diagram  of  the  system  is  given,  accompanied  by 
a  description  of  system  operation.  1  fig. 

981.  Hashegawa  K,  Miyoshi  M  and  Ogata  Y 

NEW  TYPE  OF  OXYGEN  BREATHING  APPARATUS 

Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan);  (12):75-78,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  detailed  description  is  given  of  the  design,  operating 
principle,  technical  parameters,  and  the  results  of  complex 
tests  of  a  comparatively  complex,  portable,  individual  ox- 
ygen breathing  apparatus,  compact  and  light-weight,  in- 
tended for  use  in  a  gassy,  smoke-filled  or  other  toxic 
environment.  It  is  pointed  out  that  in  contrast  to  the  in- 
dividual oxygen  apparatus  of  preceding  models,  which  had 
a  comparatively  short  effective  operating  time  owing  to 
the  Umited  size  of  the  portable  oxygen  flasks,  this  ap- 
paratus provides  for  considerably  longer  use  and,  con- 
sequently, greater  effectiveness.  These  advantages  are 
achieved  by  realizing  partial  organized  recirculation  of  the 
exhaled  air,  rigorously  proportioned,  in  the  air  circulation 
path  of  the  apparatus.  The  latter  consists  of  the  following 
principal  components:  face  mask,  oxygen  flask  with  a 
valve,  respiratory  system  with  flexible  hoses,  distributor 
valve,  and  mixing  chamber,  where  the  finished  breathing 
mixture  is  prepared.  Convenience  of  use  of  the  apparatus 
is  ensured  by  means  of  a  control  assembly  connected 
to  the  distributor  valve,  which  is  graduated  in  percentages 
and  is  designed  to  change  the  ratio  of  oxygen  and  exhaled 
air  in  the  breathing  mixture  as  a  function  of  the  conditions 
of  use  of  the  apparatus.  The  apparatus  test  results,  given 
in  tabular  and  graphic  form,  clearly  illustrate  the  optimum 
values  of  this  ratio  as  a  function  of  the  magnitude  and 
nature  of  the  loads  to  which  a  person  using  the  apparatus 
is  exposed.  4  figs,  5  tables,  1  ref.  (RZh) 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILITIES 
g.  Personal  Equipment— Continued 

982.  Smimov  AD,  Parshenkov  MV  and  Solov'ev  SN 
DEVICE     FOR     THE     SUPPLY     OF     AIR     TO     THE 
FACEPIECE  OF  A  BREATHING  APPARATUS 

USSR  Patent  No.  450,577;  CI  A62G  9/00,  Appl  22  Jan 
1973,  Disci  8  Sep  1975 

A  description  is  given  of  a  patent  invention  for  a  device 
supplying  air  to  the  facepiece  of  a  breathing  apparatus. 
The  device  contains  filtering-sorbing  elements,  moving  and 
fixed  plates,  air  containers  made  of  gasproof  elastic 
materials,  a  valve  distributor  box  and  a  corrugated  tube 
connected  to  the  facepiece.  The  distinguishing  feature  of 
the  device  is  the  arrangement  of  the  filtering-sorbing  ele- 
ments which,  to  reduce  the  size  and  increase  the  operating 
convenience,  are  placed  in  pockets  in  the  air  bags  and 
are  closed  off  externally  by  covers  with  built-in  inlet 
valves.  2  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

983.  Anon 

BREATHING  APPARATUS  WITH  FILLER  SENSITIVE 
TO  WATER  VAPOR 

FRG  Patent  No.  2,163,125;  CI  A62B  25/00,  Appl  15  Feb 
1971,  Disci  17  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  Auergesellschaft  GmbH 

The  breathing  apparatus  is  equipped  with  a  moisture- 
sensitive  material;  an  inner  shell  protects  the  filler  and 
an  outer  shell  protects  the  entire  apparatus.  The  outer 
shell  incorporates  the  inner  shell.  The  distinctive  feature 
of  the  invention  is  that  the  space  between  the  inner  and 
outer  shells  contains  a  well-known  moisture-absorbing 
material.  This  material,  when  it  absorbs  moisture,  can 
change  color,  permitting  visual  check  of  the  quality  of 
storage  of  the  breathing  apparatus.  1  drawing  fig. 

984.  Anon 

SEAL  FOR  TOGGLE-JOINT  STOPPERS  OF  CON- 
TAINERS, ESPECIALLY  FOR  BREATHING  AP- 
PARATUS 

FRG  Patent  No.  1,586,580;  CI  B65D  55/06,  Appl  3  Jun 
1967,  Disci  10  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  Draegerwerk  AG 

A  method  is  patented  for  sealing  locks  (shut-off  devices) 
in  which  a  company-developed  plastic  stopper  shears  off 
when  the  lock  opens.  The  method  is  applicable  for 
breathing  apparatus.  4  drawing  figs. 

985.  Ruhnke  S 
FIREFIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

FRG  Patent  No.  1,708,849;  CI  A62b  3/00,  A62C  15/00, 
Appl  2  Aug  1957,  Disci  26  Jan  1975 

The  invention  relates  to  individual  firefighting  equipment 
for  fire  suppression  consisting  of  a  portable  (shoulder- 
borne)  extinguisher  protected  by  a  fire-resistant  sheath. 
The  distinctive  feature  of  the  equipment  is  that  the  fire- 
resistant  sheath  of  the  extinguisher  is  connected  to  a 
fireproof  sleeve  and  a  "mitten"  containing  the  hose  and 
pistol-grip  branchpipe  of  the  extinguisher.  The  equipment 
is  intended  for  use  in  conjunction  with  a  fireproof  hood 
and  apron,  which  protects  the  wearer  from  thermal  radia- 
tion and  the  short-term  effects  of  sparks  and  flame.  3 
drawing  figs.  (RZh) 

986.  Giordano  TA 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  A  SPEECH  AMPLIFIER  SYSTEM 
FOR  USE  WITH  THE  NAVY  A4  OXYGEN  BREATHING 


APPARATUS   AND   A   PROPOSED   FIREFIGHTING    IN- 
STRUCTOR'S BREATHING  DEVICE.  Epsco  Labs,  Wilton, 
CT,  28  pages,  Apr  1976 
AvailabOity:  NTIS  AD-A025  184/3GA 

Navy  damage  control  personnel  (especially  firefighters) 
are  often  required  to  work  in  areas  of  possible  or  actual 
oxygen  deficiency  and  areas  where  the  concentration  of 
smoke  or  other  toxic  gases  is  high.  In  these  situations, 
the  investigator  or  firefighter  normally  wears  an  Oxygen 
Breathing  Apparatus  (DBA)  or  respiratory  protection. 
Presently,  the  Naval  Ship  Engineering  Center  is  consider- 
ing the  use  of  two  new  breathing  devices.  Neither 
breathing  device  was  originally  equipped  with  an  amphfied 
speech  communication  system.  In  order  to  make  possible 
good  face-to-face  communication  in  the  high  noise  en- 
vironments anticipated,  it  was  deemed  desirable  that  some 
of  these  devices  be  provided  with  suitable  voice  am- 
plifiers. (See  also  FTA  1(1/2),  Abstract  484.)  (Author) 

987.  Tyler  MC  and  Deiser  EE 

AIRCRAFT  FIRE  FIGHTERS'  PROTECTIVE  PROXIMI- 
TY CLOTHING  (FINAL  REPORT).  Wright  Patterson  AFB, 
DoD  Aircraft  Ground  Fire  Suppression  and  Rescue  Office, 
OH;  DoD  AGFSRS-76-6,  76  pages,  Aug  1975 
AvailabiUty:  NTIS  AD-A025  935/8GA 

The  DOD  Aircraft  Fire  Suppression  and  Rescue  Office 
has  developed  a  new  aircraft  firefighters'  protective  suit 
to  replace  existing  equipment  used  by  DOD  firefighters. 
The  objective  was  to  develop  a  lighter,  less  bulky,  and 
more  flexible  suit  with  equivalent  or  improved  durability 
and  equivalent  thermal  protection  as  compared  to  existing 
suits.  General  functional  requirements  for  such  suits  were 
determined  and  candidate  materials  for  use  in  the  suits 
were  subjected  to  laboratory  tests  to  determine  relative 
strength,  durability  and  thermal  characteristics.  Two  outer 
shell  materials  and  one  lining  material  were  selected  for 
service  testing.  Service  testing  of  these  suits  confirmed 
that  the  suits  were  easier  to  use  and  that  they  provided 
adequate  protection. 

988.  Andruk  FS 

FACEPLATE-VISOR  ASSEMBLY  FOR  THE  ALU- 
MINIZED  FIRE-FIGHTERS'  CRASHRESCUE  PROTEC- 
TIVE HOOD  (PRELIMINARY  REDESIGN  STUDY).  Navy 

Clothing    and    Textile    Res    Facility,    Natick,    MA;    DoD 
AGFSRS-76-14,  TR-118,  10  pages,  Jun  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  AD-A026  033/lGA 

The  Navy  Clothing  and  Textile  Research  Facility  con- 
ducted a  study  for  the  possible  redesign  of  the  facepiece- 
visor  assembly  of  the  current  aluminized  firefighters' 
crash-rescue  protective  hood  to  provide  for  verbal  commu- 
nication and  the  exchange  of  fresh  air  when  the  wearer 
is  in  a  'standby'  situation  with  the  visor  open.  Adjustable 
hood  design  concepts  and  techniques  were  investigated. 
Commercially  available  hoods,  hood  frames,  materials  and 
hardware  were  procured  and  performance  tests  conducted. 

989.  Audet  NF 

FACEPIECEVISOR  ASSEMBLY  FOR  ALUMINIZED 
FIRE-FIGHTERS'  CRASH-RESCUE  PROTECTIVE 
HOOD  (INVESTIGATION  OF  ABRASION-RESISTANT 
OVERCOATING).  Navy  Clothing  and  Textile  Res  Facility, 


197 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


7.  FIRE  SERVICE  ORGANIZATION  AND  FACILITIES 

g.  Personal  Equipment — Continued 

Natick,  MA;  DoD  AGFSRS-76-15,  TR-119,  41  pages,  Jun 

1976 

Availability:  NTIS  AD-A026  0:4/4GA 

The  Navy  Clothing  and  Textile  Research  Facility 
(NCTRF)  investigated  three  protective  overcoatings, 
identified  as  Abcite,  0-22,  and  Epoxy,  as  possible  im- 
provements to  the  present  transparent  protective  overcoat- 
ing on  the  mfrared  reflective  gold-coated  facepiece  of  the 
Aluminized  Fire-Fighters'  Crash-Rescue  Protective  Hood. 
All  samples  tested  with  the  three  overcoatings  easily 
passed  new  radiant  heat  test  requirements  and  showed 
a  substantial  improvement  in  abrasion  resistance  over  the 
standard  coatings.  When  apphed  to  the  standard  facepiece 
materials,  the  coatings  showed  good  adhesion  to  the  gold. 
The  coatings  on  these  materials  showed  reasonable  re- 
sistance to  a  number  of  environmental  exposures. 

990.  Bailey  M 

LMPROVED   FIREFIGHTERS'   CRASH-RESCUE   BOOTS 
(FEASIBILITY  STUDY).   Navy  Clothing  and  Textile   Res 
Facility,  Natick,  MA;  DoD  AGFSRS-76-16,  TR-1200,  4- 
76,  17  pages,  Jun  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  AD-A026  094/3GA 

The  Navy  Clothing  and  Textile  Research  Facility 
(NCTRF)  has  established  the  feasibility  of  using  commer- 
cial insulated  firefighters'  boots  and  reflective  spats  to 
protect  feet  of  crash-crew  firefighters  performing  rescue 
operations  in  critical  fire  areas.  Tests  suggest  that  boot 
insulation  and  reflective  covering  on  boots  should  enable 
feet  to  withstand  high  radiant  heat  for  several  minutes. 

991 .  McGinnis  NJ 

EXHALATION  VALVE  LEAKAGE  TEST.  Nat  Inst  Occu- 
pai  Safety  and  Health,  Testing  and  Certification  Lab,  Mor- 
gantown,  WV;  NIOSH  TC/R-005,  25  pages,  Feb  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  PB-252  692/9GA 

A  procedure  is  described  to  enable  the  reader  to  perform 
exhalation  valve  leakage  tests  on  respirators  as  required 
by  Title  30  CFR,  Part  11.  The  steady-state  leakage  rate 
of  the  exhalation  valve  is  measured  in  milliliters  per  unit 
time  and  on  the  positive  pressure  side  of  the  exhalation 
valve. 

992.  Terry  SL 

DETERMINATION  OF  FACEPIECE  CARBON-DIOXIDE 
CONCENTRATION  LEVELS  OF  SELF-CONTAINED 
BREATHING  APPARATUS.  Nat  Inst  Occupat  Safety  and 
Health,  Testing  and  Certification  Lab,  Morgantown,  WV; 
NIOSH  TC/R-003,  24  pages,  Nov  1975 
Availability:  NTIS  PB-252  695/2GA 

While  an  individual  is  wearing  a  self-contained  breathing 
apparatus,  he  is  exposed  to  various  concentration  levels 
of  expired  carbon  dioxide.  These  levels  adversely  affect 
the  user's  behavior  and  the  respirator's  performance. 
Because  of  the  variability  among  test  subjects,  this 
procedure  has  been  standardized  to  a  machine-test  method 
using  a  breathing  machine  with  a  sedentary  cam  which 
operates  at  14.5  respirations  per  minute  with  a  minute- 
volume  of  10.5  liters.  A  5%  air-carbon  dioxide  mixture 
is  fed  into  the  facepiece  during  exhalation  and  the  average 
exposure  level  during  inhalation  is  calculated.  Experimen- 
tal design  limits  this  method  to  breathing  apparatus  v/ith 


less  than  1100  cc  of  effective  dead-air  space.  The  standard 
deviation  of  COs  concentrations  obtained  by  this  method 
is  less  than  0.1%  CO2  at  a  95%  confidence  level. 

993.  Lenhart  SW 

PROCEDURE    FOR    TESTING    STRENGTH    OF    HOSE 
AND  COUPLINGS.  Nat  Inst  Occupat  Safety  and  HeaUh, 
Testing  and  Certification  Lab,  Morgantown,  WV;  NIOSH 
TC/R-006,  18  pages,  Feb  1976 
Availabihty:  NTIS  PB-252  696/OGA 

The  test  procedure  has  been  prepared  as  a  guide  for 
testing  the  strength  of  hose  and  couplings  of  supplied- 
air  respirators.  Hose  and  couplings  used  with  Types  'A', 
'AE',  'B',  and  'BE'  respirators  are  tested  with  a  pull 
of  113  kilograms  for  five  minutes.  Hose  and  couplings 
used  with  Types  'C  and  'CE'  respirators  are  tested  with 
a  pull  of  45  kUograms  for  five  minutes  and  also  subjected 
to  an  internal  air  pressure. 

994.  Lenhart  SW 

PROCEDURE  FOR  CONTINUOUS-FLOW  RESPIRATOR 
FLOWRATE  DETERMINATION.  Nat  Inst  Occupat  Safety 
and   Health,  Testing  and  Certification   Lab,   Morgantown, 
WV;  NIOSH  TC/R-004,  20  pages,  Nov  1975 
Availability:  NTIS  PB-252  694/5GA 

The  test  procedure  has  been  prepared  as  a  guide  to 
a  method  of  determining  the  volume  of  air  dehvered  by 
a  continuous-flow  supplied-air  respirator.  The  method 
described  has  the  advantage  that  the  test  results  can  be 
documented  on  recorder  paper.  The  respiratory-inlet 
covering  of  a  supplied-air  system  is  placed  in  a  container 
with  an  outlet;  the  outlet  of  the  container  is  connected 
to  a  pneumotachometer  and  pressure  transducer. 
Flowrates  delivered  by  the  respiratory-inlet  covering  at 
specified  pressures  and  air-supply  hose  lengths  are 
recorded  and  determined  from  a  graph  prepared  during 
pneumotachometer  calibration. 

h.  PERSONNEL  AFFAIRS 

995.  Gaisbauer  G 

LIABILITY  OF  THE  DRIVER  OF  A  FIRE-SERVICE 
VEHICLE  FOR  A  TRAFFIC  ACCIDENT  IN  WHICH  HE 
IS  AT  FAULT 

Brandschutz;  30(7):  174,  1976  (German) 

The  legal  aspects  of  the  liability  of  a  firefighter  who 
was  at  fault  in  an  accident  while  performing  his  duties 
(driving  a  service  vehicle  to  the  inspection  bureau  for 
a  checkup)  are  discussed.  The  State  Supreme  Court  of 
Oldenburg  (FRG)  decided  that  "driving  a  fire-service  vehi- 
cle for  a  scheduled  technical  inspection  in  accordance 
with  paragraph  29  of  the  Traffic  Regulations  represents 
performance  of  sovereign  duties"  and  that  therefore  the 
administration  of  the  community  is  Uable.  (See  also  the 
related  articles  in  the  same  issue  of  Brandschutz,  pp 
168-169,  170-171,  172-173  and  192.)  (Fachdok  12/0906) 

996.  Rath  K 

LIABILITY  FOR  INJURIOUS  CONDUCT  IN  THE  FIRE 
SERVICE 

Brandschutz;  30(7):172-173,  192,  1976  (German) 

On  the  basis  of  an  actual  case,  in  which  a  firefighter 
was  at  fault  in  causing  an  accident  on  his  way  to  have 


198 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

h.  Personnel  Affairs— Continued 


a  firefighting  vehicle  checked  at  the  Technical  Inspection 
Association,  an  investigation  was  made  of  who  has 
responsibility  for  any  damage,  bodily  or  property,  caused 
a  third  person  by  a  firefighter  in  performing  his  duties. 
To  be  specific,  the  question  is  whether  the  injurious  con- 
duct leads  to  government,  duty,  or  personal  liability.  17 
refs.  (Fachdok  12/0906) 

997.  Augustin  P 

SOCIAL  INSURANCE  OF  THE  FIRE  FIGHTER 

Hessische  Feuerwehr  Z;  85(15):267-272,  1976  (German) 

The  personnel  benefits  specialist  of  the  German 
Firefighters  Association  informs  the  reader  of  the  cases 
in  which  insurance  protection  is  effective.  Competence 
for  honorary  collaboration  in  firefighting  units  is  discussed 
first  within  the  framework  of  insurance  law.  The  com- 
petence of  the  legal  fire  service  accident  insurance  carrier 
extends  only  to  active  membership.  Insurance  is  regulated 
for  study  and  information  trips.  Accident  insurance  pro- 
tection is  extended  to  every  citizen  who  enters  the  fire 
service.  Also  discussed  are  the  cases  when  the  legal  ac- 
cident insurance  carriers  grant  compensation  contributions 
for  medical  and  professional  rehabilitation  and  supplemen- 
tary contributions  for  treatment  and  professional 
assistance.  (Fachdok  12/0985) 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS: 
AND  SUPPRESSION 


PREVENTION 


a.  COMMUNICATIONS  AND  SIGNALLING 

998.  Geisel  H-0 
COMMAND  POST  VEHICLES 

Brandschutz;  30(4):96-99,  1976  (German) 

In  recent  years  many  fire  departments  have  been  acquir- 
ing command-post  vehicles  (called  command  vehicles  in 
standard  DIN  14033).  Depending  on  how  views  and  key 
needs  were  formulated,  broad  variations  in  the  design  of 
vehicles,  in  equipment  and  personnel  have  occurred.  This 
article  attempts  to  classify  the  development  and  to  present 
directions  as  to  how  a  start  at  standardization  might  be 
made.  The  configuration  of  such  a  vehicle  includes  size 
and  driving  qualities  (to  suit  the  topography  of  the  fire 
scene),  floor  plan,  communications  equipment,  power 
supply,  and  external  identification.  6  figs,  2  tables. 
(Fachdok  12/0571) 

999.  Araslanov  Kh,  Kazakov  G,  Pryanikov  E,  Naumov 
V 

FIRE  COMMUNICATIONS  CENTER 

Pozhar  delo;  (5):26-27,  1976  (Russian) 

The  new  fire  communications  center  in  Ufa,  the  capital 
of  the  Bashkir  Republic  of  the  USSR,  has  been  fully 
reconstructed  to  handle  all  problems  of  detection,  alarm, 
dispatch,  logistics,  data  transmission,  information  han- 
dling, unit  readiness,  availability  of  personnel,  etc.  The 
best  response  routes,  the  availability  of  firefighting  equip- 
ment at  the  fire  scene,  the  location  of  the  fire  and  other 
firefighting  data  are  all  coded  or  plotted  on  situation  maps. 
A  description  of  the  system  is  given. 


1000.  Bennett  WG 

EVALUATION  OF  RADIO  COMMUNICATIONS  FOR 
USE  BY  INDIVIDUAL  FIRE  FIGHTERS  (FINAL  RE- 
PORT). Wright-Patterson  AFB,  DoD  Aircraft  Ground  Fire 
Suppression  and  Rescue  Office,  OH;  DoD  AGFSRS-76- 
5,  77  pages,  Mar  1976 
AvaUabiEty:  NTIS  AD-A025  936/6GA 

This  report  presents  the  results  of  a  project  undertaken 
to  fulfill  an  operational  requirement  for  an  individual, 
two-way  communications  system  for  firefighters.  Con- 
tracts were  initiated  in  June  1973  to  obtain  the  basic  radios 
and  several  accessories  to  be  used  in  an  operational  test 
and  evaluation  program.  The  items  purchased  were 
selected  because  they  were  both  commercially  available, 
i.e.,  no  development  effort  required,  and  because  they 
appeared  to  offer  the  greatest  potential  for  satisfying  the 
stated  needs  of  the  operational  commands. 

b.  EXTINGUISHING  AGENTS  AND  ADDITIVES 

1001.  Burford  RR 

THE  USE  OF  AFFF  IN  SPRINKLER  SYSTEMS 

Fire  Technol;  12(1):5-17,  1976 

The  Factory  Mutual  Research  Corporation  contracted 
with  3M  to  conduct  a  test  program  aimed  at  determining 
the  effectiveness  of  aqueous  film-forming  foam  used  in 
conjunction  with  a  wet-pipe  sprinkler  system  equipped 
with  standard  water  sprinkler.  The  results  indicate  that 
closed,  wet-pipe  sprinkler  systems  using  AFFF  can  control 
flammable  liquid  spill  fires  as  effectively  as,  faster  than, 
and  using  less  water  and  AFFF  concentrate  than,  deluge 
systems.  Densities  as  low  as  0.11  gpm/ft^  (4.48  l/min.m^) 
provide  effective  control.  Tests  indicate  that,  at  this 
discharge  density,  air  temperature  does  not  become  high 
enough  to  damage  structural  members.  18  figs,  2  tables, 
8  refs.  (Author) 

1002.  Burniller  G 

EXPERIENCES       WITH       CONVENTIONAL       EXTIN- 
GUISHANTS  AND  EXTINGUISHING  METHODS 

Brandhilfe;  23(7):  157-162,  1976  (German) 

The  discussion  is  aimed  at  presenting  information  and 
stimulating  thought  on  whether  equipment  with  some 
specific  device  or  other  is  necessary  and  suitable  and 
whether  the  firefighting  unit  is  adequately  equipped  to 
handle  every  possible  fire  situation  in  its  area.  The  prime 
subject  discussed  is  the  use  of  suitable  powders  and  op- 
timal equipment  for  them.  The  use  of  CO  extinguishing 
methods  must  also  be  reserved  for  certain  fire  targets. 
The  possibilities  of  using  foam  are,  however,  broader, 
since  the  discharge  range  and  foam  properties  can  be 
greatly  varied  by  choosing  suitable  foam  pipes  and  various 
foam  compounds.  12  figs,  3  tables.  (Fachdok  12/0984) 

1003.  Amore  P 

STUDY  OF  THE  FIRE  FIGHTING  APPLICATIONS  OF 
WETTING  AGENTS 

Antincendio  protez  civ;  27(10):755-760,  1975  (Italian) 

The  article  contains  the  contents  of  a  report  of  the 
directorate  of  the  Hydraulics  Laboratory  of  the  Italian 
Fire  Research  Center  devoted  to  problems  connected  with 
the  application  of  wetting  agents,  which  are  widely  used 
in  the  chemical  industry,  to  the  suppression  of  solid  com- 


199 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

b.  Extinguishing  Agents  and  Additives — Continued 


bustible  material  (wood,  textiles,  etc.)  and  combustible 
liquid  fires.  The  appreciable  increase  in  the  wetting  capaci- 
ty of  an  aqueous  solution  of  wetting  agents  compared 
to  "pure"  water  permits  effective  use  to  extinguish  sohd 
materials  in  piles.  Aqueous  solutions  of  wetting  agents 
are  highly  recommended  for  the  suppression  of  forest 
fires.  When  extinguishing  combustible  Uquids,  a  positive 
effect  can  also  be  obtained  as  a  result  of  the  formation 
of  an  emulsion  in  the  surface  layer  of  the  liquid,  promot- 
ing cooling.  The  adhesive  properties  of  water  and  wetting 
agents  on  various  surfaces  are  analyzed  from  the  view- 
point of  molecular  theory.  5  figs,  13  refs. 

1004.  EUiott  DE  and  Chiesa  PJ,  Jr 

A  NEW   FOAM   RHEOMETER   FOR    STUDYING    FIRE 

nCHTING  FOAMS 

Fire  Technol;  \2(l):66-69,  1916 

The  rheology  of  a  foam  defines  its  flow  properties. 
Flow  properties  of  a  foam  have  been  characterized  by 
measuring  its  viscosity,  continuous  stress,  and  critical 
shear  stress.  The  methods  used,  however,  measure  shear 
stress  only  at  specific  times  during  the  lifetime  of  a  foam, 
require  extreme  care  in  calibration,  require  the  operator 
to  read  a  moving  pointer,  are  cumbersome  to  use,  and 
produce  no  permanent  record  of  the  results.  This  paper 
describes  a  newly  developed  instrument  that  overcomes 
these  problems,  i  fig,  1  table,  6  refs.  (Author) 

1(X)5.  Williamson  HV 

HALON  1301  FLOW  IN  PIPELINES 

Fire  Technol;  12(l):18-32,  1975 

The  complete  manual  calculation  of  pressure  drops  in 
the  piping  used  in  a  Halon  1301  total-flooding  fire  extin- 
guishing system  is  not  practical.  The  flow  of  nitrogen- 
pressured  Halon  1301  is  a  two-phase  flow  phenomenon 
involving  a  mixture  of  liquid  and  vapor  in  which  the  ratio 
of  vapor  to  liquid  increases  as  the  pressure  drops  from 
the  friction  loss.  With  two-phase  flow,  the  rate  of  pressure 
drop  increases  as  the  fluid  proceeds  through  the  pipeline 
because  the  velocity  of  flow  must  increase  as  the  volume 
of  fluid  expands.  Since  it  is  not  practical  to  use  a  manual 
method  for  two-phase  calculations,  a  simplified  linear  ap- 
proach or  a  complete  calculation  by  computer  is  indicated. 
13  figs.  (Author) 

1006.  Teslenko  G,  Rode  AA,  Petrov  I  and  Kucher  V 
USE  OF  THE  COMPOUND  3.5  IN  CABLE  TUNNELS 

Pozhar  delo;  (4):22-23,  1976  (Russian) 

The  3.5  compound  (ethyl  bromide/carbon  dioxide  mix- 
ture in  a  ratio  of  70:30)  has  proved  to  be  very  effective 
in  fire  protection  of  power  plants  and  elsewhere.  Accord- 
ing to  incomplete  data,  ten  fires  in  cable  tunnels  have 
been  extinguished  in  the  last  2  years.  It  does  not  conduct 
current,  does  not  freeze  down  to  170°C,  and  fixed 
systems  are  compact  and  economical,  but  is  toxic  at  high 
concentrations.  Tests  and  the  effectiveness  of  the  com- 
pound for  suppression  of  cable  tunnel  fires  are  described. 
2  tables 


1007.  Anon 

EXTINGUISHING  FIRES  WITH  FOAM  AND  WETTING 
AGENTS 

Fire  Internal;  5(53):59-69,  1976  (EngUsh,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

The  advantages  and  necessity  of  introducing  foams  and 
wetting  agents  based  on  surfactants  into  general  fire- 
fighting  practice  and  of  extending  their  application  are 
illustrated  by  the  experience  gained  in  the  the  USSR. 
The  general  requirements  for  six  Soviet  foam  compounds 
are  listed  in  a  table.  Soviet  and  US  foam  compounds 
are  compared.  The  paper  was  a  Soviet  contribution  to 
the  CTIF  symposium  at  Berlin  in  June  and  read  for  the 
Soviet  delegation  in  their  absence.  1  fig,  2  tables,  1  photo. 

1008.  Brzustowski  TA,  Kaptein  M  and  SuUivan  HF 

THE   ACTION   OF  "SUBSURFACE"   FOAM   IN   EXTIN- 
GUISHING OILTANK  FIRES 

Arch  Termodyn  Spal;  7(2):  165-174,  1976  (EngUsh;  Pohsh 
and  Russian  summaries) 

The  results  of  laboratory  experiments  were  used  as  the 
basis  for  analysis  of  a  proposed  physical  model  of  the 
action  of  subsurface  foam  in  extinguishing  oil-tank  fires. 
The  model  is  used  to  predict  the  condition  of  foam  flakes 
arriving  at  the  edge  of  the  flame,  and  from  this  prediction 
to  suggest  the  parameters  for  safe  design.  2  figs,  1  table, 
8  refs. 

1009.  Baratov  A,  Vogman  L  and  Volkova  V 
FIRE-EXTINGUISHING  POWDER  COMPOSITIONS 

Pozhar  delo;  (6): 28-29,  1976  (Russian) 

The  chemical  composition,  grain  size,  specific  area  and 
specific  weights  of  fire-extinguishing  powders  most  com- 
monly used  in  the  USSR  are  summarized  in  two  tables. 
The  effectiveness  of  powders  in  extinguishing  fires  is  but- 
tressed by  the  results  of  extinguishing  seven  test  fires: 
an  aircraft  interior,  a  chemical  propellant,  a  methane-air 
mixture,  woodboard,  combustible  hquids,  sodium,  and  alu- 
minum compounds,  among  others.  2  tables. 

1010.  Kawa  S  and  Horinouti  K 

DEVELOPMENT    OF    FIRE-EXTINGUISHING    AGENTS 
(PRECIPITATION).  PART  I. 

Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan);  (12):20-25,  1975  (Japanese) 

A  detailed  analysis  is  made  of  the  chemical  properties 
of  new  fire-extinguishing  solutions  developed  at  the  chemi- 
cal laboratory  of  the  Institute  of  Fire  Engineering  and 
Firefighting  Methods  (Tokyo)  for  use  in  fire  extinguishers. 
The  study  of  these  solutions  has  made  it  possible  to  obtain 
exhaustive  results  on  their  chemical  and  physico-chemical 
properties,  as  illustrated  by  numerous  reactions  in  analyti- 
cal terms.  The  external  reaction  conditions  are  indicated, 
as  is  the  percentage  of  participating  components.  A 
description  is  given  of  the  design  and  operating  principle 
of  the  test  stand  used  to  study  the  effectiveness  of  the 
new  fire-extinguishing  solutions.  Identical  rectangular 
pieces  of  a  material  ensuring  an  intense  even  flame  during 
combustion  were  used  to  simulate  the  fire.  The  pieces 
are  stacked  to  form  a  tall  rectangular  prism  resembUng 
a  rectangular,  multi-story  building.  Photographic  and  tabu- 
lar materials  are  given,  illustrating  the  process  of  fire 
simulation  by  this  method.  It  is  stated  that  such  a  stack 
of  flammable  specimens  ensures  maximum   stable  flame 


200 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

b.  Extinguishing  Agents  and  Additives — Continued 


burning  intensity  and  maximum  flame  stability  to  the 
fire-extinguishing  stream,  making  it  possible  to  increase 
appreciably  the  objectivity  of  the  data  obtained  from  the 
results  of  the  studies.  It  is  recommended  that  this  stacking 
structure  and  this  type  of  combustible  piece  be  used  in 
the  future  for  various  kinds  of  fire  tests.  6  figs.  (RZh) 

1011.  Ojima  M,  Matsuhashi  S  and  Torii  N 

STUDY  OF  GELATINIZATION  OF  WATERS.  PART  2 

Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan);  (12):88-93,  1975  (Japanese) 

It  is  reported  that  large  expenditures  of  water  to  extin- 
guish fires  are  stimulating  the  development  and  production 
of  means  to  gelatinize  (thicken)  water.  A  brief  survey 
is  made  of  contemporary  achievements  in  the  water 
thickening  area;  described  in  particular  are  some  of  the 
most  recent  aggregates  for  thickening.  Water  thickening 
yields  fundamental  technical  advantages  with  regard  to 
fires.  First  of  all,  it  becomes  economically  feasible  to 
transport  water  as  a  fire-fighting  agent  in  fire  vehicles 
and  special  pumpers  to  the  scene  of  a  fire,  especially 
when  there  are  no  fire  hydrants  in  the  vicinity;  secondly, 
thickened  water  is  more  efficient  in  fire  extinguishing  than 
ordinary  water.  Given  are  the  results  of  complex  tests 
in  which  the  effectiveness  of  using  thickened  water  to 
extinguish  fires  under  different  conditions  was  evaluated. 
Used  as  the  thickening  reagent  was  NaOH,  in  three  dif- 
ferent consistencies:  0.05%,  0.1%,  and  0.3%.  It  is  shown 
that  the  degree  of  thickening  depends  strongly  on  the 
temperature.  For  example,  for  a  temperature  increase 
from  14  to  41  °C,  the  degree  of  thickening  of  a  0.05% 
solution  drops  from  a  value  of  1.22  to  0.65  (in  conven- 
tional units)  and  of  a  0.1%  solution  from  1.33  to  1.02. 
With  increasing  concentration  of  alkali,  the  temperature 
dependence  of  the  degree  of  thickening  becomes  weaker 
and  even  becomes  inverse:  for  a  0.3%  solution  the  tem- 
perature rise  in  the  same  range  leads  to  an  insignificant 
increase  in  the  degree  of  thickening,  from  5.14  to  5.23. 
Also  studied  were  the  hydrodynamic  properties  of  water 
at  various  degrees  of  thickening.  The  throughput  (for 
thickened  water)  of  fire  hoses  with  an  inner  diameter 
of  65  mm  and  a  length  of  20  cm  connected  to  a  pump 
with  a  measurable  rpm  was  studied.  Two  types  of  nozzles 
were  used,  one  for  dehvery  of  a  soUd  stream  and  one 
for  a  fog  stream.  The  pressure  was  varied  from  1.5  to 
3.5  kg/cm^,  and  the  flow  rate  for  the  first  playpipe  in- 
creased from  430  to  640  1/min  and  for  the  second  from 
580  to  870  1/min.  It  is  noted  that  the  fire-hose  throughput 
determined  in  this  manner  characterizes  the  coefficient 
of  water  viscosity,  which  was  not  specially  measured. 
11  figs,  7  tables,  5  refs.  (RZh) 

1012.  Erben  A 

HIGH  EXPANSION  FOAM  METHOD  WITH  CARBON 
DIOXIDE  ADDITIVE  AND  DEVICE  FOR  IMPLEMENT- 
ING THE  METHOD 

FRG  Patent  No.  1,559,679;  CI  A62C  5/04,  A62C  27/28, 
Appl  28  Feb  1966,  Disci  10  Jul  1975,  Assignee:  Enka 
Glanzstoff  AG 

The  patent  is  granted  for  a  high-expansion  foam  fire- 
extinguishing  method  with  CO2  pressure  feed.  The  novelty 
of  the  method  is  proportioning  of  the  CO 2  at  a  level 
at  which  the  foam  temperature  at  the  generator  outlet 
is  2  to  S^C  (preferably  6°C).  The  new  method  is  recom- 


mended for  the  suppression  of  fires  of  combustible  liquids 
with  a  specific  weight  less  than  water  and  high  volatiUty. 
Examples  of  extinguishing  test  fires  of  methanol  and  car- 
bon disulphide  demonstrate  the  high  efficiency  of  the 
method. 

1013.  Stoeffler  BH 

APPARATUS  FOR  FILLING  CONTAINERS  WITH  DIF- 
FICULTLY FLOW  ABLE  MATERIALS 

US  Patent  No.  3,942,561;  C\  141/67,  (B65B  1/16),  Appl 
11  Mar  1974,  Disci  9  Mar  1976,  Priority:  Germany,  Appl. 
7312224[U],  31  Mar  1973,  Assignee:  Vulcan-Werk  Wilhelm 
Diebold,  Germany 

Apparatus  for  filling  containers  with  difficultly  flowable 
material,  comprising  a  separator  including  a  filter,  a  fun- 
nel-shaped outlet,  and  a  dust-free  butterfly  valve  for  con- 
trolling flow  of  powder  through  said  outlet;  and  a  suction 
device  for  conveying  said  powder  by  suction  to  said 
separator;  said  outlet  adapted  to  be  connected  to  the  con- 
tainer to  be  filled;  said  separator  being  operable  to  filter 
powder  from  the  air  conveying  said  powder  into  the 
separator  and  allowing  the  separated  powder  to  fall  into 
said  funnel-shaped  outlet.  The  invention  is  especially 
designed  for  emptying  and  filUng  fire-extinguishers.  8 
claims,  8  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


1014.  Mark  W  and  Landgraf  W 

SYNTHETIC  FOAM  COMPOUND,  ESPECIALLY  FOR 
THE  SUPPRESSION  OF  FIRES  OF  WATER-MISCIBLE 
ORGANIC  LIQUIDS 

FRG  Patent  No.  1,621,721;  CI  A62d  1/00,  Appl  11  Nov 
1967,  Disci  17  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  Total  Foerstner  und 
Co 

The  foam  compound  is  a  synthetic  agent  containing  a 
wetting  material  as  the  foam-making  component,  such  as 
ethanolamide  polyglycol  ester  of  an  aUphatic  acid 
(monoethanolamide    polyglycol    ester    of    coconut    acid, 


201 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

b.  Extinguishing  Agents  and  Additives — Continued 


diethanolamide  polyglycol  ester  of  lauric  acid,  or  mixtures 
of  them),  high-polymeric  substances  of  vegetable  or 
synthetic  origin,  which,  when  the  foam  compound  con- 
tacts the  burning  fluid,  form  an  intermediate  layer  (e.g., 
thermally  depolymerized  alginate)  and  a  foam  regulator 
(glycol  esters).  Data  are  given  from  comparative  tests  of 
the  new  compound  and  a  compound  in  which  sulfonate 
was  used  instead  of  ethanolamide  polyglycol  ester.  The 
time  required  for  complete  disintegration  of  a  foam  layer 
applied  to  the  surface  of  300  ml  of  burning  methanol 
in  a  porcelain  basin  with  a  volume  of  1000  ml  was  12 
min  for  the  new  compound  and  1  min  for  the  sulfonate, 
test  conditions  being  the  same.  (RZh) 

1015.  Corrie  JG 

THE  EFFECT  OF  FOAM  LIQUID  CONCENTRATIONS 
ON  FIRE  PERFORMANCE  ON   LABORATORY   FIRES. 

Dept  of  the  Environ  and  Fire  Offices'  Committee  (UK), 
Fire  Res  Station;  Fire  Res  Note  1047,  9  pages,  4  figs, 
3  refs,  Jan  1976 

The  effect  of  deterioration  of  foaming  solutions  of 
fluoroprotein  and  fluorochemical  liquids  has  been  simu- 
lated by  dilution,  and  the  consequent  change  in  per- 
formance has  been  measured  by  means  of  the  new  0.25 
mutest  fire  described  in  PR  Note  No.  1007.  The  results 
obtained  are  compared  with  earlier  ones  on  the  Defence 
Standard  42-3  fire  of  0.28  m^area,  over  which  the  new 
fire  is  shown  to  have  advantages.  (Author) 

C.  HYDRAULICS  AND  WATER  SUPPLIES 

1016.  Browet  L 

WATER  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  FIRE  EXTINGUISH- 
MENT -  1000  l/min  OR  120  m] 

Rev  Beige  Feu;  (30):34-37,  1976  (French) 

The  Belgian  departmental  decree  on  the  supply  of  water 
for  life  suppression  by  the  communities  has  aroused 
critique  from  many  sides.  The  author  examines  the  in- 
dividual stipulations,  which  he  then  expands  by  resorting 
to  practical  experience.  The  topics  examined  are  the  pro- 
perties of  the  water;  the  question  of  the  meaning  of  "1000 
l/min  supply  rate";  and  the  "2-hour  period"  during  which 
this  quantity  of  water  must  be  available.  The  fire  suppres- 
sion measures,  which  leave  such  broad  room  for  in- 
terpretation, also  result  in  discrepancies.  It  is  emphasized 
that  consumption  is  governed  by  the  fire  at  hand  and 
not  by  theoretical  calculations,  fluctuating  between  225 
and  2100  l/min.  2  tables.  (Fachdok  12/0914) 

1017.  Merkle  T 

OPERATING  PRINCIPLE,  DESIGN  AND  EXPERIENCE 
WITH  PRESSURE  REDUCERS  IN  WATER-SUPPLY 
TRUNK  LINES 

Mitt  Inst  Wasserbau  Univ  Stuttgart;  (35):423-437,  1975 
(German) 

Manufacturing  and  hydraulic  requirements  for  water- 
pressure  regulators  in  the  water-supply  lines  of  large 
power  installations  are  discussed.  The  hydraulic  charac- 
teristics and  tactical  data  and  specifications  for  various 
designs  of  water-pressure  regulators  are  presented,  and 
the  regulations  for  their  use  are  given. 


1018.  Briers  E 

WATER  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  FIRE  SUPPRESSION. 
Part  1.  Assoc  Nat  pour  la  Prot  Contre  I'lncendie 
(Belgium);  DT  13,  21  pages,  10  figs,  14  tables,  14  refs 
(French) 

Deciding  on  the  fire-fighting  means  in  an  occupancy 
is  usually  not  a  simple  problem.  It  requires  thorough  study 
of  the  hazard  and  a  subsequent  study  of  the  means  to 
be  employed.  In  most  cases  the  extinguishing  agent  will 
be  water,  and  the  problem  to  be  solved  will  consist  in 
applying  the  water  to  the  fire  at  the  desired  time  in  suffi- 
cient quantity  and  in  the  most  suitable  form.  The  aim 
of  this  report  is  to  facilitate  understanding  and  resolution 
of  the  problems  which  arise  in  this  area,  especially  with 
regard  to  evaluation  of  the  water  requirements,  the  supply 
process,  and  calculations  of  facilities.  (Author) 

d.  INSPECTION 

1019.  Anon 

FIRE  PREVENTION  IN  PLANTS 

Bull  mens  Chambre  Commerce  ind  Meurthe-et-Moselle; 
(10):21-26,  1975&13(French) 

In  recent  years  the  number  of  industrial  fires  and  the 
losses  resulting  from  them  has  been  increasing.  The  chief 
reason  is  industrial  growth:  increase  in  the  area  and  size 
of  industrial  buildings,  increase  in  cost  per  unit  area,  and 
the  use  of  materials  on  a  polymer  base,  with  increased 
fire  hazard,  in  structures.  The  sequence  of  procedures 
estabhshed  in  France  for  the  inspection  of  industrial  enter- 
prises, by  insurance  organizations,  is  briefly  described. 
The  principal  requirements  for  various  buildings  and  facto- 
ries are  enumerated.  The  use  of  fire-hazardous  materials 
in  construction  may  lead  to  a  100%  increase  in  insurance 
premiums.  The  steps  that  can  be  taken  to  reduce  insurance 
premiums  are  listed.  It  is  noted  that  the  problem  of  ensur- 
ing fire  safety  in  industry  is  so  serious  and  difficult  that 
it  should  be  the  concern  of  all  involved,  not  only  the 
insurance  companies.  3  figs.  (RZh) 

1020.  Almagambetov  N 

WAYS  OF  IMPROVING  THE  OPERATING  EFFICIENCY 
OF  STATE  FIRE  INSPECTION  AGENCIES  (USSR) 

Pozhar  delo;  (4):8-9,  1976  (Russian) 

A  critique  is  made  of  the  ineffectiveness  of  district  and 
municipal  divisions  of  the  State  Fire  Inspectorate  of  the 
USSR.  The  reason  for  ineffectiveness  is  the  short  time 
spent  in  inspection  functions,  as  revealed  by  a  time-effi- 
ciency study  of  the  inspection  staff.  Ways  of  improving 
performance  are  suggested. 

e.  OPERATIONAL  PROBLEMS 

1021.  RodeK 

THE  ART  OF  COMMANDING  TACTICAL  FIRE  UNITS 
AND  VEHICLE  COLUMNS 

Brandhilfe;  23(6):  130-132,  1976  (German) 

Correct  leadership  in  the  fire  service  and  the  qualifica- 
tions of  leaders  in  general  are  discussed  in  this  article. 
The  fire-service  officer  should  concern  himself  with  the 
relatively  simple  conceptual  model  of  how  to  "command 
tactical  units"  and  should  use  the  model  as  a  basis  for 


202 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

e.  Operational  Problems — Continued 


his  command  task,  his  deliberations  and  decisions.  He 
should  also  master  the  most  important  aspects  of  how 
to  "control  vehicle  columns".  In  a  concluding  section 
an  attempt  is  made  to  define  the  concept  "disaster".  2 
figs.  (Fachdok  12/0905) 

1022.  Lankau  IE 

A  RECENT  FEDERAL  SUPREME  COURT  (FRG)  DECI- 
SION ON  SPECIAL  PRIVILEGES  AND  RIGHT-OF-WAY 
IN  THE  TRAFFIC  REGULATIONS 

Brandschutz;  30(7):168-169,  1976  (German) 

In  a  recently  published  decision  (BGH,  Opinion  VI  ZR, 
dated  Dec  16,  1974)  the  Federal  Supreme  Court  (FRG) 
has  taken  a  position  with  regard  to  certain  aspects  of 
special  rights  and  the  right-of-way  as  expressed  in  the 
traffic  regulations.  The  guiding  principle  of  the  decision 
is  worded  as  follows:  motor  vehicles  with  privileges  ac- 
cording to  paragraph  38  of  the  Traffic  Regulations,  when 
they  have  turned  on  their  blue  lights  and  acoustic  signals, 
are  permitted  to  take  advantage  of  the  open  lane  made 
for  them  by  other  road  users  even  if  they  should  stop. 
This  holds  even  when  the  right-of-way  is  regulated  by 
hght  signals.  The  case  on  which  the  review  decision  is 
based  is  cited.  The  traffic  regulation  text  is  given  in  full 
in  an  insert.  (For  related  articles  see  pp  170-171,  172- 
173,  174  and  192  of  this  issue  of  Brandschutz.)  (Fachdok 
12/0858) 

1023.  Rath  K 

THE  DUTY  TO  EXERCISE  CARE  WHEN  INVOKING 
THE  "SPECIAL  PRIVILEGES"  GRANTED  BY  THE 
TRAFFIC  REGULATIONS 

Brandschutz;  30(7):170-171,  1976  (German) 

Attention  is  drawn  to  the  fact  that  opinions  expressed 
with  regard  to  the  old  version  of  the  Traffic  Regulations 
remain  in  force,  since  the  legal  situation  of  the  new  para- 
graphs 35  and  38  of  the  Traffic  Regulations  has  undergone 
only  a  formal  change  compared  to  the  old  version  of 
paragraph  48.  A  Federal  Supreme  Court  (FRG)  decision 
from  Jan  11,  1971,  and  the  facts  of  the  case  on  which 
the  decision  was  based,  are  discussed,  and  the  rules  of 
conduct  derived  from  this  opinion  for  drivers  of  vehicles 
exercising  the  right-of-way  are  pointed  out.  The  driver 
of  such  a  vehicle  may  make  use  of  his  special  privilege 
only  when  all  indications  show  that  another  road  user 
has  noticed  him  and  yields  him  these  privileges.  (For  re- 
lated articles  see  pp  168-169,  172-173,  174  and  192  of 
this  issue  of  Brandschutz.)  (Fachdok  12/0882) 

f.  PUBLIC  EDUCATION  AND  PUBLIC  RELATIONS 

1024.  Koenig  G 

TEENAGE  GIRLS  IN  THE  YOUTH  FIRE  SERVICE 

Feuerwehr;  26(4):96-97,  1976  (German) 

The  youth  fire-service  supervisor  of  the  District  of  Stade 
(FRG)  reports  on  his  experience  with  the  two-year-old 
youth  fire  service  of  Drachtersen,  to  which  girls  also  be- 
long. At  the  start  of  the  program  an  entire  catalog  of 
problems  to  be  solved  was  compiled,  but  these  problems 
soon  proved  to  be  only  theoretical.  The  female  members 
(13-16  age  group)  turned  out  to  be  more  sensible  than 
boys  of  the  same  age,  worked  more  intensely  with  and 


exhibited  the  same  interest  in  the  firefighting  equipment 
as  the  boys;  in  short,  the  girls'  performance  in  the 
firefighting  equipment  area  was  outstanding.  Nothing  more 
could  be  expected  of  the  teamwork  of  the  group  members 
either.  (Fachdok  12/0623) 

g.  RESCUE  OPERATIONS 

1025.  Kropivyanskiy  V 

EXPERIENCE  IN  TRAINING  BREATHING  APPARATUS 
TEAMS 

Pozhar  dele;  (1):  19,  1976  (Russian) 

Team  and  section  chiefs  of  the  gas  and  smoke  protection 
service  of  the  Lvov  Fire  Protection  Administration  are 
trained  in  organizing  rescue  work  either  on  the  training 
grounds  or  at  various  plants  of  the  district.  Training 
covers  methods  of  evacuating  valuable  items,  extinguish- 
ing fires,  as  well  as  coordination  between  the  reconnais- 
sance team,  the  safety  command  post  and  the  breathing 
apparatus  teams  at  the  command  and  control  point.  The 
team  training  schedules  and  programs  are  outhned. 

1026.  Anon 

OPTIMUM  GUIDING  SYSTEM  FOR  EVACUEES  DUR- 
ING AN  EMERGENCY 

Technocrat  (Japan);  9(1):88,  1976 

The  Matsushita  Electric  Works  (Japan)  has  worked  out 
a  system  of  signs  and  symbols  to  aid  evacuation  in  case 
of  fires  in  buildings  or  in  underground  shopping  centers. 
The  direction  is  indicated  by  arrows;  the  way  in  which 
the  arrow  points  can  be  changed  to  conform  to  the  op- 
timum direction  of  motion  of  the  flow  of  evacuees.  The 
system  consists  of  a  control  panel,  signal  lamps,  emergen- 
cy exit  signs  and  fire  alarm  devices  In  case  of  fire, 
the  system  indicates  the  point  where  the  fire  has  broken 
out  and  the  most  favorable  evacuation  route  shows  up 
on  the  control  panel.  The  location  of  the  exits  is  indicated 
by  lights  and  buzzers,  which  guide  people  when  vision 
is  clouded  by  smoke. 

1027.  Anon 

SAFE  TO  GROUND  THROUGH  THE  CHUTE 

ZS  Magazin;  (6): 20-21,  1976  (German) 

A  new  expedient  for  rapid  evacuation  of  highrise  re- 
sidents in  case  of  fire  and  other  disasters  was  demon- 
strated at  the  end  of  May  (1976)  at  the  administrative 
building  of  a  large  insurance  company  in  Cologne  (FRG). 
The  expedient  was  a  rescue  chute  through  which  people 
can  slide  safely  to  ground  alongside  a  building.  This  device 
is  promising  for  faster  and  less  hazardous  evacuation  of 
endangered  buildings,  especially  in  the  case  of  highrise 
fires,  than  has  been  provided  to  date  by  more  conven- 
tional means,  s^ch  as  ladders  and  the  like.  The  chute 
is  manufactured  in  Japan  in  lengths  of  150m  and  is  made 
of  heat-resistant  fabric.  The  fabric  is  not  supposed  to 
require  any  maintenance.  3  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0862) 

1028.  Fujita  T 

OPTIMIZATION  OF  THE  STRATEGY  FOR  EVACUA- 
TION FROM  FIRES  CAUSED  BY  A  STRONG 
EARTHQUAKE.  SIMULATION  OF  THE  FIRE  SPREAD- 
ING IN  URBAN  AREAS 

Keisoku  jido  seigyo  gakkai  ronbunshu;  ll(5):501-507,  1975 
(Japanese;  English  summary) 


203 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 

8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

g.  Rescue  Operations — Continued 


The  choice  of  an  optimal  strategy  and  routes  for  the 
evacuation  of  people  during  fires  caused  by  earthquakes 
is  an  urgent  problem  for  Japan,  which  is  subjected  to 
frequent  seismic  effects  of  varying  intensity.  A  brief  sur- 
vey is  made  of  the  evacuation  plans  developed  to  date 
for  different  Japanese  cities.  It  is  noted  that  this  problem 
can  be  solved  effectively  in  general  form  only  by  an 
analytical  approach  using  machine  information-processing 
methods,  since  physical  modelhng  cannot  take  into  ac- 
count all  the  statistical  factors,  but  can  solve  the  problem 
only  under  certain  specific  conditions  for  individual  cases. 
An  analytical  method  is  proposed  for  setting  up  computer 
programs  based  on  the  theory  of  fire  spread,  the  so-called 
"small  contour"  theory.  This  theory  takes  into  account 
the  area  engulfed  in  fire,  or  any  fire  source,  as  a  set 
of  an  infinitely  large  number  of  vanishingly  small  sources. 
Each  such  elementary  fire  source  has  equiprobable  charac- 
teristics of  fire  spread  in  all  directions  and  in  rate  of 
spread.  In  constructing  potential  topological  maps  of  fires 
for  specific  areas  of  a  city,  the  elementary  characteristics 
are  summed  algegraically  and  vectorially ;  as  a  result,  the 
directions  of  subsequent  spread  are  predicted  on  the  basis 
of  the  configuration  of  the  fire-engulfed  area.  11  figs, 
7  refs.  (RZh) 

1029.  Zephinie  G 

EVACUATION  SYSTEM  PARTICULARLY  APPLICABLE 
FOR  THE  RESCUE  OF  ENDANGERED  PERSONS 

French  Patent  No.  2,232,920;  CI  A62B   1/00,  B65g  11/00, 
Appl  5  Jan  1973,  Disci  3  Jan  1975 

The  system  is  an  improved  design  of  a  well-known 
rescue  means  in  the  form  of  a  chute.  It  is  proposed  to 
make  the  chute  not  all  in  one  piece,  but  sectional,  so 
that  when  in  use,  the  wide  upper  portions  of  each  section 
are  at  the  window  level  of  a  building.  This  permits  evacua- 
tion from  any  floor  without  changing  the  location  of  the 
entire  device.  The  chute  is  made  in  two  layers,  which 
improves  braking  and  insulation  from  possible  heat 
sources.  A  pneumatic  pocket  to  serve  as  a  landing  buffer 
is  provided  in  the  lower  portion.  A  continuous  cable  with 
devices  to  hold  people  is  proposed  in  one  of  the  versions. 
In  this  case  the  rate  of  descent  is  controlled  by  means 
of  an  electric  motor  with  cable  connection.  Several  ver- 
sions of  devices  for  affixing  the  chute  to  the  building 
are  described.  The  chute  can  be  used  in  combination  with 
a  derrick.  11  drawing  figs.  (Author) 

1030.  Smith  CP,  Jr 
EMERGENCY  RESCUE  DEVICE 

US  Patent  No.  3,931,868;  CI  182/63,  (A62B   1/02),  Appl 
12  Aug  1974,  Disci  13  Jan  1976 

A  helicopter-supported  gondola  is  provided  with  means 
for  stabilizing  the  position  of  the  gondola  with  respect 
to  the  exterior  wall  of  a  building  so  that  people  trapped 
within  the  building  may  be  removed  from  it  and  safely 
lowered  to  the  ground.  Means  are  provided  for  stabihzing 
the  gondola  so  that  the  downdraft  from  the  helicopter 
can  be  used  to  control  the  position  of  the  gondola,  and 
other  means  are  provided  to  hold  the  gondola  firmly  to 
the  side  of  the  building  so  that  people  may  move  from 
the  building  to  the  gondola.  8  claims,  8  drawing  figs. 
(Author) 


1031.  Dorcich  RL 
ESCAPE  ELEVATOR 

US  Patent  No.   3,945,469;  CI   187/6,  (B66B  9/00),   Appl 
4  Jan  1974,  Disci  23  Mar  1976 

The  invention  comprises  an  escape  elevator  which  is 
especially  useful  with  tall  building.  The  escape  elevator 
slides  up  and  down  the  outside  of  the  building  along  a 
pair  of  spaced  tracks.  The  tracks  serve  to  hold  the  eleva- 
tor close  to  the  building  as  well  as  to  provide  guidance 
for  the  up-and-down  motion  of  the  elevator.  The  elevator 
car  or  cage  extends  to  either  side  of  the  tracks  sufficiently 
to  overlap  egresses  from  the  building  such  as  balconies. 
The  power  winches  which  operate  the  elevator  are  located 
adjacent  to  the  top  of  the  building.  A  shielded  cable  is 
provided  which  leads  from  the  winches  to  a  point  adjacent 
to  the  ground  floor  of  the  building.  A  remote  control 
box  is  attachable  at  the  point  adjacent  to  the  ground  floor 
of  the  building.  Also  attachable  at  the  control  box  is  an 
external  power  supply  to  which  power  to  operate  the 
elevator  is  supplied.  The  elevator  is  thus  not  dependent 
upon  the  internal  power  supply  of  the  building.  The 
remote  control  device  can  be  operated  from  a  considerable 


204 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS.  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

g.  Rescue  Operations— Continued 


distance  from  the  building,  whereby  the  operator,  who 
in  most  cases  will  be  a  fireman,  can  best  observe  the 
fire  in  the  building  and  direct  rescue  and  fire-fighting  ef- 
forts. 9  claims,  7  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


1032.  Hunter  CR 
PORTABLE  FIRE  ESCAPE 

US  Patent  No.   3,949,832;  CI   182/7,   (A62B    1/14),   Appl 
4  Dec  1974,  Disci  13  Apr  1976 

An  elongated  flexible  tension  member  is  provided  in- 
cluding a  first  end  attachable  to  an  upper  floor  portion 
of  a  building  and  a  free  end  portion  which  may  depend 
downwardly  to  ground  level.  A  slide  member  is  engaged 
with  the  tension  member  for  guided  movement  therealong 
and  defines  a  handgrip  to  be  held  by  a  user  moving 
downwardly  along  the  tension  member  with  the  sUde.  The 
sUde  further  supports  a  seat  portion  therebelow  upon 
which  the  user  may  be  seated  while  grasping  the  handgrip 
defining  slide  and  moving  downwardly  therewith.  Also, 
the  sUde  includes  readily  actuatable  and  deactuatable  fric- 
tion brake  and  clamping  structure  for  selectivity  and 
variably  braking  the  descent  of  the  slide  and  seat  portion 
supported  therefrom  along  the  tension  member.  10  claims, 
7  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


1033.  Okada  S 

MULTIFLOOR-TYPE     ESCAPE     BRIDGE    APPARATUS 

FOR  USE  IN  MULTI-STORY  BUILDING 

US  Patent  No.  3,951,232;  CI  182/84,  (E04G  3/00),  Appl 
4  Dec  1973,  Disci  20  Apr  1976,  Assignee:  Tokyo  Shutter 
Co,  Ltd,  Osaka,  Japan 


This  invention  provides  a  multifloor  type  escape  bridge 
apparatus  between  two  buildings  for  use  in  highrise 
buildings  in  an  emergency  situation,  such  as  fire.  In  a 
normal  situation,  the  necessary  members,  e.g.,  expanders, 
floor  boards,  suspension  ropes  and  winding  mechanisms, 
are  suspended  in  folded  position  beneath  a  support  means. 
In  case  of  emergency,  the  expanders  secured  to  the  sup- 
port means  are  lowered  so  as  to  place  at  each  floor  of 
the  building,  a  board  providing  connections  between  cor- 
responding openings  at  the  opposite  walls  of  adjacent 
buildings,  enabling  individuals  to  escape  from  one  building 
to  the  other.  14  claims,  9  drawing  figs.  (Author) 


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1034.  Anon 

DEVICE   TO   RETAIN   A   DOOR   FOR   A   SET   PERIOD 

OF  TIME 

French  Patent  No.   2,244,363;   CI  E05C    17/08,   Appl   19 
Sept  1973,  Disci  11  Apr  1975,  Assignee:  SERPRO 

This  device  is  intended  to  keep  fire  doors  equipped 
with  an  automatic  closing  system  open  for  a  fixed  period 
of  time  to  allow  personnel  to  escape  through  these  doors 
and  to  ensure  closing  of  the  doors  in  case  of  fire.  The 
device  is  a  cylindrical  housing  containing  a  bolt  which 
holds  the  doors  open  by  engaging  a  stop  in  the  wall  ad- 
jacent to  the  doors.  The  bolt  is  actuated  by  two  springs, 
one  fixed  to  the  top  of  the  housing,  the  other  to  a  piston 
with  valves  moving  within  the  housing,  which  is  filled 
with  a  viscous  fluid.  Under  the  pressure  of  the  springs, 
the  fluid  is  forced  upward  by  the  piston  into  the  space 
above  it,  the  piston  moves  down  and  the  bolt  is  released 
from  the  catch  in  the  stop;  then  the  doors  close  automati- 
cally. The  open-door  time  is  governed  by  the  time  required 
to  displace  the  fluid,  which  depends  on  the  viscosity  of 
the  fluid  and  the  size  of  the  space  between  the  housing 
walls  and  the  doors.  When  released,  the  bolt  displaces 
the  piston,  opening  the  valves  in  it  and  preparing  the 
device  for  a  new  operating  cycle.  The  housing  contains 
a  plug  made  of  a  readily  fusible  material.  When  a  fire 
breaks  out,  the  device  stops  operating,  and  the  door  is 
kept  from  closing.  5  drawing  figs.  (RZh) 


205 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


8.  FIRE  OPERATIONS:  PREVENTION  AND  SUPPRESSION 

g.  Rescue  Operations — Continued 


1035.  Anon 

HYDRAULIC  RETARDING  DEVICE  FOR  A  FIRE  PRO- 
TECTION INSTALLATION 

French  Patent  No.  2,240,606;  CI  A62C  37/00,  Appl  10 
Aug  1973,  Disci  7  Mar  1975,  Assignee:  Cie  Centrale  Sicli 

The  invention  relates  to  an  automatic  device  for  cover- 
ing hatches  in  fire  doors  after  personnel  alarmed  by  a 
warning  signal  have  left  a  danger  zone.  The  hydraulic 
retarder  has  two  chambers.  After  a  detector  has  signaled 
the  outbreak  of  a  fire,  the  fire  warning  device  is  triggered 
and  fluid  entering  the  retarder  begins  to  flow  over  from 
one  chamber  into  the  other  through  a  special  calibration 
aperture  with  diameter  chosen  as  a  function  of  the  desired 
time  of  delay  of  the  actuator  signal.  When  all  the  fluid 
has  drained  from  one  chamber  into  the  other,  a  plunger 
rises,  forcing  fluid  into  the  pipeline,  which  forms  the 
signal  for  actuating  the  fire  device.  1  drawing  fig.  (RZh) 

1036.  Melinek  SJ  and  Baldwin  R 

EVACUATION  OF  BUILDINGS  -  SOME  EFFECTS  OF 
CHANGES  IN  PERFORMANCE  STANDARDS.  Building 
Res  Estab  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  BRE  CP-95-75,  6  pages, 
4  figs,  1  table,  8  refs,  Oct  1975 

The  object  of  the  present  paper  is  to  explore  the  effects 
of  making  small  changes  in  the  time  allowed  for  evacua- 
tion and  the  number  of  floors  to  be  evacuated.  These 
effects  will  be  of  two  kinds:  a)  changes  in  cost:  more 
staircase  capacity  will  cost  more;  b)  changes  in  evacuation 
time  for  the  whole  building. 

A  decrease  in  overall  evacuation  time  represents,  poten- 
tially, a  situation  of  greater  safety,  although  data  on 
behavior  of  people  in  fires  would  be  required  to  assess 
this  increase  in  numerical  terms.  However,  this  increase 
in  safety  would  be  balanced  by  an  increased  cost,  either 
in  construction,  or  through  loss  of  amenity,  and  it  is  this 
cost  which  is  the  main  concern  of  this  paper. 

The  effect  of  changes  in  evacuation  performance  on 
the  exit  capacity  required  is  assessed  by  using  data  on 
the  movement  of  crowds,  recently  reviewed  by  Melinek 
and  Booth.  It  will  be  postulated  that,  in  office  buildings 
at  least,  the  cost  is  determined  primarily  by  the  loss  of 
earnings  through  loss  of  rentable  space.  (Author) 

1037.  Nash  P 

THE  EXTINCTION  OF  AIRCRAFT  CRASH  FIRES.  Build- 
ing Res  Estab  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station;  BRE  CP-53-76, 
8  pages,  10  figs,  8  refs,  Jul  1976 

This  paper  discusses  one  of  the  most  severe  fire  situa- 
tions, the  aircraft  crash  fire,  its  problems  and  the  develop- 
ment of  extinguishing  agents.  The  paper  was  reprinted 
from  Fire  Prevention,  1976,  No.  112,  pp.  24-30.  See  FTA 
1(1/2),  abstract  25. 

1038.  MeUnek  SJ 

AN     ANALYSIS     OF     EVACUATION     TIMES     FROM 

BUILDINGS;  Paper  No.  5 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 

Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 

UK,  pages  49-58 

Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab  (UK) 

The  evacuation  of  buildings  to  a  protected  area 
represented   by   a   staircase   is   considered.   Data   for  the 


estimation   of   total   evacuation   time   from   buildings   are 
presented.  2  figs,  1  table,  18  refs.  (Author) 

1039.  Bazjanac  V 

INTERACTIVE  SIMULATION  OF  BUILDING  EVACUA- 
TION WITH  ELEVATORS 

Annual  Simulation   Symp,   9th,   Rec  of  Proc;    1976,   Mar 
17-19,  Tampa,  FL,  pages  15-29 
Sponsor:  IEEE 

This  report  describes  a  minicomputer-based  interactive 
simulation  model  which  was  used  to  experiment  with 
strategies  of  partial  and  total  evacuation  in  office  buildings 
in  downtown  San  Francisco.  Experiments  show  that  eleva- 
tors can  move  a  lot  of  people  to  safety  even  during  brief 
periods  of  safe  operation  at  the  beginning  of  emergency, 
if  the  evacuation  is  preplanned  and  started  promptly.  5 
refs.  (Author) 

h.  TACTICS 

1040.  Angermair  T  ■  ..- 
HELICOPTERS  IN  FIRE-SERVICE  OPERATIONS 

Brandaus;  84(5):167-170,  1976  (German) 

The  effectiveness  of  helicopters  in  fire-extinguishing 
operations  (forest  fires)  and  rescue  operations  (highrises) 
is  the  subject  of  this  article.  The  operational  tactics  of 
the  two  "Lama"  helicopters  of  the  Innsbruck  (Austria) 
fire  department,  which  are  available  day  and  night,  are 
outlined.  The  rescue  sequence  during  a  disaster  exercise 
at  the  Voest  highrise  in  Innsbruck  using  various  rescue 
devices  is  described  and  the  rescue  capacity  of  the  in- 
dividual devices  during  this  exercise  is  illustrated  in  a 
table,  from  which  conclusions  are  drawn.  2  figs,  1  table. 
(Fachdok  12/0815) 

1041 .  Anon 

DUAL  FOAM  ATTACK  ON  SHIP  FIRE 

Fire  Internal;  5(52):41-42,  1976  (EngUsh,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

Both  medium-  and  high-expansion  foams  were  used  suc- 
cessfully to  control  a  serious  fire  in  the  engine  room 
and  one  lower  hold  of  an  8,000  ton  motor  vessel  berthed 
in  Salford  Docks,  England.  The  fire  source  in  the  engine 
room  was  burning  oil,  which  ignited  bales  of  cotton  and 
Arcton  cylinders  in  the  hold.  The  firefighting  measures 
are  described.  2  photos. 


FIRE-FIGHTING 


1042.  Hay  ward  ET 
DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHIP 

PROCEDURES 

Fire  Internat;  5(53):18-21,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

Considered  are  various  aspects  of  British  ship  fire- 
fighting  procedures,  such  as  machine  compartment  fires 
in  chemical  carriers,  requiring  "boundary  cooling";  the 
need  for  light-weight  breathing  apparatus  with  a  minimum 
60-minute  duration  and  rapid  refilling  (possible  use  of 
liquid  oxygen);  the  effectiveness  of  various  foam  com- 
pounds (tests  of  the  neglected  medium-expansion  foam 
are  recommended);  and  the  use  of  dry  powder  in  bulk 
in  mobile  fire  appliances.  Oxygen-starved  fires  are  also 
being  studied  at  the  Fire  Research  Station  at  Boreham- 
wood  (UK). 


206 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


9.  PLANNING 

h.  Tactics— Continued 


1043.  Tanner  AC 

FIGHTING    FIRES    ON    VERY    LARGE    CRUDE    CAR- 
RIERS 

Fire  Internal;  5(52):28-32,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

Crude  oil  cargoes  present  a  considerable  fire  and  explo- 
sion risk,  especially  when  the  tanks  are  empty  but  still 
gassing.  Most  tanker  fires  result  from  spillage,  explosion 
and  collision.  Particular  attention  is  devoted  to  fighting 
tank  fires,  the  principal  requirement  being  the  supply  of 
adequate  foam  compound  and  delivery  equipment.  Some 
aspects  of  fighting  tank  fires  are  presented  for  various 
types  of  tank  damage,  especially  for  a  tank  that  has  been 
holed.  Methods  of  attacking  burning  oil  on  the  water  and 
in  the  superstructure  are  suggested.  An  attempt  should 
be  made  to  acquire  a  copy  of  the  loading  schedule  indicat- 
ing full  and  empty  tanks.  Boarding  the  vessel  is  only 
at  the  Master's  request,  and  he  will  also  authorize  the 
use  of  foam  compound.  1  photo. 

1044.  Kasawara  Y 

TESTS  OF  A  CL-215  FIREFIGHTING  AIRCRAFT 

Kasai;  25(4): 234-240,  1975  (Japanese) 

The  parameters  of  a  speciaUzed  CL-215  firefighting  air- 
craft are  given,  along  with  a  description  of  the  design 
and  operating  principle  as  well  as  of  operational  flight 
tests.  This  aircraft  is  intended  for  use  in  extinguishing 
major  forest  fires,  fires  in  rural  areas,  floating  oil  fires, 
fires  in  coastal  and  port  installations,  oil  tankers,  and 
the  like.  A  sod  landing  strip  measuring  450  x  50  m  is 
sufficient  for  takeoff  and  landing.  A  high-expansion  fire- 
extinguishing  foam  is  prepared  in  the  aircraft  by  mixing 
specific  proportions  of  a  high-expansion  fire-extinguishing 
powder  and  water,  5.8  tons  of  which  are  held  in  an 
on-board  container.  The  test  results  illustrate  the  effective- 
ness of  using  an  aircraft  to  extinguish  the  different  kinds 
of  fires  under  various  meteorological  conditions.  A  review 
is  given  of  the  aircraft  and  helicopter  fire-fighting  means 
available  in  Japan.  9  figs.  (RZh) 

1045.  Guise  AB 

HOW  TO  FIGHT  NATURAL  GAS  FIRES 

Fire  Internal;  5(53):41-49,  1976  (English,  French,  German; 
Spanish  summary) 

A  study  of  data  from  241  fire  tests  leads  to  five  recom- 
mejjd^ations  on  how  to  cope  with  natural  gas  fires:  (1) 
assume  that  all  fires  in  escaping  natural  gas  will  be  imping- 
ing fires,  (2)  use  potassium  bicarbonate-base  dry  chemical 
where  wood  fires  are  unlikely  to  result  from  the  original 
gas  fire  or  where  water  is  available,  (3)  use  multi-purpose 
dry  chemical  where  water  is  not  available  and  fires  are 
likely  to  occur  in  wooded  or  brush  areas,  (4)  use  mobile 
equipment  with  hoselines  equipped  with  nozzles  that 
produce  high-velocity  concentrated  streams  at  the  highest 
dry  chemical  flow  rates  manageable  by  one  person,  (5) 
provide  special  reflective  clothing  for  the  firefighters  and 
reflective  head  covering  having  a  large  plastic  face  shield 
for  wide  vision.  8  figs,  1  table.  (Author) 


1046.  Evans  EM  and  Nash  P 

THE     BASE     INJECTION     OF     FOAMS     INTO     FUEL 
STORAGE  TANKS 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technol;  (14):18-26,  1976  (English;  German 
and  French  summaries) 

Various  systems  for  injecting  protein  and  fluoroprotein 
foams  beneath  the  surface  of  gasohne  and  kerosene  stored 
in  fixed-roof  tanks  of  6.1  and  10.6  m  diameter  and  6.1 
m  height  were  investigated.  The  development  of  the  foam 
layer  was  observed  and  the  fuel  pick-up  was  measured. 
It  was  concluded  that  the  method  should  be  effective 
for  extinguishing  fires  in  larger  tanks.  3  figs,  4  plates, 
8  tables,  3  refs.  (Author) 

1047.  Tesoro  G  and  Backer  S 
ESTINGUISHMENT     IN     APPAREL     TEXTILES.     Mas 

sachusetts  Inst  of  Technol,  Fibers  and  Polymers  Div;  NBS 
GCR-76-71,  60  pages,  Oct  1975 
AvaUabiUty:  NTIS  PB-254  751/lGA 

An  experimental  investigation  of  the  extinguishability 
during  combustion  of  various  apparel  fabrics  was  con- 
ducted. Cotton,  wool,  nylon,  cotton/polyester  and  FR  cot- 
ton/polyester were  ranked  according  to  burning  behavior 
under  test  conditions  of  DOC-FF-3-71  with  the  addition 
of  heat  sinks  near  the  fabric.  Stationary  and  movable 
heat  sinks  of  various  thermophysical  properties, 
geometries,  dimensions  and  speeds  were  considered.  It 
was  found  that  extinguishability  is  affected  by  fiber  type 
and  finish,  by  weight  per  unit  area  and  structure.  Two 
parameters  were  identified  to  measure  relative  extinguisha- 
bility: (1)  minimum  constant  spacing  (between  fabric  and 
heat  sink)  needed  to  induce  extinguishment,  and  (2)  the 
maximum  char  length  obtained  after  extinguishment  in  the 
case  of  a  variable  fabric-to-heat-sink  spacing.  It  is  con- 
cluded that  relative  differences  in  ease  of  extinguishment 
of  nonthermoplastic  fabrics  can  be  quantitatively  and 
reproducibly  measured.  Color  illustrations  reproduced  in 
black  and  white.  (Author) 


9.  PLANNING 

a.  BUDGETING 

1048.  Mork  E  and  Reiser  JW 

A  FIRE  SERVICE  DEMAND  CHARGE  STUDY.  Tacoma 

Fire  Dept,  Tacoma,  WA;  NSF  RA-760036,  118  pages,  Jan 

1976 

AvailabiUty:  NTIS  PB-252  605/lGA 

The  research  analyzes  the  demand  for  public  fire  protec- 
tion service  from  various  types  of  property.  The  cost 
of  providing  the  service  was  then  compared  with  the 
financial  constributions  made  for  that  service.  Ways  for 
reducing  disproportionate  fire-flow  requirements  were 
sought.  "A  Fire  Service  Demand  Charge  System"  was 
sought  which  rewards  property  owners  for  reducing  de- 
mands for  service  from  public  fire  protection  and  dis- 
tributes the  cost  for  providing  fire  protection  more 
equitably  among  its  users.  This  study  proposes  a  fire  ser- 
vice demand  charge  to  be  placed  on  buildings  making 
excessive  demands  upon  public  fire  protection.  The  Fire 
Service  Demand  Charge  would  provide  the  building  owner 
another  tool  to   consider  when  making  decisions   about 


207 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


9.  PLANNING 

a.  Budgeting— Continued 

installing  private  fire  protection.  Small  building  owners 
would  then  not  be  subsidizing  cost  for  public  fire  protec- 
tion for  buildings  other  than  their  own,  as  a  sampling 
of  Tacoma   indicates   they   now   do.   There   would  be   a 

gradual  downward  pressure  on  cost  for  public  fire  protec- 
tion as  private  fire  protection  reduces  demand.  (Author) 

b.  LOGISTICS 

1049.  Walker  WE 

THE  DEPLOYMENT  OF  EMERGENCY  SERVICES:  A 
GUIDE  TO  SELECTED  METHODS  AND  MODELS.  New 

York  City  Rand  Inst;  R-1867-HUD,  71  pages,  Sep  1975 
AvailabUity:  NTIS  PB-253  395/8GA 

A  nontechnical  summary  is  presented  of  the  models 
and  methods  to  assist  in  the  analysis  of  problems  as- 
sociated with  the  deployment  of  emergency  vehicles  such 
as  poUce  cars,  fire  engines,  and  ambulances.  Personnel 
of  emergency  service  agencies  and  local  government  offi- 
cials, especially  those  involved  in  planning  for  the  delivery 
of  emergency  services,  should  find  this  report  a  useful 
guide  to  some  of  the  available  tools  for  setting  deployment 
objectives,  measuring  performance,  and  developing  new 
poUcies.  In  addition  to  descriptions  of  eight  deployment 
models,  six  case  studies  are  described  in  which  the  models 
were  used  as  part  of  a  deployment  study.  Other  reports 
are  also  described,  including  a  training  course  in  deploy- 
ment of  emergency  services,  a  review  of  police  patrol 
allocation  methodologies,  and  a  review  of  deployment 
methodologies  for  fire  departments.  (Author) 

1050.  Chaiken  JM,  Ignall  EJ  and  Walker  WE 
DEPLOYMENT  METHODOLOGY  FOR  FIRE  DEPART- 
MENTS. HOW  STATION  LOCATIONS  AND 
DISPATCHING  PRACTICES  CAN  BE  ANALYZED  AND 
IMPROVED.  New  York  City  Rand  Inst;  R-1853-HUD,  80 
pages,  Sep  1975 

AvaUabUity:  NTIS  PB-253  394/lGA 

This  report,  written  primarily  for  fire  department  ad- 
ministrators and  planners,  reviews  mathematical  models 
that  have  been  developed  to  assist  fire  departments  in 
analyzing  and  improving  the  deployment  of  their  fire- 
fighting  resources.  The  methods  have  been  tested  and 
applied  in  cities  across  the  country.  The  key  issues 
discussed  are:  Determining  the  number  of  fire  companies 
to  have  on  duty  city-wide  and  in  each  region;  determining 
locations  for  firehouses;  developing  a  policy  for  redeploy- 
ing fire  companies  when  large  numbers  of  companies  are 
busy  at  fires;  and  developing  a  policy  for  dispatching 
fire  companies  to  alarms.  The  appropriate  models  are 
described  and  compared,  but  not  discussed  in  detail,  since 
the  reader  is  directed  to  source  documents.  Also  included 
is  a  hst  of  steps  that  should  be  followed  in  performing 
a  well-managed  deployment  study.  (Author) 


c.  OPERATIONS  ANALYSIS 

10.  HUMAN  BEHAVIOR,  SOCIAL,  AND 

MEDICAL  PROBLEMS 

[For  more  complete  coverage  of  the  behavioral  and 
medical  literature  see:  Psychology  Abstracts  and 
Index  Medicus.] 

a.  ARSON 

1051.  Anon 

ARSON:  SOME  PROBLEMS  AND  SOLUTIONS 

Nat  Fire  Prot  Assoc,  Boston,  MA;  146  pages,  1976 

The  book  is  a  compilation  of  thirty-five  recent  articles 
from  Fire  Journal,  Fire  Command,  and  Fire  Technology 
on  the  serious  problems  of  arson  in  the  U.S.  Tips  on 
arson  investigation  and  prevention  are  given  with  detailed 
accounts  of  incendiary  fires,  some  fatal,  in  all  occupan- 
cies. The  book  is  intended  for  arson  investigation  officials 
and  fire  department  training  programs. 

1052.  Moll  KD 

ARSON  PSYCHOLOGY  AND  PUBLIC  POLICY 

Fireline;  :3-5,  May  1976 

The  article  deals  with  the  question  of  why  people  start 
fires.  Eight  classes  of  malicious  fires  are  identified: 
l)fraud  fires  to  collect  insurance;  2)  poHtical  fires  to  dra- 
matize an  issue;  3)  "pyro"  fires  for  emotional  relief  or 
sexual  gratification;  4)  crime  cover  up;  5)  spite  fires;  6) 
vanity  fires  to  glorify  the  individual;  7)  "psycho"  fires 
without  rational  motive;  and  8)  vandalism  fires  for  excite- 
ment. Three  possible  methods  of  suppressing  criminal  mo- 
tives are  suggested:  education  of  the  general  public,  reha- 
bilitation of  criminals  already  caught;  and  deterrence  of 
potential  criminals  through  the  threat  of  punishment.  5 
refs. 

b.  COMBUSTION  TOXICOLOGY 

1053   Parks  S 

INHALATION  INJURY  IN  BURN  PATIENTS 

West  J  Med;  124(3):244-248,  1976 

The  article  deals  with  inhalation  injury  in  the  form  of 
a  discussion  within  the  framework  of  "trauma  rounds" 
The  patient  under  discussion  is  an  18-year  old  male  who, 
while  under  the  influence  of  drugs,  fell  asleep  while  smok- 
ing and  sustained  burns  involving  both  arms.  Apparently 
inhalation  injury  also  resulted.  The  course  of  medical 
treatment  is  discussed.  Possible  causes  are  determined  on 
the  basis  of  tables  of  carbon  monoxide  poisoning  and 
carboxyhemoglobin  levels,  severity  and  symptoms,  and 
sources  of  noxious  chemicals  in  smoke  (compound-nox- 
ious combustion  products).  2  tables. 

1054.  Truhart  R,  Boudenec  and  Jouany  JM 
STUDY  OF  THE  ACUTE  TOXICITY  OF  MAJOR  TOXI- 
CANTS     PRODUCED      DURING      COMBUSTION      OR 
PYROLYSIS  OF  MATERIALS 

Arch  Mai  Prof  Med  Trav  Secur  Soc;  36(12):  707-738,  1975 
(French) 


208 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


10.  HUMAN  BEHAVIOR,  SOCIAL,  AND  MEDICAL  PROBLEMS 

b.  Combustion  Toxicology— Continued 


The  symptoms  and  mechanism  of  intoxication  for  30 
min.  from  major  toxicants  involved  in  pyrolysis  and  com- 
bustion products,  i.e.,  CO,  COz  HCl  and  HCN,  and  the 
recovery  conditions  were  studied  in  rats  and  rabbits.  The 
intoxication  methods  were  spontaneous  and  controlled 
ventilation.  A  three-coordinate  physiogram  was  set  up  for 
every  condition  to  permit  comparison  between  the  dif- 
ferent compounds  or  conditions  of  intoxication.  Arterial 
pressure,  EKG  and  EEG  were  continuously  recorded  dur- 
ing intoxication  and  for  a  four-hour  recovery  period.  The 
lack  of  O2,  CO  and  HCN  induces  different  kinds  of  cellu- 
lar hypoxia;  HCl  acts  as  a  very  agressive  gas,  but  its 
toxicity  depends  greatly  on  the  amount  penetrating  the 
respiratory  tract.  The  aspects  of  intoxication  and  the  pos- 
sibility of  immediate  recovery  in  each  case  are  described. 
16  figs,  8  tables,  4  refs. 

1055.  Michal  J 

TOXICITY  OF  PYROLYSIS  AND  COMBUSTION 
PRODUCTS  OF  POLY-(VINYL  CHLORIDE) 

Fire  Mater,  l(2):57-62,  1976 

The  pyrolysis  and  combustion  products  of  poly-(vinyl 
chloride)  and  those  of  some  of  its  polymers,  especially 
copolymers  of  vinyl  chloride  with  vinylfdene  chloride, 
were  analysed  using  gas  chromatography  and  gas  chro- 
matography mass  spectrometry.  The  toxic  effect  of  the 
individual  products  on  the  human  organism  was  evaluated 
and  presumed  total  toxicity  of  the  poly-(vinyl  chloride) 
combustion  products  (0.3  g  PVC  products  per  m^)  was 
determined.  3  figs,  1  table,  17  refs.  (Author) 

1056.  Bowes  PC,  Edgington  JAG  and  Lynch  RD 

THE  INHALATION  TOXICITY  OF  POLY-VINYL 
CHLORIDE  PYROLYSIS  PRODUCTS.  Dept  of  the  En- 
viron and  Fire  Offices'  Committee  (UK),  Fire  Res  Station; 
Fire  Res  Note  1048,  36  pages,  2  tables,  15  refs,  Feb  1976 

A  limited  study  has  be^n  made  of  the  toxic  effects 
of  hydrogen  chloride,  representing  the  major  toxic  com- 
ponent of  the  pyrolysis  products  of  polyvinyl  chloride, 
in  the  presence  of  carbon  monoxide  generated  by  the 
combustion  of  a  wood-based  material  (hardboard). 

In  the  presence  of  the  mixed  gases,  at  concentrations 
within  the  range  of  approximately  2000-20,000  mg/m?, 
deaths  among  rats  and  guinea  pigs  exposed  for  30  minutes 
were  primarily  due  to  carbon  monoxide  poisoning,  but 
the  hydrogen  chloride  was  found  to  enhance  the  response 
to  the  carbon  monoxide.  However,  this  enhancement  oc- 
curred mainly  at  concentrations  of  hydrogen  chloride 
which  could  be  lethal  when  present  alone. 

There  appears  to  be  sufficient  evidence  available  to  in- 
dicate that  the  presence  of  hydrogen  chloride  at  lethal 
concentrations  in  fire  gases  containing  lethal  concentra- 
tions of  carbon  monoxide  could  marginally  increase  the 
fatalities  in  fires.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  most 
important  effects  of  the  presence  of  hydrogen  chloride 
will  accompany  sub-lethal  exposures,  first  because  the 
highly  irritant  nature  of  the  gas  may  result  in  more  people 
being  prevented  from  using  escape  routes  in  the  early 
stages  of  fires  in  buildings  by  concentrations  of  fire  gases 
and  smoke  which  may  be  otherwise  relatively  harmless 
at  the  time  and,  second,  because  survivors  may  suffer 
long-term,  even  permanent,  injury  from  high  concentra- 
tions of  this  gas.  These  are  the  aspects  which  appear 
most  to  require  further  study.  (Author) 


1057.  Gaume  JG 

ANIMAL   EXPOSURE   DURING    BURN   TESTS.    Douglas 
Aircraft   Co,   Inc,    Long   Beach,   CA;   NASA   CR- 137802, 
MDC  J7133,  64  pages,  Jan  1976 
Availability:  NTIS  N76-2080O/8GA 

An  animal  exposure  test  system  (AETS)  has  been 
designed  and  fabricated  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
physiological  and  environmental  (temperature)  data  from 
animal  subjects  exposed  to  combustion  gases  in  large- 
scale  fire  tests.  The  AETS  consists  of  an  open  wire  mesh, 
two-compartment  cage,  one  containing  an  exercise  wheel 
for  small  rodents,  and  the  other  containmg  one  rat  instru- 
mented externally  for  electrocardiogram  and  respiration. 
The  ECG  and  respiration  sensors  are  located  in  a  belt 
placed  around  the  torso  of  the  subject,  electrode  wires 
forming  an  umbilical  to  a  connector  in  the  top  of  the 
compartment.  A  cable  extends  from  the  connector  to  the 
power  supply  and  signal-conditioning  electronics.  These 
are  connected  to  a  dual-beam  oscilloscope  for  real-time 
monitoring  and  a  magnetic  tape  recorder  having  three  or 
more  channels.  Endpoints  observed  are  bradycardia,  car- 
diac arrhythmias,  changes  in  respiratory  pattern,  respirato- 
ry arrest  and  cardiac  arrest.  The  ECG  record  also  appears 
to  be  a  good  method  of  monitoring  animal  activity  as 
indicated  by  an  increase  in  EMG  noise  superimposed  on 
the  record  during  increased  activity  of  the  torso  muscula- 
ture. Examples  of  the  recordings  are  presented  and 
discussed  as  to  their  significance  regarding  toxicity  of  fire 
gases.  (Author) 

1058.  Crockett  PW 

TOXICITY  OF  GASEOUS  HALOGENATED  ORGANIC 
COMPOUNDS  (A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  WITH  ABSTRACTS). 

Nat     Tech     Inf     Service,     Springfield,     VA;     NTIS     PS- 
76/0432/5GA,  93  pages,  Jun  1976 
Availability:  NTIS 

Subject  areas  include  toxicological  studies  on 
halogenated  hydrocarbon  gases  used  as  fire  extinguishers, 
anesthetics,  solvents,  pesticides,  and  aerosol  propellants. 
(This  updated  bibliography  contains  88  abstracts,  18  of 
which  are  new  entries  to  the  previous  edition). 

1059.  Saito  F 

EVALUATION  FOR  THE  TOXICITY  OF  COMBUSTION 
PRODUCTS.  Ministry  of  Constr,  Tokyo,  Japan,  Bldg  Res 
Inst;  BRI  65,  24  pages,  11  figs,  4  tables,  7  refs.  Mar 
1976 

An  evaluation  method  is  derived  for  the  toxicity  of  a 
single  gas  component  (CO  and  HCl),  toxicity  of  gaseous 
mixtures,  and  the  influence  of  temperature  on  the 
physiological  effects  of  CO  gas.  The  toxicity  of  com- 
bustion products  is  then  determined  by  animal  experimen- 
tation (mice)  and  a  relation  is  derived  between  the  com- 
position and  concentration  of  the  gas  and  the  duration 
of  exposure. 

1060.  Tsuchiya  Y  and  Sumi  K 

TOXICITY  OF  DECOMPOSITION  PRODUCTS  - 
PHENOLIC  RESIN.  Nat  Res  Council  of  Canada,  Div  of 
Bldg  Res;  BRN  !06,  8  pages,  1  fig,  3  tables,  5  refs,  Dec 
1975 

Toxic  gases  and  vapors  produced  by  fires  are  responsi- 
ble for  the  majority  of  deaths  in  building  fires.  In  this 


209 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


10.  HUMAN  BEHAVIOR.  SOCIAL,  AND  MEDICAL  PROBLEMS 

b.  Combustion  Toxicology — Continued 


note,  experimental  data  on  the  toxic  decomposition 
(combustion  and  pyrolysis)  products  of  phenol-formal- 
dehyde resin  (phenolic  resin)  are  presented  and  the  toxic 
hazard  created  by  the  products  is  evaluated.  Phenolic 
resins  are  used  in  the  building  industry  as  foam  insulation 
and  adhesives  for  laminates.  (Author) 

1061.  Saito  F 

EVALUATING  METHOD  FOR  THE  TOXITY  OF  COM- 
BUSTION IN  FIRE 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire  Symp,  Main  Reports;   1975,  Nov 
20-21,  Tokyo, Japan 
Sponsor:  Japan  Fire  Sci  Assoc, 

Some  suggestions  on  evaluation  of  the  toxicity  of  com- 
bustion products  from  construction  materials  are  in- 
troduced. The  method  of  evaluating  the  materials  is 
described,  the  course  of  a  fire  being  divided  into  initial 
and  spreading  stages.  The  toxicity  of  a  material,  T(s), 
varies  with  the  fire  conditions.  To  determine  fire-produced 
gaseous  products,  either  instrumental  analysis  or  animal 
experimentation  must  be  improved.  The  author  prefers 
toxicity  evaluation  by  means  of  an  evaluation  equation 
composed  of  the  sum  of  each  component  and  the  analysis 
should  be  conducted  by  analytical  tools.  The  present  ex- 
periments using  animals  represent  a  tentative  effort;  more 
accurate  methods  await  development.  10  figs,  5  tables, 
12  refs,  18  pages.  (Author) 

c.  EMERGENCY  MEDICAL  SERVICES  AND 

FACILITIES 

1062.  Anon 

A  JOB  ANALYSIS  STUDY  OF  EMERGENCY  MEDICAL 
SERVICE  CLASSES,  DETROIT  FIRE  DEPARTMENT 
(FINAL  REPORT).  Civil  Service  Commission,  Intergovern- 
mental Personnel  Programs  Div,  Chicago,  IL;  USCSCP 
R-3AU,  171  pages,  Aug  1974 
Availability:  NTIS  PB-252  928/7GA 

A  study  was  conducted  to  develop  an  applied  electric 
job  analysis  methodology  and  content  vaUdation  strategy 
appUcable  to  public  sector  employment.  Knowledges, 
skills,  abilities  and  personnel  characteristics  for  the  clas- 
sification of  Emergency  Mobile  Medical  Technician 
Trainee  (EMMTT)  were  identified  and  weighted  in  order 
of  importance  to  the  job  using  this  methodology.  From 
the  resultant  job  analysis  data  base,  content-valid  ex- 
amination materials  and  a  performance  appraisal  device 
were  developed.  Use  of  the  performance  appraisal  device 
for  peer  ratings  ran  into  operational  difficulties  because 
of  adverse  union  reaction.  Methods  for  circumventing  this 
problem  in  future  studies  and  for  implementing  the  selec- 
tion battery  are  suggested  by  the  authors. 

d.  INJURIES  AND  FATALITIES 

1063.  Isrig  BC,  Stephenson  SF  and  Fulton  RL 

ROLE  OF  PULMONARY  INFECTION  IN  THE  PATHO- 
GENESIS OF  SMOKE  INHALATION 

Surg  Forum;  26:204-206,  1975 

Pulmonary  failure,  a  frequent  cause  of  death  from  fires, 
occurs  early  as  a  result  of  smoke  inhalation  or  late  as 
a  complication  of  bums.  Bacterial  pneumonia  is  a  factor 


contributing  to  pulmonary  failure  in  either  of  these  situa- 
tions. Clinically,  smoke  inhalation  has  been  associated 
with  the  development  of  pneumonia,  but  few  laboratory 
experiments  to  document  the  pathophysiology  have  been 
conducted.  Initial  respiratory  insufficiency  seen  after 
smoke  inhalation  is  caused  by  noxious  products.  Previous 
studies  indicated  that  smoke-inhalation  injury  in  the 
absence  of  bacterial  infection  was  moderately  severe,  but 
not  treatment-resistant.  This  experiment  assesses  the  ef- 
fect of  bacterial  insult  on  smoke-injured  lungs.  1  table, 
1  ref.  (Author) 

1064.  Stanislavskiy  LV,  Tatarenko  VA  and  Krolenko  NI 
POSSIBILITIES    OF    THE    WICK-LIKE    BURNING    OF 
CLOTHING        AND        PECULIARITIES        OF        THE 
RESULTANT  INJURIES 

Sud  Med  Ekspert;  18(3):49-52,  1975  (Russian;  English  ab- 
stract) 

Wick-like  burning  of  clothing  is  a  peculiar  type  of  ther- 
mal action.  It  begins  with  ignition  of  the  clothing;  burning 
leads  to  melting  of  the  body  fat;  the  fat  saturates  the 
clothing,  thus  maintaining  intense  burning.  Lower-lying 
body  tissues  become  dehydrated  and  also  begin  to  bum. 
Finally,  extensive  portions  of  the  body,  including  bones, 
are  destroyed.  This  phenomenon  has  been  observed  only 
when  clothing  or  bedding  has  been  ignited  after  death 
of  the  victim,  but  the  possibility  of  wick-like  burning  of 
the  clothing  of  a  helpless  victim  cannot  be  mled  out. 
4  figs.  (Author) 

1065.  Ide  K,  Tsukamoto  S,  Saito  M,  Sudo  T,  Sato  Y 
and  Kuniyoshi  T 

CAUSES  OF  DEATH  RELATED  TO  FIRES  * 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire  Symp,  Main  Reports;  1975,  Nov 
20-21,  Tokyo,  Japan 
Sponsor:  Japan  Fire  Sci  Assoc,  Inc. 

The  causes  of  fire-related  fatalities  are  analyzed  statisti- 
cally on  the  basis  of  examinations  of  victims  by  the  Medi- 
cal Examiner's  Office,  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Government. 
The  results  are  presented  in  the  form  of  tables  and  figures 
and  are  analyzed  in  terms  of  causes  of  fatalities.  17  figs, 
10  tables,  37  pages. 

1066.  Tsukamoto  K 

A  STUDY  OF  THE  NATURE  OF  THE  CAUSES  OF  AC- 
CIDENTAL DEATH  IN  FIRES 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire  Symp,  Main  Reports;  1975,  Nov 
20-21,  Tokyo,  Japan 
Sponsor:  Japan  Fire  Sci  Assoc,  Inc. 

The  actual  circumstances  surrounding  the  causes  of 
death  in  fire  have  not  yet  been  fully  determined. 
Generally,  the  causes  are  attributed  to  buming,  poisonmg, 
suffocation,  etc.  In  recent  years,  death  from  smoke  has 
been  mentioned  as  a  cause.  Although  explanations  of  toxic 
gases  from  combustion  exist,  the  kinds  of  gases  remain 
as  yet  unclear.  These  causes  have  not  been  pursued  con- 
sistently by  most  investigators.  A  rigorous  examination 
of  the  bodies  of  victims  must  be  made  within  the  context 
of  forensic  medicine.  Actual  cases  of  fire  fatalities  are 
discussed  in  the  article  in  an  attempt  to  estabHsh  the 
causes  of  death.  4  figs,  1  table,  14  pages. 


210 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 
11.  CODES,  STANDARDS,  SAFE  HANDLING,  IDENTIFICATION  OF  HAZARDS 


e.  PHYSIOLOGY 

1067.  Ogata  I  and  Oyama  S 

GAS  ABSORBENCY  OF  WET  TOWELS 

Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan);  (12):79-83,  1975  (Japanese) 

Given  are  the  results  of  experimental  investigations  dur- 
ing which  the  effectiveness  of  using  wet  towels  to  protect 
respiratory  organs  from  toxic  gases  generated  during  fires, 
the  cause  of  death  of  a  large  number  of  people,  was 
determined.  The  absorbing  properties  of  wet  towels  were 
studied  by  means  of  a  special  test  stand,  the  design  and 
parameters  of  which  are  examined.  A  sample  of  smoke 
and  gas-generating  material  was  placed  in  a  special  closed 
chamber,  heated,  and  brought  to  ignition  by  means  of 
a  tubular  electric  heater  equipped  with  a  heat  regulator. 
The  resultant  gaseous  combustion  products  and  smoke 
were  tapped  through  a  circular  aperture  in  the  chamber 
into  a  rigid  cylindrical  sectional  sleeve.  Removal  was 
forced  by  rarefaction  in  the  sleeve  using  a  28W  elec- 
tromechanical air  pump  operating  from  a  100  volt  a-c  cir- 
cuit. Towels  of  varying  wetness  were  placed,  as  a  soft 
membrane,  in  the  flanged  intersectional  joint  of  the  sleeve. 
Using  appropriate  gas-analyzer  sensors,  the  gas  and  smoke 
content  were  measured  in  the  portion  of  the  duct  ahead 
of  and  behind  the  towels.  The  absorbing  properties  of 
the  towels  were  determined  from  these  measurements. 
Towels  of  different  materials,  differing  thickness,  texture, 
etc.,  were  studied.  The  gas  analyzer  gave  indications  of 
the  three  basic  toxic  gaseous  combustion  products:  CO, 
CO2  and  HCl.  Vinyl  chloride  was  used  mainly  as  the 
flammable  material.  2  figs,  6  tables,  3  refs.  (RZh) 

1068.  Miura  T 

PHYSIOLOGICAL     RESPONSE     IN     HOT     ENVIRON- 
MENTS 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire  Symp,  Main  Reports;   1975,  Nov 
20-21,  Tokyo,  Japan 
Sponsor:  Japan  Fire  Sci  Assoc,  Inc 

The  physiological  response  of  the  human  body  to  heat 
exposure  is  studied  on  the  basis  of  measurements  in  places 
of  employment  and  statistical  data  on  weather  conditions. 

f.  PSYCHOLOGY 

1069.  Anderson  HM 
WHEN  ALL  ELSE  FAILS 

Fire  Command;  43(8):54-56,  1976 

The  Oakland  Fire  Department  has  tried  a  variety  of 
programs  to  curb  false  alarms,  none  with  lasting  results. 
An  analysis  was  made  of  the  fire  boxes  from  which  false 
alarms  were  coming.  Fruitless  special  programs  were 
aimed  at  neighborhoods  containing  fire  boxes  with  high 
false  alarm  rates.  The  offending  boxes  were  finally 
removed,  but  offenders  have  transferred  their  activities 
to  nearby  boxes.  An  automated  911  emergency  telephone 
service  is  to  be  placed  in  service;  when  this  system  is 
fully  operative,  Oakland  intends  to  re-examine  the  fire- 
box situation,  with  eventual  removal  the  possible  outcome. 
2  tables,  1  photo 

1070.  Callinicos  P 

BIORHYTHMS    USED    IN    DENVER    FOR    ACCIDENT 
STUDY 

Fire  Eng;  129(7):54-55,  1976 


The  three  cycles  comprising  the  biorhythm  theory,  that 
is,  the  23-day  physical  cycle,  the  28-day  emotional  cycle, 
and  the  33-day  intellectual  cycle,  are  being  studied  in 
an  attempt  to  determine  fire  service  employee  critical  days 
to  reduce  accidents.  The  study  is  based  on  a  computer 
analysis  of  1,418  individual  accidents  that  occurred  from 
1971  to  1975  in  the  Denver,  Colorado,  Fire  Department. 
The  results  show  that  77.32%  of  all  listed  accidents  oc- 
curred on  critical  days.  Other  percentage  correlations  are 
given.  1  photo. 

1071.  Canter  DV 

PSYCHOLOGICAL  ASPECTS  OF  BEHAVIOR  OF  PEO- 
PLE IN  FIRES;  Paper  No.  6 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement  in  Building  Fires  Symp,  CIB, 
Proc,  Vol   1   -  Papers;    1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston,  Watford, 
UK,  pages  59-67 
Sponsor:  Fire  Res  Sta,  Bldg  Res  Estab,  UK 

The  psychological  factors  of  relevance  when  considering 
the  design  of  fire  detection  and  smoke  control  equipment 
are  discussed.  In  particular,  the  influence  of  environmen- 
tal constancy  and  the  social  context  are  examined, 
together  with  the  role  of  the  organization  which  exists 
prior  to  the  fire  situation.  Finally,  the  need  to  elaborate 
the  study  of  the  effectiveness  of  behavior  in  fires  is  ex- 
plored in  relation  to  the  potential  longterm  effects  of  fire 
trauma.  5  refs.  (Author) 

1072.  Yamada  M 

HUMAN  WALKING   AND  FEAR  IN  DISASTER  SITUA- 
TIONS 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire  Symp,  Main  Reports;  1975,  Nov 
20-21,  Tokyo,  Japan 
Sponsor:  Japan  Fire  Sci  Assoc,  Inc. 

The  first  reaction  of  a  human  being  on  the  brink  of 
disaster  is  instinctive  and  varies  in  accordance  with  sex, 
age,  knowledge,  experience,  and  other  factors.  When  the 
disaster  is  sudden  and  unforeseen  or  when  it  is  exag- 
gerated, human  reaction  takes  the  form  of  astonishment, 
in  most  cases,  often  upsetting  even  usually  intelligent  and 
composed  persons.  On  the  basis  of  questionnaires  filled 
out  by  208  test  subjects  who  had  been  exposed  to  various 
disasters  (fire-54% ,  earthquake-22% ,  flood  and  others- 
24%),  the  author  gains  insight  into  the  mental  status  and 
human  behavior  in  times  of  disaster.  11  figs,  10  tables, 
1  ref,  34  pages. 


11.  CODES,  STANDARDS,  SAFE 
HANDLING,  IDENTIFICATION  OF 
HAZARDS 

a.  CODES 

1073.  Becker  W 

PREVENTIVE  FIRE  PROTECTION  WHEN  USING  COM- 
BUSTIBLE WORKING  MATERIALS 

Ind  Digest;  15(l):35-39,  1976  (German) 

Preventive  fire  protection  viewpoints  must  prevail  when 
combustible  working  materials  are  used  for  various  appli- 
cations in  the  Federal  Republic  of  Germany.  These  view- 
points are  equally  valid,   as  a  rule,  for  all  combustible 


211 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


11    CODES,  STANDARDS,  SAFE  HANDLING,  IDENTIFICATION  OF  HAZARDS 

a.  Codes — Continued 


materials,  regardless  of  the  class  they  belong  to.  The 
present  remarks  are  intended  to  aid  the  designer  and  user 
in  recognizing  and  implementing  the  regulations  and 
specifications  in  the  engineering  areas  in  which  combusti- 
ble working  materials  are  used  to  any  appreciable  extent. 
Of  particular  importance  are  the  fire-protection  regulations 
for  combustible  sohds  in  the  construction  industry,  electri- 
cal engineering,  and  transportation,  which  are  the  prime 
subject  of  discussion  here.  ?  tables,  17  refs.  (Fachdok 
12/0821) 

1074.  Savel'ev  P 

NEW  FIRESAFETY  REGULATIONS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL 
ENTERPRISES 

Pozhardelo;  0):24-25,\976 

New  standard  fire  safety  regulations  for  all  industrial 
enterprises  in  the  USSR  have  been  issued  by  the  Main 
Fire  Protection  Administration.  The  new  regulations 
govern  the  organization  of  fire  protection  in  industry,  set 
forth  a  list  of  fire  protection  measures  to  be  taken,  define 
responsibility  for  their  fulfillment  (directors  of  plants, 
shops,  laboratories,  warehouses,  etc.),  and  establish 
technical  fire  safety  requirements  for  the  operation  and 
maintenance  of  buildings,  installations,  production  equip- 
ment, electrical  systems,  and  heating  and  ventilation 
systems. 

1075.  Wenzel  W 

HAZARDOUS  WORKING  MATERIALS  -  THE  FIRST 
AMENDMENT  TO  THE  CODE  ON  HAZARDOUS 
WORKING  MATERIALS 

Schadenprisma;  5(2):32-36,1976  (German) 

The  first  amendment  to  the  code  on  working  materials 
together  with  the  new  code  on  places  of  employment, 
which  supplements  the  code  on  working  materials,  became 
effective  on  May  1,  1976  (in  the  FRG).  The  working 
materials'  code  has  been  appreciably  revised  and  supple- 
mented and  abrogates  a  number  of,  in  part,  very  old 
regulations,  which  are  enumerated  in  article  6  of  the 
amendment.  The  present  article  treats  the  principal 
changes  made  in  the  stipulations,  such  as  the  obligation 
to  label  495  chemicals  (exceptions  to  this  obligation  are 
cited),  and  prohibition  of  the  use  of  highly  dangerous 
materials.  Handling  of  disease-causing  agents  is  included 
in  the  code.  Also  discussed  are  the  obligations  of  the 
employer.  8  refs.  (Fachdok  12/0834) 

1076.  Rezic  D 

FIRE  AND  EXPLOSION  STATISTICS 

Sigurnost;  18(1):101-1 10,  1976  (Serbocroatian) 

The  regulation  for  new  fire  and  explosion  statistics, 
which  was  introduced  on  Jan  1,  1976,  in  Jugoslovia,  is 
explained.  An  exact  and  detailed  picture  of  the  fire, 
damage,  causes  and  suppression  tactics  can  be  obtained 
by  adhering  to  the  regulation.  (Fachdok  12/0925) 

b.  HAZARDS  IDENTiFICATION 

1077.  Anon 

STATUTORY  LABELING  SCHEME  FOR  DANGEROUS 
CHEMICALS 

Fire;  69(854):  123,  1976 


Some  800  dangerous  chemicals  commonly  used  in  indus- 
try, some  also  in  the  home,  are  covered  by  a  statutory 
labeling  scheme  proposed  on  July  6,  1976,  by  the  Health 
and  Safety  Commission  (UK).  The  proposed  labels  include 
easily  understood  pictorial  warnings  of  the  hazard 
presented  by  the  chemicals.  The  proposals  incorporate 
all  the  forthcoming  changes  which  will  substantially  revise 
the  danger  category  awarded  to  some  chemicals  and  the 
risk-to-safety  phrases  which  each  must  carry.  1  fig. 

1078.  Anon 

FLAMMABLE  MATERIALS  TRANSPORTED  BY  ROAD 
-  REQUIREMENTS,  INFORMATION  AND  ACTION 

F/r^Prev;(115):28-29,  1976 

The  different  schemes  for  identifying  the  hazards  of 
vehicle  loads,  such  as  Hazchem,  UKHIS,  United  Nations 
diamond,  etc.,  have  been  integrated  into  the  composite 
sign  known  as  the  United  Kingdom  Hazard  Information 
Composite  (UKHISiC)  Label.  An  example  is  illustrated 
in  the  article.  The  pertinent  legislation  and  regulations 
concerning  road  transport  of  hazards,  labeling  and  hazard 
information  requirements  are  hsted  on  subsequent  pages 
30  and  31.  1  fig.  (Author) 

1079.  Zimmermann  and  Kallenbach 

IDENTIFICATION  OF  VEHICLES  TRANSPORTING 
HAZARDOUS  GOODS 

Brandschutz;  30(5):122-124,  1976  (German) 

The  article  in  Brandschutz,  29(9)  1975,  on  the  identifica- 
tion of  vehicles  transporting  hazardous  goods  gave  rise 
to  two  critical  comments,  which  are  printed  in  this  article. 
On  the  one  hand,  the  statement  that  "the  fire  service 
does  not  place  any  particular  value  on  what  is  revealed 
by  the  Kemler  number,"  because  the  number  only  gives 
a  first  indication  of  the  steps  to  be  taken  at  the  scene 
of  the  accident,  is  criticized.  The  second  comment  refers 
to  an  identification  system  used  in  England,  the 
HAZCHEM  system,  which  competes  with  the  Kemler 
system  and,  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  is  superior  to 
the  Kemler  system.  The  method  of  identification  by  the 
HAZCHEM  system  is  explained  by  figures  and  text.  2 
figs.  (Fachdok  12/0722) 

c.  SAFE  HANDLING  OF  HAZARDOUS 

MATERIALS 

1080.  Int  Tech  Inf  Inst 

TOXIC  AND  HAZARDOUS  INDUSTRIAL  CHEMICALS 
SAFETY  MANUAL  FOR  HANDLING  AND  DISPOSAL 
WITH  TOXICITY  AND  HAZARD  DATA 

Int  Tech  Inf  Inst,  Tokyo,  Japan;  591  pages,  1975 

This  comprehensive  manual  lists  702  materials  with 
synonyms,  uses,  properties,  hazardous  potentials,  toxicity, 
handling  and  storage,  emergency  treatment  and  measures, 
hygiene  precautions,  and  disposal  and  waste  treatment  in- 
structions. (Author) 

d.  STANDARDS 

1081.  Kordina  K  and  Meyer-Ottens  C 

FUTURE  REQUIREMENTS  AND  TESTS  FOR  CON- 
STRUCTION  MATERIALS  AND  COMPONENTS 

DIN  Mitt;  55(2):72-75,  1976  (German) 


212 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 


12.  INSURANCE,  ECONOMICS  OF  LOSS  AND  PREVENTION 

d.  Standards— Continued 


Considerable  advances  have  been  made  in  the  develop- 
ment of  structural  fire  protection  by  work  done  in  the 
ISO,  as  well  as  nationally,  since  the  publication  of  stan- 
dard DIN  4102  in  February,  1970.  On  the  occasion  of 
the  appearance  of  five  new  drafts  for  standard  DIN  4102 
the  authors  discuss  the  principal  innovations  to  be  in- 
troduced in  the  future  requirements  and  tests  for  structural 
materials  and  components.  3  tables.  (Author) 

1082.  Hemmeter  PA  and  Alexander  G 
NBS  DEVELOPS  HELMET  STANDARD 

Fire  Eng;  129(7):47-48,  1976 

The  tentatively  titled  "Performance  Criteria  for  Struc- 
tural Firefighters'  Helmets",  a  new  standard  being 
developed  at  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards,  provides 
for  tests  of  impact  resistance  on  at  least  two  separate 
points  on  the  helmet  shell,  strength  tests  at  various  tem- 
perature extremes  for  both  conducted  and  radiated  heat, 
rigorous  electrical  insulation  test,  a  chin  strap  retention 
system,  ear  flaps,  and  finally,  a  complex  impact  attenua- 
tion test.  The  NBS  criteria,  not  yet  completed,  are  un- 
dergoing revision  during  a  series  of  conferences  with 
representatives  of  the  fire  service,  helmet  manufacturers 
and  regulatory  agencies.  4  photos. 

1083.  Ivanov  I  and  Vasil'ev  M 

NEW    STANDARD:     VEHICLE    PAINTING,    MARKING 
AND  LIGHTS 

Pozhar  delo;  (4):26-27,  1976  (Russian) 

A  new  standard  (GOST  21392-75)  has  been  published 
for  all  transport  vehicles  of  the  fire  service,  police,  emer- 
gency medical  service,  emergency  gas  service,  trolly-wire 
service,  and  para-military  mine  rescue  units.  The  standard 
governs  painting  schemes,  markings,  recognition  signs, 
and  requirements  for  light  and  acoustic  signals.  The 
requirements  of  the  standard  are  discussed  and  listed  in 
a  table.  1  table. 

1084.  Braun  E,  Cobble  VB,  Helzer  S,  Krasny  JF,  Peacock 
RD  and  Stratton  AK 

BACK-UP  REPORT  FOR  THE  PROPOSED  STANDARD 
FOR  THE  FLAMMABILITY  OF  GENERAL  WEARING 
APPAREL.  Nat  Bureau  of  Standards,  Center  for  Fire  Res; 
NBSIR  76-1072,  50  pages,  II  figs,  4  tables,  32  refs,  Jun 
1976 
Availabihty:  NTIS 

A  Proposed  Standard  for  the  Flammability  of  General 
Wearing  Apparel  was  submitted  to  the  Consumer  Product 
Safety  Commission  in  February  1976.  This  report 
discusses  the  reasons  for  the  choices  of  experimental  ar- 
rangement for  the  flammability  test  and  the  choices  of 
pass-fail  criteria.  The  specimen  is  cylindrical,  to  simulate 
a  garment,  and  to  ehminate  framed  specimens,  which 
often  bum  differently  from  garments.  Criteria  for  the  fire 
hazard  of  fabrics  are  the  time  to  ignite  with  a  specified 
gas  flame  and  the  heat  transferred  to  sensors  inside  the 
burning  specimen.  The  proposed  standard  specifies  that 
fabrics  which  transfer  little  heat  to  the  inside  of  the 
specimens  could  be  used  in  all  garments  but  would  have 
to  be  used  in  garments  which  cover  most  of  the  body 
and/or  fit  loosely.  They  would  also  have  to  be  used  in 
chidren's    dresses    and    skirts    (children's    nightwear    is 


covered  by  an  earlier  standard).  Fabrics  which  transfer 
larger  amounts  of  heat,  and  thus  have  larger  injury  poten- 
tial, could  be  used  in  garments  with  normal  or  tight  fit 
such  as  most  present-day  shirts,  slacks,  etc.  If  such 
fabrics  ignite  in  one-half  second  or  less,  they  would  be 
excluded  from  use  in  garments.  These  provisions  in  the 
proposed  standard  were  based  on  the  need  to  reduce  the 
number  and  severity  of  apparel  fires  with  minimum 
economic  and  technological  impact  on  the  fiber,  textile, 
and  apparel  industry.  The  present  report  summarizes  the 
available  knowledge  in  the  area  covered  by  the  standard 
and  points  out  areas  in  which  additional  work  is  indicated. 
(Author) 


12.  INSURANCE,  ECONOMICS  OF  LOSS 
AND  PREVENTION 

a.  INSURANCE 

1085.  Proesdorf  T 

INSURANCE     COMPANIES     REWARD     COMPLIANCE 
WITH  THEIR  FIRE-PROTECTION  GUIDELINES 

Beratende  Ing;  (6):  14-16,  1976  (German) 

Building  owners,  planners  and  architects  should  be 
familiar  with  the  preventive  fire-protection  guidelines  of 
the  insurance  companies,  which  supplement  the  in- 
adequate regulations  of  the  building  codes.  The  article 
is  a  survey  of  the  building  classes  and  the  features  of 
construction  measures  as  well  as  the  installations  for 
preventive  fire  protection  and  the  corresponding  rate 
reductions  granted  by  the  insurance  companies.  Only  in- 
dustrial risks  are  dealt  with  here.  2  figs.  (Fachdok  12/0879) 

b.  LOSSES 

C.  RESTORATION 

1086.  Tomlinson  E 

REINSTATEMENT  OF  A  FIRE  DAMAGED  BUILDING 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technoi,  (15):22-26,  1976  (Enghsh;  German 
and  French  summaries) 

With  the  soaring  cost  of  building,  the  refurbishing  and 
restoration  of  fire  damaged  buildings,  which  might  other- 
wise be  demoUshed  and  rebuilt,  has  become  of  economic 
importance.  This  process  is  described  for  a  reinforced 
concrete  building  at  the  KeUogg  works  in  Manchester 
(UK).  The  fire,  in  October  1967,  was  largely  restricted 
to  the  ground  story,  but  the  columns  and  beams  in  this 
area  were  severely  damaged.  Structural  engineers,  who 
were  called  in  to  survey  the  damage,  advised  that  restora- 
tion of  this  zone  was  possible  without  affecting  the  rest 
of  the  building.  A  work  program  was  prepared  and  ap- 
proved by  the  senior  management.  Initially  electricity  sup- 
plies were  restored  and  the  building  cleaned  up.  All  af- 
fected columns  and  beams  were  then  either  replaced  or 
strengthened  with  collars  of  reinforced  concrete.  The 
building  was  completely  restored  in  196  days  and  has 
shown  no  signs  of  deterioration  during  the  last  seven 
years.  8  photos.  (Author) 


213 


FIRE  TECHNOLOGY  ABSTRACTS 
12.  INSURANCE,  ECONOMICS  OF  LOSS  AND  PREVENTION 


d.  RISK  MANAGEMENT 

1087.  Alvares  NJ 

TRADEOFFS  BETWEEN  RESIDENTIAL  AND  INDUS- 
TRIAL FIRE  PROTECTION  FOR  ULTIMATE  PUBLIC 
SAFETY.  Univ  of  California  (Livermore),  Lawrence  Liver- 
more  Lab;  UCRL-77754,  25  pages,  8  figs,  2  tables,  6 
refs,  Jun  1976 

In  1975,  fire  losses  in  the  United  States  totaled  about 
0.25%  of  the  GNP,  or  4.4  billion  dollars.  Statistics  on 
distribution  of  fire  types  show  that  30%  involve  residential 
dwellings:  15%  industrial,  institutional,  and  educational 
buildings;  21%  are  due  to  transportation-related  factors; 
and  the  remaining  38%  include  forest,  grassland,  and  rub- 
bish fires.  These  statistics  show  that  industrial  and  pubhc 
facilities  account  for  almost  50%  of  the  financial  loss 
statistics,  while  residential  and  transportation  losses 
amount  to  36  and  11%  of  the  total,  respectively.  More 
than  60%  of  the  fire  fatalities  are  attributed  to  building 
fires,  and  of  these,  almost  90%  occur  in  private  re- 
sidences. 

This  brief  survey  reveals  that  a  relatively  small  number 
of  fires  are  responsible  for  the  major  dollar  losses,  and 
the  major  loss  of  life  in  fires  results  from  residential 
fires,  where  the  number  of  fatalities  per  fire  are  relatively 
small. 

Can  technology  be  applied  to  reduce  either  the  financial 
disaster  incurred  during  industrial  fires,  or  the  life  loss 
in  residential  fires?  The  evidence  indicates  that  residential 
fire  mortality  will  not  be  significantly  reduced  by  technical 
solutions.  However,  there  is  also  the  potential  for  large 
life  loss  in  industrial  fires,  and  these  could  be  reduced 
significantly  by  technical  solutions.  Therefore,  increased 
efforts  to  secure  the  optimum  amount  of  industrial  fire 
protection  could  certainly  reduce  our  financial  losses,  and 
possibly  protect  more  lives.  (Author) 

e.  SALVAGE 


13.  STATISTICS 

1088.  Mython  de  JL 
FIRES  AND  STATISTICS 

Face  au  Risque;  (120):13-16,  1976  (French) 

After  summarizing  the  eight  disastrous  major  fires  of 
1974  the  author  compares  the  situation  in  France  with 
that  in  other  countries.  He  then  gives  statistical  reviews 
of  residential,  shop  and  factory  fires  as  well  as  other 
major  and  minor  fires,  arranged  by  year  and  month  since 
1960,  and  compares  the  characteristic  data,  such  as  area, 
population  density,  number  of  fires  per  inhabitant  and 
km[  per  year,  etc.  for  Great  Britain,  France,  Japan,  Swit- 
zerland, and  the  USA.  The  concluding  section  contains 
a  survey  of  the  principal  major  fires  of  1975  in  France 
with  respect  to  factory  and  shop  fires.  3  figs,  3  tables. 
(Fachdok  12/0671) 


A  statistical  study  of  fires  in  the  United  Kingdom  in- 
volving the  ignition  of  furniture  and  furnishings  is 
presented.  This  paper  examines  the  data  for  one  year 
(1970).  The  analysis  shows  that  in  fires  starting  in  furni- 
ture and  furnishings  the  chance  of  a  fatility  is  over  twice 
that  in  other  drmestic  fires.  The  majority  of  furniture 
fires  involve  upholstery  or  bedding  and  over  90%  were 
started  by  smokers'  materials,  electric  appliances,  space 
heating  or  as  the  result  of  the  activities  of  children  or 
suspected  arsonists.  Eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  fatalities 
were  found  in  the  room  of  origin  of  the  fire.  Eighty 
per  cent  were  overcome  by  smoke  or  toXic  gases.  Sixty 
per  cent  of  the  fatahties  were  either  under  5  or  over 
65  years  of  age.  Monetary  values  are  assigned  for  damage, 
casualties  and  deaths  in  fire.  These  costs  can  be  used 
to  assess  the  value  of  fire  precautions.  With  the  values 
taken,  the  total  losses  in  furniture  fires  in  the  home 
amounted  to  $19  million  in  1970.  Life  loss  accounted  for 
the  major  part  of  this  sum.  The  expected  annual  loss 
per  dwelling  as  a  result  of  the  ignition  of  furniture  is 
thus  only  about  SI,  and  is  only  $3  for  all  dweUing  fires. 
This  low  figure  suggests  an  approach  of  either  selective 
spending  on  those  most  at  risk  (the  elderly  and  han- 
dicapped) or  by  government  activity  through  publicity  and 
education.  11  tables,  9  refs.  (Author) 

1090.  Kawasaki  A 

FIRES  RESULTING  FROM  ELECTRICAL  EQUIPMENT 

DEFECTS 

Kasai;  25(4):225-226,  1976  (Japanese) 

Statistical  data  are  cited  to  characterize  the  growing 
number  of  fires  resulting  from  incorrect  handling  of 
domestic  electrical  appliances  or  from  defects  stemming 
from  underdesign  and  low-quality  fo  workmanship.  In 
1974  the  number  of  such  fires  among  nonindustrial  fires 
reached  90%.  One  of  the  most  frequent  causes  of  such 
fires  is  short-circuiting.  A  detaOed  description  is  given 
of  the  causes,  circumstances,  course  and  consequences 
of  typical  fires  of  this  kind  that  occurred  in  Tokyo  in 
January  of  1975.  The  first  fire  occurred  when  the  batteries 
of  electric  wall  clocks  were  being  recharged.  The  charging 
was  accomplished  by  means  of  a  built-in  transformer  from 
an  a-c  network.  The  battery  was  connected  to  the  network 
throughout  the  night  without  supervision  (in  accordance 
with  the  instructions  for  using  the  clocks).  The  cause 
of  the  second  fire  was  a  defect  in  an  automatic  fuse, 
which  did  not  cut  off  the  voltage  when  the  load  (for 
high-power  electrical  apphances)  greatly  exceeded  the  per- 
missible value.  3  figs.  (RZh) 


1089.  Chandler  SE  and  Baldwin  R 
FURNITURE    AND    FURNISHINGS 
SOME  FIRE  STATISTICS 

Fire  Mater;  l(2):76-82,  1976 


IN    THE    HOME 


214 


AAETS  BF 


GBflNITO  AP 


AUTHOR  INDEX 


AAETS  HF 816 

ABBOTT  NJ 76a 

ADAMS  GH 957 

ADATI  Y 959 

AKAOGI  1 840 

ALDEESON  SE 728 

ALEXANEEB  G 1082 

ALGEB  ES 920,  965 

ALMAGAMBETOV  N 1020 

ALPEET  EL 779 

ALBOTH  F 749 

ALVAEES  NJ 1087 

AMES  SA 725,  743 

AMOBE  E 1003 

ANDEESCN  HM 1069 

ANDEfiSCN  J 931,  933 

ANDEESON  EA 950,  952 

ANDEOK  FS 988 

ANGEBMAIB  T 1040 

ANNABLE  DJ 740 

APPLETCN  IC 713 

AEASIANOV  KH 999 

AECHEE  AJ 708 

ABNOLE  DE 950,  953 

AUDET  NF 989 

AOGDSIIN  P 997 


B 


BACHMANN  F 789 

BACKEB  S 1047 

BAHME  CW 954 

BAILEY  M 990 

BALAGIN  PG 883 

BALDING  A 680 

BALDWIN  B 1036,  1089 

BALL  TE 962 

BAEATCV  A 1009 

BAEBAEIN  J 856 

BAETHELEMY  B 829 

BAZJANAC  V 1039 

BECKEE  H 1073 

BELAU  G 927 

BELOUS  A 943 

BELOV  VA 748 

BELGZEBOV  N 820 

BENNETT  D 678 

BENNETT  WG 1000 

BENSON  SP 917 

BEENSKIOLD  A 730 

BEYEBSEOEF  H 899 

BIELETZKE  A 685 

BIKMUKKABETOV  KKH 926 

BINDING  AT 950 

BIEO  G 891 

BOEHM  L 782 

BOHME  AE 887 

BOEGHINI-BALEOVINETTI  G... 
923 


BOEISCV  AN 836 

BOUD  C  G 903 

BODDENE  C 1054 

BOWES  PC 1056 

BOWMAN  DW 911 

BBAOMAN  SK 734 

BEADN  E 1084 

BBEDEN  LH 728 

BEESLEE  B 768,  769 

BEICKEB  EH 774 

BEIEES  E 1018 

BEISTCH  B 919 

BBOADEENT  A 811 

BEOLLY  AS 734 

BEOHET  L , 1016 

BEOWN  VL 707 

BEZOSIOWSKI  TA 1008 

BOCKLAND  IG 740 

BDLIEN  ML 701,  705 

BOMILIEB  G 1002 

BDNIN  E 778 

BUEFOEE  BE 1001 

BOEGESS  DS 749 

BOEGESS  W 702 

BOBNSIDE  JV 953 

BUEBISS  WH,  OE 688 

BUTCHEB  EG 862 

BUTIEE  CP 922 

BOTLIN  BN...687,  740,  741, 
831 


CALLINICOS  P 1070 

CAMPBELL  V 976 

CANTEif  DV 1071 

CAEHAET  HW 749 

CABBCII  JI 787 

CHAIKEN  JM 1050 

CHAMBEBLAIN  EL 734 

CHANDLER  SE 1089 

CHARLES  SJ 814 

CHECKIAND  JA 750 

CHIESA  PJ,  JE 1004 

CLABK  EK 781 

COBBLE  VB 1084 

CONTINI  P 766 

COEBIE  JG...916,  917,  1015 

COUCHCOD  P 753 

CBAWLEY  HH 956 

CEOCE  PA 727 

CROCKETT  PW 1058 

CEOMMEIIN  ED 695 

CBOSSMAN  ERFW 697,  698 


DAMANT  GH....706,  731,  732 

DAVIS  £ 704 

DEAN  EK 777 

DECICCO  PB 693 

DEICHMAN  JT 977 


DEISEE  EE * 987 

DELICHATSIOS  MS 700 

DIECK  EL 723 

DIMEO  MJ 682 

EOBBOVOL'SKIY  IP 748 

DOETSCH  EC 911 

BONNEB  H 899 

EOBCICH  EI 1031 

EBAKE  GL 739 

EOGGAN  J 809 

DDNPHY  MJ 808 


EDGINGTON  JAG 1056 

ElIAS  S 789 

EILINGHOOE  B 77C 

ELLIOTT  DE 1004 

EEBEN  A 1012 

EREMIN  V 968 

EOSER  P 695 

EVANS  EM 1046 

EVANS  WB 816 

EVEBSON  E 813 

EHING  EG 966 


FACTOBY  MUTUAL 746 

FELDT  B 927 

FEERIE  M 667 

FILATOV  AV 668 

FINCH  CP 831 

FINCK  HW 738 

FISHMAN  N 734 

FITCH  DC 909 

FIETCHEB  F 898 

FOUNTAIN  B 735 

FBEUTEL  H 972 

FBOST  P 811 

FUJITA  T 1028 

FULTON  EL 1063 

FUNG  FCW 864 

FUEUKAWA  K 780 


GAAME  JG 950 

GAISBAUEB  G 995 

GAUME  JG 1C57 

GAVHILEY  VM 668 

GAWISER  SE S61 

GEBHAEDT  M 683 

GEISEI  H-0 998 

GILBERT  L 715 

GIORDANO  TA 986 

GLENNIE  EE 751 

GGLDSTCNE  B 756 

GOULDSON  EJ 750 

GOVARRUBIAS  GS 896 

GRANITO  AR 958 


I-l 


GREENEERG  S 


HCBGAM  J 


AOTHCB  INDEX 


GREENEERG  S .717 

GREGEESEN  END 822 

GRENIEB  HJ 895 

GRIPAS  S 924 

GRISHIN  VV 906 

GRUNENKOV  VS 854 

GUISE  ftB 1045 

GOIYAEV  G 877 

GUMBEECHT  K 726 


H 


HACKSTAFF  BH 744 

HAJARI  JV 953 

HAKINC  A 795 

HAMILICN  P 976 

HANEY  JT 918 

HANSIIN  B 757 

HARDEE  A 759 

HARPER  K 946 

HASHEGAHA  K 840,  981 

HAY  GE 912 

HAYHARE  ET 1042 

HEIZEE  S 1084 

HEMMETER  PA 1082 

HESELEEN  AJM 861 

HIJIRIKAHA  1 0..843 

HILADC  CJ 752,  950 

HILL  EJ 758 

HINKEL  E 694 

HIEOSEIGE  1 951 

HOLT  JE 859 

HOPP  H 785 

HORINCUTI  K 1010 

HOY  HC 749 

HUEER  E 938 

HUGH  A 763 

HUNTEE  CE 1032 

HUNZEKER  CJ 807 


I 


IBGEN  S 899 

IDE  K 1065 

IDING  £ 769 

IGNALI  EJ 1050 

INDEIIZ  D 772 

INOUE  A 929 

INT  TECH  INF  INST 1080 

ISAVNIN  NV 902 

ISRIG  EC 1063 

ITO  Y 971 

ITSKOV  AI 878 

IVANOV  1 1083 

IWAMI  F 810 


JACOBY  S 801 

JASCN  NH o 679 

JIBOMAEU  M.. 870 


JIEOMAEU  S 876 

JOHNSON  HH 920 

JORDAN  S 782 

JORGENSEN  M 821 

JODANY  JM 1054 

JOWETT  CE 835 

JORKAT  MP 669 


K 


KALLENBACH 1079 

KAPTEIN  M 1008 

KASAHARA  1 868 

KASAWARA  Y 1044 

KATO  S 796 

KATTS  NV 761 

KAUFMAN  S 928 

KAMA  S 1010 

KAWASAKI  A 1090 

KAWASHIHA  K 834 

KAZAKCV  G 999 

KEEIEY  JR 813 

KING  EW 747 

KINOSHITA  E 889 

KIRBY  HE 837 

KISIING  HH 881 

KITA  B 871 

KLETZ  TA 847 

KLINE  GM 742 

KOCHEEGA  NG 939 

KOCHNEV  A 877 

KOCHUEA  ST 761 

KOENIG  G.. ....1024 

KOHNO  M ..868 

KOLGANOVA  MN 761 

KOLOSYUK  VP 940 

KOPEIVICA  B 827 

KORDINA  K 686,  1081 

KOEZHCV  VT 875 

KOURTIEES  DA 950 

KEACKIAUER  J 754 

KRAEMER  K 964 

KRAMER  HJ 880 

KEAMPF  L ....686 

KRASNY  JF 1084 

KROIENKO  NI 1064 

KROPIVYANSKIY  V 1025 

KEUTOV  VA 884 

KRZYSTOLIK  P 745 

KUCHEE  V 1006 

KUKHAEUK  VA 906 

KUL'EIN  SE 836 

KOMAZAHA  M 840 

KUMINECZ  JF 774 

KUNIYCSHI  T ...1065 

KUPRIYANOVA  II 884 

KUBBATSKITi  OB 902 

KUZNETSOV  NP 854 


LABES  HG 913 


LABOSSIERE  LA 752 

LAMB  BTB 960 

LANDGEAF  H 1014 

LANDRETH  CA 928 

LANKAU  IE 1022 

LAOFKE  H 817 

LADGHBIDGE  FI 920 

LAOSTSEN  E 919 

LEE  BT 830 

LEE  CK 722 

LEGG  E 754 

LEIN  H 790 

LEMMEE  FS 911 

LENHAET  SH 993,  994 

LEONARD  JI 749 

LEVOY  RP 849 

LEWOETHY  IE £63 

LIPSKA  AE 965 

LOCKHOOD  CE 909 

LOEB  DL 969 

LCEENZ  H 759 

LOUZON  E 762 

LUCHT  DA 670 

lUNDSTROM  I.... 793 

LYNCH  ED 1056 


M 


HANLEY  TB 751 

MARCHANT  EW 860 

MAEK  W 1014 

MAROIS  J 853 

MARTIN  RE 702 

MARTIN  SB 718,  965 

MATOBA  K... 800,  810 

MATSOEARA  H 929 

MATSUHASHI  S 1011 

MATSUNAGA  C 929 

MCCAFFREY  BJ 710 

MCCAETEB  EJ 733 

MCCLUEE  AH 952 

MCGINNIS  NJ 991 

MCKEE  RG 920 

MEDLOCK  LE 845 

MELINEK  SJ 1036,  1038 

MEEKLE  T 1C17 

MESHMAN  LM 854 

MESSES  B 967 

METELKIN    G 799 

MEYER-OTTENS   C 765,    1081 

MICHAL   J 1055 

MIKESKA  JI 950 

MIKHEDOV  VG 884 

MIKOVICH  E 855 

MINNE  IE 866 

MIURA  T 1068 

MIYAZAKI  T 888 

MIYOSHI  M 981 

MODAK  AT 720,  727 

MOHLER  H 905 

MOLL  KD 1052 

MOOR  W 792 

MOEGAN  J 660 


1-2 


MOBK  I 


D1LEY  IH 


AUTHCE  INDEX 


MOEK  1 1048 

MOELEY  H 763 

MOSEACBEE  CJ 936 

MOULDEE  JL 724 

MOULEN  AW 865 

MUELLEE  P 803 

MOLLEE  E 753 

MUEEIL  JV 725 

MYTHON  DE  JL 1088 


N 


NAGAKUEA  M 805 

NAKAKOKI  A 703 

NAKANISHI  H 846 

NASH  E 798,  914,  915, 

1037,  1046 

NAUMOV  V 999 

NAZABOV  NI 884 

NIKITINA  NS 755 

NIZAMUDDIN  Z 769 

NOVIKCV  VN 857 


o 


OBUKHOV  EV 668 

ODA  K 874 

OGATA  1 1067 

OGATA  Y 981 

OGINO  A 890,  907 

OHASHI  Y 796 

OJIMA  M 1011 

OKADA  S 1033 

OKAHA  1 671 

OYAMA  S 1067 


PANAZEYB  VV 836 

PAPKEB  JA 950 

PAEKS  S 1053 

PAESHENKOV  MV 982 

PATTEFSON  G 858 

PEACOCK  ED 1084 

PEBEEEY  HT 812 

PENDLETON  DW 702 

PETBOV  I O..820,  1006 

PETTEESSON  0 783 

PFEFFEBLI  W 673 

PISTOE  M 815 

PITT  AI 725 

PLATE  H 759 

ELCG  EJ 942 

POWELL  AEWT 841 

PRICE  JO..... 952 

PEOESEOEI  T 1085 

PRYANIKOV  E 999 

PYLE  WC 714 


QOAN  EC 697,  698 

QUINN  EJ 723 

QUINTIERE  JG 710 


BASBASH  DJ 699 

RATH  K 996,  1023 

RED'KIN  VV 836 

EEID  GR 942 

BEISEE  JW 1048 

EEZIC  D 1076 

RIMS  1 802 

BOBEETSON  AF 709 

ROBINSON  G 763 

RODE  AA 854,  1006 

RODE  K 1021 

ROGOHSKI  EFH 729 

ROBK  GE 797 

SOTHMAN  AJ 900 

ROZOTTE  E 852 

BUGGIES  BF 837 

RUHNKE  S 985 

ROLE  CH 672 

BYCHIKHINA  SE 761 


SAHCTA  MS 767 

SAIIAE  G 897 

SAITO  F 1059,  1061 

SAITO  H 844 

SAITO  M 959,  1065 

SABANCHUK  AD 755 

SATO  Y 1065 

SAVEL'EV    P 1074 

SAVKOV    E 955 

SCHAFINEE  LE 693 

SCHMIET  VG 893 

SCHMIDT  WA 851 

SCHOPEEE  MM 764 

SCOTT  EL 684 

SEGAL  L 739 

SEILEB  HF 686 

SEMPLE  JB 900 

SEEAY  J 947 

SHANNON  JMA 712 

SHABOVAB  F 799 

SHAVEB  JB 770 

SHIMANOKI  T 873 

SHIVABAMAN  MS 793 

SHKVIESKII  IS 902 

SILCOCK  A 716 

SIMA  B 959 

SIMON  FN 797 

SIMS  J 975 

SKELTCN  J 764 

SLIZ  J 745 


SMIBNOV  AE 982 

SMITH  CP,  JB 1030 

SMITH  EE 776 

SMITH  FJ 832 

SOIOV'EV  SN 982 

SPARKES  C 754 

STANISLAVSKIY  LV 1064 

STEFANCIC  S 633 

STEPHENSON  SF 1063 

STERLING  WK 850 

STEVENS  RE 869 

STIBLEET  1 793 

STOCKWELL  DL 942 

STOEFFLEE  BH 1013 

STOIB  W 794 

STOLP  H 695 

STRATTON  AK 1C84 

STUCKEY  EN 774 

SUDO  T 1065 

SUKHAEENKC  VI 884 

SOKHOV  lYA 884 

SULLIVAN  HF .1008 

SULLIVAN  JT 806 

SUMI  K 106C 

SOPKIS  DE ., 774 

SVENSSON  C 793 

SVETASHOV  I ......778 

SYLVIA  RP 690,  691,  692 


TAKEDA  M .795 

TAMAlilNI  F 719 

TANNER  AC 1  043 

TATAEENKO  VA ...1064 

TAUBKIN  SI 761 

TERAI  T 839 

TERRY  SL 992 

lESLENKO  G 1006 

TESOEO  G 1047 

THEOBALD  CB 798 

THIELEN  G 769 

THIEME  H 927 

THOMSEN  AE 721 

THOB  J 783 

TOMLINSON  E 1086 

TOEII  N .1011 

TRUHART  R... 1054 

TSUCHIYA  Y 1060 

TSUKAMOTO  K 1066 

TSOKAMOTO  S 1065 

TSOROMI  T 882 

TSVETKOV  BN 884 

TO  K-M 704 

TOBKOV  AS 755 

TUSTIN  E 950 

TUSTIN  EA 952 

TYLER  MC 987 


u 


OTLEY  LV, 


816 
1-3 


vasiL'Ev  a 


ZWINGHAMD  G 


V 


AUTHCB  INDEX 


VASIL'EV  A 925 

VASIL  'IV  M 1083 

VEEESKONOV  V 921 

VESEICV  AI 85a 

VINTEB  FH 825 

VOELLINGEB  H 842 

VOGMAN  1 1009 

VOLKOVA  V 1009 

VOEOB'ZV  P 980 


X." 


W 


HAKAMATSU  T 711 

HALKEB  HE 1049,  1050 

HALTHIB  H-J 979 

WATANAEE  H 949 

HATTEES  P 948 

WATTS  PE 756 

HELLS  E 772 

HENZEI  H * 1075 

WILLIAMS  FH 772 

HILLIABSON  HV 1005 

WILSON  HJ 773 

WIITSHIBE  LL 920 

WOODS  JF 838 

WOOLEBION  GB 750 

WOOLLEY  WD 725,  743 


YABADA  M 1072 

YAMADA  Y 945 

YASODA  N 929 

YOUNG  EA 914,  915,  916 

YOUNG  BJ 901 


ZABELIN  N 943 

ZACHAB5  HB 697,  698 

ZAVAEDKHIN  A 980 

ZEBSKIY  GT 884 

ZEPHIfilE  G 1029 

ZHILENKO  IM 836 

ZIMMEBMANN 1079 

ZOBEL  EC 911 

ZOEGBAN  H 695 

ZUBEB  K 937 

ZUEV  AS 748 

ZWINGHANH    E 689 


1-4 


ACCIDINT  INSURANCE 


A 

ACCIDENT  INSOBANCE 
firefighters 

services 997 

ACCIDINT  LIABILITY 
cyclic 

biorhythms 1070 

firefighters 

FEG 995,  996 

ACCIDENT  PREVENTION 
biorhythms 

cycle  correlations. . 1070 

ACCIDENTS 

(also  see:  aircraft  ac- 
cidents; explosions; 
ship  accidents;  traffic 
accidents) 

ACTUATORS 
sprinkler  heads 

patent 900 

ADDITIVES  SEE:  SLIPEEEY 
WATER;  SURFACTANTS; 
WETTING  AGENTS 

AERIAL  LADDERS 
configurations 

development 972 

AERIAL  PLATFORMS  SEE: 
ELEVATING  PLATFORMS 

AFFF 
effectiveness 

sprinkler  systems. .. 1001 

AHIBA  FLAMMABILITY  TESTER 
cotton  fabrics 

horizontal  flame  propa- 
gation  739 

AIBCRAIT 

cargo  compartments 

fire  safety 950 

CL-215 

firefighting  operations. 

1044 

fire  hazards 

identification 818 

lavatories 

fire  safety 950 

military 

hazards 819 

AIRCRAFT  ACCIDENTS 
(also  see:  accidents) 


SUBJECT  INDEX 

AIRCRAFT  COMPARTMENTS 
fire  prevention 

nonflammable  materials. . 

952 

flammability  tests 

fire-resistant  materials 
774 

AIRCRAFT  CRASHES  SEE: 
AIFCRAFT  ACCIDENTS 

AIRCRAFT  CBASH  FIRES 
(also  see:  aircraft  fires; 

aircraft  ground  fires) 
extinguishants 

UK 1037 

AIRCRAFT  FIRES 
(also  see:  aircraft  crash 
fires;  aircraft  ground 
fires) 
aviation  fuels 

suppression 920 

firefighters 

protective  clothing. . 987 
JP-i*  fuel 

smoke  abatement  systems. 

918 

suppression 

training  facilities. . 965 

AIRCRAFT  FLOORS 
fiberglass  laminates 

fire  resistance 953 

AIRCRAFT  FUEL  FIRES 
(also  see:  fuel  fires) 

AIRCRAFT  FUEL  TANKS 
fire  prevention 

fog  inerting 919 

AIRCRAFT  INTERIORS 
flammability  tests 

fire-resistant  materials 
774 

AIRCRAFT  SAFETY 
fire  prevention 

nonflammable  materials.. 

952 

fire  resistance 

floors 953 

AIRCRAFT  STRUCTURES 
floor  panels 

fire  resistance 9  53 

AIR  CYLINDERS  SEE:  GAS 
CYLINDERS 

AIR  DUCTS 

(also  see:  ventilation 
systems) 


APPLIANCES  (VEHICLES)  SEE: 


AIR  DUCTS  (cont'd) 
smoke  dampers 

patent 855 

AIRFIELD  FIRES 
hazards  identification 

classification 837 

suppression 

resources  allocation.... 
637 

AIRFLOWS 
fire-induced 

corridors 710 

AIRFRAMES 

fire  prevention 

nonflammable  materials.. 
, 952 

ALARM  SYSTEMS 
fire  department 

Basel,  Switzerland. . .792 

ALKALI  METALS 
fire  extinguishers 

patent 884 

ALUMINUM    ROOFING 
fire    tests 

film. 775 

ANIMAL  EXPERIMENTS 
combustion  products 

toxicity 1054 

fire  gases 

toxicity. 10  57 

poly vinyl chloride 

toxicity 1056 

pyrolysis 

toxicity 1054 

toxicity  evaluation 

combustion  products 

1059 

APPARATUS 
aerial  ladders 

developiiient..... 972 

deployment 

models. 1049 

fire  departments 

USSR 955 

fire  suppression 

procurement 973,  974 

specif ication.  .. 973,  974 
special- purpose 

tactical  characteristics 

971 

tactical  characteristics 

field  testing 971 

APPAREL  SEE:  CLOTHING 
APPLIANCES  (VEHICLES)  SEE: 

1-5 


APPLIANCES     (VEHICLES)     SEE: 


BUILDING    STEOCTDEIS 


SOBJECT   INDEX 


APPARATUS 

ARCHI1ECTS 
firehcuse  design 

contribution 966 

fire  science  education 

curriculum 689 

ARSON 

(also  see;  incendiarism; 

pyromania) 
human  behavior 

public  policy. ...... 1052 

investigation  techniques 

book 1051 

prevention 

training  programs. .. 1051 

ARSON  EEIECTION 
educational  program 

National  Fire  Academy... 
691 

ARSON  INVESTIGATION 
educational  program 

National  Fire  Academy... 
691 

ASTM  TUNNEL  TEST 
polyester  composites 

fire  retardant  analysis. 
735 

AUTOMATIC  DETECTION 
sprinkler  systems 

testing 915 

AVIATION  FUEL  FIRES 
cascade  flows 

suppression 920 

rod  flows 

suppression 920 

smoke  abatement  systems 

water  spray  injecticn... 
918 

AVIATION  FUELS 
aircraft  fires 

suppression 920 

B 

BALLOONS 
smoke  curtains 

corridor  barriers. ...  840 

BEDDIKG 

(also  see:  blankets;  mat- 
tresses) 
fire  behavior 

full-scale  tests 725 


BEDS 

fire  behavior 

full-scale  tests. 


BREATHING  APPABATUS  TEAM  .ll- 
rescue  operations        li: 
725    training 1025 


BEHAVIOR  SEE:  HUMAN  BE- 
HAVIOR; FIBE  BEHAVIOR 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 
fire  departments 

municipal ,.957 

fire  research 

NBS  CFR  1975 679 

halogenated  compounds 

toxicity 1058 

BIOEHYTHMS 
critical  days 

accident  proneness. . 1070 


BLANKETS 
(also  see; 


bedding) 


BLOWOUTS 
coal  mines 

control  measures 941 

BOOTS 

protective  clothing 

firefighters ,  ..990 

BREATHING  APPARATUS 
air  supply 

flowrate  determination.. 
994 

patent 982 

(also  see:  respirators) 
continuous  flow 

flowrate  determination.. 

994 

couplings  strength 

testing .993 

filler 

moisture  sensitive.  ..  983 

patent 983 

fire  resistance 

test  methods 979 

hose  strength 

testing 993 

oxygen  recirculation 

exhaled  breathing. ...  98 1 
performance  tests 

exhalation  val ves. . . . 991 
rebreathing  canister 

charging  system .980 

self-contained 

carbon  dioxide  concen- 

tration* 992 

shut-off  valves 

patent 984 

voice  communication 

fire  fighting 986 


BREATHING  FILTERS 
firefighters 

personal  equipment. 

BREATHING  MASKS 
filters 

firefighters , 


3 

978 


978 


BREEDER  REACTORS 
sodium  fires 

aerosol  formation. 

hazard  analysis.., 


,782 
780 


BRITISH  BROADCASTING  CORP., 
production  centers        ; 
fire  prevention 934 

BROADCASTING  INDUSTBY 
fire  prevention 

BBC-UK 934 

BEOHNS  FERRY  '  ' 

nuclear  power  plant  fire 
1975 684 

BUILDING  DAMAGE 
explosions 

pressure  estimation. . 687 


'q 


BUILDING  DESIGN 
fire  protection 
schools 


,785 


BUILDING  EVACUATION 
elevators 

simulation 1039 


BUILDING  FIRES  SEE: 
TURAL  FIRES 


STEDC- 


EUILDING  MATERIALS 
calcium-silicate  panels 

fire  resistance 760 

combustion  products 

toxicity.  ... 1061 

fire  behavior 

smoke  production 756 

smoke  generation 

measurement  method... 755 

BUILDING  STRUCTURES 
fire  damage 

restoration 1086 

fire  endurance 

computer  calculations... 

828 

fire  protection  systems 
air  conditioning  ccm- 
bination 787 


1-6 


BUILDING  STRUCTURES 


COMBUSTION  TOICOLCGY 


BUILDING  (cont'd) 
fire  resistance 

int umescent  coatings.... 

757 

gas   explosions 

measurements 831 

test   instrumentation.... 

740 

multistory 

smoke  removal  systems... 
871 

BUOYANI  FLOWS 
turbulent  diffusion 

flame  radiation 719 

BURNING  BATES 
solid  fuels 

fire  whirls 702 

BURN  INJUBIES 
pulmonary  failure 

pathogenesis 1063 

BORN  EATIENTS 
inhalation  injuries 

medical  treatment. .. 1053 

BOS  ACCIDENTS  SEE:  TRAFFIC 
ACCIDENTS 

BUSES 

fire  extinguishers 

patent 889 


CABARETS  SEE:  NIGHTCLUBS 

CABINETS 

fire  insulated 

record  storage 8U9 

fireproof 

document  storage 850 

materials  storage. ...  850 

CABLE  tUCTS  SEE:  ELECTRI- 
CAL DUCTS 

CABLES  SEE:  ELECTRICAL 
CABLES 

CALCIDH  SILICATE 
building  materials 

interior  panels 760 


CAL0BIHE1EES 
heat  release 
fire  tests, 


,718 


CARBON  DIOXIDE 
facepiece  concentration 
breathing  appratos. . .992 


SUBJECT  INDEX 

CARBON  DIOXIDE  (cont'd) 
foam  additives 

foam  production 1012 

CARDBOARD  INDUSTRY 
fire  hazards 

hazards  identification.. 
825 

CARGO  COMPARTMENTS 
aircraft 

fire  safety 950 

CARPETS  SEE:  FLOOR  COVER- 
INGS 

CHABRING 
polyurethane  foams 

tests 733 

CHEMICAL  PLANTS 
fire  detectors 

sprinklers 798 

CHEMICALS 
hazardous 

safety  manuals 1080 

hazards  identification 

labeling  regulations. . . . 

1077 

industrial 

safety  manuals 1080 

CHEMICAL  VAPORS 
fire  hazards 

electrical  equipment.... 
749 

CHIPBOARD  FACTORIES 
fire  hazards 

chip  drier 823 

CHUTES 
sectional 

patents 1029 

CIVIL  DEFENSE 
fire  safety 

conference  papers. ...  676 

CLOTHING 
(also  see:  protective 

clothing;  sleepwear) 
fire  resistant 

fire  extinguishment 

1047 

f lammability 

standards 108  4 

oil-impregnated 

explosion  hazards. ...  826 
wick-like  burning 

burn  injuries 1064 


COAL  BINES 
blowouts 

control  measures 941 

fires 

control  measures 941 

fire  suppression 

automatic  extinguishers. 
875 

COBOL 

computer  programs 

fire  control  systems.... 
976 

CODES 

(also  see:  building  cedes; 

fire  codes) 
hazardous  materials 

amendment 1075 

pressurization  systems 

smoke  control 862 

statistics 

Jugoslavia .1076 

COMBUSTIBLE  LIQUIDS 
fire  detection 

detector  emplacement.... 

872 

fire  suppression 

nitrogen-Freon  exticg- 
uishants 872 

COMBUSTIBLE  MATERIALS 
regulations 

FRG 1073 

COMBUSTION  MECHANISMS 
metal  fires 

research  programs. ...  724 

COMBUSTION  PRODUCTS 
commercial  materials 

toxicity  screening. -. 752 
gas  absorfcence 

wet  towels 1067 

smoke 

quantitative  determina- 
tion  717 

textile  fibers 

analysis a 753 

toxic  gases 

quantitative   determina- 
tion  717 

toxicity 

evaluation  method. .. 1059 
wall  coverings 

assessment 756 

COMBUSTION  TOXICOLOGY 
(also  see:  toxicity) 
animal  experiments 

intoxication  mechanisms. 
1054 

large-scale  tests.. .1057 

I-7| 


COMBUSTION  TOXICOLOGY  BBAPES  SEE:  WINDOW  C0VEEIN6S 

SUBJECT  INDEX 


ttii 


COMBUSTION  (cont'd)  CONCRETE  (cont'd) 

animal  (cont'd)  major  fires 

toxicity  evaluation analysis 686  P 

1059   porous 

building  materials            fire  stability 767  DAMPERS 

comtustion  products heat  transfer 767  ventilation  ducts 

1061     mass  transfer 767  patent 856 

polyvinylchloride  prestressed 

animal  experiments.  . 1056     fire  resistance 766  EANCE  HALLS 

pyrolysis  products. . 1055   reinforced  (also  see:  nightclubs) 

fire  resistance 766  TDQ' 

COMMAND  FUNCTIONS                                      ,  DATA  RETRIEVAL            j 

firegrcund  control          CONFEEENCES  fire  service 

Eheinland-Pfalz,  FRG....   Dynamics  of  Fire  Preven-  administration 975 

694     ticn 

1976 675  DECOMPOSITION  PRODUCTS 

COMMAND  VEHICLES            Industrial  Civil  Defense  phenolic  resins 

standardization               1975 676  toxicity 1060 

PEG 998   Public  Housing 

USSR 677  DEPABTMENT  STORES       '  ~^., 

COMMEfiCIAL  MATERIALS        Space  Simulation  fire  hazards            ■ 

combustion  products           1975 717,  832  evacuation 92U 

toxicity 752   SPE  Annual  Technical 

1976 751  DETECTOBS  SEE:  FIBE  DETEC- 

COMPAEIMENT  FIRES  TORS;  FLAME  DETECTCES; 

floor  coverings              CONSEIL  INTERNATIONAL  DU  INFRARED  DETECTOBS; 

flame  spread 704      EATIHENT  SEE:  CIB  IONIZATION  DETECTOBS;  ;,- 

liquid  fuel  SMOKE  DETECTORS; 

energy  balance 705   CONSTRUCTION  PBINCIPLES  ULTRAVIOLET  DETECTCES  t  , 

smoke  generation. ..... .709   fire  protection 

schcols 785  DETBOIT  FIRE  DEPAETMENT 

COMPABTMENTS  emergency  medical  services 

fire  resistance             CONVEYOB  BELTS  job  analyses 1062 

fireproof  walls 853   fire  performance 

friction  drum  tests. .726  DIESEL  ENGINES 

COMPOSITE  MATERIALS           propane  rust  tests.. .726  vehicles 

fire  resistant  coatings  fire  safety 845 

ship  structures 759  COBfilDORS 

fire-induced  airflows  DISASTEBS 

COMPUTER  PROGRAMS             scale  models 710  earthquakes 

municipal  information  evacuation  procedures... 

systems                   COTTON  FABRICS  1028 

fire  control 976  flame  propagation  human  behavior 

horizontal  rate  deter-  escape  time 1072 

CONCRETE  BEAMS                   mination.  . .  . 739  fear 1072 

fire  resistance 

analysis 770   CBIB  FIRES  DISCHARGE  DEVICES 

failure  modes.. 771   pressure  modeling  extinguishants 

premature  failure. ...  77  1     radiation 779  GDR 880 

foams 

CONCRETE  FRAMES              CBUDE  OIL  description 880 

fire  resistance            tanker  ships  wet  water 

prediction 768     fire  fighting 10U3  description 880 

reinforced 

fire  resistance 768,   CURTAINS  SEE:  SMOKE  CUR-  DISCOTHEQUES  SEE:  DANCE 

769      TAINS;  WATER  CUETAINS;  HALLS 

WINDOW  COVERINGS 

CONCRETE  STRUCTURES  DOCUMENT  STORAGE 

fire  endurance              CYLINDEES  SEE:  GAS  CYLIN-  fireproof  cabinets 

computer  calculations...      DEBS  self-closing 850 

828 

fire  exposures  DBAPES  SEE:  WINDOW  COVEB- 

explcsive  spalling. . .765  INGS   . 

1-8 


oi^^CHERS  ETHYL  BROMIDE/CAPBON  EIGXIDE 

SUBJECT  INDEX 

DRENCHERS  ELECTRICAL  (cont'd)  EMERGENCY  LIGHTING 

foam-water  wiring)  illuminated  signs 

patent 891  evacuation  routes.  ...  816 

ELECTRICAL  EQUIPMENT 

DRYING  SYSTEMS  fire  hazards  EMERGENCY  MEDICAL  SERVICES 

horizontal  chemical  vapors 719  job  analyses 

fire  hoses 967  Detroit  Fire  Departnent. 

tower-type  ELECTRICAL  FIRES  1062 

fire  hoses 967  appliance  defects 

statistics 1090  EMERGENCY  SERVICES 

DUCTS  SEE:  AIR  DOCTS;  deployment 

ELECTRICAL  DOCTS;  ELECTRICAL  MATERIALS  models 1C19 

VENTILATION  SYSTEMS  fire  hazard 

evaluation ...750  EMERGENCY  VEHICLES 

right-of-way 

E  ELECTRICAL  SHOCK  driver  conduct 1023 

ground  current  leakage  traffic  regulations 

EARTHCDAKES  mine  fires 910  right-of-way 1022 

fire  emergencies 

evacuation  procedures...  ELECTRICAL  SYSTEMS  ENDOGENIC  FIRES 

1028  explosion  hazards  coal  mines 

design  improvements. . 926  control  measures 911 

EDUCATION  fire  hazards 

(also  see:  correspondence  design  improvements. . 926  ENERGY  BALANCE 

courses;  fire  safety  liquid  fuel  fires 

education;  fire  safety  ELECTRICAL  HIRING  computer  solution. ...  705 

training;  fire  science  (also  see;  electrical 

education;  fire  service  cables;  electrical  ESCAPE  BRIDGES 

instructors;  National  circuits)  highrise  buildings 

Fire  Academy;  public  fire  hazards  patent 1033 

education;  training)  tar  vapors 821  suspended 

fireproof  highrise  buildings.  .  1033 

ELECTRICAL  APPLIANCES  development 929 

fire  incidents  flame  resistant  ESCAPE  ELEVATORS 

statistics 1090  development 928  building  exteriors 

patent 1031 

ELECTRICAL  CABLES  ELECTRIC  POWER  STATIONS  track-guided 

(also  see:  electrical  fire  protection  building  exteriors.  .1031 

circuits;  electrical  official  instructions... 

wiring)  913  ESCAPE  HATCHES 

ducts  retainers 

water  mist  protection...  ELECTRONIC  COMPONENTS  fire  doors 1035 

925  fire  hazards 

factories  oxygen  rich  atmospheres.  ESCAPE  MEANS 

fire  protection 927  832  (also  see:  evacuation 

fire  hazard  devices) 

evaluation 750  ELECTROSTATIC  FILTERS  chutes 1029 

fireproof  smoke  removal  highrise  buildings.  .  1 027 

development 929  breathing  apparatus  fire  doors 

flame  resistant  ^  training 959  retainers 1031 

development 928  portable 

power  plants  ELEVATORS  patent 1032 

fire  protection 927  building  evacuation 

tray  fires  simulation 1039  ESCAPE  ROUTES 

analytical  model 781  emergency  escape  (also  see:  evacuation 

power  reactors 781  building  exteriors. .1 03 1  methods) 

tunnel  fires  jamming  evacuation  time 

ethyl  bromide/carbon  fire  hazard 821  codes 1036 

dioxide  extinguish-  overloading  performance  standards... 

ants 1006  fire  hazard 821  1C36 

ELECTRICAL  CIRCUITS  EMERGENCY  EXITS  ETHYL  BROMIDE/CARBON  EIOX- 

(also  see:  electrical  evacuation  routes  IDE 

cables;  electrical  illuminated  signs... .816  extinguishants 

1-9 


ETHYL  BFOMIDE/CfiRBCN  DIOXIDE 


FIBE  AISBMS 


ETHYL  (cont'd) 

extinguishants  (cont'd) 

compound 1006 

performance 1006 

EVACDflTION 
department  stores 

fire  hazards 92tJ 

EVACUATION  DEVICES 
(also  see:  escape  means) 

EVACUATION  MEANS 
chutes 

highrise  buildings. . 1027 

EVACUATION  METHODS 

(also  see:  escape  routes) 

EVACUATION  PBOCEDURES 
fire  emergencies 

earthquakes 1028 

EVACUATION  EOUTES 
emergency  lighting 

illuminated  signs. ...846 
visual  guidance 

illuminated  signs. ..1026 

EVACUATION  STUDIES 
structural  fires 

human  behavior 1071 

EVACUATION  TIMES 
escape  routes 

performance  standards... 

1036 

human  behavior 

disasters 1072 

stairnays 

structural  f ires  ....  1038 

EXHALATION  VALVES 
breathing  apparatus 

performance  tests. ...991 

EXPELIANT  FLASKS 
fire  extinguishers 

patent 897 

EXPLOSION  HAZARDS 
foams 

fire  incidents ..743 

industrial  occupancies 

static  electricity. .. 835 
military  aircraft 

identification 819 

oil  tanks 

regulations 827 

superheated  liquids 

sudden  boiling 747 

washing  machines 

oil-impregnated  clothing 
826 

I-IO 


SUBJECT  INDEX 

EXPLOSION  HAZARDS  (cont'd) 
wood  dust 

assessment 745 

EXPLOSION  INCIDENTS 
foam  mattresses 

smoldering  fires 743 

Mersey  House,  Bootle  (OK) 

pressure  estimation. . 687 

EXPLOSION  STATISTICS 
reporting  methods 

Jugoslavia 1076 

EXPLOSIVE  OPENERS 

fluid  containers 

fire  extinguishants..  903 
patent 903 

EXTINGUISHANTS 
(also  see:  dry  powder; 
foam  extinguishants; 
halons) 
compound 

ethyl  bromide/carbon 

dioxide 1006 

discharge  mode 

patent 885 

foams 

suitability 1002 

liquid  solutions 

fire  extinguishers. ,.  908 
nitrogen-Frecn 

combustible  liquid  fires 

872 

powders 

suitability 1002 

solutions 

chemical  properties 

1010 

fire  tests 1010 

EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS 
interrupted  cyclic  dis- 
charge 

patent.. ...912 

temperature  sensitive 
interrupted  cyclic 

discharge 912 

F 

FABRICS 

burning  properties 

testing  methods 730 

clothing 

fire  extinguishment 

1047 

flame -resist ant 

survey 758 

ignition 

testing  methods 730 


FABRICS  (cont'd) 
metallized 

patent 761 

protective  clothing. . 761 

FACEPIECES 

air  supply 

patent .'. 982 

breathing  apparatus 

air  supply 982 

carbon  dioxide  concen- 
tration  992 

protective  clothing 

firefighters 98  8 

overcoatings 989 

FALSE  ALARMS 
fire  alarm  boxes 

Oakland,  CA 1C69 

FATALITIES  SEE:  FATAL 

FIRES;  FIRE  FATALITIES 

FEDERAL  REPUBLIC  OF  GER- 
MANY 
Eaden-Wuerttemberg 

fire  service  organiza- 
tion   673 

FIBERS 

flame- resistant 

survey 758 

FILLERS 

breathing  apparatus 

moisture  sensitive. . .983 
patent 983 

FILLING  APPARATUS 
fire  extinguishers 

powder  materials. ...  1013 

FIRE  ALARM  BOXES 
false  alarms 

Oakland,  CA 1C69 

FIRE  ALARM  CENTERS 
USSR 

description 799 

FIRE  ALARMS 
classification 

GDR 789 

defects 

detection 854 

fire  detectors 

patent 802 

gas-powered 

patent 806 

heat  detectors 

patent 807 

highrise  buildings 

design 795 


FIRE  fllABMS 


FIRE  EXTINGUISHERS 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


FIFE  ALARMS  (cont'd) 
hydrogen  detectors 

Pd-gate  field-effect 

transistor 79  3 

light  team 

patent 812 

light  scatter 

gas  medium 812 

light  transmission 

gas  medium 812 

miniature 

battery  powered 791 

electric  powered 791 

Yugoslavia 791 

office  buildings 

design 795 

portatle 

patent 808 

self -powered 808 

rate-cf-rise  detectors 

patent 809 

self -powered 

patent 806 

spring-operated  clapper 

patent 813 

systems  configuration 

central  stations 79U 

temperature-response  trig- 
ger 

patent 813 

threshold  control 

patent 800 

ultraviolet  radiation 

detection 854 

FIEE  ALARM  SYSTEMS 
testing 

high-frequency  heating.. 
816 

FIRE  ECATS 

tactical  performance 

Japan 970 

technical  data 

Japan 970 

FIEE  EEIGADES 
in-plant  protection 

organization 938 

training  facilities 

South  Carolina 963 

training  regulations 

FRG 964 

FIRE  EUILDDP 
wood  cribs 

growth  rates 700 

FIRE  CCDES 

(also  see:  building  codes) 

FI-EE  COMMUNICATIONS  CEN- 
TERS 
USSR 


FIRE  (cont'd) 
USSR  (cont'd) 
description, 


999 


FIRE  CCNTEOL 
information  systems 

computer  programs. ...  976 
municipalities 

information  systems. .976 
sprinkler  systems 

testing 915 

FIRE  CURTAINS 
foam  filler 

ceiling  suspension. .. 8U8 

FIRE  EAMAGE 
building  structures 

restoration 1086 

FIRE  DEATHS  SEE:  FIEE 
FATALITIES 

FIRE  DEPARTMENTS 
apparatus 

USSR 955 

fire  alarm  systems 

Basel,  Switzerland. .. 792 
municipal 

bibliography 957 

systems  management 

deployment  methods. .1050 

dispatching  practices... 
1050 

mathematical  models 

1050 

station  siting 1050 

FIRE  DETECTICN 
automatic 

underground  mining. .. 942 
public  buildings 

system  design 796 

systems  configuration 

central  stations 794 

systems  development 

design 843 

FIRE  DETECTORS 

(also  see:  detectors) 

classification 

GDR 789 

combustion  products 

description 790 

fire  alarms 

patent 802 

flame  sensing 

patent 805 

infrared 

airborne 788 

infrared  radiation 

patent 811 

ionization 

patent 810 


FIRE  DETECTORS  (cont'd) 
ionization  chambers 

patent 804 

IB  range 

patent 805 

Ed-gate  field-effect 
transistor 

hydrogen  detection. . .793 
photoelectric 

testing 815 

sprinklers 

chemical  plants 798 

testing 

high-frequency  heating.. 
816 

radio-frequency  induc- 
tion  816 

FIRE  EOOES 
escape  hatches 

self-closing 1C35 

retainers 

patent 1034,  1035 

self-closing 

field  trials 858 

improvements 841 

FIRE  ENDUEANCE 
(also  see:  fire  resis- 
tance) 
concrete  beams 

failure  modes 771 

structural  materials 

polymers 729 

FIRE  ENGINEERING 
steel  structures 

design  handbook 783 

FIRE  ENVIEONMENTS 
reinforced  concrete  frames 
structural  response  .. 769 

FIEE  ESCAPE  ROUTES 
highrise  buildings 

smoke  movement 866 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHANTS  SEE: 
EXTINGUISHANTS 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHERS 
actuators 

heat-sensitive  triggers. 
899 

patent 899 

alkali  metal  fires 

patent 884 

automatic 

coal  mines 875 

patent 882 

spray  nozzles.. 913 

buses 

patent 889 


I-ll 


FIEE  EXTINGDISHERS 


FIRE  BJZflEES 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


FIEE  (cont'd) 
carbon  dioxide 

alkali  metals 881 

delivery  mode 

patent .885 

drenchers 

foam-water 894 

expellant  flasks 

patent 897 

filling  apparatus 

powder  materials. ...  1013 
fireproof  pads 

vehicle  fires 893 

foam  makers 

patent 906 

halogenated  compounds 

toxicity 1058 

industry 

systems  development. . 874 
inert  gas 

alkali  metals 884 

laboratories 

fire  safety 936 

liquid 

patent 908,  909 

nozzle  head  fastener 

patent 910 

oxyacetlyene  welders 

torch  control 887 

plunger 

patent 897 

portable 

patent 882 

powder 

buses 889 

patent 902 

tank  pressurization. .89 1 
pressuri2ed 

manometers. 886 

shut-off  valves 896 

propellant  cartridges 

compressed  gas 879 

remote  controls 

patent 904 

shut-off  caps 

patent 898 

shut-off  valves 

hermetic  seal 892 

patent 892,  896 

sprinkler  heads 

actuators 900 

automatic  actuators. . 895 

liquids 883 

patent 883 

sprinklers 

foam- water 894 

tunnels 

patent 890,  907 

vehicle  fires 

patent 893 

FIRE-EXTINGDISHING  SYSTEMS 
automatic 

reliability 878 


FIRE-EXTINGUISHIN  (cont'd) 
automatic  (cont'd) 

technical  maintenance... 

878 

design  criteria 

equipment 873 

reliability 

statistical  calculations 
878 

FIRE  FATALITIES 

causes 

analysis 1065 

forensic  medicine. .. 1066 

FIREFIGHTER  HELMETS 
performance  criteria 

standard 1082 

FIREFIGHTERS 
accident  incidence 

biorhythm  theory .... 107C 
accident  insurance 

FRG 997 

services 997 

accident  liability 

FAG.............^S7b,  996 

breathing  filters 

personal  equipment ...  978 
protective  clothing 

aircraft  fires 987 

f acepiece-visor  assembly 
988,  989 

footwear 990 

radio  communication 

individual 1000 

reference  source 

handbook 678 

youth  members 

girls 1024 

FIREFIGHTER  TRAINING 
(also  see:  physical  train- 
ing) 
curriculum 

organization 961 

examinations 

systems  approach .....  960 
industrial  brigades 

facilities 963 

National  Fire  Academy 

planning  grants 692 

planning  status 690 

rescue  operations 

breathing  apparatus 

teams 1025 

ship  fires 

facilities 962 

FIREFIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 
aerial  ladders 

development 972 

fireproof  sheaths 

patent 985 


FIREFIGHTING  (cont'd)    ^j,. 
highrise  buildings 

arrangement 87-6 

FIREFIGHTING  OPERATIONS 
aircraft 

CL-215 1044 

evacuation  procedures 

earthquakes 1028 

performance  evaluaticn 

post-fire  analysis. .. 977 
ships 

procedures 1042 

vehicle  deployment 

models 1049 

FIREFIGHTING  TACTICS 
helicopters 

exercises 1040 

natural  gas  fires 

recommendations 1C45 

tanker  ships 

crude  oil. ' 1043 

FIREFIGHTING  UNITS 
fireground  commanders 

leadership  qualities.... 
1021 

FIREFIGHTING  VEHICLES  SEE: 
APPARATUS;  AUXILIARY 
VEHICLES 

FIRE  Flows 

(also  see:  water  supplies) 

FIEE  GASES 
toxicity 

animal  experiments. . 1 057 

FIREGROUND  COMMANDERS 
command  qualities 

tactical  units 1021 

FIREGROUND  CONTROL 
command  vehicles 

standardization 998 

duty  assignments 

Rheinland-Pfalz,  FRG.... 
694 

FIRE  HAZARDS 
aircraft 

identification 818 

chemical  vapors 

electrical  equipment.... 

74S 

chipboard  factories 

chip  drier 823 

department  stores 

evacuation 924 

elevators 

jamming 821 

overloading 821 


1-12 


FIEE  BAZflRDS  FIBE  PHOTECTION  SYSTEMS 

SUBJECT  INDEX 

FIEE  HAZARDS  (cont'd)  FIRE  INCIDENTS  (cont'd)  FIRE  EBOTECTION  (cont'd) 

floor  coverings  varnish  factories  alarm  systems 

corridors 822  synthetic  resin  depart-  Basel,  Switzerland  ..  .792 

test  methods 822  ment 681  factories 

foamed  plastics  electrical  cables. .. .927 

metal  roof  decks 746  FIEE  INJDEIES  highrise  buildings 

industrial  occupancies  wick-like  burning  research  programs. . .697, 

static  electricity.  ..835  clothing 106«»  698 

military  aircraft  sprinkler  systems. ...  869 

identification 819  FIEE-INSULATED  CABINETS  systems  development, . 876 

natural  gas  record  storage 8U9  industrial  occupancies 

storage  methods 836  foam  extinguishment .. 935 

oil  tanks  FIEE  LOSSES  LNG  facilities 

regulations 827  (also  see:  large  loss  extinguishing  systeus... 

paint  products  fires;  property  losses) „ 937 

characteristics 748  master  planning 

roof  decks  FIEEMEN  SEE:  FIEEFIGHTERS  federal  programs 67C 

foaned  plastic  insula-  Tukwila,  HA S56 

tion 746  FIRE  OFFICERS  mining  eguipment 

sodiuB  fires  command  qualities  automatic  control ....  942 

breeder  reactors 780  tactical  units 1021  oilfield  complexes 

tar  vapors  UK 931,  933 

electrical  wiring. ...  824  FIEE  PERFORMANCE  organization 

theaters  conveyor  belts  Baden-Huerttemberg  jFEG) 

protection  measures.  .  833  test  methods 726  673 

varnish  products  fire  department  ccnscli- 

characteristics 748  FIEE  EEEVENTION  dation 672 

aircraft  floors  regional  planning  ....  669 

FIEE  HOSES  fiberglass  laminates....  USSR 668 

drying  systems  953  power  plants 

horizontal 967  aircraft  fuel  tanks  electrical  cables. ...  927 

tower-type 967  fog  inerting 919  pressure  vessels 

aircraft  safety  recommendations 647 

FIEEHODSES  nonflammable  materials..  public  housing 

design  952  USSB 677 

architects  role 966  broadcasting  industry  regulations 

designs  BBC-UK 934  combustible   materials... 

low  temperature  zones...  dynamics  1073 

968  conference  report ....  675  schools 

USSE 968  education  curriculum  Berlin 785 

siting  Berlin  Technical  Univer-  building  construction... 

systems  management.  .  1050  sity 689  786 

guidelines  services 

FIEE  INCIDENTS  FEG 1085  cost  engineering.  ...  1 048 

concrete  structures  inspections  demand  charge 1048 

analysis 686  USSB 1020  systems  configuration 

electrical  appliances  ships  central  station 794 

statistics 1090  construction. ...  947,  948  systems  development 

motor  vessels  repair 947  standardization 839 

foam  suppression. ...  1041  repair  work 948  theaters 

nuclear  power  plants  hazards  identification.. 

Browns  Ferry 684  FIEEPBOOF  SHEATHS  833 

uranium  trioxide 688  firefighting  equipment  warehouses 

optical  workshops  patent 985  high-rack 923 

description 685 

prisons  FIREPBOOF  WAILS  FIRE-PEOTECTION  CLOSUFES 

analysis 682  fire  resistant  compart-  licensing 

Savancah  Hiver  Plant  ments  FRG 842 

uranium  trioxide 688  patent 853  standardization 

ships  FRG 842 

analysis 683  FIRE  EBOTECTION 

subway  stations  administration  FIRE  PBOTECTION  SYSTEMS 

analysis 680  USSB 668  air  conditioning  comhina- 

tion 

1-13 


FIEE  fBOTECTJON  SYSTEMS 


FIRE  SUPPBESSICN 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


FIEE  EEOTECTION  (cont'd) 
air  conditioning  (cont'd) 

building  structures. .787 

heat  exchanger 787 

alarms 

classification 789 

detectors 

classification 789 

FIEE  FESEAECH 
bibliographies 

NBS  CFE  1975 679 

FIEE  EESEAECH  STATION 
research  programs 

UK  1S75 696 

FIEE  EESISTANCE 
(also  see:  fire  endurance) 
aluminum  bulkheads 

intumescent  paints... 830 
breathing  apparatus 

test  methods 979 

building  structures 

intumescent  coatings.... 

757 

concrete  beams 

analysis 770 

failure  modes 771 

concrete  frames 

mathematical  model... 768 

prediction 768 

concrete  structures 

pre  stressed 766 

reinforced 766 

sp  ailing 765 

electronic  configurations 

space  vehicles 832 

floor  coverings 

evaluation 728 

reinforced  concrete  frames 

limit  state 769 

ship  structures 

aluminum  bulkheads. .. 830 
steel  structures 

heating  calculation .. 829 

unprotected 784 

ventilation  ducts 

dampers 856 

wall  coverings 

decorative ...762 

structural 762 

FIEE  EETARDANTS 
intumescent 

patent .....763 

polyester  composites 

tunnel  test  analysis.... 

735 

polymers 

smoke  generation 734 

sublinating  material 

patent 76  3 


FIBE  EISKS 

(also  see:  risk  manage- 
ment) 

FIEE  SAFETY 
aircraft  structures 

floor  panels 953 

civil  defense 

conference  papers. ...  676 
highrise  buildings 

research  programs. . .697, 

698 

hydraulic  lifts 

hazards  reduction. ...  831 
industrial  occupancies 

regulations  (OSSB)..1071 

round-table  discussion.. 

930 

laboratories 

extinguishers 936 

legislation 

New  York  City. 693 

public  buildings 

system  development. .. 9U5 
residential  occupancies 

education  program. ... 9U6 
rural 

regulations  (USSE)...921 
vehicles 

dies  el -powered 8  4  5 

FIEE  SCIENCE  EDUCATION 
architects 

Berlin  Technical  Univer- 
sity  689 

FIEE  SERVICE 
accident  liability 

FEG 995,  996 

administration 

data  retrieval 975 

history 

Japan 671 

legal  guides 

book 95^ 

operating  methods 

Japan 671 

organization 

Baden-Wuerttemberg,  FEG. 
673 

Japan 671 

youth  members 

girls 1024 

FIEE  SERVICE  EDUCATION 

examinations 

systems  approach 960 

National  Fire  Academy 

planning  grants 692 

planning  status 690 

FIRE  SERVICE  INSTEUCTORS 
training  aids 

guidebook 958 


FIRE  SERVICE  TRAINING  SEE: 
FIEEFIGHTEfi  TRAINING 

IIRESETTING  SEE:  AESCK; 

INCENDIARISM;  PYBCKANIA 

FIRE  SPREAD 
flame  extinction 

criterion 699 

urban  areas 

earthquakes 1028 

FIRE  STABILITY 

porous  concrete  structures 

heat  transfer 767 

mass  transfer 767 

FIRE  STATIONS  SEE:  FIEE- 
HOUSES 


FIRE  STATISTICS 
reporting  methods 
Jugoslavia 


1076 


FIRESTOP  HATCHES 
smoke  removal 
patent 


852 


FIEE  SUPPRESSION 
aircraft  fires 

training  facilities. . 965 
airfield  fires 

resources  allocation.... 

837 

apparatus 

procurement 973,  974 

specification.  .. 973,  974 

system  analysis 974 

systems  analysis 973 

aviation  fuels 

cascade  flow 920 

rod  flows 920 

coal  mines 

automatic  extinguishers. 

875 

fabrics 

clothing 1047 

foam  compounds 

organic  liquid  fires.... 

1014 

fuel  storage  tanks 

base  foam  injection 

1046 

LNG    facilities 

dry   chemical   extinguish- 
ers  937 

high-expansion    foams.... 

937 

public  buildings 

system  design 796 

sleeping  cars 

railroad  fires 951 

spray  nozzles 

evaluation 913 


1-14 


FIFE  SUPPRESSION 


FOAM  INSTflliailONS 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


FIFE  SUPPRESSION  (cont'd) 
systems  development 

design 843 

standardization 839 

tank  fires 

subsurface  foams ....  1008 
water-miscible  organic 
liguids 

foam  compounds 1014 

water  supplies 

Belgian  regulations 

1016 

calculations 1018 

FIRE  lESTING 
alumicum  roofing 

filn 775 

FIRE  TESTS 

(also  see:  testing;  test- 
ing facilities) 
bedding 

full  scale 725 

full-scale 

beds 725 

ships 772 

large-scale 

houses 773 

performance 

heat  release... 776 

sprinkler  systems 

aqueous  film-forming 

foams 1001 

stored  plastics 

final  report 777 

FIRE  TEAINIRG  CENTERS 
offshore  oil  industry 

UK 932 

FIRE  WHIRLS 
burning  rates 

solid  fuels 702 

FLAME  DETECTORS 
(also  see:  detectors) 
photoelectric  sensors 

invisible  radiation. .803 

visible  radiation. ...  803 
UV  range 

description 790 

visible   range 

description 790 

FLAME  EXTINCTION 
fire  spread 

criterion 699 

FLAME  EBOPAGATION 
cotton  fabrics 

rate  determination.  . .739 
polymethylmethacrylate 

cylindrical  rods 722 


FLAME  RADIATION 
turbulent  diffusion 

modeling 7  19 

FLAME  RESISTANCE 
fabrics 

survey 758 

fibers 

survey 758 

FLAME  SPREAD 

compartment  fires 

flocr  coverings 7CU 

thermal  conductivity 

liquid  fuels 703 

solid  fuels 703 

FLAME  STOPS 
fire  curtains 

ceiling  suspension. .. 848 

FLAMMABILITY 
clothing 

standards 108  4 

cotton  fabrics 

ncnflame  retardant. . . 739 

FLAMMABILITY  TESTS 
aircraft  interiors 

fire-resistant  materials 
, 774 

furniture 

polyurethane  foams.. .732 
upholster  y 731 

plastics 

development  history. .742 

FLAMMABLE  ATMOSPHERES 
Static  electricity 

risk  evaluation 817 

FLAMMABLE  FABRICS  ACCIDENT 
CASE  AND  TESTING  SYSTEM 
SEE:  FFACTS 

FLAMMABLE  MATEiilALS 
hazards  identification 
labeling  -  OK 1078 

FLASHCVEE 
wall  coverings 

small-scale  fires... .701 

FLOCE  COVERINGS 
compartment  fires 

flame  spread 704 

fire  hazards 

corridors 822 

test  methods 822 

fire  resistance 

evaluation 728 

pads 

fire  resistance 728 


FLUID  CONTAINERS 
explosive  openers 

patent 903 

fire  extinguishants 

explosive  openers. ...  903 

FLUORCCHEMICALS 
foam  concentrates 

storage  properties. . 1015 

FLOORCPROTEINS 
foam  concentrates 

storage  properties. . 101 5 
fuel  storage  tanks 

base  injection 1046 

FOAM  COMPOUNDS 
fire  suppression 

water-miscible  organic 

liquids 1014 

organic  liquid  fires 

patent 1014 

FOAMED  MATERIALS 
(also  see:  polyurethane 
foams) 

FOAMED  PLASTICS 
roof  insulation 

fire  hazards 746 

FOAM  EXTING-UISHANTS 
fire  suppression 

USSR. 1007 

flow  characteristics 

rheometer  measurement... 

1004 

f lu or o proteins 

fuel  storage  tanks.. 1046 
proteins 

fuel  storage  tanks.. 1046 
ship  fires 

suppression 1041 

tank  fires 

subsurface  injection.... 
1C08 

FOAM  EXTINGUISHERS 
fire  protection 

industrial  occupancies.. 

935 

light  water 

paint  factories 881 

FOAM  GENEEATOfiS 
fixed  installations 

failure  causes 877 

FOAM  INSTALLATIONS 
generators 

failure  causes 877 


1-15 


FOiM  IIQOIDS  HAZARDS  IDENTIFICATION 

SDEJECT  INDEX 

FOAM  IIQOIDS                  FOEl  SEILI.S               '  GEL ATINIZ ATION 

playpipes                   (also  see:  spills)  water  supplies 

50  liter/min 917  firefighting 1C11 

FUEL  SIOBAGE  TANKS 

FOAM  BAKERS                 (also  see:  tank  fires;  GIRLS 

fire  extinguishers             fuel  tanks)  youth  fire  service 

patent 906  fire  suppression  integration 102'4 

base  foam  injection..... 

FOAM  fLAYPIPES                     ..10t}6  GLOVEBOXES 

50  liter/min  alarm  systems 

constructicn  details....   FUEL  TANKS  testing 816 

917   (also  see:  fuel  storage 

tanks;  tank  fires)  GROONC  CURRENT  LEAKAGE 

FOAMS                       flame  prevention  system  electrical  shock 

agueous  film  forming          patent 911  mine  fires 940 

sprinkler  systems. ..  1001   military  vehicles 
discharge  devices  ignition  prevention. . 91 1 

GDE 880  H 

explosion  hazards  FURNISHINGS 

tests 743   fire  statistics  HALOGENATED  COMPODNES     >  - 

f luorcchemicals               UK  -  1S70. 10a9  toxicity 

storage  properties. . 1015  bibliography 1058 

fluorcprcteins  FURNITURE 

storage  properties. . 1015   beds  HALON  1301 

high  expansion                fire  tests ...........  725  flow  mechanisms 

carbon  dioxide  additives   fire  statistics  pipelines 1C05 

1012     UK  -  1970 1089 

production 1012   polyurethane  foam  uphols-  HALONS 

optimal  use                   tery  (also  see:  extinguishants) 

suitability 1002    f  lammability 732 

production                  upholstery  HANDBOOK 

patent ....1012    f lammability  tests. .706,  fire  engineering  design 

...731  steel  structures 783 

FOAM  StRINKLEES               polyurethane  foams.. .732  references 

effectiveness  firefighters 678 

oil  rig  fires 916 

G  HATCH  RETAINERS 

FOG  INERTING  fire  doors 

aircraft  fuel  tanks         GARMENTS  SEE:  CLOTHING  patent 1035 

fire  prevention 919 

GAS  AESOEEENCE  HAZARE  LOADING 

FOOTWEAR                   combustion  products  fire  performance  tests 

protective  clothing           wet  towels..... 1067  heat  release.. 776 

firefighters 990 

GAS  BOTTLES  SEE:  GAS  HAZARIOUS  MATERIALS 

FORENSIC  MEDICINE              CYLINDERS  code  amendments 

fire  fatalities  FRG. 1075 

causes 1066  GAS  EXELCSICHS  industrial  chemicals 

building  structures  safety  manuals 1C80 

FRICTICN  DRUM  TESTS  measurements ...831 

conveyor  belts                test  instrumentation^....  HAZARDS 

fire  performance 726       71C  flammable  materials 

laboratory  tests  labeling  -  UK 1078 

FUEI  FIRES  instrumentation 741 

(also  see:  aircraft  fuel    roof  layers  HAZARES  IDENTIFICATION 

fires)                    laboratory  simulation...  airfield  fires 

» 741  classification 837 

FUELS                     test  chamber  cardboard  industry 

(also  see:  aviation  fuels)     instrumentation 740  fire  prevention 825 

liquid  chemicals 

flane  spread 703  GAS  HELLS  labeling  regulations.... 

solid                      clustered  1077 

flane  spread 703    fire  protection 820  chipboard  factories 

chip  drier...- 823 

1-16 


HAZAEIS  IDENTIFICATION 


INDUSTKIAL  OCCDEANCIES 


SOEJECT  INDEX 


HAZARES  (cont'd) 
explosions 

military  aircraf t. . . . 819 
fires 

aircraft 818 

military  aircraf t. ...  819 
paper  industry 

fire  prevention 825 

plastics 

fire  behavior 736 

theaters 

fire  protection 833 

vehicle  narking 

HAZCHEM  system  (OK) 

1079 

Kemler  system  (FFG) 

1079 

wood  dust 

explcsivity 745 

HAZAFIS  EEDDCTION 
hydraulic  lifts 

fire  safety 834 

HAZCHIB  SYSTEM  (UK) 
hazards  identification 
vehicle  marking 1079 

HEAT  DETECTOBS 
alarms 

patent 801 

fire  alarms 

patent 807 

fixed -temperature 

description 790 

rate-cf-rise 

description 790 

smoke  detectors 

patent 801 

HEAT  EFFECTS 
hot  environments 

physiological  response.. 
1068 

HEAT  EXCHANGERS 
fire  protection  systems 
air  conditioning  com- 
bination  787 

HEAT  FEBOVAL 

stairwell  pressurization 

highrise  buildings. .. 778 
ventilation  systems 

supplier  obligation. . 859 

HELICCETEES 
firefighting  tactics 

exercises 1040 

rescue  operations 

exercises 1040 

highrise  buildings. .. 676 
suspended  gondola 

patent 1030 


HIGHRISE  BUILDINGS 
escape  bridges 

patent 1033 

fire  alarms 

design 7  95 

fire  protection  system 

research  programs. ...  698 
fire  protection  systems 

centralized  control. .870 

development 876 

research  programs. .. .697 
fire  safety 

civil  defense 676 

rescue  operations 

helicopters 676 

smoke  control  systems 

France 867 

pressurization 86  4 

smoke  movement 

control  systems 868 

escape  routes 866 

sprinkler  systems 

fire  protection 869 

stairwells 

pressurization 778 

HOMOPOLYMERS 

poly  (arylcxyphosphazenes) 

flame  properties 723 

smoke  properties 723 

HOODS 

protective  clothing 

firefighters 9  88 

overcoatings 9  89 

HOSE  REELS 
cabinet 

first-aid  stations. .. 888 
first-aid  stations 

patent 888 

HOSES 

large  diameter 

development 969 

history 969 

HOSPITAL    FIRES 
smoke    movement 

unsteady-state   calcula- 
tions  711 

HOSPITALS 

(also  see:  operating 
rccms) 

HOT  ENVIRONMENTS 
heat  effects 

physiological  response.. 
1068 

HOT  PARTICLES 
mineral  wools 

detection  methods. ...  721 


HOUSES 
fire  tests 

fullscale 773 

interiors 

fire  tests 773 

HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 
arson 

public  policy 1052 

structural  fires 

psychological  aspects... 
1071 

HYDRANTS 
pressurized  tubes 

patent 8  98 


HYDRAULIC  LIFTS 
fire  safety 

hazards  reduction, 

HYDRAULICS 
fire  suppression 
calculations , 


834 


1018 


HYDROGEN  DETECTORS 
Pd-gate  field-effect 
transistor 
fire  alarms 


793 


I 


IGNITION  PREVENTION 
fuel  tanks 

patent 911 

INCENDIARISM 

(also  see:  arson;  pyrcman- 
ia) 

INDUSTRIAL  FIRE  PROTECTION 
fire  brigades 

organization S3C 

organization 

Austria 538 

INDUSTRIAL  FIRES 
statistics 

France  -  1975 1C88 

INDUSTRIAL  OCCUPANCIES 
explosion  hazards 

electrical  systems. .. S26 
fire  hazards 

electrical  systems.  .. 926 
fire  prevention 

inspection 1C1S 

fire  protection 

foam  extinguishment .. 935 
fire  safety 

plant  management 930 

regulations  (USSR)..1C74 

round-table   discussion.. 


1-17 


INDDSIBIAL  OCCDPfiNCIES 


LOSS  ECONOMICS 


INDDSTBIAL  (ront'd) 
fire  safety  (cont'd) 

round-table  (cont'd) 

930 

static  electricity 

control. 835 

generation 835 

ventilation 

systems  development .. 874 

INFOBMailON  SYSTEMS 
fire  control 

computer  prcgrains....976 

INFEAFED  DETECTOBS 
airfcorce 

wide -range 788 

(also  see:  detectors) 

INFEAFED  BADIATION 

fire  detectors 

airborne 788 

patent 811 

INHALATION  INJOBIES 
burn  patients 

medical  treatment.. . 1053 

INSPECIIONS 
fire  prevention 

USSB 1020 

fire  protection 

industrial  occupancies.. 
1019 

INSOLATION  MATERIALS 
polyurethane  foams 

burning  characteristics. 
7i»a 

fire  hazards 744 

INSUEAHCE  COMPANIES 

fire  prevention  guidelines 

compliance  incentives... 
.1085 

FEG 1085 

INTEEIOE  PANELS 
building  materials 

calcium-silicate  panels. 
760 

INTUHESCENT  COATINGS 
fire  resistance 

building  structures. .757 

INTOMESCENT  PAINTS 
fire  resistance 

aludinum  bulkheads. .. 830 

INVESTIGATION  SEE:  ARSON 
INVESTIGATION;  FIEE 
INVESTIGATION 


SOEJECT  INDEX 

IONIZATION  DETECTOBS  ' 
air  current  actuation 

false  alarms 804 

(also  see:  detectors) 
false  alarms 

air  currents.... 804 

smoke 

model 797 

transistorized 

patent ..  810 

IONIZATION  DETECTOESS 
smoke 

operating  parameters.... 
797 

ISFSI  SEE:  INTEENATIONAL 
SOCIETY  OF  FIEE  SCIENCE 
INSTEUCTOBS 


J 

JAPAN 

fire  service 

history 671 

JET  FDELS  SEE:  AVIATION 
FOELS 

JOB  ANALYSES 

emergency  medical  services 

Detroit  Fire  Departuent. 

1062 

JP-4  FUEL  FIBES 
smoke  abatement  systens 
Hater  spray  injection... 
918 

K 

KABETA  ■ 

breathing  apparatus 

fire  resistance. .....  979 

KEMLEE  SYSTER  (FEG) 
hazards  identification 
vehicle  marking 1079 

L 

LABELING  SYSTEMS 
hazards  identification 

flammable  materials 

1078 

LABELS 

hazards  identification 
chenicals 1077 


LABOBATOEIES 
fire  safety 

extinguishers 936 

LATENT  SDPERHEATING 
liquids 

explosion  hazards. .. .747 

LAVftTOEIES 
aircraft 

fire  safety 950 

LEGAL  GUIDES 
fire  service 

book 954 

LEGISLATION 
fireground  control   ' 

Eheinland-Pfalz,  FEG.... 

694 

fire  safety 

New  York  City 693 

LEISUBE  BUILDINGS  SEE: 
EECBEAIION  BUILDINGS 

LICENSING 

fire-protection  closures 
FEG 842 

LIGHT  OBSCUEATION 

smoke  detectors 

calibration 814 

testing 814 

LIGHT-SCATTEE  MEASOBEHENTS 
smoke  detectors 

photoelectric 815 

LIGHT  WATEE 

foam  extinguishers 

paint  factories 881 

LIMITING  THEEMAL  INDEX 
heat  release  rate 

calorimeter  measurement. 
718 

LIQUID  FUEL  FIBES 
energy  balance 

computer  solution. ... 7C5 

LIQUIDS 

superheated 

explosions 747 

sudden  boiling 747 

ING  FACILITIES 
fire  protection 

extinguishing  systems... 
937 

LOSS  ECONOMICS 

(also  see:  fire  losses) 


1-18 


LOSS  ECONOMICS 


OIL  EIG  FIFES 


LOSS  ECONOMICS  (cont'd) 
industrial-residential 
risk  management 1087 

LOSSES  SEE:  FIRE  LOSSES 

LOSS  EEEVENTION 
ind us trial- residential 
risk  managenient 1087 

M 

MAJOE  FIRES 

statistics 

France 108  8 

international  comparis- 
ons  1088 

MANOMEIEBS 

fire  extinguishers 

pressurized 886 

MASTER  PLANNING 
fire  protection 

federal  programs 670 

fire  protection  prcgrani 

Tukwila,  HA 956 

MATERIALS 
heat  resistant 

tests 76a 

nonflammable 

tests 764 

MATTRESSES 

(also  see:  bedding) 

METAL  FIEES 
combustion  mechanisms 

research  programs. ...  724 

METHANE  IGNITION 
friction  sparks 

mining  machines 939 

mining  machines 

foam  prevention 939 

METHYl  BROMIDE 
(also  see:  halons) 

MILITARY  VEHICLES 
fuel  tanks 

ignition  prevention .. 911 

MINE  FIRES 

electrical  shock  hazard 
ground  current  leakage.. 
940 

MINEEAI  WOOLS 
thermal  inclusions 

detection  methods. .. .721 


SUBJECT  INDEX 

MINING  EQUIPMENT 
metal 

fire  protection 942 

mobile 

fire  protection 942 

underground 

fire  protection 942 

MINING  MACHINES 
methane  injection 

foam  prevention 939 

MODELING 

cable  tray  fires 

power  reactors 781 

fire-induced  airflows 

corridors 710 

flame  radiation 

turbulent  diffusion. . 719 
pool  fires 

thermal  radiation. ...  720 
pressure 

crib  fires 779 

sodium  fires 

breeder  reactors 780 

MOTOR  VESSELS 
fire  incidents 

foam  suppression. ...  1041 


N 

NATIONAL  EIRE  ACADEMY 
arson  detection 

education  program. .. .691 
arson  investigation 

education  program. ...  691 
education  programs 

planning  grants 692 

planning  status- .....  690 
training  programs 

planning  status 690 

NATIONAL  FIRE  ADMINISTRA- 
TION 
conferences 

Dynamics  of  Fire  Preven- 
tion 1976 675 

master  planning 

federal  programs 670 

NATUBAL  GAS 
fire  hazard 

storage  methods 836 

storage  method 

patent 836 

NATURAL  GAS  FIEES 
fire  suppression 

tactics 1045 

NBS  SEE:  NATIONAL  BUREAU 
OF  STANDARDS 


NFPA  SEE:  NATIONAL  FIRE 
PROTECTION  ASSOCIATION 

NFPCA  SEE:  NATIONAL  FIRE 
ADMINISTRATION 

NITROGEN-FREON 
extinguishants 

combustible  liquid  fires 
672 

NOZZLE  HEADS 

fire  extinguishers 

patent 910 

NOZZLES 

extinguishant  delivery 
mode 
patent 865 

NUCLEAE  FIRES 
Browns  Ferry  Power  Plant 
1975 684 

NUCLEAR  SAFETY 
sodium  fires 

classification 94  4 

o 

OFFICE  BUILDINGS 
fire  alarms 

design 795 

fire  protection  systens 
centralized  control.. 670 

OFFSHORE  OIL  INDUSTRY 
fire  training  centers 

UK , 932 

OFFSHORE  PLATFORMS 
oil  fires 

foam  sprinklers 916 

OIL  FIELDS 
offshore 

fire  protection 931, 

933 

OIL  LOADING  TERMINALS 
fire  protection 

UK 931,  933 

OIL  REFINERIES 
fire  protection 

UK.... 931,  933 

OIL  EIG  FIRES 
foam  sprinklers 

effectiveness 916 


1-19 


oil  TfiNKS 


EaiENlS 


SOBJECT  INDEX 


Oil  TSKKS 
explosion  hazards 

regulations 827 

fire    hazards 

regulations 827 

Oil  HEllS 
clustered 

fire  protection 820 

OLD  AGE  HOMES 

(also  see:  nursing  homes) 

OPEBAIING  BOOMS 
(also  see:  hospitals) 

OPTICAL  WORKSHOPS 
fire  incidents 

description. 685 

ORGANIC  LIQUID  FIRES 
suppression  agents 

foam  compounds 1014 

OXYACETYIENE  WELDERS 
fire  extinguishers 

torch  control 887 

OXYGEN  BREATHING  APPARATUS 
voice  communication 

fire  fighting. 986 

OXYGEN  RECIRCULATION 
breathing  apparatus 

exhaled  breath 981 


PAINTING  PLANTS 
foam  extinguishers 

light  water 881 

PAINT  PRODUCTS 
fire  hazards 

characteristics 74  8 

PANELS  SEE:  CEILING 

PANELS;  WALL  PANELS 

PANIC  SEE:  HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

PANORAMA  NOVA 
breathing  apparatus 

fire  resistance 979 

PAPER  INDUSTRY 
fire  hazards 

hazards  identification. . 
825 

PASSENGER  SEATS 

(also  see:  seat  cushions) 


PATENTS 

ALARM  DEVICE,  PREFEEAELY 
FOR  FIRE  ALARMS  (FBG) . . 
802 

ALARM  DEVICE  (Swiss)  ...  807 

APPABATDS  FOR  FILLING 
CONTAINERS  WITH  DIF- 
FICULTLY FLOWABLE 
MATERIALS  (US) 1013 

A  SPRINKLER  HEAD  ACTUATOE 
(UK) 900 

AUTOMATIC  FIBE  ALARM  (US). 
813 

AUTOMATIC  FIFE  EXTINGOISH- 
EB  (Japanese) 882 

AUTOMATIC  FIRE  EXTINGUISH- 
ING SYSTEM  FOR  TUNNELS 
(Japanese) 907 

AUTOMATIC  FIBE  PROTECTION 
INSTALLATION  (French).. 
908 

AUTOMATIC  ON-OFF  SPBINKLEfi 
HEAD  (UK) 895 

AUTOMATIC  VALVE  FOR  FIRE 
EXTINGUISHANTS  (French) 
885 

BREATHING  APPAEATUS  WITH 
FIILEB  SENSITIVE  TO 
WATEB  VAPOE  (FBG).. .983 

COMBIKATION  AIE  CONDITION- 
ING AND  FIBE  PBOTECTION 
SYSTEM  FOE  A  BUILDING 
(US) 787 

COMBINATION  SMOKE  AND  HEAT 

DETECTOB  ALARM  (US) 

801 

DETECTION  OF  PBESENCE  OE 
ABSENCE  OF  FLAMES  (US)  . 
803 

DEVICE  FOE  AUTOMATIC 
CONTBOL  OF  A  SMOKE- 
EEMOVAL  SYSTEM  (USSR).. 
857 

DEVICE  FOE  DETECTING 
DEFECTIVE  STATES  IN 
FIBE  AND  EXPLOSION 
PROTECTION  SYSTEMS 
(USSR) 854 

DEVICE  FOB  EXTINGUISHING  A 
FIBE  IN  A  TUNNEL 
(Japanese) 890 

DEVICE  FOB  MAKING  MECHANI- 
CAL FOAM  (USSR), 906 

DEVICE  FOE  SPRAYING 

LIQUIDS  (USSR) 883 

DEVICE  FOE  THE  EXTINGUISH- 
MENT OF  FIBES  IN  BUSES 
(Japanese) 889 

DEVICE  FOB  THE  SUPPLY  OF 
AIE  TO  THE  FACEPIECE  OF 
A  BEEATHING  APPABATOS 
(USSR) 982 

DEVICE  TO  EEIAIN  A  DOOB 
FOE  A  SET  PERIOD  OF 


PATENTS  (cont'd) 

TIME  (French) 1034 

EMEEGENCY  BESCUE  DEVICE 

(US) 1030 

ESCAPE  ELEVATOB  (US).. 1031 

EVACUATION  SYSTEM  PABTICU- 
LAELY  APPLICABLE  FOR 
THE  BESCUE  OF  ENDAKGEB- 
ED  PEESONS  (French).... 
1C29 

EXOTHEEMIC  CHEMICAL  EEAC- 
TIVE  SPfilNKLEB  RELEASE 
(US) 901 

EXTINGUISHER  FOB  ALKAII 

METAL  FIRES  (USSR). .684 

EXTINGUISHER  WITH  A 

MANOMETER  (French) .. 886 

FIRE  ALARMS  (UK) 612 

FIRE  ALARM  (Swiss) 800 

FIRE  DAMPER  (French) ...  856 

FIRE  DETECTION  DEVICE 
CONSISTING  OF  AN 
IONIZATION  DETECTOR 
(Swiss) 804 

FIRE  DETECTOR  (UK) 6CS 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHEB  CONSIST- 
ING OF  AN  EXTINGUISHANT 
TANK  FILLED  WITH  A 
PEESSURIZED  FIBE  EX-  ' 
TIN6UISHANT  (Belgian).. 
910 

FIHE  EXTINGUISHES  (French) 
893 

FIBE  EXTINGUISHER  WITH 

CONTAINEB  FOE  EXPELLING 
AGENT,  PENETEATOB  AND 
VALVE  (FBG) 897 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  AP- 
PARATUS FOE  OXY-ACiTEY- 
LENE  WELDING  ASSFHELIES 
(US) 887 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  AP- 
PARATUS (UK) 909 

FIRE  EXTINGUISHING  SYSTEMS 
(US) 912 

FIBEFIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

(FBG) 985 

FIRE  PROTECTION  AND  SMOKE 
DAMPER  (Austrian) . . . 855 

FIBE  RESISTANT  HALL  AND 
ENCLOSURE  WITH  SUCH  A 
WALL  (French) 853 

FLAME  PBEVENTION  SYSTEM 
FOE  FUEL  TANK  FIBES 
(US) 911 

FLAME  SENSING  UNIT  (Japan- 
ese)   805 

FOAM-WATEE  SPEINKLEE 

DEVICE  (UK) 894 

GAS-POHEEFD  ALAEM  WIIB 
PEESSUEE  EESPONSIVE 
REMOTE  INDICATOR 
CIRCUIT  (US) 606 

HERMETIC  CONNECTION 


1-20 


PATENTS 


POLYMETHYLMETHACElliTE 


SDEJECT  INDEX 


PATENTS  (cont'd) 

BET«EEN  A  FIRE  EXTING- 
OISHANT  CONTAINER  AND  A 
SHOT-OFF  DEVICE  (FEG) . . 
892 

HIGH  EXPANSION  FOAH  METHOD 
WITH  CARBON  DIOXIDE 
ADDITIVE  AND  DEVICE  FOE 
IBELEMENTING  THE  METHOD 
(FEG) 1012 

HOSE  EEEl  DEVICE  FOB  FIRE 
EXTINGUISHING  APPLIANCE 
(US) 888 

HYEBAUIIC  RETARDING  DEVICE 
FOB  A  FIRE  PROTECTION 
INSTALLATION  (French).. 
1035 

IMPROVED  PROCEDURE  FOE 
PRESSURIZING  FIEE- 
FIGBTING  EQUIPMENT 
TANKS  (French) 891 

IMPEOVEMENTS  IN  FIRE 
DETECTION  APPARATUS 
(UK) 811 

IMPEOVEMENTS  IN  OB  RELAT- 
ING TO  FIFE  EETABDANT 
MATERIALS  (UK) 763 

IMPEOVEMENTS  IN  OE  RELAT- 
ING TO  FLUID  CONTAINEBS 
(UK) 903 

IONIZATION  FIBE  DETECTOE 
(Swiss) 810 

HETHCE  OF  DETERMINING  THE 
SMCKE-GENEEATING 
CAPACITY  OF  CONSTRUC- 
TION MATERIALS  (USSR).. 
755 

METHOD  CF  PRODUCING  A 
METALLIZED  FABRIC 
(USSR) 761 

METHOD  OF  STORING  NATURAL 
GAS  (USSR) 836 

MULTIFLOOE-TYPE  ESCAPE 
BRIDGE  APPARATUS  FOR 
USE  IN  MULTI-STORY 
BUILDING  (US) 1033 

PORTAEIE  FIEE  DETECTOE 

(US) 808 

PORTAEIE  FIRE  ESCAPE  (US)  . 
1032 

POWDEE  FIRE  EXTINGUISHER 
(USSR) 902 

PROCEDURE  FOE  PRODUCING 
AND  EMBELLISHING  A 
FLAMEPROOF  OB  INCOM- 
BUSIIELE  COMPLEX  TO  EE 
USED  FOR  DECOEATING  OR 
STECCIUEAI  WALL  FINISH- 
INGS (French) 762 

EEMOTE  CONTROL  DEVICE  FOE 
A  EIEE  EXIINGUISHEE 
(French) 90a 

SEAL  FOR  TOGGIE-JCINT 

STOPPERS  CF  CONTAINERS, 


PATENTS  (cont'd) 

ESPECIALLY  FOR  BREATH- 
ING APPARATUS  (FRG).... 
98« 

SMOKE-VENTING  FIEEEBEAK 

HATCHES  (French) 852 

SPEAY  SPRINKIEE  HEAD 

(Swiss) 905 

STOPPER  FOE  A  HOLLOW  EODY 
CONTAINING  A  FLUID 
UNDER  PRESSURE  (Swiss)  . 
896 

SYNTHETIC  FOAM  COMPOUND, 
ESPECIALLY  FOR  THE 
SUPPBESSICN  OF  FIRES  OF 
HATER-MISCIBLE  ORGANIC 
LIQUIDS  (FRG) lOlU 

TEMPEEATUEE-CONTEOLLED 
TRIGGER  FOR  AUTOMATIC 
FIEE-EXTINGUISHING 
SYSTEMS  OB  DEVICES 
(FEG) 899 

TUBULAE  BODIES  (UK)... .898 


PD-GATE  FIELD-EFFECT 

TRANSISTOE 
hydrogen  detectors 
fire  alarms 


793 


PERFORMANCE  EVALUATION 
firefighting  operations 
post-fire  analysis. .. 977 

PERFORMANCE  TESTS 
heat  release 

hazard  loading.. 776 

PERSONAL  EQUIPMENT 
(also  see:  protective 
clothing) 

PETROCHEMICAL  INDUSTRY 
civil  defense 

conference  papers. .. .676 

PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE  RESINS 
pyrolysis  products 

toxicity 1060 

PHENOLIC  EESINS 
pyrolysis  products 

toxicity 1060 

PHOTOELECTRIC  DETECTOES 
SEE:  SMOKE  DETECTOES 

PHOTOELECTRIC  SENSORS 

flame  detectors 

invisible  radiation .. 8C3 
visible  radiation. ...  803 


PIPELINES 
flow  mechanisEs 
Halcn  1301.... 


,1001 


PLANT  MANAGEMENT 
fire  safety 

industrial  occupancies.. 
, 930 

PLASTICS 

(also  see:  polymers; 

thermoplastics) 
fire  tests 

research  programs. ...  736 

smoke  hazards 737 

flammability  tests 

development  history. .  7*42 
fuels 

flame  spread 703 

smoke  generation 

density  measurement .. 738 
smoke  tests 

gravimetric  measurement. 
75i» 

PLATFORMS 

(also  see:  elevating  plat- 
forms; offshore  plat- 
forms) 

PLAYPIPES 
50  liter/ffiin 

foam  liquids S17 

pressurized  tubes 

patent 898 

PLYWOOD  BOARDS 
fire  resistant  coatings 
ship  structures 759 

FOLY(ABYLOXYPHOSPHAZENE) 

homopolymers 

flame  properties 723 

smoke  properties 723 

POLYESTER  COMPOSITES 
fire  retardant  analysis 
ASTM  tunnel  test 735 

POLYETHYLENE 
storage  conf iguraticns 
fire  tests 777 

POLYMERS 

(also  see:  plastics;  rub- 
ber; thermoplastics) 
combustion 

smoke  generation. ....  734 
smoldering 

smoke  measurement ....  751 
structural  materials 

fire  endurance 72S 

POLYMETHYLMETHACBYLATi 
cylindrical  rods 

flame  propagat ion . . . . 722 
horizontal  slabs 

pool  burning  rates.. .727 


1-21 


POIYPFCPYLENE 


EAMM 


POLYPECPYLENE 
storage  configuration 

fire  tests 777 

POLYSTYRENE 

Storage  configuration 

fire  tests 777 

POLYUBETHANE  FOAMS 
burnicg  characteristics 

fire  hazards 744 

charring  tendencies 

tests 733 

furniture 

flam  liability 732 

insulation 

fire  hazards 744 

stDoldering  tendencies 

tests 733 

POIYVIHYICHLCEIDE 
combustion  products 

toxicity 1055 

pyrolysis  products 

inhalation  toxicity 

1056 

toxicity 1055 

storage  configuration 

fire  tests 777 

POOL  fIRES 
polymethylmethacrylate 

horizontal  slabs 727 

sodiua 

breeder  reactors 780 

thermal  radiation 

modeling ,.  .720 

POST-FIRE  ANALYSIS 
firefighting  operations 
performance  evaluation.. 
.977 

POWDEF  EXTIN6DISHANTS 
composition 

test  fires, 1009 

filling  apparatus 

fire  extinguishers. . 1013 
fire  extinguishers 

patent 902 

optimal  use 

suitability 1002 

tank  pressurization 

patent 891 

POWER  PLANTS 

electrical  installations 
fire  protection 943 

nuclear 

fire  incidents. . 684,  688 
sodium  fires... 944 


SDEJBCT  INDEX 

POWER  REACTORS 
electrical  cables 

tray  fires 781 

PRESSOHE  MODELING 
radiation 

crib  fires 779 

PRESSURE  REDUCERS 
trunk  lines 

water  supplies 1017 

PRESSURE  VESSELS 
fire  protection 

recoamendations 847 

PRESSURIZATION  SYSTEMS 

smoke  control 

codes 862 

escape  routes 866 

highrise  buildings. .. 864 

PRISONS 

fire  incidents  . 

analysis 682 

PROPANE  RUST  TESTS 
conveyor  belts 

fire  performance 726 

PROPEIIANT  CARTRIDGES 
compressed  gas 

fire  extinguishers. .. 879 

PROPERTY  LOSSES 

(also  see:  fire  losses) 

PROTECTIVE  CLOTHING 
(also  see:  clothing) 
firefighters 

aircraft  fires, 987 

f acepiece-visor  assembly 
988,  989 

foot«ear 990 

metallized  fabric 

patent 761 

PROTECTIVE  EQUIPMENT 
fireproof  sheaths 

patent 985 

PROTEIN  FOAMS 
fuel  storage  tanks 

base  injection 1046 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS 
fire  protection 

system  design 796 

fire  safety 945 

PUBLIC  EDUCATION 
(also  see:  education) 
fire  safety 

residential  occupancies. 


PUBLIC  EDUCATION  (cont'd) 
fire  safety  (cont'd) 
residential  (cont'd) 

946 

PUBLIC  HOUSING 
conferences 

USSR. 677 

PUBLIC  SERVICES 
fire  protection 

cost  engineering. ...  1048 

PULMONARY  FAILURE 
burn  injuries 

pathogenesis 1063 

smoke  inhalation 

pathogenesis 1063 

PUMPER-LAEDERS 

(also  see:  apparatus) 

PYROLYSIS  PRODUCTS 
polyvinylchloride 

inhalation  toxicity 

1056 

toxicity 1055 

textile  fibers 

analysis 753 

toxicity 

animal  experiments. , 1054 

PYROMANIA 

(also  see:  arson;  incen- 
diarism) 

R 

RADIATION 
crib  fires 

pressure  modeling. .. .779 
measurement 

calorimeters 718 

RADIATIVE  HEATING 
pool  fires 

polymethylmethacrylate. . 
727 

RADIO  COMMUNICATION 
individual 

firefighters 1000 

RAILROAD  FIRES 

prevention  measures 

personnel  training. .. S49 

sleeping  cars 

fire  prevention 949 

fire  suppression 951 

smoke  removal 951 

RANN 

(  Research  Applied  to 


1-22 


BANN 


SHIE  EEPilE 


RANN  (cont'd) 

National  Needs  ) 

RAPID  TRANSIT 
(also  see:  elevated  rail- 
ways; sutways) 

RATE-CF-RISE  DETECTCKS 
fire  alarms 

patent 809 

EEACT05S 
fast  breeders 

sodium  fires 782 

sodium  fires 

modeling 780 

EEBREATHING  CANISTER 
breathing  apparatus 

charging  system 980 

EECOEE  STORAGE 
fire-insulated  cabinets... 

8as 

REGIONAL  PLANNING 

fire  departments 

bibliography 957 

consolidation 672 

consolidation  study.. 669 

EEGULATIONS 
combustible  materials 

FRG 1073 

fire  safety 

industry  (USSR) 1074 

EEINFCECEE  CONCRETE  FRAMES 
fire  environments 

structural  response. .769 

BEMCTE  CONTROLS 
fire  extinguishers 

patent 904 

RESCUE  EQUIPMENT 
gondola 

helicopter-suspended. . . . 

-..  1030 

helicopter- supported 

patent 1030 

highrise  buildings 

escape  chutes 1027 

RESCUE  OPERATIONS 
breathing  apparatus  teams 

training 1025 

building  evacuation 

elevators 1039 

helicopters 

exercises 1040 

higbrise  buildings. . .676 


SOEJECT  INDEX 

RESEARCH  PROGRAMS 
Fire  Research  Station 

UK  1975 696 

smcke  control 

structural  fires 695 

UK 861 

smoke  movement 

UK 861 

RESIDENTIAL  OCCUPANCIES 
(also  see:  highrise  build- 
ings; hotels;  mobile 
homes;  motels) 
fire  protecting  systems 

centralized  control. .870 
fire  safety 

education  program. .. .946 

RESINS 
aircraft  floors 

fire  resistance 953 

RESPIRATORS 
(also  see:  breathing 
apparatus) 

RESTORATION 
fire  damage 

building  structures 

1086 

RETAINERS 
fire  doors 

patent 1034 

RETIREMENT  HOMES  SEE: 

NURSING  HOMES;  CLE  AGE 
HOMES 

RHEOMETEBS 

foam  measurements 

flow  characteristics.... 
1004 

RIGHT-OF-WAY 

emergency  vehicles 

driver  conduct 1023 

judicial  ruling 1022 

RISK  EVALUATION 
flammaile  atmospheres 

static  electricity. ..  817 

RISK  MANAGEMENT 
loss  economics 

residential-industrial. . 

1087 

loss  prevention 

residential-industrial. . 
1087 

ROOF  LAYERS 
explosions 

laboratory  simulation... 


ROOF  LAYERS  (cont'd) 
explosions  (cont'd) 
laboratory  (cont'd) 

741 

ROOFS 

foamed  plastic  insulation 

fire  hazards 746 

metal  deck 

fire  hazards 746 

RUGS  SEE:  FLOOR  COVERINGS 


s 

SAFETY  MANUALS 

chemicals 

hazardous 108  0 

industrial 1080 

SANCTUABIES  SEE:  REFUGE 
AREAS 

SAVANNAH  RIVER  PLANT 
fire  incidents 

uranium  trioxide 688 

SCALE  MODELS 
corridors 

fire-induced  airflcfcs... 
710 

SCHOOL  FIRES 
statistics 

UK  1972-1975 786 

SCHOOLS 

fire  protection 

Berlin 785 

building  construction... 
786 

SEAT  CUSHIONS 
(also  see:  passenger 
seats) 

SHIP  ACCIDENTS 

(also  see:  accidents) 

SHIP  BULKHEADS 
insulated  aluminum 

fire  resistance 830 

SHIP  FIRES 

firefighter  training 

facilities 962 

OK.. 962 

motor  vessels 

foan  suppression. ...  1041 

SHIP  REPAIR 
shipyards 

fire  prevention 947 

1-23 


SHIPS 


SMOKE  PAKTICDLfiTES 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


SHIPS 
construction 

fire  prevention 947, 

948 

firefighting  operations 
procedures 1042 

fire  incidents 

analysis 683 

fire  tests 

chemical  parameters. . 772 

full-scale 77  2 

physical  parameters. . 772 

repair 

fire  prevention 948 

repair  work 

fire  prevention 947 

SHIP  SIBDCTURES 
fire  endurance 

computer  calculations... 

828 

plywocd  boards 

fire  resistant  coatings. 
759 

SHIPYAEDS 
construction  work 

fire  prevention 947 

repair  work 

fire  prevention ,948 

SHOPPING  CENTERS 
venting  systems 

wind  effects 860 

SHOPPING  MALLS  SEE:  SHOP- 
PING CENTERS 

SHUT-OFF  VALVES 
breathing  apparatus 

patent 984 

fire  extinguishers 

patent 892,  896 

hermetic  sealing 

extinguishers 892 

SLEEPING  CARS 
railroad  fires 

prevention  measures. . 949 

SMALL-SCALE  FIRES 
flashcver  times 

wall  coverings 701 

SMOKE 
nature 

structural  f ires. .». .707 
quantitative  determination 

NBS-smoke  chamber. ...  717 
structural  fires 

control  problems 708 


SMOKE  ABATEMENT  SYSTEMS 
water  spray  injection 

JP-4  fuel  fires 918 

SMOKE  CONTROL 

highrise  building  fires 

ventilation  systems. .851 
highrise  buildings 

pressurization 86  4 

mechanical  ventilation 

computer  analysis. .. .712 
pressurization  systems 

codes 862 

protection  measures 

firefighters  views. ..715 
research  studies 

UK 861 

structural  fires 

mechanical  ventilation.. 
714 

research  programs. ...  695 
venting  systems 

description 863 

SMOKE  CONTROL  SYSTEMS 

highrise  buildings 

France 867 

Japan 868 

SMOKE  CURTAINS 
inflatable 

corridor  barriers. ...  840 

SMOKE  DAMPERS 
air  ducts 

patent 855 

SMOKE  DENSITY 
plastics 

measurement ..738 

SMOKE  DETECTORS 
alarms 

patent 801 

(also  see:  detectors) 
heat  detectors 

patent 801 

ionization  cells 

operating  parameters.... 

797 

light  obscuration 

calibration 814 

testing 814 

photoelectric 

description 790 

light-scatter  measure- 
ments* t. 815 

testing 815 

SMOKE  DOOBS 
self-closing 

field  trials ...858 


SMOKE  EXPLOSIONS 
(also  see:  backdraft) 

SMOKE  GENERATION 
building  materials 

measurement  method. ..755 
compartments 

estimation 709 

furnishings 

estimation 7  09 

measurement  method 

patent 755 

plastics 

density  measurement. . 738 
polymers 

fire  retardants 734 

SMOKE  HAZARDS 
plastics 

fire  tests 737 

structural  fires 

protection  measures. . 838 

SMOKE  INHALATION 
pulmonary  failure 

pathogenesis 1063 

SMOKE  MEASUREMENT 
polymers 

smoldering  fires 751 

SMOKE  MOVEMENT 
buildings 

model 713 

control  measures 

firefighter's  views. .715 
control  systems 

highrise  buildings. .. 868 
highrise  buildings 

escape  routes 866 

hospital  fires 

unsteady-state  calcula- 
tions.  711 

mechanical  ventilation 

computer  analysis. ...  712 
natural  ventilation 

computer  analysis ... .712 
research  studies 

UK 861 

structural  fires 

hazard  reduction 716 

pressure  measurements... 
865 

symposia 674 

SMOKE  PARTICULATES 
plastics 

gravimetric  measarenent. 

754 

polymers 

fire  retardants 734 


1-24 


SMOKE    EEMOVAL 


STORAGE    CAEINETS 


SUBJECT    INDEX 


SMOKE    EEMOVAL 
control   systems 

France 867 

electrostatic  filters 

breathing  apparatus. .959 
firestop  hatches 

patent 852 

highrise  building  fires 

ventilation  systems. . 851 
multistory  building  struc- 
tures 

system  design 871 

sleeping  cars 

railroad  fires 951 

stairwell  pressurizaticn 

highrise  buildings. .. 778 
systems  design 

equipment 87  3 

ventilation  systems 

supplier  obligation . .859 
venting  systems 

patent 857 

SMOKE  EEMOVAL  SYSTEMS 
duct  materials 

fire  protection 844 

SMOKE  STOPS 
fire  curtains 

ceiling  suspension.  ..  8i<8 

SMOKE  TESTS 
plastics 

gravimetric  measurement. 
754 

SMOLDEEING  FIRES 
explosion  incidents 

foam  mattresses 743 

polymers 

smoke  measurement ....  751 
polyurethane  foams 

tests 733 

SODIUM  FIRES 
breeder  reactors 

modeling 780 

classification 

nuclear  safety 944 

power  reactors 

breeder  reactors 782 

SOLID  COMBUSIIBLES 
wetting  agents 

fire  suppression ....  1003 


SOLID  FUELS 
burning  rates 
fire  whirls, 


,702 


SOUNDING  SEE:  ACOUSTIC 
SOUNDING 


SPACE  VEHICLES 
electronic  configurations 
fire  resistance. .....  832 

SPALLING 

concrete  structures 

fire  exposures 765 

SPILLS 

(also  see:  fuel  spills) 

SPRAY  NOZZLES 
fire  extinguishers 

test  methods 913 

SPRINKLER  HEADS 
actuators 

patent 900 

automatic 

spray  patterns 913 

automatic  actuator 

patent 895 

fog 

patent 905 

liquids 

patents 883 

SPRINKLERS 

automatic  detection 

testing 915 

fire  control 

testing 915 

fire  detectors 

chemical  plants 798 

foam-water 

patent 894 

fog  heads 

patent 905 

special  applications 

aircraft  hangars 914 

computer  centers 914 

offshore  platf orms. . . 9 14 
warehouses 914 

SPRINKLER  SYSTEMS 
aqueous  film  forming  foam 

effectiveness 1001 

chemically  reactive 

patent 901 

selective  triggering.... 

901 

highrise  buildings 

fire  protection 869 

SIAIEKAYS 
evacuation  times 

structural  fires. ...  1038 

STAIRWELLS 
highrise  buildings 

pressurizaticn 778 


STANDARDIZATION 
fire- protection  closures 
FRG 842 

STANDARDS 
firefighter  helmets 

performance  criteria.... 

1082 

f lammability 

clothing 1084 

flammability  tests 

plastics 742 

structureil  components 

German 1C81 

structural  materials 

German 1081 

transportation  vehicles 

recognition  features 

(USSR) 1083 

STATIC  ELECTRICITY 
flammable  atmospheres 

risk  evaluation. .....  617 

industrial  occupancies 

control 835 

STATISTICS 
electrical  fires 

appliance  defects ...  1090 
explosions 

reporting  methods. .. 1076 
fires 

reporting  methods. .. 1076 
furnishings  fires 

OK  -  1970 1089 

furniture  fires 

UK  -  1970 1C89 

industrial  fires 

France  -  1975 ,1C88 

major  fires 

France 1068 

international  comparis- 
ons  1088 

school  fires 

OK  1972-1975 786 

STEEL  COLUMNS 
water-filled 

fire  resistance. .... .784 

STEEL  STRUCTURES 
fire  endurance 

computer  calculations... 
828 

fire  engineering 

design  handbook 783 

fire  resistance 

heating  calculation .. 629 
unprotected 

fire  resistance 784 

STORAGE  CABINETS 
fireproof 

sensitive  materials. . 850 


1-25 


STRDCIORAL  CCMPONENTS 


TOXICITY  SCREENISG  TESTS 


SDBJECT  INDEX 


STEOCTDEAL  COMPONENTS 
fireproof  walls 

patent 853 

standards 

updating 1081 

STEOCTDEAL  FIRES 
human  behavior 

evacuation  studies. . 1071 
smoke 

nature ...707 

smoke  control 

mechanical  ventilation.. 
7m 

problems 708 

research  programs. .. .695 
smoke  hazards 

protection  measures. . 838 
smoke  movement 

hazard  reduction 716 

model 713 

pressure  measurements... 
865 

sympcsium  papers 67U 

stairways 

evacuation  times. ...  1038 

STEOCTUEAL  MATEEIALS 
polymers 

fire  endurance 729 

standards 

updating 1081 

SDBSDBPACE  FOAMS 
fire  suppression 

tank  fires 1008 

SDBWAY  STATIONS 
fire  incidents 

analysis 680 

SDPPEISSION  SEE:  FIRE 
SUEPEESSICN 

SUEFACTANTS 

(also  see:  wetting  agents) 

SYMPOSIA 

Annual  Simulation 

1976 1039 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement 
in  Euilding  Fires 

1975 674,  693,  695, 

..707,  709,  710,  711, 
..712,  713,  714,  715, 
..716,  838,  858,  859, 
..860,  e61,  862,  863, 
..861,  865,  866,  867, 

868,  1038,  1071 

1976 708 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire 
1975. ..1061,  1065,  1066, 
1068,  1072 


SYMPOSIA  (cont'd) 
International  Hire  and 
Cable 
1975 750,  928,  929 

SYNTHETIC  RESINS 
xylene  vapors 

ignition 681 


TANKER  SHIPS 
crude  oil 

f irefighting, 


10a3 


TANK  FIRES 

(also  see:  fuel  tanks; 
fuel  storage  tanks) 
foam  extinguishants 

subsurface  injection.... 
1008 

TAR  VAPORS 
fire  hazards 

electrical  wiring. ... 82U 

TEST  FIRES 

foam  extinction 

flucrochemicals 1015 

flue  ro  proteins 1015 

powder  extinguishants 

composition 1009 

TESTING 

(also  see:  fire  tests; 
flanmability  tests) 
explosion  hazards 

foam  mattresses 743 

fire  behavior 

plastics 736,  737 

full  scale 

aircraft  interiors. . .774 
materials 

heat  resistant 764 

nonflammable 764 

sprinkler  systems 

operational  readiness... 

915 

wall  coverings 

combustion  products. . 756 
wood  cribs 

fire  buildup 7C0 

TESTING  METHODS 

fabrics 

burning  properties* . .730 

ignition 730 

international  coopera- 
tion  730 

TEXTILE  FIBERS 
combustion  products 

analysis 753 


TEXTILE  FIBERS  (cont'd) 
pyrolysis  products 

analysis 753 

TEXTILES  SEE:  FABRICS 

THEATERS 
fire  hazards 

protection  measures. . 833 

THERMAL  INCLUSIONS 
mineral  wools 

detection  methods. .. .721 

THERMAL  RADIATION 
pool  fires 

modeling 720 

THERMAL  SENSITIVITY  INDEX 
heat  release  rate 

calorimeter  measurement. 
718 

THEHMO-LAG 
fire  retardants 

patent 763 

THERMOPLASTICS 
(also  see:    plastics) 

TOWELS 
wet 

gas  absorbence 1067 

TOXIC  GASES 

guantitative  determinaticn 
NBS-smoke  chamber ....  717 

TOXICITY 

(also  see:  combustion 

toxicology) 
combustion  products 

animal  experiments .. 1054 
building  materials. . 1C61 
commercial  materials.... 

752 

evaluation  method. .. 1C59 
fire  gases 

animal  experiments. . 1C57 
polyvinylchloride 

combustion  products 

1C55 

pyrolysis  products 

1055,  1C56 

pyrolysis  products 

animal  experiments. . 1054 
phenolic  resins. ... »1C60 

TOXICITY  SCREENING  TESTS 
combustion  products 

commercial  materials.... 
752 


1-26 


TRAFFIC  ACCIDENTS 


MALLBOABDS  SEE:  CHIEECABES; 


TRAFFIC  ACCIDENTS 
(also  see:  accidents) 

TRAFFIC  FIRES 
tunnels 

fire  extinguishing 

system 907 

fire  extinguishing 

systems 890 

TRAFFIC  REGUIATIONS 
emergency  right-of-way 

FRG 1023 

right-of-way 

FRG 1022 

TRAINING 
(also  see:  education; 

firefighter  training) 
fire  service  instructors 
guidebook 958 

TRAINING  FACILITIES 
fire  suppression 

aircraft  fires 965 

TRAINING  REGULATIONS 
fire  brigades 

FRG 964 

volunteer  fire  departments 

FRG 964 

TRANSISTORS 
field-effect 

smoke  detection 793 

TRANSIT  VEHICLES 
(also  see:  buses;  subway 
cars) 

TBANSPORTATION  VEHICLES 
standards 

recognition  features 

(DSSR) 1083 

TRAY  FIRES 
electrical  cables 

analytical  model 781 

TONNELS 

fire  extinguishers 

patent 890 

fire  extinguishing  systems 

patent 907 

TOEBOLENT  DIFFUSION 
flame  radiation 

modeling. .......;... .719 

U 

ULTRAVIOLET  DETECTOKS 
(also  see:  detectors) 


SUBJECT  INDEX 

ULTRAVIOLET  (cont'd) 
flame  radiation 

patent 85i4 

ULTRAVIOLET  FLAME  BADIA- 

TICN 
detection 

fire  alarms 851 

UNDEEIAYMENTS  SEE:  FLCOE 
COVERINGS 

UNITED  KINGDOM 
aircraft  crash  fires 

extinguishants 1037 

UPHOLSTERY 
furniture 

flam  liability 706 

flammability  tests.. .731 

URBAN  FIRES 
wildland  hazards 

suburban  areas 922 

UREAN/HILELAND  FIRES 
interface  aspects 

suburban  areas 922 

USSR 

fire  alarm  centers 

description 799 

fire  communications  cen- 
ters 

description 999 

fire  departments 

apparatus 955 

fire  protection 

administration 6  68 

public  housing 

fire  protection  con- 
ferences  677 

rural  fire  safety 

regulations 921 

,V 

VARNISH  FACTORIES 
synthetic  resin  department 
fire  incidents 681 

VARNISH  PRODUCTS 
fire  hazards 

characteristics 748 

VEHICLE  ACCIDENTS 
(also  see:  accidents) 

VEHICLE  COLUMNS 
command  problems 

fire  officers 1021 


VEHICLE  FIRES 
fire  extinguishers 

patent 893 

VEHICLES 

(also  see:  apparatus) 

diesel-powered 

fire  protection 845 

VENTILATION 
mechanical 

smoke  control ,714 

smoke  control  analysis.. 

712 

smoke  movement  analysis. 

712 

natural 

smoke  control  analysis.. 

712 

smoke  movement  analysis. 
712 

VENTILATION  DUCTS 
fire  dampers 

patent 656 

VENTILATION  SYSTEMS 
duct  materials 

fire  protection 844 

heat  removal 

supplier  obligation .. 859 
smoke  control 

highrise  buildings. .. 851 
smoke  removal 

highrise  buildings. .. 851 

supplier  obligaticn. . 859 

VENTING  SYSTEMS 
shappin^  centers 

wind  effects 660 

smoke  control 

description 863 

smoke  removal 

patent 857 

VISORS 

protective  clothing 

firefighters S88 

overcoatings 989 

VOICE  COMMUNICATIONS 
breathing  apparatus 

amplifier  systems. ...  986 

VOLUNTEER  FIRE  DEPARTMENTS 
training  regulations 

FBG...  . 964 

w 

HALLBOARDS  SEE:  CHIE- 
BOAEDS;  FIBERBOABIS; 
GYPSUM  BOARDS 


1-27 


WALL  CCVEBINGS 


YOUTH  FIRE  SEEVICE 


SOEJECT  INDEX 


WAIL  CCVERINGS 
decorative 

fire  resistant 762 

fire  behavior 

smoke  production 756 

small-scale  fires 

flashover  times 701 

structural 

fire  resistant 762 

WABEHOOSES- 
high-rack 

fire  protection 923 


HILDIAND  FIEES 
urban  hazards 

suburban  areas 922 

HOOD  CBIBS 
fire  buildup 

growth  rates 700 

WOOD  DOST 
explosion  hazard 

assessment 745 


WASHING  MACHINES 
explosion  hazards 

oil-impregnated  clothing 
826 


XYLENE  VAfOES 
synthetic  resins 

ignition 681 


WATEE-EILLED  COLUMNS 
steel  structures 

fire  resistance..., 


,784 


KATEE  SPEAY  INJECTION 
smoke  abatement  systems 
aviation  fuel  fires.. 918 


YOUTH  FIEE  SERVICE 
female  members 

integration 10  24 


VATEB  SPRAYS 
fire  protection 

cable  ducts 925 

WATER  SUPPLIES 

(also  see:  fire  flcHs) 

f iref ighting 

gelatinization 1011 

fire  suppression 

Belgian  regulations 

1016 

calculations 1018 

reguirements 1016 

trunk  lines 

pressure  reducers.. . 1017 

WATER  THICKENING 
gelatinization 

fire  fighting 1011 

WEARING  APPAREL  SEE: 
CLOTHING 

WETTING  AGENTS 

(also  see:  surfactants) 

fire  suppression 

solid  combustibles. . 1003 
USSR 1007 

WET  WATER 
discharge  devices 

GDR 880 

WICK  EOENING 
clothing 

burn  injuries 1064 


1-28 


CONFERENCES 


BOOKS  OCDFNALS 

SOURCE  INDEX 

BOOKS,  MONOGRAPHS  JOOBNALS     (coDt'd)  JOUENaiS     (cont'd) 

ARSON:    SOME    EEOELEBS    AND  Arch    Bal    Prof   Med    (cont'd)  Bull    mens   Chambre  CCBBerce 

SOLOTIONS 1051  36(12):     (cont'd)  ind   Meurthe-et-Moselle 

AUTOMATIC    EXTINGOISHMENT                        105U  (10):21-26,    1975813 

OF    PIPES 872  Arch    lermodyn   Spal  (French) 1C19 

FIBE    ENDORANCE   OF    BDILDING  7  (2) : 1 65- 174,     1976.. 1008  Combust    Flame 

STROCTORES 828  7  (2) : 243- 253,     1976. ..745  26  (3) : 4  11-412  ,    1976. .699 

FIRE    ENGINEERING    DESIGN    OF  ASCE    Eroc.    J    Struct    Div  27  (2) : 267-278,     1976.. 700 

STEEL    STROCTORES.. . .783  1 02  (ST8) : 1 549- 1 558,    1976  Constr   Specifier 

FIRE    SERVICE    AND    THE    LAB..                    829  29(1):36-40,    1976 669 

954  ASHRAE    J  29(5):46-53,    1976 746 

FIRE    SERVICE    INSTRDCTOR'S  18(2):17-19,    1976. ...851  Densetsu    kogyo 

GDIEEBOOK 958            18(2):26-28,    1976 790  21  ( 1 1)  :  82-98,     1975. ..843 

ORGANIZATIONAL    PROBLEMS    IN  Berat€nde    Ing  Eiraensions/NBS 

IMPROVING    THE    CONTROL                 (6):14-16,     1976 1085  60(1):10-11,    1976 724 

OF    SOCIALIST    PROEOCTION  (6):17-18,    21-24,     1S76..  DIN    Mitt 

668                   689  55(2):72-75,    1976. ..1081 

TOXIC  AND  HAZARDOUS  Bezop  ekspluat  elektromekh  Diteru 

INEDSTRIAL  CHEMICALS  oborud  v  shakhtakh  (274):36-43,  1975.... 949 

SAFETY  MANUAL  FOR           (7)  :35-38, 1 975 939  Draegerheft 

HANDLING  AND  DISPOSAL       (7):67-72,  1975 940  (304): 13-17,  1S76....979 

ilTE  TOXICITY  AND  Bezcp  tr  pron-sti  Dtsch  Ausschuss  Stahltetcn 

HAZARD  DATA 1080     (4):20-21,  1976 875  (248):1-40,  1975 765 

Brandaus  Face  au  Risque 

84(5)  :167-170,  1976 (119):25-36,  1976 930 

1040  (120):13-16,  1976.. .1088 

84  (7):247-251,  1976. .743  Feuerwehr 

84(7)  :  266-267,  1976. .784  26(3):€7-68,  1976 822 

Dynamics  of  Fire  Preven-  Brandforsvar  26(4):96-97,  1976... 1024 

ticn  Conf,  Proc            13(1):10,  1976 978  Fire 

1976,  Oct  18-20,  Los  Brandforsvar,  FoO-Brand  68(851)  :600,  1976 841 

Angeles,  CA 675     (1):1-6,  1  S76 730  69(853):80,  1976 696 

industrial  Civil  Defense       (1):13-15,  1976 721  69(853)  :82,  1976 775 

Conf,  Int,  3rd,  Proc  Brandhilfe  69 (854)  : 1 19-122,  1976... 

Record                     23  (6)  :  130-132,  1976 946 

1975,  Apr  8-12,  Beirut,         1021  69(854):123,  1976. ..1077 

Lebanon 676     23  (7)  :  157-162,  1976 69  (854)  :  124-1  25,  1976... 

Space  Sinulation  Conf,           1002  960 

8th,  Proc  Brandschutz  69 (855)  : 177-179,  1976... 

1975,  Nov  3-5,  Silver       30(4):92-95,  1976 694  975 

Spring,  MD...717,  832     30(4):96-99,  1976 998  69(855)  :183,  1976 678 

SPE  Annual  Technical  Conf,     30 (5)  :  122-124,  1976 69 (855)  : 1 89-190,  1976... 

Proc                         1079  933 

1976,  Apr    26-29,    Atlan-  30 (6) : 1 58- 161 ,    1976. .785  Fire   Chief 

tic   City,    NJ 751           30  (7)  :  168-169,    1976 20(7):29-30,    1976 956 

1022  20(8):68-71,    1976 672 

30  (7)  :  170-171,  1976 20(8):72-74,  1976 669 

1023  20(8):79-82,  1976 S77 

30  (7):  172-173,     192,    1976  20(9):29-32,    1976 969 

JOURNALS                                                               996  20(9):36-38,    1976 S66 

Acta    Oniv   Upsaliensis                       30(7):174,    1976 995  20(9);39-40,    1976 961 

(356):1-4S,    1976 817  30  (7) : 1 86- 1 91 ,    1976. .842  Fire    Command 

Antincendio    protezciv  30  (8) : 196-201,    1976. .964  43(7):27,    1976 S63 

27(10)  :755-760,    1975....  Brandvaern  43(8):46-49,    1976 682 

1003           2(1):17-19,    1976 881  43(8):54-56,    1976. ..1069 

27(10)  :764-765,    1975 2(2):20-22,    1976 821  Fire    Eng 

923  Brandverhuetung  1 29  (7)  :47-48,     1976.  .1082 

27(10)  :767-771,    1975 (118):57-59,    1976 681  1  29  (7)  :  54-55,     1976. .1070 

680            (118):59-61,    1976 823  129(8):18,    21-22,    1976.. 

Apave                         (118):61-62,  1976 824  670 

57 (193)  :89-91,  1976.  .757  Brauwelt  1 29  (8)  :  44-45,  1976.  ..690 

Arch  Bal  Prof  Med  Trav  B1 1 5  (38) : 1 247- 1249,  1975  1 29  (8) : 48-49,  1976. ..691 

Secur  Soc                     744  1 29  (8)  : 50-52,  1976.  ..692 


36 (12)  :  707-738,  1975.. 


1-29 


JOUENfilS  JCDEMilS 

SOOPCE  INDEX 

JOURNALS  (cont'd)  JOURNALS  (cont'd)  JOURNALS  (cont'd) 

Fire  Internat  J  Ccnsumer  Prod  (cont'd)  Pczhar  delo 

5(52):23-27,  1976 948  3  (2) : 1 28-1 40,  1976. ..733     (1):19,  1976 1025 

5(52):28-32,  1976. ..1043  3  (2)  :  1  41- 1  49,  1976. ..752     (1):24-25,  1976 925 

5(52):41-42,  1976.. .1041  J  Fire  Flammability           (2)  :26,  1976 943 

5(52):46-48,  1976 962  7(1):5-18,  1976 723     (3):24-25,  1976 1C74 

5(52):57-66,  1976 818  7(1):19-40,  1976 703     (3):25,  1976 980 

5(52):69-72,  1976 819  7(1):41-58,  1976 734     (3):27,  1976 924 

5(52):89-93,  1976 845  7(1):59-70,  1976 772     (3):29,  1976 968 

5(53):18-21,  1976.. .1042  7  (1)  : 104-1 11 ,  1976. .-722     (4):8-9,  1976 1020 

5(53):18-30,  1976 847  7  ( 1)  :  1 1  2- 1  24,  1976. ..773     (4):18-19,  1976 820 

5(53):41-49,  1976.. .1045  7  (1) : 1 25- 1 59,  1976. ..950     (4):22-23,  1976 1006 

5(53):53-56,  1S76..,.932  J  Fire  Retard  Chen            (4)  :23-25,  1976 878 

5(53):59-69,  1976.. .1007  3(1):22-33,  1976 735     (4):26-27,  1976 1083 

5(53):87-92,  1976 931  Kasai                         (5):14-16,  1976 677 

Fireline  25  (4)  :  225-226,  1976 (5):24-25,  1976 877 

:3-5,  May  1976 1052  1090     (5):26-27,  1976 799, 

:5-e,  June  1976 922  25  (4) :  227-233,  1975..  971        999 

:8-10,  May  1976 731  25  (4)  :  234- 240,  1975 (6):18-19,  1976 921 

:9-11,  June,  1976 706  1044     (6):24-25,  1976 955 

Fire  Mater  Keisoku  jido  seigyo  gakkai     (6)  :26-27,  1976 778 

1(2):52-56,  1976 758  ronbunshu                  (6):28-29,  1976 1009 

1(2):57-62,  1976 1055  1 1  (5)  :  501-507,  1975 Promenerg           .x 

1(2):63-73,  1976 725  1028     (3):19-20,  1976 926 

1(2):74-75,  1976 701  Kuki  tyowa  to  reito  Protivpozarna  Zastita 

1(2):76-82,  1976 1089  15  ( 1 1)  :  61 -66,  1975. ..844     16(2):58-59,  1976 791 

Fire  Erev  15(11):74-8C,  1975. ..876     16(2):59,  1976 826 

(115):13-16,  1976 934  15  ( 1 1)  :  110-1 12,  1975....     16(5):47-48,  1976 627 

(115):21-22,  1976.. ..786  873  PIT  Tech  Mitt 

(115):28-29,  1976. ..1078  Kunstst                       54  (4) : 126-134,  1976. .792 

Fire  Frev  Sci  Technol  66  (6) : 375-378,  1976. .738  R/D 

(14)  :4-17,  1976 686  Lakokrasoch  uaterialy  i       27  (10)  :  18-21,  1976. ..936 

(14):18-26,  1976. ...1046  ikh  primenenie  Eep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan) 

(15):4-10,  1976 835  (6):77-78,  1975 748     (12):20-25,  1975 1010 

(15):11-18,  1S76 798  Maschinenioarkt                (12):55-58,  1975 959 

(15):17-21,  1976 747  82(2):29,  1976... 879     (12):68-70,  1975 840 

(15):22-26,  1S76 1086  Melliand  Textilber            (12):75-78,  1975 981 

Fire  lechnol  57  (1 0)  : 807-810,  1976 (12):79-83,  1975 1067 

12(1):5-17,  1976 1001  753     (12):88-93,  1975 1011 

12(1):33-40,  1976 702  Mitt  Inst  Wasserbau  Oniv  Rev  Eelge  Feu 

12(1):41-48,  1976 937  Stuttgart                  (30):34-37,  1976 1016 

12(1):49-54,  1976 776  (35) :423- 437,  1975. .1017  Rev  Sci  Instrum 

12(1):55-65,  1976 777  ModPiast                     47(1):74-80,  1976 797 

12(1):66-69,  1976.. .1004  53(3):46-48,  1976 736    47  (6)  :  738-740,  1976. .793 

12(1):18-32,  1975.. .1005  53(5):47-49,  1976 737  Schadenprisma 

Fune  DO  kagaku  53(6):64-66,  1976 742     5  (2) : 32-36, 1976 1C75 

28(9):17,  1975 970  Nav,  ports,  chant  Schweiz  Feuerwehr  Z 

Glueckauf  Forschungsh  (302) : 489-494,  1975. .947     102 (8) : 291 ,293,295, 297- 

37(4)  :142-147,  1S76..726  Not  AICAP                         299,  1976 967 

Hansa  3  (4)  :2-8,  1976 766     102  (8)  :  303-308,  1976 

112  (23) :1937-1942,  1975.  Nuclear  Saf                      673 

683  17  (5): 592-611,  1976. .684  Seewirtsch 

Hessische  Feuerwehr  Z  Ohm:  denki  zasshi             7 (1 1) : 684-686,  1975. .759 

85 (15) :267-272,  1976....  62  ( 13) :  17-20,  1975.  ..870  Sharyo  to  denki 

997  62(13)  :21-27,  1976. ..839    26(7):30-32,  1975 951 

Ind  Digest  62  (13) : 46-51 ,  1975.. .795  Sichere  Arb 

15(1):35-39,  1976.. .1073  62  ( 13)  :  52- 56,  1975. ..796     29(2):12-13,  1  S76 938 

Ind  Eng  62  (13)  ;57-61,  1975.. .945  Siemens  Rev 

8(6):44-45,  1976 935  62  (13) : 62-66,  1975. ..871     43  (8) : 351-353,  1976. .794 

Internat  Fire  Chief  62  ( 13)  : 67-72,  1975. ..846  Sigurnost 

42(3):8-13,  1976 671  Paper  Technol                 18(1):27-54,  1976 633 

J  Consumer  Prod  Flamma-  16 (6)  : 361 -367,  1975. .825     18  (1) : 101-110,  1976 

bility  Plast  Technol                    1076 

3(2):73-127,  1976 732  22(3):46-42,  1976 754 

1-30 


JOUENiLS  FEFOPTS 

SOURCE  INDEX 

JOUENflLS  (cont'd)  PAIENIS  (cont'd)  REPORTS 

Sud  Med  Ekspert  FEG  (cont'd)  fiir  Force  Weapons  Lab, 

18(3):49-52,  1975.. .1064     1,7C8,8'49 985      Kirtland  AF,  NM 

Surg  lorum  2,163,125 983     AD-A024  763/5GA 918 

26:204-206,  1975 1063     2,229,620 899     AFWL  TE-7a-126 918 

Technocrat  (Japan)  2,336,502 892  Ansul  Co,  Marinette,  «I 

8(9):52,  1975 848     2,408,129 802     BuMines  OFS-81-76 S42 

8(10):53,  1975 788  Japanese                      PB-254  851/9GA 942 

8(10):72-73,  1975.. ..760     50-2960 907  Assoc  Nat  pour  la  Prct 

9(1):88,  1976 1026     50-10476 890     Centre  I'Incendie 

Text  Bes  J  50-10478 882      (Belgium) 

46(4)  :238-246,  1976.  .739     50-13598 889     DT  13 1018 

Tr  Vost  Nil  po  bezop  rabot     50-16179 805  Atomics  Internat  Div 

V  gcrn  prom-sti  Swiss                         AI  IBDA-13161 944 

(24):239,  1975 941     563,044 804     TID-26978 816 

(Jnser  Erandschutz  564,809 807  Boeing  Commercial  Airplane 

26(3):30-31,  1976 927     565,567 896      Co 

26(4):29-31,  1976 880     566,602 800     AD-919  346/7GA 919 

26(5):29-31,  1976 789     566,791 905     D6-42614 952 

26(7):28-29,  1976 685     569,335 810     N76-22330/4GA 952 

Vet  M€d  Small  Anim  Clin  UK                             N76 -24365/8GA 953 

71  (4)  :520-521,  1976.  .849     1,394,680 898     NASA  CR-137838 952 

West  J  Med  1,399,863 903     NASA  CB-147750 953 

124  (3)  :244-248,  1976 1,401,634 763     OSAAMEDI  TE-74-13 919 

1053     1,402,783 809  Building  EesEstab  (UK) 

Yuatsu  gijutsu  1,406,359 909     BRE  CP-39-76 . .  . .  . 729 

14(13)  :57-62,  1975. ..874     1,406,677 900     BBECP-52-76 914 

Yuatsuka  sekkei  1,408,278 895     BRE  CP-53-76 1037 

13(10)  :65-6S,  1975. ..834     1,410,482 811     BRECP-77-75 915 

Zentralbl  Arbeitsmed  1,412,348 894     BRE  CP-95-75 1036 

Arheitsschutz  1,455,615 812     BRECP-98-75 916 

25(12) :373-374,  1975....  US  Civil  Service  Commissicn 
850     3,930,541 911     PB-252  928/7GA 1062 

ZS  Magazin  3,931,785 , 813     USCSCP  E-3AU 1062 

(4)  :30-35,  1976 972     3,931,868 1030  Dept  of  the  Environ  and 

(6):20-21,  1976 1027     3,935,879 888      Fire  Offices'  Committee 

3,937,284 901      (UK) 

3,938,114.... 806     Fire  Res  Note  988. ...831 

3,938,115 801     Fire  Res  Note  1004. ..741 

3,939,914 787     Fire  Bes  Note  1013. ..756 

PATENTS  3,940,753 803     Fire  Res  Note  1045. ..917 

Austrian  3,942,561 1013    Fire  Bes  Note  1047. .1015 

324,631 855     3,943,499 808     Fire  Res  Note  1048. .1056 

Belgian  3,945,440 887    Fire  Res  Note  1051. ..705 

754,896 910     3,945,469 1031     Fire  Res  Note  1052. ..740 

French  3,949,812 912    Fire  Res  Note  1054. ..687 

2,232,920 1029    3,949,832 1032  Eouglas  Aircraft  Co,  Inc 

2,233,549 856     3,951,232 1033     MDC  J7133 1057 

2,21^0,605 904  USSR                           N76-20800/8GA 1057 

2,240,606 1035     326,799 884     NASA  CR-137802 1C57 

2,242,845 852     329,814 761  II  EuPont  de  Nemours  and 

2,242,847 885     450,431 902     Co 

2,24  3,586 908     450,577 982     CONF-75 1084-1 6  88 

2,2  44,363 103  4     451,111 854     DPSPU-7  5-30-1 3 688 

2,245,162 891     455,224 836  Epscolabs 

2,245,163 886     461,743 883     AD-A025  184/3GA 986 

2,248,722 853     463,900 755  Fabric  Res  Labs 

2,249,525. 893     470,298.* 906     AFHL  TB-76-47 764 

2,251,183.. .762    475,646 857  Factory  Mutual  Bes  Corp 

FEG  FMRC  22360-2 779 

1,559,679 1012  FMRC  22360-3 719 

1,559,691 897  FMEC  22361-3 727 

1,586,580 984  FMRC  22361-5.... 720 


1,621,721 1014 


1-31 


EEPOBIS 


S^MEOSJi 


SOOECE  INDEX 


BEPOE 

IIT  E 

NBS 

Japan 

In 

JAE 

Kernf 

Ka 

KFK 

Massa 

Te 

NES 

PB- 

Micis 

Ja 

BEI 

Missi 

BEC 


IS  (cont'd) 
6S  Inst 

GCE-76-72. 

Atomic  Ene 

£t 

EI  M-6073.  . 
orschungsze 
rlsruhe,  FB 

-2202 

chusetts  Id 
chnol 

GCE-76-71 . 
25a  751/IGa 
try  of  Cons 
pan 

65 

on  Bes  Corp 

£-7511-1-1 


rgy  Bes 


,913 


780 

ntrum 
G 

•  ••••  ••  f  o  ^ 

St  of 


1047 

10a7 

tr,  Tokyo, 


1059 


175-Vol-l. 

973 

MEC  E-7511-1-1175-V01-3. 

974 

6 973 

6B 974 

973 

974 


NSF 
NSF 
PB- 
PB- 

Nat  A 
AC- 
OSC 

Nat  A 

Ad 

JSC 

N76 

NAS 

Nat  B 
NBS 
NBS 
NBS 
NBS 
NBS 
NBS 

Nat  I 
an 
NIO 
NIO 
NIO 
NIO 
PB- 
PB- 
PB- 
PB- 

Nat  E 
BEN 

Nat  T 
NTI 

NTI 
Navy 
Be 
AD- 
AE- 
AE- 
DoD 
DoD 
DoD 


BA/S-75-07 
EA/S-75-07 

252  389/2GA 

252  390/OGA 

cad  Sci 

A026  215/4G 

6  D-71-76.. 

eronautics 

Din 

-10613 

-23181/OGA. 

A  TM-X-5ei7 

ureau  of  St 
ESS-76.  ... 

IB  76-1012. 

IE  76-1013. 

IB  76-1018. 

IE  76-1072. 

IB  76-1120. 

nst  Occupat 


and 


749 

749 

Space 


d  Health 
SH  TC/E-003 
SH  TC/E-004 
SH  TC/B-005 
SH  TC/B-006 
252  692/SGA 
252  694/5GA 
252  695/2GA 
252  696/OGA 
es  Council 

106 

ech  Inf  Ser 
S  PS-76/043 


S  PS-7 

Clothi 

s  Facl 

A026  0 

A026  0 

A026  0 

AGFSE 

AGFSE 

AGFSE 


6/057 

ng  an 

llty 

33/1G 

34/4G 

94/3G 

S-76- 

S-76- 

S-76- 


774 

774 

2 774 

andards 

770 

830 

704 

728 

1084 

679 

Safety 

992 

•  •  •••  •  •^jH 

991 

993 

991 

994 

992 

993 

of  Canada 

1060 

vice 

2/5GA 

1058 

5/1GA..957 
d  Textile 


A.  . 
A.  . 
A.  . 
14. 
15. 
16. 


.988 
,989 
,990 
,988 
,989 
,990 


BEPOETS     (cont'd) 
Navy   Clothing   an 

TE-118 

TE-119 

TE-1200,  4-76. 
Netherlands  Comm 
Concrete  Bes, 
meer 

CUE  Eapport  68 
New  York  City  Ba 

PB-253  394/1GA 

PB-253  395/8GA 

E-1853-HUD..  .. 

E-1867-HUD.... 

Eheinisch-Hestfa 

Coll,  Inst  El 

CoBiDun   Techno 

FEG 

NBSIE  76-1087. 
Sandia  Labs 

SANE  75-0288.. 
Stanford  Bes  Ins 

NBS  GCB-76-54. 

NSWC  WOl  TB-75 
Tacoma  Fire  Dept 

NSF  EA-760C36. 

PB-252  605/1GA 
Teleccmm  Austral 

N76-22513/5GA. 

EEPT  6953 

Univ  of  Californ 
ley) 

DCB  FEG  76-5.. 

UCE  FEG  76-12. 

UCB  FEG  76-15. 

UCE  FEG  HP  76- 
Univ  of  Californ 
more) 

OCEl-77754 

DSAC    Project 

HUD    DF-76/012. 

PB-253    639/SGA 

USAC  IMIS-HFT- 
W right -Patter son 

AD-A024    447/5G 

AD-A024    449/1G 

AD-A025    935/8G 

AD-A025   936/6G 

DoD    AGFSBS-76- 

DoD    AGFSES-76- 

DoD    AGFSES-76- 

DoD    AGFSBS-76- 


d  (cont'd) 

988 

989 

990 

ittee  for 
Zoeter- 

771 

nd  Inst 

1050 

1049 

1050 

1049 

lian  Tech 

ectron 

1,  Aachen, 


,815 


,781 


718 

■205. ..965 


la 


.  .  .1048 
...1048 
Bes  Lab 

814 

814 

ia  (Berke- 


697 

..768,  769 

767 

10 698 

ia  (liver- 


1087 


976 

976 

013 976 

AFB 
A.  .. 
A.  .. 
A.  .. 

A 1000 

3 920 

4 837 

5 1000 

6 987 


920 
837 
987 


SYMPOSIA 

Annual  Simulation  Symp, 
9tii,  Eec  of  Proc 
1976,  Mar  17-19,  Tampa, 

FL 1039 

Control  of  Smoke  Movement 
in  Building  Fires  Symp, 
CIE,  Proc,  Vol  1  - 


SYMPOSIA  (cont'd)         ]-    , 
Papers  •;. 

1975,  Nov  4-5,  Garston, 

Hatford,  UK 674 

Paper 

1 707^. 

2 708  - 

3 709 

4 710 

5 1038 

6 1071. 

7 858 

8 711 

9 712 

10 713 

11 714 

12 859 

13 860 

14 661 

15 862 

16 863 

17 864 

18 665 

19 866 

20 667 

21 868 

22 715 

23 716 

24 693 

25 838 

26 695 

Human  Behavior  in  Fire 
Symp,  Bain  Beports 
1975,  Nov  20-21,  Tokyo, 

Japan 1061,  1065, 

1066,  1068,  1072 

International  Hire  and 
Cable  Symp,  24th,  Proc 
1975,  Nov  18-20,  Cherry 
Hill,  NJ.. . .750,  928, 
929 


1-32 


AD-919    3a6/7GA  DSCSCE    B-3AD 

REPORT  NUMBER  INDEX 

AD-919    3a6/7Ga 919      FMRC    22361-3 727      PB-252    605/1G& 10*48 

AD-A017    787/3GA.  .750,    751,      FHEC    22361-5 720      EE-252    692/96A 991 

928,    929  PB-252    69V5GA 994 

AD-A02')    aa7/5GA 920      HOD    Df-76/012 976      PB-252    695/2GA 992 

AD-A02I4    U49/1GA 837  PB-252    696/OGA 993 

AD-A021    763/5GA 918  PE-252    928/7GA 1062 

AD-A025    18V3GA 986  PB-253   39a/1GA 1050 

AD-A025    935/8GA 987      JAEEI    M-6073 780      PE-253   395/8GA 1049 

AD-A025    936/6GA 1000      JSC-10613 774      PB-253    639/9GA 976 

AD-A026    033/1GA 988  EE-254    751/lGA 1047 

AD-A026    034/4GA 989  PB-254    851/9GA 942 

AD-A026    094/3GA 990 

AD-A026    215/4GA 749 

AFML    TE-76-47 764      KFK-2202 782 

APWL    TB-74-126 918 

AI  EBEA-13161 944  B-1853-HUD 1050 

E-1867-H0E i 1049 

REPT  6953 814 

MDC  J7133 1057 

MBC  E-7511-1-1175-VOL-1. . . 

BEE  CP-39-76 729      973 

BEE  CE-52-76 914   MEC  E-75  1 1- 1-1 175-VOL-3  .  . . 

ERE  CE-53-76 1037      974   SAND  75-0288 , 781 

BEE  CE-77-75 915 

EBE  CE-95-75 1036 

BEE  CP-98-75 916 

BRI  65 1059 

BEN  106 1060   N76-2C800/8GA 1057   TID-26978 ,816 

BOMINES  OFE-81-76, 942   N76-22330/4GA  . .  , 952   TE-118 988 

N7  6-22513/5GA 814      TB-119 989 

N76-231i31/0GA. 774      TR-1200,    4-76 990 

N76-2436  5/8GA 9  53 

NASA  CE-137802 1057 

CONF-751084-1 688   NASA  CE-137838 952 

COB   BAEPOBT    68 771      NASA    CE-147750 953 

NASA  SPEC  PDEL  NO.  379 .   DCB  FEG  76-5 697 

717   OCB  FEG  76-12 766,  769 

NASA  TB-X-58172 774   OCB  PEG  76-15 767 

NBS  ESS-76 770   DCB  FEG  HE  76-1  0  .......  698 

D6-42614 952   NBS  GCE-76-54 718   UCEL-77754 1087 

DOD  AGFSES-76-3 920   NES  GCE-76-71 1047   DSAAMBDL  IE-74-13 919 

DOD    AGFSES-76-4 837      NBS    GCE-76-72 913      USAC    IMIS-HFT-013 S76 

DOD    AGFSES-76-5 1000      NBSIE    76-1012 830       OSCG    D-71-76 749 

DOD    AGFSES-76-6 987      NBSIE    76-1013 704      OSCSCE    E-3AU .....1062 

DOD  AGFSES-76-14 988   NBSIE  76-1018 728 

DOD    AGISES-76-15 989      NBSIE    76-1072 1084 

DOD    AGFSES-76-16 990      NBSIE    76-1087..., 815 

DPSPU-75-30-13 688      NBSIE    76-1120 679 

DT    13 1018      NIOSH    TC/B-003 992 

NIOSH  TC/E-004 994 

NIOSH  TC/E-0C5 991 

NIOSH  TC/E-006 993 

NSF  RA-760036 1048 

FIEE  FES  NOTE  988 831   NSF  BA/S-75-C76 973 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1004 741   NSF  EA/S-75-C76B 974 

FIEE  BES  NOTE  1013 756   NSHC  HOL  TB-75-205 965 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1045 917   NTIS  ES-76/0 432/5GA. . . 1 0 58 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1047... .1015   NTIS  ES-76/0575/1 GA .957 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1048... .1056 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1051 705 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1052 740 

FIEE  EES  NOTE  1054 687 

FMBC  22360-2 779   PB-252  389/2GA 973 

FHEC  22360-3 719   PB-252  39C/0GA 974 

1-33 


EIP&NSIONS  OF  JODRNiL  ABBHEVIATIONS 


Accid  Anal  Prev  ...  Accident  Analysis  and  [Consulting  Engineers] 

Prevention  Bezop  ekspluat  elektromekh  oborad  v  shak- 

Acta  Oniv  Opsaliensis.  Acta  Oniversitatis       htakh Bezopasnost  ekspluatatsii 

Upsaliensis  [Transactions  of  Dppsala  elektromekhanicheskogo  oborudovaniya 

(Sweden)  University]  v  Shakhtakh   [Safety  of  Operation  of 

Adv  Fire   Retard   Text,   Prog  Fire  Retard  Electromechanical     Equipment     in 

Ser  ....,  Advances  in  Fire  Eetardant  Mines] 

Textiles,  Progress   in   Fire   Retar-  Bezop  tr  proa-sti  ...  Bezopasnost  truda  v 

dancy  Series  promyshlennosti  [Occupational  Safety 

Allg  Forstztg  ...  Allgemeine  Forstzeitung  in  Industry] 

[General  Forestry  Gazetteer]  Brandaus Brandaus  [All  Cut] 

ABts  Hitteilangsbl   Bundesanst   Material-  Brandforsvar  .  Brandf orsvar  [  Fire  Erotec- 

pruef  ...  Amts-  und  Mitteilungsblatt  tion ] 

der  Bundesanstalt  fuer  Materialprue-  Brandforsvar,  FoO-Brand  . . .  Brandforsvar, 

fung  [Official   Gazette  and  Communi-  FoD-Brand  [Fire  Protection,  Research 

cations  of   the   Federal   Bureau  for  Bulletin] 

Materials  Testing]  Brandhilfe..  Brandhilfe  [Fire  Assistance] 

Anesth  Analg  ...  Anesthesia  and  Analgesia  Brandschatz  ...  Brandschutz  [Fire  Prctec- 

Ann  Surg  Annals  of  Surgery  tion] 

Antincendio  protez  civ  ....  Antincendio  e  Brandvaern..  Brandvaern  [Fire  Protection] 

Protezione  Civile   [Fire   and  Public  Brandverhaetung. . . .  Brandverhuetung  [Fire 

Protection]  Prevention] 

Apave. .  Revue  technique  du  groupement  des   Brauwelt Brauwelt  [Brewing  World] 

associations  de   proprietaires  d'ap-  Bull  mens  Chambre  Commerce  ind  Heurtheet- 

pareils   a    vapeur   et   electriques       Moselle  Bulletin  mensuel  de  la 

[Technical  Review   of   the   Group  of  Chambre  du   Commerce   Industriel   de 

Associations  of  Steam  and  Electrical  Meurtheet-Moselle  [Monthly   Bulletin 

Equipment  Owners]  of  the   Industrial   Chamber   of  Com- 

Appl  Ergon  Applied  Ergonomics  merce  of  Meurtheet-Moselle] 

Arch  Hal  Prof  Med  Trav  Secur  Soc...  Arch-  Cah  Cent  Sci  Tech  Batim  Cahiers  du 

ives  des   Maladies  Prof essionnelles ,  Centre  Scientifigue   et  Technique  du 

de   Medecine    du    Travail    et   de  Batiment   [Communications    of    the 

Securite    Sociale     [Archives    of  Scientific   and   Technical   Building 

Professional   Diseases,    Industrial  Center] 

Medicine  and  Public  Safety]  Chem-Ing-Tech  ..  Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 

Arch  Teriodyn  Spal...  Archiwum  termodyna-  [ Chemistry- Engineer-Technology  ] 

miki  i   spalania   [Archives  of  Ther-  Chen  Tech  ...  Chemische  Technik  [Chemical 

modynamics  and  Combustion]  Engineering] 

ASCE  Proc.  J  Struct  Div  American   COBbust  Fla«e Combustion  and  Flame 

Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  Proceed-  Combast  Sci  Technol  ..  Combustion  Science 

ings.   Journal    of   the   Structural  and  Technology 

Division  Constr  Specifier..  Construction  Specifier 

ASH6AE  J  ...  -American  Society  of  Heating,  Cour  Nora  ..  Courrier  de  la  Normalisation 

Refrigerating   and   Air-Conditioning  [Standardization  Bulletin] 

Engineers  Journal  Densetsu  kogyo  ....  Densetsu  kogyo  [Elec- 

ASME  Trans.   Ser   C.   J   Heat   Transfer  trical  Construction  Engineering] 

American  Society  of  Mechanical   Di«ensions/NBS Dimensions/National 

Engineers.  Transactions.   Series   C.  Bureau  of  Standards 

Journal  of  Heat  Transfer  DIN  Mitt. .  Deutsche  Industrie-Normen  Mit- 

ASBE  Trans.   Ser   H.  J  Eng  Mater  Technol  teilungen   [German    Standards   Bul- 

American  Society  of  Mechanical  letin] 

Engineers.  Transactions.   Series   H.   Ditern Diteru  [Detail:  Magazine  for 

Journal  of  Engineering  Materials  and  Architects  and  Engineers] 

Technology  Draegerheft . . . .  Draegerheft  [Draeger  Bul- 

BBC-Sachr  ..  Brown-Eoveri  und  Compagnie  -  letin] 

Nachrichten  [Bulletin   of  the  Brown-   Dtsch  Ausschuss  Stahlbeton Deutscher 

Eovari  Company]  Ausschuss   fuer   Stahlbeton   [German 

Beratende  Ing Beratende  Ingenieure  Reinforced  Concrete  Committee] 

1-35 


EXPANSIONS  OF  JOURNAL  ABBREVIATIONS 


Dtsche  Farben  Z  ...  Deutsche  Farben-Zeit- 

schrift  [German  Paint  Journal] 
Electr  Comiun  . .  Electrical  Communication 
Electron  Ind  ....  Electronics  in  Industry 
Electron  Power  ....  Electronics  and  Power 
Elektrotech  Z  ...  Elektrotechnische  Zeit- 
schrift  [ Electrotechnical  Journal] 

Elektr  Stn  Elektricheskiye  Stantsii 

[Electrical  Power  Stations] 

Eng  Min  J  Engineering  and  Mining 

Journal 
Environ  Health  Perspect  . . .  Environmental 
Health  Perspectives 

Exchange  Exchange 

Face  aa  Eisgue....  Face  au  Risgue  [Facing 
the  Risk  -  Journal  of  the  French 
National  Prevention  and  Protection 
Center  ] 

Feaerwehr  Die  Feuerwehr  [The  Fire 

Service ] 

Fire  Fire 

Fire  Chief  Fire  Chief 

Fire  Command  Fire  Command 

Fire  Eng  Fire  Engineering 

Fire  Eng  J  Fire  Engineers  Journal 

Fire  Internat  Fire  International 

Fire  J  Fire  Journal 

Fireline Fireline 

Fire  Mater Fire  and  Materials 

Fire  Prev  Fire  Prevention 

Fire  Prev  Sci  Technol  . . .  Fire  Prevention 

Science  and  Technology 
Fire  Prot  Rev  ....  Fire  Protection  Review 

Fire  Technol  Fire  Technology 

For  Sci  ^. Forest  Science 

Fune  no  ikagaku. . . .  Fune  no  Kagaku  [Marine 

Engineering  ] 
Glueckauf  Forschungsh. . . .  Gluechauf-Fors- 
chungshefte    [Glueckauf     Research 
Journal  ] 
Gorno  spasat  delo  ...  Gorno-spasatel 'noye 

delo  [Mine  Rescue] 
Bansa...  Hansa  [Journal  of  Shipping,  Ship 

Construction  and  Harbors] 
Hessische  Feuerwehr  Z...  Hessische  Feuer- 
wehr-Zeitschr ift     [Hessian     Fire 
Service  Journal] 
Hydrocarbon  Process  .  Hydrocarbon  Proces- 
sing 
IEEE  Proc  . . .  Institute  of  Electrical  and 
Electronics  Engineers.  Proceedings 

IEEE  Trans  Biomed  Eng  Institute  of 

Electrical   and   Electronics   Engin- 
eers.  Transactions    on   Biomedical 
Engineering 
Ind  Digest  .  Industrie  Digest  [Industrial 
Digest  ] 

Ind  Eng Industrial  Engineering 

Ind  Eng  che«  Prod  Hes  Dev  ....  industrial 
and  Engineering  Chemistry,  Product 
Research  and  Development 

Ind  Vernice  Industria  della  Vernice 

[Varnish  Industry] 
Inf  Process  Manage  ..  Information  Proces- 
sing Management 
Ing  Digest..  Ingenieur  Digest  [Engineer's 


Digest/Materiels  Nouveaux  et  Tech- 
nigues  Mondiales/Ingenieur  Digest] 

Instrun  Technol  . .  Instrumentation  Techn- 
ology 

Internat  Fire  Chief  . .  International  Fire 
Chief 

ISA  Trans  Instrument  Society  of 

America.  Transactions 

J  Ab  Bed  Assoc  ..  Journal  of  the  Airerican 
Medical  Association 

J  Br  Fire  Serv  Assoc  and  Ind  Fire  Prot 
Assoc  ..  Journal  of  the  British  Fire 
Service  Association  and  the  Indus- 
trial Fire  Protection  Association 

J  Chei  Edac  . .  Journal  of  Chemical  Educa- 
tion 

J  Coabust  Toxicol  .  Journal  of  Combustion 
Toxicology  (Quarterly  Supplement  to 
the  Journal  of  Fire  and  Flamma- 
bility) 

J  Consumer  Prod  Flammability  .  Journal  of 
Consumer  Product  Flammability  (Quar- 
terly Supplement  to  the  Journal  of 
Fire  and  Flammability) 

J  Fire  Flammability  .  Journal  of  Fire  and 
Flammability 

J  Fire  Retard  Chem  Journal  of  Fire 

Retardant  Chemistry  (Quarterly  Sup- 
plement to  the  Journal  of  Fire  and 
Flammability) 

J  For  Journal  of  Forestry 

J  Bines  Met  Fuels  Journal  of  Mines, 

Metals  and  Fuels 

J  Occup  Med  Journal  of  Occupational 

Medicine 

J  Pediatr  Journal  of  Pediatrics 

J  Polym  Sci:  Polym  Chem  Ed  .  . .  journal  of 
Polymer  Science:  Polymer  Chemistry 
Edition 

J  Polym  Sci:  Polym  Lett  Ed  . . .  journal  of 
Polymer  Science:  Polymer  letters 
Edition 

J  Prestr  Concr  Inst  Journal  of  the 

Prestressed  Concrete  Institute 

J  Soc  Automot  Eng  Jap  ....  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Automotive  Engineers  of 
Japan 

Kasai  Kasai  [Journal  of  the  Japanese 

Association  of  Fire  Science  and 
Engineering ] 

Keisoku  jido  seigyo  gakkai  ronbunshu 
. .Keisoku  jido  seigyo  gakkai  ronbun- 
shu [Transactions  of  the  Society  of 
Instrument  and  Control  Engineers] 

Khim  prom  ..  Khimicheskaya  Promyshlennost 
[Chemical  Industry] 

Koatsu  gasu  . .  Koatsu  gasu/Journal  of  the 
Institute  of  Safety  in  High  Pressure 
Gas  Engineering  (Japan) 

Kuki  tyowa  to  reito  ..Kuki  tyowa  to  reito 
[Air  Conditioning  and  Refrigeration] 

Kunstst  Kunststoffe  [Plastics] 

Kunstst  Plast  ......  Kunststof f e-Plastics 

Lakokrasoch  materialy  i  ikh  primeneniye 
....  Lakokrasochnyye  materialy  i  ikh 
primeneniye   [Paints  and   Varnishes 


1-36 


1 


EXPANSIONS  OF  JOURNAL  ABBREVIATIONS 


and  Their  Application] 
Baschinenmarkt .  Maschinenmarkt  [Machinery 
Market  ] 

Haschinenschaden  Maschinenschaden 

[Machine  Failure] 

Helliand  Textilber  Melliand  Textil- 

berichte  [Melliand  Textile  Journal] 
Mitt  Inst  Wasserbau  Oniv  Stuttgart..  Mit- 
teilungen  des  Instituts  fuer  Wasser- 
bau der  Universitaet  Stuttgart  [Com- 
munications  of  the  Hydrological 
Institute  of  Stuttgart  University] 

Mod  Plast Modern  Plastics 

■at  Saf  Hews  National  Safety  News 

Hav  Eng  J  Naval  Engineers  Journal 

■av,  ports,  chant Navires,  Ports  et 

Chantiers  [Ships,  Ports  and  Yards] 

Not  aiCAP  Notizario  AICAP 

Nuclear  Saf Nuclear  Safety 

Ohm:  denki  zassbi.  ohm:  denki  zasshi  [Ohm 
Journal  ] 

Offshore  Serv  Offshore  Service 

Oper  Bes  Operations  Research 

Paper  Technol Paper  Technology 

Plast  Technol Plastics  Technology 

Polizei  Tech  Verkehr  . .  Polizei-Technik- 
Verkehr  [Police   and   Traffic  Safety 
Engineering  Journal] 
Poly»  Eng  Sci  . . .  Polymer  Engineering  and 

Science 
Pozhar  delo  .  Pozharnoye  Delo  [Firefight- 

ing] 
Pozhar  okhrana  .  Pozharnaya  okhrana  [Fire 

Protection  ] 
Prakt  Anaesth  ....  Praktische  Anaesthesie 
[Practical  Anesthesiology] 

Prof  Saf  Professional  Safety 

Prom  energ  ....  Promyshlennaya  energetika 

[Industrial  Power] 
Prot  Civ  Secur  Ind  .  Protection  Civile  et 
Securite     Industrielle      [Public 
Protection  and  Industrial  Security] 

Protivpozarna  Zastita Protivpozarna 

Zastita  [Fire  Protection] 
PTT  Tech  Mitt....  Technische  Mitteilungen 
der  Schweizerischen  Post-,  Telephon- 
und  Telegraphenbetriebe  [Technical 
Information  Journal  of  the  Swiss 
Postal,  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Service  ] 

Pabl  Pers  Manage  Public  Personnel 

Management 

B/D Research  and  Development 

Q   Rep   Eailw   Tech   Res   Inst   (Japan) 

Nihon  Kokuyu  Tetsudo  Gijutsu 

Kenkyusho  [Quarterly   Reports  of  the 
Railway  Technical  Research  Institute 
(published  in  English)  ] 
Rep  Fire  Res  Inst  Japan  .  Shobo  Kenkyushu 
Hokoku  [Reports  of  the  Fire  Research 
Institute  of  Japan] 
Rep  Fire  Sci  Lab  (Japan)  ...  Shobo  Kagaku 
Kenkyushoho   [Reports   of   the   Fire 
Science  Laboratory] 
Bev  Beige  Feu  ..  Revue  Beige  du  Feu  [Bel- 
gian Fire  Review  ] 


Rev  Sci  InstruB Review  of  Scientific 

Instruments 

Rubber  Age  Rubber  Age 

Sb   Tr    VNII    protivopozhar    cborony 

Sbornik  Trudov  Vsescyuznogc 

Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo  Instituta 
Protivopozharnoy  Oborony  [ Digest  of 
Papers  of  the  All-Union  Fire  Protec- 
tion Research  Institute] 

Schadenprisaa schadenprisma  [Damage 

Prism  -  Journal  of  Damage  Prevention 
and  Research] 

Schweiz  Feuerwehr  Z  Schweizerische 

Feuerwehr  Zeitung  [ Swiss  Fire 
Protection  Journal] 

Science  Science 

Seewirtsch  Seewirtschaft  [Maritime 

Affairs  ] 

Sharyo  to  Denki  .  Sharyo  to  Denki  (Japan) 
[Railway   Car    and    Electric   Equipment] 

Sichere   Arb Sichere    Arbeit   [labor 

Safety] 

Siemens  Rev Siemens  Review 

Siemens  Z  ..  Siemens  Zeitschrift  [Siemens 
Journal ] 

Sigurncst Sigurnost  [Safety] 

Stahl  lisen  . .  Stahl  und  Eisen  [  Steel  and 
Iron  ] 

Sud  Bed  Ekspert. . . .  Sudebno-Meditsinskaya 
Ekspertiza  [ Expertise  in  Forensic 
Medicine  ] 

Surg  Clin  North  Am  ..  Surgical  Clinics  of 
North  America 

Surg  Forui  Surgical  Forum 

Tech  Mod  Technique  Moderne  [Modern 

Technology] 

Technocrat  (Japan)  .  Technocrat  (publish- 
ed in  English) 

Teleccamun  J  . .  Telecommunication  Journal 

Text  Chea  Color  Textile  Chemist  and 

Colorist 

Text  Inst  Ind  Textile  Institute  and 

Industry 

Text  Res  J  Textile  Research  Journal 

Tr  Inzh-ekon  Fak  Rizh  Politekhn  In-ta 
...  Trudy  Inzhenerno-Ekonomicheskogo 
Fakul'teta  Rizhskogo  Poli tekhnich- 
eskogo  Instituta  [Transactions  of 
the  Faculty  of  Engineering  Economics 
of  the  Riga  Polytechnic  Institute] 

Tr  Vest  Nil  po  bezop  cabot  v  gorn  proa-st 
. .Trudy  Vostochnogo  Nauchno-Issledo- 
vatel'skogo Instituta  po  bezopasos- 
sti  rabot  v  gornoy  promyshlennosti 
[Transactions  of  the  Eastern  Scien- 
tific Research  Institute  for  Indus- 
trial Safety  in  the  Mining  Industry] 

Onser  Brandschutz.  Hnser  Brandschutz  [Our 
Fire  Protection] 

Vet  Med  Small  inim  Clin Veterinary 

Medicine  and  Small  Animal  Clinician 

VFDB  Z  . .  Zeitschrift  der  Vereinigung  zur 
Foerderung  des  Deutschen  Brandschut- 
zes  [Journal  of  the  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Fire  Protection 
in  Germany] 


1-37 


\ 

y 

'  EXPANSIONS  OF  JOOENAL  ABBPEVIATIONS 

Vopr  ekon  pozhar  okhrane  Voprosy  draulics  and  Pneumatics] 

ekonomiki    v    pozharnoy   okhrane  Zentralbl    Arbeitsmed    Arbeitsschutz 

[Problems   of    Economics    in   Fire  ...  Zentralblatt  fuer  Arbeitsmedizin 

Protection]  und    Arbeitsschutz    [Journal    of 

West  J  Bed. . .  Western  Journal  of  Medicine  Industrial  Medicine  and  Occupational 

Yuatsu  Gijutsu  ..  Yuatsu  gijutsu  [Hydrau-  Safety] 

lies  and  Pneoiatics]  ZS  Hagazin. . . .  Zivilschutz  Magazin  [Civil 

Yuatsuka  sekkei  ....  Yuatsuka  sekkei  [Hy-  Defense  Journal] 


1>U.S.  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE:  19  7  7-240-848/269 


'  I 


1 


1 


NATIONAL  FIRE  PREVENTION  AND  CONTROL 

ADMINISTRATION 

Available  Publications 

PERIODICALS 

Fireword:  Official  NFPCA  newsletter. 

Resource  Exchange  Bulletin:  Prepared  by  NFFCA's  Public  Education  Office. 

BROCHURES 

Wake  Up !  Smoke  Detectors  Can  Save  Your  Life  If . . . 

Smoke  Detector  Fact  Sheet 

Winter  Fire  Safety  Tips  for  the  Home 

Summer  Fire  Safety  Tips  for  the  Home 

The  National  Fire  Data  System 

National  Fire  Prevention  and  Control  Administration 

Teaching  Fire  Safety  Education 

Abstract  of  the  National  Survey  of  Fire  Education  and  Training  Programs 

REPORTS 

Highlights  of  the  National  Household  Fire  Survey 

Arson:  America's  Malignant  Crime 

Second  Annual  Report:  The  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  on  the  NFPCA. 

The  Report  of  the  Site  Selection  Board:  National  Academy  for  Fire  Prevention  and  Control. 

The  Human  Factor  in  High  Fire  Risk  Urban  Neighborhoods:  A  Pilot  Study  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana 

Fire  Fighter  Mortality  Report:  Prepared  by  the  International  Association  of  Fire  Fighters  for  the 
Center  for  Fire  Research,  National  Bureau  of  Standards.  A  study  of  on-duty  fire  fighter  deaths. 

Dynamics  of  Fire  Prevention:  Proceedings  of  the  Second  National  NFPCA  Conference  held  October 
1976. 

Third  Symposium  on  Occupational  Health  and  Hazards  of  the  Fire  Service 

Sources  of  Federal  Funds  for  the  Fire  Services 

NFPCA  publications  are  available  free  from: 

NFPCA 

Office  of  Information  Services 
P.O.  Box  19518 
Washington,  D.C.  20036 


PENN  STATE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 


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