N THE CUSTODY OF THE
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
SHELF N°
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Encyclopaedia.
E T M
Ethiops TT'THIOPS ANTIMONIAL, MARTIAL, andMINE-
j| J_j ral. See Pharmacy-/b(/«.
Etmuller. ETHMOIDES, in anatomy, a bone fituated in the
j— v » middle of the bafis of the forehead or os frontis and
at the top of the root of the nofe, filling almoft the
whole cavity of the noflrils. It has its name from
iQ/*o; cribrum, '* fieve," and tttPos " form," becaufe
all fpongy and porous. See Anatomy, n° 17.
ETHNARCHA, Ethnarch, (formed of £ Gv©,
nation, and «p^« command), a governor or ruler of a
nation.
There are fome medals of Herod I. furnamed the
Great, on one lide whereof is found 'Hpufov, and on the
. other ESvap^o!/, q. d. Herod the Ethnarch. After the
battle of Philippi, we read that Antony paffing over
into Syria, conftituted Herod and Phafael his brother
tetrarchs, and in that quality committed to them the
adminiftration of the affairs of Judea ( Jof Ant. lib. xiv.
cap. 23.) Herod therefore had the government of the
province before ever the Parthians entered Syria, or
before Antigonus's invafion, which did not happen till
fix or feven years after Herod was commander in Ga-
lilee. (Jof. lib. xiv. cap. 24, 25.) Confequenlly He-
rod was then truly ethnarch, for he can be no other-
wife denominated; fo that it muft have been in that
fpaceof time that the medals were ftruck, which only
give him this title: which medals are a confirmation
of what we read in hiltory of the government which
that prince was intrufted with before he was raifed to
the royalty.
Jofephus gives Herod the appellation of tetrarch in
lieu of that of ethnarch ; but the two terms come fo
near to each other, that it is eafy to confound them
together.
Though Herod the Great left by will to Archelaus
all Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, yet Jofephus tells us
he was then only called ethnarch.
ETHNOPHRONES, in antiquity, a feet of here-
tics in the feventh century, who made a profeflion of
Chriftianity, but joined thereto all the ceremonies and
follies of pa^anifm, as judicial aftrology, fortileges,
auguries, and other divinations.
ETIQUETTE, a French term, primarily denoting
a ticket or title affixed to a bag or bundle of papers,
cxprefllng its contents. It is alfo ufed, when ap-
plied to the Spanifh and fome other courts, to fignify a
particular account of what is to be done daily in the
king's houfehold, and in the chief ceremonies relating
to it. It likewife denotes thofe forms that regulate
the decorum of conduct, towards perfons of various
ranks and ftaiions.
ETMITLLER (Michael), a moft eminent phyfi.
Vol. VII.
E T N
cian, born at Leipfic in 1646. After having travelled Etna,
through the greateft part of Europe, he became pro- ' ^—^
fefTor of botany, chemiftry, and anatomy, at Leipfic ;
where he died in 1683. He was a very voluminous
writer ; his works making no lefs than 5 vols folio, as
printed at Naples in 1728. His fon Michael Erneffc
Etmwller was alfo an ingenious phyfician, who publifh-
ed feveral pieces, and died in 1732. 1
ETNA, or ^Etna, a famous burning mountain of HouelWo-
Sicily, and the largeft in Europe ; of which an account fervations.
has been already given under the latter fpelling Jltna.
The following additional particulars relating to the
eruptions, fize, fcenery, and products, of this cele-
brated volcano, are collected from the Voyage Pittorefque
of M. Houel, who appears to have furveyed it with
greater accuracy than any former traveller.
The form of mount Etna is that of a cone, very
broad at thebafe, which is more than 40 miles in cir-
cumference. From the bottom you afcend ten leagues
before reaching its fummit on the fouth fide ; and on
any of the other fides, the way being not fo ftraight,
would be confiderably longer. Etna is entirely com-
pofed of fubftances that have been difcharged from the
volcano in its various explofions.
It appears from the quantities of marine bodies de-
pofited all over the under part of Etna, that it muff
have been once covered by the fea to at leaft one
half of its prefent height. The whole ifland of Sicily,
and the greateft part of mount Etna, have been, in our
author's opinion, formed under water. But the pe-
riod when the eruptions from this volcano firft com-
menced, the manner in which the fea fubfided, and
the precife time at which it fell fo low as its prefent
level on the fhores of Sicily, are facts concerning of
which we have no certain knowledge.
The general principle, however, M. Houel thinks
may be regarded as undeniable. When this mountain
flood half under water, the currents of the ocean
would gradually accumulate upon it large mafTes, both
of its own productions, fiich as fhells, and bones of
fifhes, and of various other matters, which would be
intermixed with the volcanic matters difcharged from
the focus of the burning mount. In a long feries of
ages thefe ftrata of heterogeneous matters would na-
turally become fo confiderable as to form the enor-
mous mafs of mountains with which the volcano is
now furrounded. The currents of the ocean might of-
ten convey the volcanic matters to a confiderable
diftance from the volcanic focus. And there are
mountains at no fmall diftance from Etna, which feem
to have been produced in this manner. Thofe of
Carlintini, at the diltance of 15 leagues, confift chiefly
A of
•/
ETN
[
Etna. of a mixture of pozzolana, with calcareous matters.
At Lintini, and in places around it, there are diftinct
beds of pozzolana, fcoriae, and real lava, as well as
others in which all thefe matters are blended together
in a mafs or* calcareous matter. At Palazzolo, about
24 miles from the city of Syracufe, the iides of the
hiils having been cut by the (Ireams which run down
them, in many places to a confiderable depth, difplay
hugemaffesof lava, and extenhve beds of pozzolana.
In the neighbourhood of Noto there are alio volcanic
produ6tions to be found.
At Pachino, where the ifland of Sicily forms an
angle, there arc a range of hills extending for feveral
miles, which confift of pozzolana.
The province, of Val de Noto is more homogene-
ous in the matters of which its foil confifls, than the
two other dales of Sicily. Thefe, in every hill which
they contain, exhibit a variety of different matters.
So amazing, indeed, is that variety, that they may be
coniidered as exhibiting a collection of fpecimens of
all the different materials which enter into the compo-
sition of the globe. In thofe two dales few volcanic
productions have been yet obferved. But it is not to
be inferred for this reafon, that they contain but few.
They may be hereafter difcovered in great plenty. In
the volcano of water at Maccalnbbe, between Ara-
gona and Girginti ; in the baths of Caftellamare, near
Alcamo and Segelte ; in the baths of Termini, in the
ifles of Lipari ; in the hot waters of AH, between
Meffina and Taormina, by the lake in the valley of
Caltagirone ; in all thefe places which comprehend the
whole circumference of Sicily, the influence of the
volcano of Etna is, in fome meafure, felt. Nay, it
would even feem, that in thefe places there are fo many
volcanic craters. All of thefe are fo difpofed as to
ihow that they exifted prior not only to the volcanic
matters, but to the other fubilances intermixed with
them.
The waters of the fea have, in former times, rifen
much higher than at prefent. But how they retreated,
or whether they are to continue ftationary at their
prefent height, we know not. For more than 2000
years, during which Sicily has been inhabited, and has
had cities and harbours, the fea has not been ob-
ferved either to recede or encroach in any confider-
able degree.
When the fea fubfided from mount Etna, the moan-
tain muft have been covered over with fuch matter as
the fea ufually depoiits; confequently with calcare-
ous matters. A part of thofe matters would be in-
durated by the action of the atmofphere, while the
reft would be carried down by the rain-waters, and
again conveyed into the ocean. The torrents of rain-
water which pour down the fides of mount Etna have
furrowed its iides, by cutting out for themfelves chan-
nels ; and they have removed from its fummir, and are
il ill removing, to a farther diftance, all the extraneous
bodies npon it. In many places they flow at prefent
over a channel of lava, having cut through all the
matters which lay above it: ftill, however, there re-
main in many places both calcareous matter and other
marine productions, which fhow that this volcano his
been pnee covered by the waters of the ocean. But
thefe are daily wafting away; not only the rains, but
] ETN
men likewife, who carry them off 33 materials for lime Etna.
and for building, confpire to deface them. "*" — *~7-*
No fewer than 77 cities, towns, and villages, are
fcattercd over the fides of Etna. They are nioft nu-
merous on the font h fide, where the temperature cf
the air is milder than on the north. Reckoning ihofe
cities, towns, and villages, one with another, to con-
tain each 1200 or 150.0 fouls, the whole number of
the inhabitants of mount Etna will then be 92,400, or
115,500. But it is certainly much more confiderable.
On plate CLXXX1V. is exhibited a view of thepig.i.
north-eaft fide cf the mountain, taken at fea. The ' a
lower part prefents to the eye very extenfive plains, en- Account of
tirely covered with lava of different thicknefs, on which th.e*ottly-
vegetation has not yet made any progrtfs. The e f^ . °*
nearer the fhore the more barren is the ground ; while, ain mClJ
the fertility of the foil increafes as we advance farther
inwards. The mountain is every where full of vaft
excavations; which our author confiders as a proof,
that inflead of increafing in bulk, il is actually in a 3
ftate of decay and diminution. The vaft torrents ofSuppofrd
lava which overfpread the fides of it from time to to be in a
time, he confiders as infufficient ro repair the wafle f tate °f d( >
occasioned by rains, rivulets, and tcrrents flowing dcwn cay ' •
from the fummit. Unlefs the eruptions, therefore, be-
come more frequent than they have been for fome
time paft, he fuppofes that, by degrees, the height of
the mountain muff be reduced to that of the furround-
ing beds of lava. He had not an opportunity of mea-
furing the altitude of Etna himfeli ; but he obfervts
that it had been done by the celebrated M. de SaufTure, .
who found the elevation to be 10,036 feet. ThisSnuffure's
was done on the 5th of June 1773, at 20 minutes af- account of
ter feven in the morning. The height of the barome- tne J ie 'g nt
ter on the mofl elevated part at the brink of the era- °^ £ - tna *
ter was 18 inches ni. lines; which, by the neceffary
corrections, is reduced to 18 inches io4-| lines. At
the fame time the mercury at Catania, placed only one
foot above the level of the fea, flood at 28 inches p T *j
lines; which muft be reduced to 28 inches 11 lines, on
account of the neceffary corrections for the thermo-
meter. -
From Giana our author had an opportunity of con- Mountains
templating the vaft number of calcareous mounts of cakare-
fcattered over that part of Etna; which (he fays) ous ma "er.
'.' are nothing more than fragments, the flender re-
mains of thofe enormous maffes which have been de*
pofited all around the bafe of mount Etna; and are a
very curious monument of the revolutions which this
mountain has undergone." They are of a true calca-
reous nature ; and the inhabitants are accultomed to
fupply themfelves with limeflone from them. They
alio ufe the ftones of which thefe mounts are com-
pofed for the purpofes of building; as the lava is fo
hard that it cannot be cut without the greateit diffi-
culty, and they have no other flone in thefe parts.
Leaving this place, ourauthor travelled over feveral
extenfive plains of lava, covered on each fide ct' the
way with ftunted trees, but without any cultivation ;
the lava being of that kind which is very unfavourable
to the growth of vegetables. Arriving at St Le-
onardo, he obferved the courfe of the eruption of wa-
ter in 1755, and which is mentioned under the for-
mer article /Etna.
This
i; T N A .
Piatt- CLXXXIV.
^y,s/ 2
*?
E T N
r 3 i
E T N
'Etna. This water took its conrfe down the weft fide of the
* — g ' mountain ; and the channel which it cut for itfelf
Particular is fli11 vil i ble - The e™P tion of water from hunting
account of mountains is (till much leis frequent than that of lava
theerup- or half vitrified folid matters, alhes, &c. though that
tion ofwa-of water, and even mixed with the flielh of marine
tcr in 1755. animals ( though we are not told whether it was fait
or not), has fometimes beenobferved in other volca-
noes, particularly Vefuvius. The eruption we now
fpeak of happened in the month of February 1755.
It was preceded by an exceedingly thick black fmoke
ifluing Iroin the crater, intermixed with flafhes of fire.
This fmoke gradually became thicker, and the bur/is of
flame more frequent. Earthquakes and fubtcrrar.eous
thunder convnlfed the mountain, and /truck the in-
habitants of the adjacent parts with the utmoft terror.
On Sunday, the fecond of March, the mountain was
feen to emit a huge column of fmoke exceedingly
denfe and black, with a dreadful noife in the bowels
of the earth, accompanied alfo with violent flafhes
of lightning. From time to time there were loud
cracks, like theexp'ofions of cannon ; the mountain ap-
peared to /hake from its foundations ; the air on that
iide next Mafcali became very dark, and loud peals of
thunder were heard. Thefe teemed to iihie from two
caverns, confiderably below the fumvnit, on the fide of
the mountain, and were accompanied with violent blafis
of the wind like a tempeft.
Thefe terrible phenomena continued and increafed ;
Etna feemed ready to fwallow up at once all thofe ma-
terials which it had been for fo many years difgorging,
or rather about to fink at once into the bowels of the
earth from whence it appeared to have been elevated.
The profpect was far beyond any idea that can be
given by defcription of this tremendous fcene. The
inhabitants were alarmed beyond meafure ; the fight
of the flames driven by the wind again ft the fides of
the mountain, the ihocks of the earthquake, and the
fall of rocks, ftruck the imagination with a horror not
to be conceived. During this dreadful commotion
an immenfe torrent of water was emitted from the
liigheft crater of the mountain. The whole fummit
of Etna was at that time covered with a thick coating
of fnow. Through this the boiling water directed its
conrfe eaftward ; and, in its palfage, met with fright-
■ ful precipices. Over thefe it dallied with the utmoft
violence, adding its tremendous roaring to the com-
plicated horrors of this awful fcene. The fnow, melt-
ing inftantaneoufly as the boiling torrent advanced, in-
creafed its deftructive power by augmenting its quan-
tity, while the mifchievous effects of the heat were
fcarce diminifhed by reafon of the immenfe quantity of
boiling liquid which continued to pour from the fuin-
jnir of the mountain.
This boiling torrent having dallied its awful cataracts
from one chain of rocks to another, at length readied
the cultivated plains, which it overflowed for a num-
ber of miles. Here it divided itfelf into feveral branches,
forming as many deep and rapid rivers ; which, after
feveral other fubdivifions, difcharged themfelves imo
the fea.
Though the mountain continued to difebarge wa-
ter in this manner only for half an hour, the ravages
of it were very terrible. Not only thofe of common
inundations, fuch as tearing no trees, hurrying along
rocks and large /tones, took place here, but the ftiil Ttna.
more dreadful effects of boiling water were felt. Every ' « '
cultivated fpot was laid wafte, and every thing touch-
ed by it was deftroyed. Even thofe who were placed
beyond the reach of the torrent, beheld with inex-
preffible horror the deftruclion occafioned by it ; and
though the alarming noifes which had fo long LiTiied
from the mountain now ceafed in a great meafure, the
/hocks of earthquakes, and the violent fmoke which
continued to iflue from the mountain, /bowed that the
danger was not over. Two new openings were now
obferved, and two torrents of lava began to make their
way through the fnow.
On the 7th of March a dreadful noife was again
heard in the bowels of the mountain, and a new co-
lumn of very thick and black fmoke began to iflue
from it. A horrid explofion of fmall /tones fucceed-
ed ; fome of which were carried as far as the hills of
Mafcali, and great quantities of black fand to Medina,
and even quite over the /trait to Reggio in Calabria.
On the /hitting of the wind to the northward this
fand reached as far as the plains of Agolla. Two days
after the mountain opened again, and a new torrent
of lava w r as difcharged; which, however, advanced
very /lowly towards the plain, moving only at the
rate of a mile in a day. It continued to flow in this
manner for fix days, when every thing appeared fo
quiet, that the Canon Recupero fet out to view the
changes which had taken place. 7
That gentleman's defign was to trace the courfe of Courfe of
the dreadful torrent of water abovementioncd. This t ' ie ■•orreut
he was very eafily enabled to do by the ravages it had "" ace " li y
j it r n - 1 t 1 ■ 1 j 11 Recuperoi
made ; and, by following the channel it had cut all x
the way from the fea to the fummit of the volcano,
he found that this immenfe quantity of water had
iffhed from the very bowels of the mountain. After
ifluing from the crater, and increafing its fiream by
palling through and melting the fnow which lay imme-
diately below the fummit, it deftroyed in an infiant a
fine and exrenfive foreft of fir trees. All of thefe were
torn np by the violence of the current, though many
were no lefs than 24 or 30 inches in diameter. He
obferved that the great itream had in its defcent, di-
vided itfelf into four brandies ; raid thefe bad again
Subdivided themfelves into feveral fmaller ones, tafily
diftinguilhsble by the quantity of fand they had depo-
sited. Afterwards reuniting their ftreams, they
formed many iflands, and rivers 900 feet in breadth,
and of a depth which could not eaiily be determined.
Proceeding farther down, and /till forcing its way
among the beds of old lava, the channel of the waters
was widened to 1 500 feet, until it was again contract-
ed in the valleys as before Every object which flood
in the way of this tremendous torrent was moved from
its place. Enormous rocks were not only hurried
down, but feveral of them moved to more elevated
fuuations than thofe they formerly occupied. "Whole
hills of lava had been removed and broken to pie-
ces, and their fragments fcattered along the courfe
of the river, and the valleys were filled up by vaft
quantities of fand which the waters had depofited.
Our author obferved, that even at that time he vtfited
the mountain, about 10 years after the eruption, the
whole iide of it ftill bore the marks of this deluge.
On M. Kouel's arrival at Tact Catena, he inquired
A 2 for
E T N
C 4 3
E T N
Etna. for the pbyfician of the place ; it being cuflomary for
v w - £j ran g ers t0 do fo who want to learn any thing con-
cerning the curiolities of the country, as the phy-
8 ficians there are generally thole who have any preten-
Account of f lons to literature. By this guide he was fhown a
well which they call Holy Water. There is a flight
a remark-
able well.
obferve feveral fragments of bafaltes, both in the form Etna,
of needles and in that of prifmatic columns of a very v *" "
regular form, and which may be eafily feparated from Diff er e nt
one another. From the pofition in which thefe frag ki n( i s f
ments are difpofed, it appears that the mafs to which bafaltcs.
they belong mult have fuffered fome very violent fhock ;
of fteps from the furface of the ground to that of the otherwife luch huge rocks could never have been bro
.9
Ancient
baths dis-
covered.
io
Springs
of St
Venera.
water. The well itfelf is 20 teet wide and 40 feet
deep. It is fupplied by three different fprings, each
of which is faid to have a peculiar tafte. The phy-
fician informed our author, chat one of them refem-
bled milk in its tafle; another tailed like foap ; and
the third had the tafle of common water : but our
author, after tailing each of them, could not find any
remarkable difference.
In his way to La Trizza, our author difcovered
fome very ancient baths' with ftoves. They had been
built hereon account of a fpring of warm fulphureous
water, fuppofed to be excellent for the cure of cuta-
neous diforders ; and for which purpofe they arc ftill
made ufe of. They are now called the Springs of St
Venera, of whom there is an image here. The foun-
tain from which they flow is on a level with the furface
of the ground. The water taftes very difagreeably of
fulphur; and depoiits a quantity of white impalpable
powder, adhering to herbs and flones, over which it
pafles
fulphur ; though it is probably a felenitic fubflance
formed by the decompofnion of the fulphur, and the
union of its acid with fome calcareous matter which
held it in folution before.
From this place our author proceeded to the fea-port
icks about of Trizza,afmall place, which with the adjacent country
contains only about 300 inhabitants. Off the harbour
of this rock is a bafal tic rock, which feems to be on-
ly the remains of a much larger one deflroyed by the
action of the air. All around are long ranges of ba-
faltes, the fpecies of which are very various.
The rocks of the Cyclops (land round the fmall har-
bour of La Trizza ; and from this view we perceive a
number of rocks of very different heights. All of them
appear more or lels above water, though fome are fo
low that they cannot be feeu without approaching
very near ; and this cirenmftance renders the harbour
inacceflible to veflelsof any confiderable burden, at the
fame time that, by reafon of the depth of the fea, it
is impoifible either to cut or unite them by a mole.
The principal of thefe rocks is the extremity of an
ifland, one half of which is compofed of lava placed on
a bafaltic bafe ; over this is' a cruftof pozzolano, com-
bined with a kind of white calcareous matter of a
pretty hard and compact confiftence ; and which, by,
the action of the air, aflames the appearance of knot-
ty porous wood. On this fubject our author obferves,
that " the rock, at fome former period, had become
fo hard as to fplit, and the clefts were then filled up
with a very hard matter which was porous on all fides
like fcorise. That matter afterwards fplit alfo; lea-
ving large interftices, which in their turn have been
filled up with a kind of compound yellow matter. The
iOand appears to have been formerly inhabited, but
is at prefent deftitute both of inhabitants and of cul-
ture, only the people of La Trizza feed a few goats
upon it."
To the foathward of the harbour of La Trizza we
11
Bafaltic
Trizza.
ia
Rocks of
the Cy-
clops.
ken, overturned, and fcattered in directions fo very
different from their original pofitions. In one of.thefe
ruins there are fome parts harder than the reft, which
withftancfthe action of the air, while the intervening
fpaces yield to it,, and appear to be thus deflroyed. In
fome others this effect is much more remarkable ; be-
caufe the column happens to be much farther advanced
towards a ftate of di Ablution, the parts of which they
conlift being already disjoined; and in each of thofe
which project we perceive a fi flare : which fhows that
each of thofe parts may be divided into two. " They
are indeed (fays oar author) actually divided, and
difplay a convexity ifluing from a concavity, like a
pile of hats placed one upon another, when they are
removed one by one ; which is a very curious Angu-
larity." I4
Continuing his journey ftill fouthward, our author rromon-
arrived at the promontory of the Caftel d'Aci. This tory of the
is the moil Angularly curious of all that are in the ^ & &e\
This fubflance our author calls the cream of neighbourhood of Etna. The ancient mafs of it is in- *? ^l ' . '
doled between two bodies of lava of a more modern cn e *
origin. Thefe compofe the rocks on which Caftel
d'Aci is fiuiated, and which lie under the foil of the
adjacent country. Beyond that city are the immenfe
plains of the lower part of Etna. Thefe gradually
rife till they reach the fummit, which is hid among
the clouds. The promontory is almoft entirely com-
pofed of bafaltes, the interftices of which are filled up
with a yellowiih matter, which feems to be a clay
nearly of the fame nature with that formerly taken no-
tice of in the ifland of La Trizza, it alfo covers the
mafs of bafaltes, and has produced both the fuperior
and anterior parts of the promontory. Here our au-
thor faw a number of women employed in warning
webs of cloth in the fea ; and takes notice of the dex-
terous method they have of lifting it up in folds, and
packing it on their heads in bundles without receiving
any afliftance. At the foot of this promontory are ma-
ny curious bafaltic rocks. jj
All along the eaftern fide of Mount Etna the foil is Great
broken, bat filled with beautiful varieties of bafaltes, quantity of
highly worthy of obfervation. Indeed, according to ^ afa ^ es
our author's opinion, there is no volcano in Europe fo ° un on
rich as Etna in bafaltes, nor where fo many curious
figures of it are to be feen. IO -
Mr Houel having fpent fome more time in vjfiting Mr Hou-
the bafaltic columns around the foot of the mountain, el's journey
fet out from Aci to vifit the famous chefnut-tree, men- tothegreat
tioned under the article JEtna, and which is known c
in that country by the name of The chefnut-tree for an
hundred horfes, In his way thither he pafled through
the villages of Fortezza, Mangamo, St Leonardo, St
Matteo, and La Macchia. The landfcapes of each of
thefe places by itfelf are extremely beautiful; bat the
country between them is a frightful wild defart, pre-
fenting to the eye nothing but txtenfive plains of black
lava, which at a diftance have the appearance of vaft
quantities of pit- coal. The roads became rougher as
they
tree.
_E T 2* JS.
1*1*1 v CLXXXV".
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Etna.
17
Great num-
bers of
chefmit-
trees culti-
vated on
this fide
of i^uia.
16
Particular
accou.it of
the great
»ree.
19
An houfe
and oven
built in the
hollow of
it.
20
Is not com-
pofed of a
number of
treesgrown
together.
Plate
CLXXXV
Other trees
©f vaft di-
menuons.
E T N [5
they advanced; but the adjoining fields afllimcd a more
fmiling afpect. -The reafon of this is, that the tor-
rents of lava (by which the plains are rendered unfit
for vegetation for a great number of years) have rolled
rapidly down the more fteep fides of the mountain
without deftroying the fertility of the foil.
Travelling through very difficult roads, and often
incommoded with dangerous precipices, our author at
lalt arrived at the celeorated chefnut-tree, which was
the chief object, of this journey. He obferves, that
all over this lide of the mountain the chefnut trees
thrive very well, and are carefully cultivated by the in-
habitants. They are worked into hoops for calks, and a
coaliderable trade is earned on in this article. The
great one which he came to vilit, exceeds the fize of
other trees lb much that it cannot fail to excite the
greatcft admiration. It has its name from the follow-
ing circumllance. Jean of Arragon fpent fome time
in Sicily on her way from Spain to Naples: While
here (he vilited Mount Etna, attended by her princi-
pal nobility ; and happening to be overtaken by a
florin, they took '(belter under this tree, whofe
branches were fufficiently extenfive to cover them
all. By others, however, this ftory is treated as a
mere fable.
According to our author's account, this chefnut
tree, is 160 feet in circumference, but quite hollow
within : which, however, affects not its verdure ; for
the chefnut tree, like the willow, depends upon its
bark for fubfiftence, and by age lofes its internal
part. As the cavity of this enormous mafs is very con-
liderable, the people have built an houfe in it, where
they have an oven for drying nuts, almonds, and chef-
nuts, &c. of which they make conferves. They fre-
quently fupply themfelves with wood from the tree
which incircles their houfe, fo that it feems likely, in
a fhort time to go to ruin through the ingratitude and
though tleifnefs of its inhabitants.
It has been thought that this tree was compofed of a
number of others grown together ; but our author is of
a different opinion. In defcribing it particularly, how-
ever, we mult feparate it from the trunks 1, k, /, (on
the plan), which properly belong to three other trees.
The dotted line, and the letters a, b, c, d, e,f,g, mark
out the true circumference of the tree we fpeak of.
The parts of that circumference are not all contiguous,
feveral pieces having been taken away from the places
marked g and #, between which the houfe (lands. In
other places the bark is rent afunder ; but, fays our
author, " by a natural motion," the divided parts feek-
ing to reunite, or rather to ihelter themfelves from the
action of the external air, are bent inwards fo as to
form the circular arcs a, b, c, d, which may indeed be
taken for fo many different trees, though they appear
properly to belong to the fame trunks
Belides this, there are abundance of other trees in
the neighbourhood very remarkable for their fize.
Our traveller was fhown a number of young trees of
the fame fpecies, all very beautiful and flraight, and
almoft as fmooth as polluted marble. One of thefe
was 38 feet in circumference, and there were a num-
ber of others nearly of the fame fize. Among thefe
there were feven (landing together, which have recei-
ved the n anile of the feven brethren. Another is deno-
minated the Jhif, from the general figure of its top,.
1
E T N
which has fome (light refemblance to a (hip. Its dia- Etna.
meter is 25 feet, fo that the circumference cannot be ' *-
lefs than 75.. In thefe extenfive forefls, however,
there are chefnut trees of every age and fize
aa
Our author's next vilit was paid to a ("now grotto, Snow grot-
being one of thofe magazines where that article, fone- todeicri-
ceffary in the hot climate of Sicily, is preftrved (or ufe. bed-
In his way thither he vifited the forefl of pines ; which 23 .
is fo much furrounded by rocks and precipices, that it F
is fcarce acceffible ; and vaft numbers of the trees are
pines in the.
way to it.
dying of old age. Some of the neighbouring peafants,
however, will now and then attempt to carry them off.
Our author faw one of them at this work. It was
drawn by oxen, who were yoked to it by a chain con-
nected with the beam of an iron cramp. But the ex-
treme rough nefs of the road made the tree leap and
bound in filch a manner, that the poor creatures were
every moment in danger of having their legs broken,
or being hurried over precipices along with their dri-
ver; accidents which happen not unfrequently, and
which render this occnpationflefs generally practifed
than otherwile it would be.
The fnow grotto is but lately formed by the action
of the waters under the beds of lava, and carrying away
the ftratum of pozzolana below them. It is (ituated
on a mountain named Fbioechio, which though of very
confiderable iize, is only a protuberance on the lide of
Etna. It has been repaired in the infide at the ex-
pence of the knights of Malta, who have hired this
as well as feveral other caverns in the mountain for the
purpofe of holding fnow, which they have (till more
occafion for in their ifland than the inhabitants of Si-
cily. There are two openings above> at which they
throw in the fnow ; and flights of fteps have been cut
to thefe as well as to the internal parts. A confider-
able extent of ground is levelled and inclofed with high
walls above the grotto : fo that when the wind, which
at this elevation blows with great violence, carries the
fnow down from the higher parts of the mountain, it
is flopped and detained by the walls of this inclofure.
It is then thrown into the grotto, where the thicknefs
of the beds of lava which cover it prevents any impref-
fion from the fummer-heat. When the feafon for ex- How the
portation comes on, the fnow is put into large bags, fnowis'pre*.
and prelfed into them as clofe as polfible. Thus it is vented"
rendered compact and heavy, and likewife runs lefs rifk f rom melt -
of being affected by the heat. It is then carried out in F durin S
upon men's (houlders, and conveyed to the (hore on "P orta '
mules. Before it is put into the bags, the lumps ot
fnow are carefully wrapped up in leaves, which is ano-
ther preftrvative ; at the fame time that the frelh con-
gelation of the little which melts, unites the maffes
fo together, that our author informs us he has feen
pieces of the fnow prefcrved in this manner which
looked like the faired and mod tranfparent cryftal.
Our author's next excurfion was to Mount Roffo, Account of
or the Red Mountain, winch is one of the mouths of mount
Etna, and through which it difcharges from time to Roffo.
lime great quantities of lava, fand, sfhes, &c. It is
the moil celebrated of all the numerous mouths which
have opened on the fide of the mountain, though it has
become fo noted only for having poured forth the
matter of the great eruption in 1669, and which is the
moil remarkable of any recorded in hiftory.
" When a new crater (fays our author) is formed
en
/
ETN
[ 6 ]
ETN
Etna. on mount Etna, it is always in confcquence of fome
'*" — ^ — ' Shock that is powerful enough to break the arches of
New era- its caverns. Doubtlcis it is inconceivable that thtre
tershow fhould be any agent endowed with fuch force; but
formed. when fuch a fracture is once made, it is neceffarily
very large, and the Surface cf the ground above cannot
but be broken in feveral different places at considerable
diftances from one another. The matter which is diS-
charged always ifi'ues from the principal opening and
thofe adjoining to it. None of thefe mouths, however,
continue open, excepting that which is directly in
the line in which the matter is difcharged; the la-
va foon choaking up thole which are in a more oblique
direction."
Our author went down one of thefe openings with
torches; but could not reach the bottom, and was
obliged to return on account of the extreme cold. The
defcent was extremely difficult, and became more lb in
proportion as he advanced. This crater is of an oval
form, and the opening through which he defcended
was in one extremity: but hew.'s tempted to think
that the crater which rifes above jt had been formed
of matter difcharged by another mo it'h ; or perhaps it
might have had a more centrical evening, through
which the Hones, fand, &c. which form the crater,
were difcharged.
Four of the months of this mount appear to be
compofed of a reddiih pozzolana, which has procured
it the name of the Red Mountain; but .vhen we af-
cend the pyramids, or rather funnels which they form,
we find them compofed of different kind of layers of
land. Some of thefe are of a bluifh grey colour, others
of a fine yellow, and fome of a kind of green formed by
a mixture of grey and yellow, while others are of a red
colour. A great number of fmall cryftals, black fchoerls,
and granites are found among them, as well as pieces
of fcoria, which had been difcharged by the volcano in
the form of a thick and glutinous matter. All thefe
mouths have internally the form of a funnel, and their
fliape is nearly that of a mutilated cone or round py-
ramid. This is the natural and unavoidable conSe-
quencc of the perpendicular fall of the pulverifed mat-
ter which the volcano difcharges from the orifice at
the bottom. The fides of the craters are not all of
one height ; the parts to the caft and weft being con-
siderably higher than the intermediate fummits, be-
caufe the currents of the allies palled alternately from
eaft to weft, and fell upon thefe fides in greater quan-
tities than on the others; which circumftance has given
to this volcano the appearance of having two fummits.
Convent of ^- Hou.el, having finiflied his obfervations on Monte
Niccloti Rofib, returned to the convent of Nicolofi, which is
ddcrlbed. now only an houfe for the entertainment of travellers.
The Benedictines of Catana, 10 whom it belongs, villi
this place only when in an ill ftate of health, as the pu-
rity of the air renders it very falutary to the human
constitution. A folitary brother, however, refides
here to take care of the houfe, and to Superintend the
cultivation of the neighbouring plains. Thofe fathers
once pofleflcd an extenlive and very fertile tract of
lmd in this neighbourhood ; but the eruptions of Etna
have rendered it totally incapable of cultivation. This
houfe flands at a very considerable height, being no
lefs than 2496 feet above the level of the fea. Set-
ting out from this place three hours before day, o.ir
traveller directed his courfe towards the grotto of t^e
goats. In his way thither, he paffed erver feveral
plains of lava, fome of them ancient and others more r
modern : but the roads were extremely rough and dan- t he°eoats
gerous ; or lather, as our author exprelled himftlf, defcribtd.
there was no track or path meriting the name of a
road. In two hours they reached theRegione Sylvofa, R«gi ne
where an immenfe forelt furrouhds the mountain, ana Sylvofa dc-
which has undoubtedly been planted by the hand of bribed.
nature : for the ground there is fo high, io full of
precipices, and fo entirely uninhabitable, that no l.u-
man beings could ever think of making plantations on
it ; nor is it to be fuppofed that the winds could take
up feeds from the plains to fow them on fuch a lofty
Situation. , Q
Thefe majefiic foreftsof Etna afford a fingular Spec- Beautiful
tacle, and bear no refemblance to thofe of other coun- appearance
tries. Their verdure is more lively, and the trees of °* the fo-
which they confift are of a greater height. Thefe ad* ^ eft? of
vantages they owe to the ioil whereon they giow; for tr ' a
the foil produced by volcanoes is particularly favour-
able to vegetation, and every Species of plants grows
herewith great luxuriance. In Several places where
we can view their interior parts, the mo ft enchanting
profpects are difplayed. The hawthorn trees are of an
immenfe Size. Our author Saw feveral of them of a
regular form, and which he was almoft tempted to take
Sor large orange-trees cut artificially into the figures
they reprcfented. The beeches appear like as many
ramified pillars, and the tufted branches of the oak
like clofe bullies impenetrable to the rays of the fun.
The appearance of the woods in general is exceedingly
picturefque, loth by reafon of the great' number and
variety of the trees, and the inequality cf the giound,
which makes them rife like the feats in an am pb it heat re,
one row above another ; difpofmg them alfo in groups
and glades, fo that their appearance changes 10 the eye
at every fi-cp : and this variety is augmented by acci-
dental circumftances, as the Situation of young trees
among others venerable for their antiquity ; the tffec'ts
of ftorms which have often overturned large trees,
while hems Shooting up Srom their roots, like the Ler-
naean hydra, Show a number of beads newly fprung to
make up that which was cut off.
About three hours after the departure of our travel- Grotto of
lers from St Nicholas, they reached the grotto of the the goats,
goats. It is formed by a bed of lava, which having h° w for -
riowed ever a pile of fand and pozzolana while in a me ^'
fluid ftate, Settled and cooled in that Situation ; and
the Sand or pozzolana being afterwards carried off by
the filtraron cf water through the lava, a void fpace
has been left, which the torrents have gradually en-
larged to its prefe-nt lize.
This grotto Stands about 5054 Sect above the level
of the fea, according to the calculations of M. de
Sauffurc. Ir affords a retreat for thofe travellers who
vifit the Summit of Etna, who generally refrelh them-
felves by taking a xepaft and making a fire at the en-
try, for which there is plenty cf ihy wood at hand ;
while the fand Serves for a bed to repofe on. Here our
author and his company Supped, and about midnight
Set off for the Summit. They had the advantage of
the moon-light; and our author advifes all thefe who
intend to vifit the top cf Etna to take fuch a time Sor
their journey as may enable them to tiSoy this advan-
tage.
E T N
r 7 i
E T N
tagc. As they advanced beyond the gl'olto of, $<;
here.
goats the trees became gradually thinner. In a fliort
32 f time they were fo thin, that they might readily be
thSLft counted ; and, proceeding Hill farther, only a very few
part's of were fee i fcattered here and there, whole beauty and
Etna. fize were dimuiiflicd feemingly in proportion to their
numbers. A few clumps of trees and fome tufts of
odoriferous herbs were now only to be feen ; and in a
little time tbefe alfo became thinner, affuming a wi-
theredor ftuoted appearance. Then ihcy are nothing
but the languishing remains of an abortive vegetation ;
and a few paces further not even this appeared, the eye
33 being prefented only with barren fand.
Snowy and Having now got above the region of the trees, they
barren re- entered the third, which our author denominates the re-
gion de- j on ot - f n ow and fterility. The wind became more brifk
fenbed. anJ keen a „ they a j vauce j > f-, t ha C they could fcarce
keep their hats upon tlieir beads ; and our author loft
bis, though tied on with an handkerchief. Here they
were frequently obliged to crofs conliderable dreams of
water formed by the melting of the fnow. In general
the furface was fufficiently bard to bear them ; but pur
author's mule once. funk up to her belly, and was not
extricated without great difficulty.
PiJnon Having at laft overcome all difficulties, they arrived
thefummit at the large plain on the fummit of Etna, and in the
of Etna, midft of which is the crater of the volcano. It is en-
tirely compofed of lava, cinders, ice, and fnow ; nevcr-
3$ thelefs is ftyled, ironically as our author thinks, Monte
Wind ex- Friumaitc. Here the wind continued to blow with
ceffively exceflive violence ; and our author informs us, that in
order to have any notion of its keennefs, we muft be
accutlomed to feel it on fome very elevated ftation, as
it is impolfible to judge from what we feci at inferior
altitudes. They took Ihelter behind a lump of lava,
the only one which appeared in the whole plain, and,
which our author fays, would feem defigned exprefsly for
the ihelter of travellers. Here they lay, wrapped up in
their cloaks, for an hoar ; but as foon as it was day,
fj that they could diftinguilh the place where the fun
was to rife, rhey got up and advanced towards the
ruins of the b -Aiding known by the name of the Phi-
hfopher'j Toiver. The w : nd ftill blew fo violently,
that after an effort of four minutes they fell down ex-
haufled ; but the extreme cold obliging them again to
get up, they made a fecond attempt ; and after feveral
intermiiilons of this kind, at laft accompliihed their de-
fign. They were furprifed, however, to find nothing
but the corner of a wall not more than two feet high,
csnfifting or" two rows of unpoliflied (tones ; great part
of it having been probably burried by the fand and
other matters di (charged by the mountain. Here, be-
ing (heltered from the wind, and the day advancing,
57 they began to enjoy the glorious profpect which every
Extenfive moment became more extenfive. At the riling of the
and glori- fun, the horizon was ferene, without a fingle cloud.
ousprof- u Thscoaft of Ca'abria (fays our author) was as yet
pe ■ roai nndJftinguKhable from the adjoining tea ; but inalhort
time a fiery radiance began to appear from behind the
Italian hills, which bounded the caltern part of tbepro-
fpect\ The fleecy clouds, which generally appear early in
the morning, were tinged with purple ; the atmofphere
became firongly illuminated, and, relieving the raysof
the riling fun, appeared filled with a bright effulgence
of rhme. The hr.menfe elsyation of the fummit of Et-
4
nut
na made it catch thefirft raysof the fun's light, wlicfe Etna.
vaft fplcndor, while it dazzled the eyes, difiuftd a moll; * *~~ "■'
cherilhing and enlivening heat, reviving the fpirits,
and diffuling a pleafant fenfation throughout the foul.
But though the heavens were thus enlighted, the
fea (till retained its dark azure, and the fields and fo-
refis did not yet reflect the rays of .the fun. 1 he-gra-
dual riling of this luminary, however, foon cifiufed
his light over the hills which lie below the peak of Et-
na. This laft flood like an ifland in the midft of the;
ocean, with luminous points every moment multiplying
around, and fpreading over a wider extent with the
greateft rapidity. It was as if the univerfe had been
obferved fuddenly fpringing from the. night of non-
existence. The tall forefts, the lofty hills, and exten-
five plains of Etna, now prefented thcmfelves to view.
Its bafe, the valt tracts of level ground which lie adja-
cent, the cities of Sicily, its parched fliores, with the
daihing waves and vaft expanfe of the ocean, gradual-!
ly prefented themfelves, while fome fleeting vapours,
which moved fwiftly before the wind, fomerimes veiled
part of this vaft and magnificent profpect." In a ihort
time every thing was difplayed fo diftinctly, that they
could plainly recognize all thofe places with which they
were before acquainted. On the fouth were feen the
hills of Camerata and Trapani ; on the norih, ths
mounts Pelegrino and Thermini, with the celebrated
Enna once crowned with the temples of Ceres and
Proferpine. Among thefe mountains are feen a great
many rivers running down and appearing like as many
lines of glittering diver winding through a variety of
rich and fertile fields, wafhing the walls of 20 cities,
while their banks were otherwife filled with villages,
hamlets, &c. riling among the ruins of the moft iilu-
ftrious republics of antiquity. On the fouth and north
were obferved the rivers which bound by their courfe
the vaft bafe of mount Etna, and afford a delightful
profpect to the eye ; while at a much greater diltance
were feen the ifles of Lapari, Alicudi, Felicocide, Pa-
rinacia, andStromboli.
Having enjoyed for fome time the beauty of this
magnificent profpect, our author fct about making a
draught of the place from which the view was taken ;
and at length acccomplifhed it, notwithftanding the „
great impediments he met with from the wind. A- philofo-
mong the objects which he delineated on this occafion, pher'stow*
the Philofopher's Tower w 7 as one. It feems, lie fays, ei defcri-
not to be very ancient; neither the materials of which ^ed,
it confifts, nor the mode of architecture, bearing any re-
femblance to thrfcof the Greeks and Romans. The
furrounding plains feems to confift entirely of a black
fand intermixed with pieces of fcoria, which have been
formerly thrown out by the volcano. Beyond that
plain, which rifes gently, appears a cone, thefummit
of which is the volcanic crater. When viewed frofc: Deferiptlo
the fouth fide, on which they flood, this crater feems f the great
to confift of a number of fmall bills. Into thefe it was crater,
broken by the emiffion of the boiling torrent in the
year 1755. When difcharged from the crater, thefe
waters fpread towards the light, and at the diflance
of a mile eaftward fell in a cafcade from a prodigious
height.
The violence of the wind beginning now to abate a
little, the travellers fet out for the very fummit, in or-
der to take a view of the great crater; in which journey
(our
E T N
[ 8 ]
E T N
Etna.
40
Defcription
of thehor-
rid noifes
continually
iffuingfrom
the burning
gulph.
4*
Impoffible
to walk
round the
crater.
Pit
(our author fays) it would be difficult to make people,
vvllo have never engaged in fuch enterpiifes, compre-
hend all the oblucles they had lo encounter. This
cone (the little mountain mentioned by Sir William
Hamilton) is compofed of allies, fand, and pozzolano,
thrown up at different times by the volcano. The ma-
terials are fo loofe, that the adventurous traveller links
about mid leg at every Hep, and is in conftant terror
of being fvvallowed up. At lafl, when the fummit is
reached, the fulphureous exhalations, which are con-
tinually emitted from the pores of the mountain, threa-
ten fuftocation, and irritate the fauces and lungs in fuch
a manner as to produce a very troublefome and incef-
fant cough. The loofenefs of the foil, which gives
way under the feet, obliges the traveller, every now
and then, to throw himfelf flat on his belly, that fo he
may be in lefs danger of linking. In this polture our
author viewed the wide unfathomable gulph in the
middle of the crater ; but could difcover nothing ex-
cept a cloud of frnoke, which iflued from a number of
fmall apertures fcattered all around, and accompanied
with a kind of noife. Another and more dreadful
found, however, iffues from the bowels of the volcano,
and which, according to our author, " ftrikes the heart
with terror, fo that all the flrength of reafon is necef-
fary to prevent the obferver from flying with preci-
pitation from fuch a dreadful place." Several travel-
lers who had vilited this cone before him, were fo ter-
rified by thefe dreadful founds, that they fled with
the utmolt hafte till they arrived at the foot of the
mountain.
Our author compares thefe founds to a difcharge of
cannon in the wide abyfs ; the noife of which is re-
bellowed throughout all the caverns, and produce a
found perhaps the mod alarming that can be imagined ;
and during the fhort fpace in which heliftened, feve-
ral of thefe difcharges were heard to follow one another
almoft uninterruptedly.
This dreadful noife, our author, with very great
probability, fuppofes to be occafioned by the explo-
sions of the internal fire, or, as he calls it, the focus of
the volcano ; which, finking againft the fides of thefe
immenfe caverns, the founds produced are re-echoed
through their cavities, and probably multiplied in an
extraordinary manner ; fo that what would be only a
flight explofion in the open air, occafions a found more
tremendous than the loudeft thunder. To fuch as are
convinced of this, and have fufficient courage to refill
the firil impreflions which thefe founds mult unavoidably
occafion, they will in a Ihort time not only appear
exceedingly fublime, but, by their variety, even fome-
what agreeable. " They enable us (fays our author)
to form fome conception of the fpace through which
they mufl pais before they reach the ear, and of the
vail extent and width of the hollows of the mountain."
Having for fome time contemplated this awful fpec-
tacle, our author wifhed to meafure the crater by walk-
ing round it ; but found this impoffible. On the north
fide the fur face is hard and fmooth, the afhes having
been fo far diflblved by the moifture depefited by the
frnoke as to cement into one uniform mafs. This is
fometimesdifTolved even into a fluid Hate, in fuch a
manner as to run down the fides of the cone ; fo that
after feveral attempts, he was at loft obliged to abandon
his defign.
Fig. 2. exhibits a view of the crater of Etna taken
1
on the brink of the eaft fide. The fore-ground [aa] of Etna.
the figure is one diviiion of the crater. Beyonci it are "* — '
two eminences b and c, higher than that on which fome r f
-1 r- r a 11 1 1 i'.xplana-
numan figures are reprefented;. Ail the three form a t ion of the
triangle nearly equilateral ; but, when viewed from any figure of
confideryble dillance, only two of them can be feen ; for the crater.
which reafon the Silicians have termed the mountain
bicoma, or double-horned.
The frnoke, as reprefented in the figure, iffues from
all quarters, either from chinks or holes fcattered over
the whole crater. But the fituation of the principal
mouth is in the midft of the three eminences. Its
diameter, when our author vifited this mountain, was
only about 60 feet, and fo filled with fmoke that no-
thing remarkable could be difcovered. From the height
d, the rock lituated on the left fide of the point, and
on which the human figures are reprefented, all the
way to the rock<? on the right, the diftance is no more
than 900 feet. Our author obferved that the cone is
not exactly in the middle of the plain, but is fituated
more towards the north than the ionih. Ho did not at-
tempt to crofs the central valley, f, on account of the
loofenefs of the ground, and that there was no object ap-
parently worthy of the rifk he mufl run in fo doing. At
the neareft view he took, itwas only obferved that there
was fnow lying in feveral parts of it, though the heat
which otherwise prevailed feemed to be very intenfe.
The fmoke which iffues from the crater of Etna is
generally carried in a direction from fouth to north ;
and, as it brings along with it a confiderable quantity
of water, the latter, condenfed by the cold winds,
runs down the fideof the mountain in plentiful ftreams,
and often leayes pretty permanent marksof its courfe. 4 j
In this manner he accounts for the great eruption Eruptionof
of water, in 1755, which he fuppofes to have been oc- water in
cafioned only by an unufual quantity ofwater falling into 1 ? ss ac "
the burning focus of the mountain, there rarefied into ^ ounted
fleam, and afterwards condenfed by the coldnefs of the
atmofphere. 44
Like other travellers to mount Etna, this gentleman South wind
found the wind blowing from the fouth j and he is of generally
opinion, that a fouthwind blows here more frequently prevalent
than any other, as he did not obferve any channels cut °" i t het0 P
by the wateron any other fide than the north. He had of_itna '
feveral opportunities of making thisobfervation, having
frequently vifited the top of Etna, and always paid at-
tention to the crater. The fand on the eafl and weft
fides was always loofe, while that on the north was
compacted into a folid body. The three fummits were
of a later date than the reft of the crater, having been
probably thrown up by fome eruption which had burfl
it afunder. The black fpots on the fore-ground repre-
fent a number of hillocks about the fize of mole hills,
from which a fulphureous vapour conftantly iffues, and
by which the adjacent ground is tinged of an ochery
colour. This vapour ilfues from the crevices with a
kind of hollow whiffling noife ; which with the volca-
nic thunder, fmoke, and noxious fmell, render it very
difagreeable to flay here even for a few moments.
The fmoke is reprefented in the figure precifely as it
did on the day that he afcended, which was very warm.
But it does not always rife in this manner; for when
the cold is very intenfe, it collects into a body, and
thickens around the edge of the crater : on which oc-
cafions it is condenfed into water, which diffufes itfelf
around the edge of the crater, and mixing with the
afhes
E T N
[ 9 1
E T N
Etna.
^— *
aflies converts them into a kind of clay\ The cold
ou the top of this mountain is fo intenfe, that travel-
,. 45 f lers very often find their clothes infufficiem. to protect
coldprodu. them ; and it is remarkable that Aich intenfe cold is al-
ced by a ways produced by a fouth wind. The day that our
fouth wind, author took his draught, the wind blew faintly from
4 6 the north.
Account of The bafe of mount Etna, according to Mr Houel's
the ftrata obfervations, confids of alternate layers of lava and ma-
at the foot r i nc fiibdances, which have been depofited fuccefUvely
of mount onc upon another. Thefe alternate layers extend to
Etna * an unknown depth. They mull indeed go as far down
as the level of the ftratum of lava which was difcharged
by the volcano at its fird origin. The lad depofited
by the fea is a range of calcareous mountains of a con-
fiderable height, and which are placed on a bafis of
lava. Beneath that layer of lava is another of fea-
pebbles, which are well known to be rounded by their
attrition againd one another by the motion of the
waves. This layer is of confiderable depth, and lies
upon a yellowifh rock confiding of a fpecies of indu-
rated fand. The river Simeto flows over this rock,
which it has cut away confiderably. That part which
is at prefent the bed of the river is much higher than
the bafe of Etna that is on a level with the fea ; and
not the lead thing occurs to fugged an idea of what
has been the primary bafe of the volcano. The marine
fubftances, already taken notice of, lie nearly in an ho-
rizontal direction, more or lefs fo according to the na-
7 tare of the furface on which they have been depofited.
Greatnum- Etna abounds very much with fprings, fountains,
berof and even rivers of confiderable magnitude. Our au-
fprings on thor has computed, that if all the water flowing down
Mount tue {id es f this mounrain were collected, it would fill
the channel of a river 36 feet broad and 6 in depth.
Many of the fprings afford fine fak; fome are very
pure, and others are impregnated with noxious fub-
itances ; while others are remarkable for their ufe in
4 g dyeing particular colours.
Whence " It is worthy of notice (fays our author), that
fuch a large ftreauis of water,fome of them more copious, others more
quantity of fcanty, are feen toiffueatall different degrees of height,
waterisde- f rom t fj e Da f e to t h e fnmmit of the mountain. Even
nved. - m f umin er,\vhen very little rain falls for three or four
months, or when perhaps for that fpace there is no
rain at all, and for three of which at leaft there is not
an ounce of fnow melted; even then a great number
of rivulets continue to flow down the fides of Etna ;
and at the fame time a number of dreams, external and
fubterraneous, each of them feveral feet wide, are, ac-
cording to the accounts of the country people, plenti-
fully fupplied with water.
" As the tri Sing quantity of fnow which is melt-
ed here even in the midd of fummer, and the dill
fi-naller quantify depofited by the clouds, would be
totally infufficienc to fupply thole dreams, and mud
be all abforbed by the earth for the fupport of vegeta-
tion, thofe dreams mud proceed from fome other
caufe, whofe effects are more copious and perma-
49 nent. This caufe is the evaporation of thofe aque-
Produced ous particles which arife from the condant eboni-
te 'afeva- rion at the bottom of the volcanic focus. Thefe if-
p orat ; ono f fifing out at the great crater, and at innumerable chinks
themoua- ' n the fides of the- mountain, are foon condenfed by
tain. the cold of that elevated region of the atmofphere,
Vox.. VII.
and, percolating through the earth, give birth to thofe Erea.'
numerous dreams in quedion. *"— v— — '
" A volcano, according to my ideas, cannot fubfid
without water ; nor can water occupy a place in any
volcanic focus without being changed into vapour. But
before that water can make its appearance, except in
the form of fmoke, it mud have filled the whole vol-
canic cavern, and. mud have been forcibly prefled by
the action of the fire againd its fides: it mud next
have condenfed, and affumed the form of water ; in
which date it mud have penetrated through the in-
clined layers of fand and pozzolano which intervene
betwixt the different drata of lava ; for thefe itrata lie
one above another, and are full of chinks, in fuch a
manner as to prefent to the eye an appearance pretty
much refembling that of the inlide of a tiled roof."
It has been a quedion, Whether the eruptions of Eruptions
mount Etna were more frequent in ancient than in of Etna
modern times ? At fird itfeems impoffible to give a pre- Elor « fre -
cife anfwer to fuch a quedion ; but when we confider, 1 uentatl "
that the matter in the volcanic focus was then greater .u
, „ . , fo _ than how >
in quantity than at prtlent, in proportion to the fpace
which it occupied : that the cavities were then fooner
filled with vapour ; and that the centre of the focus
was then lefs remote, we will rothefuate to pronounce,
that in earlier times the eruptions were more frequent
as well as more copious.
We fhall clofe this article with an enumeration of
all the different eruptions from mount Etna which are
found upon record. „ r
1. The fird mentioned in hiflory, is that of which Lift of
Diodorus Siculus fpeaks, but without fixing the pe- eruptions
riod at which it happened. That eruption, fays he, from tnc
obliged the Sicani, who then inhabited Sicily, to for- " r l iefi pc "
fake the eadern, and retire to the fouthern, part of n ° *'
the ifland. A long time after that the Sicilians, a
people of Italy, migrated into Sicily, and took up
their abode in that part of the ifland which had been
left defert by the Sicani.
2. The fecond eruption known to have iflued from
this volcano, is the fird of the three mentioned by
Thucydides; of none of which he fixes the date,
mentioning only in general, that from the arrival of
.the fird Greek colonies that fettled in Sicily (which
was in the nth Olympiad, and correfponds to the
734th year before the Chrifiian era), to the S8th
Olympiad, or the year 425th before Chrid, Etna at
three different times difcharged torrents of fire. This
fecond eruption happened, according tu Eufebius, in
the days of Phalaris, in the 565th year before the
Chridian era. The alfertion of Enfebius is confirmed
by a letter from that tyrant to the citizens of Catania,
and the anfwer of the Catanians (if, after Bentley's
Differtations againd their authenticity, any credit be
due to the epiitics of Phalaris). But Diodorus gives
both thefe pieces.
3. The third, which is the fecond of the three men-
tioned by Thucydides, happened in the 65th Olym-
piad, in the 477th year before the Chridian era, when
Xantippus was archon at Athens. It was in this fame
year the Athenians gained their beaded victory over
Xerxes's general Mardonius near Platsea. Eoth the
eruption of the volcano and the victory of the Athe-
nians are commemorated in an ancient infciiption on
a marble table which dill remains. An ancient medal
B ex-
E T N
[
"Etna, exhibits a rcprefentation of an aftonifliing deed to which
that eruption gave occafion. Two heroic youths
boldly ventured, into the midft of the flames to fave
their parents. Their names, which well deferved to be
tranfmitted to future ages, were Amphinomus and
Anapius. The citizens of Catania rewarded fo noble
a deed with a temple and divine honours. Seneca,
Silius Italicus, Valerius Maximus, and other ancient
authors, mention the heroilm of the youths with juft
applaufe.
4. The fourth eruption, the third and lafl of thofe
mentioned by Thucydides, broke out in the 88ch O-
lympiad, in the 425th year before the Chriftian era.
It laid wafte the territory of Catania.
5. The fifth is mentioned by Julius Obfequens and
Orolius, who date it in the confulfhip of Sergius Ful-
vius Flaccus and Qjiintus Calpurnius Pifo, nearly 133
years before the Chriftian era. It was confiderable ;
but no peculiar faclsare related concerning it.
6. Iu the coufulfhip of Lucius Erailius Lepidus and
Lucius Aurelius Oreftes, in the 125th year before the
Chrittian era, Sicily fuffered by a violent earthquake.
Such a deluge of fire ftreamed from Etna as to render
the adjoining fea into which it poured abfolutely hot.
Orofius fays, that a prodigious quantity of fifties were
deftroyed by it. Julius Obfequens relates, that the
inhabitants of the illes of Lipari eat fuch a number of
thofe fifties, as to fuffer in confequence of it, by a dif-
temper which proved very generally mortal.
7. Four years after the laft mentioned, the city of
Catania was defolated by another eruption not lefs
violent. Orofius relates, that the roofs of the houfes
were broken down by the burning allies which fell
upon them. It was fo dreadfully ravaged, that the
Romans found it neceflary to grant the inhabitants an
exemption from all taxes for the fpace of ten years, to
enable them to repair it.
8. A fhort time before the death of Csefar, in the
43d year before Jefus Chrift, there was an eruption
from mount Etna. Livy mentions it. It was not
diftinguilhed by any thing extraordinary. It was af-
terwards confidered as an omen of the death of Casfar.
9. Suetonius, in the life of Caligula, mentions an
eruption from mount Etna which happened in the
40th year after the Chriftian era. The emperor fled
on the very night on which it happened, from Meffina,
where he at that time happened to be.
10. Carrera relates, that in the year 253, there was
an eruption from mount Etna.
11. He fpeaks of another in the year 420; which
is alfo mentioned by Photius.
12. In the reign of Charlemagne, in the year 812,
there was an eruption from Etna. Geoffroy of Viter-
bo mentions it in his Chronicle.
13. In the year 1 169, on the 4th of February, about
day-break, there was an earthquake in Sicily, which
was felt as far as Reggio, on the oppofite fide of the
ftrait. Catania was reduced by it to ruins ; and in
that city more than 15,000 fouls periftied. The bi-
fliop, with 44 monks of the order of St Benedict, were
buried under the ruins of the roof of the church of
St Agatha. Many caftles in the territory of Catania
and Syracufe were overturned ; new rivers burft forth,
and ancient rivers difappfared. The ridge of the
mountain was obferved to fink on the fide next
o ] E T N
Taormina. The fpring or Arethufa, fo famous for the
purity and fweetnefs ot its waters, then became muddy
and brackifh. The fountain of Ajo, which rifes from
the village of Saraceni, ceafed to flow for two hours ;
at the end of which the water gulhed out more copi-
oufly than before. Its waters affirmed a blood-colour,
and retained it for about an hour. At Meffina, the
fea, without any confiderable agitation, retired a good
way within its ordinary limits ; but loon after return-
ing, it rofe beyond them, advanced to the walls of the
city, and entered the ftreets through the gates. A
number of people who had fled to the (hare for fafety
were fwallowed up by the waves. Ludovico Aurelio
relates that the vines, corn', and trees ot all forts, were
burnt up, and the fields covered over with fuch a
quantity of Hones as rendered them unfit for cultiva-
tion.
14. Twelve years after this, in the year 1181, a
dreadful eruption iffued from Etna on the eaft fide.
Streams of fire ran down the declivity of the moun-
tain, and encircled the church of St Stephen, but with-
out burning it.
Nicholas Speciale, who relates, though hedidnotfee
this event, was witnefs to another conflagration on
Etna 48 years after this, in the year 1329 on the 23d
of June, of which he has given a defenpuon.
15. On that day, lays he, about the hour of vef-
pers, Etna was flrongly convulfr-d, and uttered dread-
ful noiles ; not only the inhabitants ot the moun-
tain, but all Sicily, were ftruckwhh confternation and
alarm. On a fudden, a terrible blaze of fire iffued
from the fouthern fummit, and fpread over the rocks
of Mazarra, which are always covered with fnow.
Together with the fire, there appeared a great deal of
fmoke. After fun-fet, the flames and the ftones
that iffued out with them were feen to touch the
clouds. The fire making way for itfclf with the moil
furious impetuofity, burnt up 01 reduced to ruins all
thofe ftructures which the piety of former times had
confecrated to the Deity. The earth yawning, (wallow-
ing up a great many fprings and rivulets. Many of the
rocks on the fhore of Mafcali were fhaken and dallied
into the fea. A fucceffion of rhefe calamities conti-
nued till the 25th of July, when the bowels of Etna
were again heard to rebellow. The conflagration of
Mazarra ftill went on luiextinguilhed. The earth
opened near the church of St John, called Tl Papari-
necca : In the fonth fide fire iffued from the gap with
great violence : to add to the horrors of the day, the
fun was obfeured from morning toevening with clouds
of fmoke and allies, as entirely as in an eclipfe. Ni-
colas Speciale went towards the new-opened crater, to
obferve the fire and the burning ltones which were
iffuing from the volcano. The earth rebellowed and
tottered under his feet; and he law red hot ftones
iffue four times fucceffively in a very ftiort fpace from
the crater, with a thundering noife, the like of which,,
he fays, he had never before heard.
In a few days afier this, all the adjacent fields were
burnt up by a ftiower of fire and fulphureous afhes j
and both birds and quadrupeds being thus left defti-
tute of food, died in great numbers. A great quan-
tity of fifties likewife died in the rivers and the conti-
guous parts of the fea. " I cannot think (fays he) that
either Babylon or Sodom was deftroyed with fuch aw-
ful
Etna;
E T N [i
Etna. ful feverity." The north winds, which blew at the
~~ v ' time, carried the allies as far as- Malta. Many perfons
of boih fexes died of terror.
16. Scarce had four years elapfed after this terrible
event, when Etna made a new exploiion, and dif-
charged vollies of ftones, caaflng the neighbouring
fields to tremble. This happened in the year 1333.
17. Forty-eight years after this, on the 25th of
Auguft i38r, an eruption from Etna fpread its rava-
ges over the confines of the territory of Catania, and
burnt up the olive-yards in the neighbourhood ol that
city.
18. In the year 1444, 63 years after the lafl erup-
tion, a torrent of lava hfued from Etna and ran to-
wards Catania. The mountain (hook ; and the fhocks
were fo violent, that feveral huge maifes of rock were
broken from its fummit, and hurled into the abyfs
with a tremendous noife.
19. After this Etna was fcarce at reft for 18 months
or 2 years. On Sunday the 25th of September 1446,
about an hour after fun-fet, an eruption iifued from
the place called La Pietra di Mazarra. This erup-
tion was foon over.
20 On the following year 1447, on the 2'ft of
September, there was another, with a good deal of
fire ; but this eruption was likewife of fliort dura-
tion.
21. Etna now ceafed to emit fire, and that for a
conliderable time. The neighbouring inhabitants not
only afcended to the fummit of the mountain, but
,even, if we may credit accounts, went down into the
fiery gulph, and believed the volcanic matter 10 be now
exhaufted : But on the 25th of April 1536, near a
century from the flight eruption in 1447, a ftrong
wind arofe from the weft, and a thick cloud, reddiih
in the middle, appeared over the fummit of the moun-
tain. At the very fame inftant a large body of fire
iifued from the abyfs, and fell with the noife and rapi-
dity of a torrent along the eaftern fide of the moun-
tain, breaking down the rocks, and deftroying the
flocks and every other animal that was expofed to its
fury. From the fame crater, on the fummit of the
mountain, there iffued at the fame time a ftream of
fire more terrible than the other, and held its courfe
towards the weft. It run over Eronte, Adrans, and
Caftelli. It confifted entirely of fulphur and bitu-
men. On the fame day the church ©f St Leon, which
flood in a wood, was firft demolifhed by the fhocks
of the earthquake, and its ruins after that confumed
by the fire. Many chafms were opened in the fides
of the mountain ; and from thofe iifued fire and burn-
ing ftones, which darted up into the air with a noife
like that produced by a fmart difcharge of artillery.
Francis Negro de Piazza, a celebrated phyfician, who
lived at Lentini, wifliing to have a nearer view of the
eruptions, and to make fome obfervations which he
thought might be of confluence, was carriedofFand
burnt to allies by a volley of the burning ftones. This
conflagration of Etna lafted fome w r eeks.
22. In lefs than a year, on the 17th of April 1537,
the river Simeto fwelled fo amazingly as to overflow
the adjacent plains, and carry off the country people and
their cattle and ether animals. At the fame time, the
country around Paterno, the neighbouring caftles, and
more than 500 houfes, were deftroyed by the ravages
]
E T N
of the river ; and moft of the wood was torn up Etn.fi
by the roots by violent blafts of wind. Thefe rava- ' *~"
ges of the elements were occasioned by Etna, which
on the nth of the following month was rent in
feverable places, difclofing fiery gulphs, and pouring
out a deluge of fire in more terrible torrents than thole
of the preceding year. They directed their courfe to-
wards the monastery of St Nicholas d'Arena ; deftroy-
ed the gardens and vineyards; and proceeding onwards
towards Nicolofi, burnt Montpellieri and Fallica, and
deftroyed the vineyards and moft of the inhabitants.
When the conflagration ceafed, the fummit of the
mountain funk inwards with fuch a noife, that all
the people in the ifland believed the laft day to be
arrived, and prepared for their end by extreme unc-
tion. Thefe dreadful difturbances continued through the
wholcyear, more efpecially in the months of July and
Auguft, during which all Sicily was in mourning. The
fmoke, the noife, and the fhocks of the earthquake,
affected the whole ifland; and if Filotes may be be-
lieved, who relates this event, many of the Sicilians
were itruck deaf by the noife. Many ftruclures
were demoliflied ; and among others the caftle of
Corleone, though more than 25 leagues diftant from
the volcano.
23. During the fucceeding 30 years there was no
difturbance of this nature. At the end of that fpace,
Sicily was alarmed by a new eruption from the moun-
tain. Etna difcharged new ftreams fire, and cover-
ed the adjacent country with volcanic afhes, which en-
tirely ruined the hopes of the hufbandman.
24. In the year 1579, Etna renewed its ravages;
but no particular account of the damage which it did
upon thisoccafion has been tranfmitted to us.
25. Twenty-five years had elapfed, when Etna, in
the month of June 1603, flamed with new fury. Pe-
ter Carrera affirms, that it continued to emit flames
for the fpace of 33 years, till 1636, without interrup-
tion, out not always with the fame violence. In 1607,
the ftreams of lava which flowed from it deftroyed the
woods and vineyards on the weft fide of the mountain.
In '1609, they turned their courfe towards Ad erno,
and deftroyed a part of the foreft del Pino, and a part
of the wood called laSciambrita, with many vineyards
in the diftricl Cofterna. Thofe torrents of lava con-
tinued to flow for three months. In the year 1614,
a new effort of the fubterraneous fire opened another
crater, from which fire was difcharged on Randazzo,
in the diftricf called il Piro. The fire continued to
flame for 10 or 12 years longer.
26. The fame Peter Carrera relates, that a dreadful
conflagration happened in the year 1664, of which he
himfelf was witnefs. It happened on the 13th of De-
cember and lafted without interruption, but with dif-
ferent degrees of violence, till the end of May 1678.
But in 1679 the inhabitants of Nicolofi were obli-
ged to forfake their houfes, which tumbled down foon
after they left them. The crater on the fummit of
Etna had not ai; this t'ine a threatening afpeet, and
every thing there continued quiet till the 25111 of
March: but on the 8th of that month, an hour be-
fore night, the air was obferved to become dark over
the village la Pedara and s'l that neighbourhood ;
and the inhabitants of that country thought that an
ahnoft total eclipfe was taking place. Soon after fun-
B 2 fet,
E T N
r
Stua. fer, frequent fliocks of earthquake began to be felt {
rh.cfe were at firil weak, bat continued till day-break
to become more and more terrible. Nicolofi was more
affected than any other tra.t of country on that lide
of Etna : about noon every houfe was thrown to the
ground; the inhabitants fled in confternation, and in-
voking the protection of heaven. On the ioth of
March a chafm feveral miles in length, and five or fix
feet wide opened in the fide of the mountain ; from
which, about two hours before day, there arofea bright
light, and a very ttrongfulpbureoas exhalation was dif-
fused through the atmofphere.
About it in the forenoon of the fame day, after
dreadful inocks of earthquake, a crater was opened on
the hill called des Nolf:ttes, from which there iifued
huge volumes of fmoke, not accompanied with fire,
allies, or (tones, but with loud and frequent claps of
thunder, difplaying all the different phetr©meaa-w4rh
which thunder is at different times attended. And
what was very remarkable, the chafm was formed on
the fouth fide, between the top and the bottom of the
mountain. On the fame day another chafm was form-
ed two miles lower, from which iifued a great deal of
fmoke, accompanied with a dreadful noife and earth-
quake. Towards the evening of the fame day, four
other chafms were opened towards the fouth, in the
fame direction, accompanied during their formation
with the fame phenomena, and extending all the way
to the hill called la Fiifara.
About 12 paces beyond that, another of the fame
kind was formed. On the fuccecding night, a black
fmoke, involving a quantity of /tones, ifTued from
this laft chafm ; it difcharged at the fame' time
flakes of a dark earth-coloured fpongy matter, which
'became hard after they fell. There iifued from the
fame gulph a dream of lava, which held its courfe into
is. lake called la Hardia, fix miles from Montpellieri,
and on its way thither deltroyed many dvvelling-houfes
and other buildings in the neighbouring villages.
On the the next day, March I2th,this Itream of fire
directed its courfe towards the tract of country called
Mulva[fo, which was inhabited by 800 people j in the
'fpace of 20 hours it was entirely depopulated and laid
waite. The lava then took a new direction, in which
it deltroyed fome other villages,
The mount of Montpellieri was next deltroyed with
-all the inhabitants upon it.
On the 23d of die fame month the ftream of fire
Was in fome places two miles broad. It now attacked
the large village of Mazzalucia ; and on the fame day
-a vaft gulph was formed, from which were difcharged
far.d or allies, which produced a hill with two fummits,
two miles in circumference and 150 paces high. It
Was obferved toconfilt of yellow, white, black, grey,
fed, and green, /tones.
The new mount of Nicolofi continued to emit afhes
for the fpace of three months; and the quantity dif-
charged Was fo gr eat as to cover all the adjoining tract
'of country for the fpace of 15 miles; fome of thofe
afhes were conveyed by the winds as far as Mefiina
and Calabria; and a north wind arifmg, covered all the
fouthern country about Agofta, Lemini, and even be-
yond that, in the fame manner.
_ "While at that height on Nicolofi fo many extraor-
dinary appearances were paffing, the higheft crater
a } E T N
on the fummit of Etna ftill preferved its ufual tran-
quillity.
On the 25th of March, about one in the morning the
whole mountain, even to the moft elevated peak, was
agitated by a moft violent earthquake. The highelt
crater of Etna, which was one of the loftiefr. parts of
the mountain, then funk into the volcanic focus ; and
in the place which it had occupied, there now ap-
peared nothing but a wide gulph more than a mile in
extent, from which there iifued enormous maffes of
fmoke, allies, and iiones. At that period, according
to the hiltorian of this event, the famous block of la-
va on mount Frumento was difcharged from the volca-
nic focus.
In a ihort time after, the torrent of fire, which ftill
continued to flow, directed its courfe towards Catania
with redoubled noife, and accompanied with a much
greater quantity of alh.es and burning ftones than be-
fore. For feveral months many moft alarming ihocks
of earthquake were felt ; and the city was threatened
with deftruction by the torrent offire. They in vain
attempted to turn or divertits courfe; the lava rofe
over the walls, and entered by an angle near, the Bene-
dictine convent on the nth of June following. This
awful event is related by Francis Monaco, Charles Man-
cius, Vincent Auria, and Thomas Thedefchi.
27. Some years after this conflagration, a new burn-
ing gulph opened in the month of December 1682 on
the fummir of the mountain, and fpread its lava over
the hill of Mezarra.
28. On the 24th of May 1686, about ten in the
evening, anew eruption burit out from the fummit
of the mountain, on the fide contiguous to the hill del
Bue. Such a quantity of inflamed matter was thrown
out as confumed woods, vineyards, and crops of grain,
for four leagues round. It /topped its courfe in a
large valley near the cattle of Mafcali. Several peo-
ple from the neighbourhood had afcended a hill be-
tween the wood of Cania and the confines of Cirrita
to obferve the progrefs of the lava ; but the hill, oa
afudden, funk inwards, and they were buried alive.
29. Etna was now long quiet ; for no lefs a /pace
of time indeed than one half of the prefent age. In
the year 1755 its eruptions were renewed. It open-
ed near mount Lepra, and emitted as ufual fire and
fmoke ; after which it remained quiet only for eight
years.
30. In the year 1763, there was an eruption which
continued three months, but with intervals. Etna
was at firit heard to rebellow. Flames and clouds of
fmoke werefeen toiffueout, fometimesfilver-coloured,
and at other times, when the rays of the fun fdl upon,
them, of a purple radiance : at length they were carried
ofFby the winds,and rained, as they were driven before
them, a Ihower offire all the way to Catania and be-
yond it. An eruption foon burft out ; the principal
torrent divided into two branches, one of which ran
towards the eait, and fell into a deep and extenfive
valley.
The flames which iifued from this new crater af-
forded a noble fpectacle. A pyramid of fire was feen to
rife to a prodigious height in the air, like a beau tifuJ ar-
tificial fire-work, wiih a conftant and formidable bat-
tery, which Ihook the earth under thofe who were
Jpectators of the fcene. Torrents of melted matter
running
Etna.
E T O
r *3 i
E T O
Etna,
Elolia.
running down the fides of the mountain, diffufed a
light bright as day through the darknefs of the night.
At fan -riling the burning lava was obferved to have
run round fotnc oaks that were Hill Handing unburnt.
Their leaves were all withered. Some birds Had f.illen
from their branches, and been burnt to death. Some
people call wood upon the lava, and it was immediate-
ly burnt. This lava continued hot, and exhaled fmoke
for two years. For five years after this, no fnow ap-
peared on the fummit of Etna.
31. In the year 1764 a new crater was opened at a
, great diftance from the fummit of mount Etna.
32. In the year 1766 another was opened at the
grotto of Paterno ; iire, fmoke, and an inccnfiderable
torrent of lava ifflied out of it.
33. On the 27th of January 17S0 a new opening
was formed two miles under the lad mentioned crater.
On the 281b. of February, and the 14th of March,
the earthquake was renewed on the north fide, and
accompanied with terrible noifes.
Between the 6th of April and the 7th of May the
convulsions were again renewed, accompanied with
noife as before ; a quantity of pumice-fiones and line
fand was difcharged from it.
On the 18th of May the fhocks were renewed : on
the 23d a new crater was formed on the fide of mount
Frumento on the fummit of Etna ; and from it a tor-
rent of lava difcharged, which fpread through the val-
ley of Laudunza. It was 200 paces in breadth. Two
other chinks were opened in the mountain near Pa-
terno, and very near one another. The lava iffuing
from them proceeded in the fpace of feven days fix
miles ; on the 25th it had run nine miles.
A new crater was likewife opened on the 25th ;
from which a quantity of red-hot itones continued to
iffue for half an hour, and fell at a very great diftance :
there proceeded likewife from it a ftream of lava ;
which, in the fame fpace of time, ran over a tracl of
■country two miles in extent.
Several parts of thofe ftreams of lava were obferved
to be cool on the furface, and formed into folid maffes,
but melted again by a new ftream of burning lava,
which however did not melt the old lava.
34. The laft eruption of Etna happened in 1787,
as defcribed in the former article JErtiA, p. 222, 223.
ETOLIA, a country of ancient Greece, compre-
hending all that trad now called the Defpotat, or Little
Greece. It was parted on the eaft by the river Evenus,
now the Fidari, from the Locrenfes Ozolss ; on the
weft, from Acarnania by the Achelous ; on the north,
it bordered on the country of the Dorians and part of
Epirus; and, on the fouth, extended to the bay of
Corinth.
The Etolians were a reftlefs and turbulent people ;
feldom at peace among themfelves, and ever at war
with their neighbours ; utter ftrangers to all fenfe of
friendlhip or principle of honour ; ready to betray
their friends upon the leaft profpect of reaping any ad-
vantage from their treachery : in fhort, they werelook-
cdupon by the other flat es of Greece no otherwife than
as outlaws and public robbers. On the other hand,
they were bold and enterprising in war; inured to la-
bour and bardfhips; and undaunted in the grcateft dan-
gers : jealons defenders of their liberties, for which
tthey were on all occafions, willing to venture their
lives, and faerifice all that was mo ft dear to them. Etoliaj
They diftinguilhed themfelves above all the other na- w ~ v '
lions of Greece, in oppofing the ambitious defigns of
the Macedonian princes ; who, after having reduced
molt of the other ftates, were forced to grant them a
peace upon very honourable terms. The conftitmion
of the Etolian republic was copied from that of the
Achasans, and with a view to form, as it were, a coun-
ter alliance ; for the Etolians bore an irreconcileable
hatred to the Achasans, and had conceived no fmall
jealoufy at the growing power of that ftate. The
Cleomenic war, and that of the allies, called the facial
■war, were kindled by the Etolians in the heart of Pe-
loponnefus, .with no other view but to humble their
antagonifts the Achaeans. In the latter, they held out,
with the afliftance only of the Eleans and Lacedemo-
nians, for the fpace of three years, againft the united
forces of Achaia and Macedon ; but were obliged at
laft to pur.ch.afe a peace, by yielding up to Philip alt
Acarnania. As they parted with this province much
againft.their will, they watched all opportunities of
wrefting it out of the Macedonian's hands; for
which reafonthey entered into an alliance with Rome
againft him, and proved of great fervice to the Ro-
mans in their war with him : but growing infolent
upon account of their fervices they made war upon
the Romans themfelves. By that warlike nation they
were overcome, and granted a peace on the following
fevere terms: 1. The majefty of the Roman people
mall be revered in all Etolia. 2. Etolia fhall not fuf-
fer the armies of fuch as are at war with Rome to pafs
through her territories, and the enemies of Rome fhall
be likewife the enemies of Etolia. 5. She fhall in
the fpaeeof ico days, put into the hands of the ma-
giftrates of Corcyra all the prifoners and deferters Ihe
has, whether of the Romans or their allies, except
fuch as have been taken twice, or during Jier alliance
with Rome. 4. The Etolians fhall pay down in ready
money, to the Roman general in Etolia, 200 Euboic
talents, of the fame value as the Athenian talents, and
engage to pay 50 talents more within the fixyearsfol-
lowing. 5. They fhall put into the hands of the con-
ful 4c fuch hoftages as he fhall choofe ; none of whom
- fhall be under 12, or above 40 years of age : the pre-
tor, the general of the horfe, and of fuch as have
been already hoftages at Rome, are excepted out of
this number. 6. Etolia fhall renounce all pretenfions
to the cities and territories which the Romans have
conquered, though thofe cities and territories had
formerly belonged to the Etolians. 7. The city of
Oenis, audits diftricl, fhall be fubjeci to theAcar-
nanians.
After the conqueft of Macedon by Paulus iEmilius.,
they were reduced to a much worfe condition; for not
only thofe among them, who had openly declared for
Perfeus, but fuch as were only fufpe&ed to have fa-
voured him in their hearts, were fent to Rome in
order to clear themfelves before the fenate. There they
were detained, and never afterwards fuffered to return
into their native country. Five hundred and fifty of
the chief men of the nation were barbaroufly affaffi-
nated by the partifans of Rome, for no other crime
but that of being fufpe&ed to with well to Perfeug.
The Etolians appeared before Pauius iEmilius in
mourning habits, and made loud complaints of inch
inhumau
ETY
X 14 1
EVA
Etolia inhuman treatment ; but could obtain no redrefs : nay,
II- ten commiilioners, who had been Cent by the friiate to
Etymology f c ttle the affairs of Greece, enacted a decree, declaring,
~ that thofe who were killed had l'uftered jultly, lince it
appeared to them that they had favoured the Macedo-
nian party. From this time thofe only were raifed to
the chief honours and employments in the Etolian re-
public who were known to prefer the inte*eft of Rome
to that of their country ; and as thefe alone were
countenanced at Rome, all the magiftrates of Etolia
were the creatures and mere tools of the Roman fenate.
In tnis ftate of fervile fubjection they continued till the
deftructiou of Corinth, and the diffoiution of the A-
chsean league ; when Etolia, with the other free ftates
of Greece was reduced to a Roman province, com-
monly called the province of Achaia. Nevertheleis,
each ftate and city was governed by its own laws under
the fuperintendency of the pretor whom Rome fent
annually into Achaia. The whole nation paid a cer-
tain tribute, and the rich were forbidden to pofltfs
lands any where but in their own country.
In this ftate, with little alteration, Etolia continued
under the emperors, till the reign of Cohftan tine the
Great, who, in his new partition of the provinces of
the empire, divided the weftern parts of Greece from
the reft, calling them New Epirus, and fubjecling the
whole country to the prcefeflus pratorii for Iliyricum.
Under the fuccefibrs of Conftamine, Greece was par-
celled out' into feveral principalities, efpecially after
the taking of Conftantinople by the Weftern princes.
At that time, Theodorus Angelus, a noble Grecian,
of the Imperial family, feized on Etolia and Epirus.
The former he left to Michaelhis fon ; who maintain-
ed it againft Michael Palasologus, the firft emperor of
the Greeks, after the expulfionof the Latins. Charles,
the laft prince of this family, dying in 1430 without
lawful iffue, bequeathed Etolia to his brother's fon,
named alfo Charles ; and Acarnania to his natural fons,
Memnon, Turnus, and Hercules. But, great dif-
putes ariling about this divifion, Amurath II. after
the reduction of ThefTalonica, laid hold of fo favour-
able an opportunity, and drove them all out in 1432.
The Mahometans were afterwards difpoflefTed of this
country by the famous prince of Epirus, George Caf-
triot, commonly called Scanderbeg; who with a fmall
army, oppofed the whole power of the Ottoman em-
pire, and defeated thofe barbarians in 22 pitched bat-
tles. That hero, at his death, left great part of E-
tolia to the Venetians ; but, they not being able to
make head againft fuch a mighty power, the whole
country was foon reduced by Mohammed II. whofe
fuccefibrs hold it to this day.
ETRURIA. SeeHETRuRiA.
ETYMOLOGY, that part of grammar which con-
fiders and explains the origin and derivation of words,
in order to arrive at their firft and primary %nifica-
tion, whence Qjiimilian calls it originatio. — The word
is formed of the Greek tru/x@^ vena, " true," and
teyo djco, f< I fpeak ; whence xoyto. difcourfe, Sec.
and thence Cicero calls the etymology jiotaiio and
veriloquiu?/i ; though Qjiintilian choofes rather to call
• it orivinatio.
o
A judicious inquiry into etymologies is thought
by fone of confiderable ufe ; becaufe nations, who va-
lue ihemfelves upon their antiquity, have always look-
ed on the antiquity of their language as one of the beft Etymology
titles they could plead , and the etymologiit, by feek- ?
ing the true and original reafon of the notions and Evander \
ideas fixed to each word and expreffion, may often *
furnifh an argument of antiquity, from the traces re-
maining thereof, compared with the ancient ufes. Add,
that etymologies are neceffary for the thorough under-
ftanding of a language. For, to explain a term pre-
ciiely, there feems a neceffity for recurring to its firft
impofnion, in order to fpeak juftly and fatisfactorily
thereof. The force and extent of a word is generally
better conceived when a perfon knows its origin and
etymology.
It is objected, however, that the art is arbitrary, and
built altogether on conjectures and appearances ; and
the etymologifts are charged with deriving their words
from where they pleafe. And indeed it is no eafy
matter to go back into the ancient Britifh and Gaulilh
ages, and to follow, as it were, by the track, the va-
rious imperceptible alterations a language has under-
gone from age to age ; and as thofe alterations have
fometimes been merely owing to caprice, it is eafy to
to take a mere imagination or conjecture for a regular
analogy : fo that it is no wonder the public fhould be
prejudiced againft a fcience which feems to ftand on fo
precarious a footing. It muft certainly be owned, that
etymologies are frequently fofar fetched, that one can
fcarce fee any refemblance or correfpondence therein.
Quintilian has fhown, that the ancient etymologifts,
notwithftanding all their learning, fell into very ridi-
culous derivations.
The etymologies of our Englifh words have been
derived from the Saxon, Welch, Walloon, Danifh,
Latin, Greek, &c.
In the prefent work the etymologies of words are
generally noted, where their obvioufnels does not render
it unneceffary,or their dubiety or unimportance ufelefs.
EVACUANTS, in pharmacy, are properly fuch
medicines as diminifh the animal fluids, by throwing
out fome morbid or redundant humour; or inch as
thin, attenuate, and promote the motion and circula-
tion thereof.
EVACUATION, in medicine, the art of diminifh-
ing, emptying, "or attenuating the humours of the body.
EVAGRIUS scholasticus, a famous hiftorian,
born at Epiphania, about the year 536. He pracli-
fed the profeffion of an advocate, from which he was
called Scholajlicus, which name was then given to the
pleaders at the bar. He was alfo tribune and keeper
of the prefect's difpatches. He wrote an ecclefiaftical
hiftory, which begins where Socrates and Theodoret
ended theirs; and other works, for which he was re-
warded by the emperors Tiberius and Mauricius. M.
de Valois published at Paris a goad edition of Eva-
grius's ecclefiaftical hiftory, in folio; and it was re- ■
publifhed at Cambridge in 1620, in folio, by William
Reading, with additional notes of various authors.
EVAN.DER, a famous Arcadian chief, called the
fon of Mercury, on account of his eloquence, brought
a colony of his people into Italy, about 60 years be-
fore the taking of Troy; when Faunus, who then
reigned over the Aborigines, gave him a large extent
of country, in which he iettled with his friends. He
'is faid to have taught the Latins the ufe of letters, and
the art of hufbandry. He kindly received Hercules
when
EVA
[
Erangelifts when he returned from the conqueft ©f Geryon, and he
II was the firit who raiftd him altars. He gave iEneas
Evapora- affiftance against the Rutuli, and dittinguiftied himfelf
. u ° n ' , by his hofpitality. It is faid that he firit brought the
Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the
worlhip of" the Greek deities. He was honoured as a
God after death, and his fubjects raifed him an al-
tar on mount Aventine.
AVANGELIbTS, the infpired authors of the go-
fpels. The word is derived from the Greek ivayhhioi,
formed of m bene, (< well," and uyjiXos "angle or
meffenger."
The denomination evangelijii was likewife given in
the ancient church to fuch as preached the gofpel up
and down, without being attached to any particular
church, being either commifficaed by the apostles to
instruct the nations, or of their own accord abandoning
every worldly attachment and confecrating themfelves
to the Lcred office of preaching the gofpel. In which
fenfe fone interpreters think it is that St Philip, who was
one of thefeven deacons, is called the evangeiift, in the
2i it chapter of the Acts of the Apoltles, ver. 8. A-
gain, St Paul writing to Timothy, Ep. ii. cap. iv.
ver. 5. bids him do the work of an evangelift. The
feme apostle, Eph. iv. n. ranks the evangelists after
the apoltles and prophets.
EVANID, a name by fome authors to fuch
colours as are of no long duration, as thofe in the
rainbow, in clouds before and after fun- fet, &c.
Evanid colours are alfo caWed fantaftica/ and empha-
tical colours
EVAN TES, in antiquity, the priefteffes of Bac-
chus, thus called, becaufe in celebrating the orgia they
ran about as if detracted, crying Evan, evan, ohe evan.
See Bacchanalia.
EVAPORATION, in natural philofophy, fignifies
theconverfionot fluids, principally water, into vapour,fo
that it becomes fpecirically lighter than the atmofphere.
The theory of evaporation, and formation of vapour
by the abforption of heat, is fully difenffed under the
article Chemistry ; it remains only therefore to take
notice of fome of the molt remarkable phenomena at-
tending it. With regard to water, it is generally al-
lowed that it evaporates in every degree of heat above
32 to 212°, which is its boiling point, when it is dif-
fipated in great quantity, and as fait as poffible. It
has alfo been fuppoled to evaporate even after its con-
verfion into ice ; but fome late authors have denied
this to be the cafe. Other liquids, fuch as fpirit of
wine or ether, continue to evaporate long after they
have been cooled down to the freezing point of water ;
nor is there any experiment by which it has yet been
difcovered at what degree their evaporation ceafes.Even
quickfilver, to appearance a much more heavy and
fluggifli fluid, and which does not boil without ap-
plying almoft three times the heat neceffary to make
water boil, is found readily to evaporate when the
preffire of the atmofphere is taken off ; and hence the
empty pans of barometrical tubes, where the instru-
ments were made with great accuracy and the tubes
perfectly exh a .fled, have been covered with mercurial
globules, owsng to an invifible vapour afcending from
the surface of the metal. In like manner the evapo-
ration of water is very feniible in fome experiments
\szith_thc air-pump. Dr Prieftely found, that where
S ] EVA
moiiture was carefully excluded from his apparatus, he Evapora-
was never able to produce fuch a quantity ofinflam- tion '
mable air by heating charcoal as when a little quantity *' * *
of water was admitted by moiftening the leather on
which the receiver ftood. Nor is the elafticity ef this
kind of lteam altogether imperceptible ; for in the ba-
rometer abovementioned, the accuracy of the inftru-
ment was confiderably affected by the fteam of th«
mercury afcending from it, and occupying the void
fpace in the upper part of the glafs tube.
Evaporation, according to the experiments of the
Abbe Nollet, appears to be promoted by electricity.
The conclufions drawn from them are, 1. Electricity
auguments the natural evaporation of fluids; all that
were tried, excepting mercury and oil, being found to
fnffer a considerable diminution, greater than what
could be afcribed to any o:her caui'e. 2. Electricity
augments the evaporation of thofe fluids the moffc
which are found molt readily to evaporate fpontaneouf-
ly ; the volatile fpirit of fal-ammoniac fuffering a great-
er lofs than fpirit of wine or oil of turpentine, thefc
two more than common water, and water more than
vinegar or a fohttion of nitre. 3. The effects feemed
always to be greateft when the vtflels containing the
fluids were non-ele<5trics. 4. The increafed evapo-
tion was more considerable when the veffel which con-
tained the liquor was more open ; but the effects did
not increale 111 proportion to the apertures. 5. Elec-
tricity was alfo found to increafe the evaporation from
folid bodies, and of confequence to augment the infen-
fible perfpiration of animals. r
Evaporation is one of the great natural proceffes, Evapora--
and by means of it the whole vegetable kingdom istionpro-
fupplied with rain neceffary for its fupport. This e- rooted by
vaporation takes place at all times, not only from the ele&ncity,.
furface of the ocean, but of the earth alfo. Dr Hal-
ley, by an experiment with a pan of water kept in the
heat of our fummer fun, found, that as much water
might be reafonably fuppofed to evaporate from the
furface of the Mediterranean fea, as would be fufficient
to fupply all the rivers which run into it. Dr Wat-
fon in his Chemical effays, has fhown, that the evapo-
ration is not lefs considerable from the furface of the
land than from that of the fea. By inverting a glafs
veffel on the ground, in the time of a conliderable
drought, he found that even then about 1600 gal-
lons of water were raifed from an acre in 24 hours;
and repeating the experiment after a thunder-fliower,
he found that in fuch a ftate an acre parted with
above 1900 gallons of water in 12 hours. a
This evaporation is carried on not only from the Grcatquan-
ground itfelf, but from the leaves of trees, grafs, &c. tity ofwa-
with which it is covered ; and great part of the water ter eva P°-
thus raifed falls down again m the night-time in dew, ra |. ed " at " 1 *"
being abforbed by the fame vegetables which yield the^eartlT
ed it before. Thus the earth is rot fo foon ex- andfea.
haufted of water, even for a little way below the fur-
face as we might be apt to imagine from the quanti-
ty raifed by evaporation : for if all that was raifed by
the fun's heat during the time of a long drough, left
the earth not to return to it for perhaps five or fix
weeks, the whole vegetable kingdom, at leaft fuch as
do not ftrike their roots very deeply into the ground,
muft of neceffity be destroyed; which yet we fee is
only the cafe with the moft tender grafs, and even that
only
Evapor-
tion.
3
Cold pro-
duced by
evapora-
tion.
4
Effects of
evapora-
tion on the
ha man
body.
EVA [ i
only on the mod elevated fituations, and when moft
expofed to the fun.
Another great ufe of the natural evaporation is to
cool the earth, and to prevent its being too much heated
by the fun. This property of producing cold by eva-
poration has been but lately obferved by chemifts,
though it has long been employed by thofe who knew
not the reafon of their doing fo. It has been obferved
at Aleppo in Syria, that the water in their jars is al-
ways the cooleft when the weather is moft warm and
the power of the fun exceffive. The heats in that
part of the world are fometimes almofl intolerable ;
and at that time the evaporation from the outfide of
the jars, which are made of porous clay, is very copi-
ous ; and in proportion to the quantity of water eva-
porated from without, is the degree of cold in the li-
quor within. The reafon of this is eafily deduced
from what is faid under thearticleCaEMiSTRY : where
it is mown that vapour is compofed of fire and water
united together. The confequence of this is, that
wherever there is any quantity of latent heat above
32 of Fahrenheit contained in any body, the water
in contact with the furface, or contained in the pores
of the body, will gradually abforb it, and converting
it into latent heat, will thus be rendered fpecifically
lighter than the common atmofphere, and fly off into
it. Thus part of the fenlible heat of the body will be
carried off; and as fubfequent quantities of water al-
ways fly off with more and more of the fenfible heat,
it is plain, that by continued evaporation of water al-
moft all the fenfible heat above 32 of Fahrenheit will
be carried off. If inftead of water, fpirit of wine be
made ufe of, which continues to evaporate long after
it is cooled to 32 , a much greater degree of cold may
be produced than by the evaporation of mere water;
and if inftead of fpirit of wine, we make ufe of ether,
which is ftill more volatile than fpirit of wine, an
exceflive degree of cold, fcarcely inferior to that which
congeals mercury, may be produced.
This method of producing cold by means of the ex-
penfive liquids of ether and fpirit of wine, cannot be
employed excepting merely for the fake of experi-
ment : but that by the evaporation of water may be
applied to very ufeful purpofes in the warm countries ;
and it has been cuftomary with failors to cool their
cafks of liquors by fprinkling them with fea water.
From the theory of evaporation laid down under the
article Chemistry, we may eafily fee the reafon why,
in a very warm temperature, animal bodies have the
power of producing cold. A vapour, called infenfible
perfpiration, continually iffues from the bodies of ani-
mals, from human bodies efpecially, which, carrying
offgreat quantities of their fenfible heat, enables them,
according to its quantity, to preferve the fame tempera-
ture in many different degrees of atmofpherical heat.
For the fame reafon alfo we may fee why the con-
tinual fprinkling with cold water is fo very powerful
in depriving the human body of the heat neceflary for
the fupport of life, even though the temperature of
thewarer fhould not be below what can be eafily borne.
It has already been fhown, that by the evaporation of
water, a degree of cold not much inferior to that of
freezing water may be produced ; and confequently,
by continual fprinkling of the body with water, the
whole might in time be reduced to nearly the degree
6 ] EVA
of cold in which water freezes. But this is what no Evapora-
hnman body can bear: and hence we may understand t«on-
why ftorms of rain and fnow are often fatal ; and like- r -
wife why, in cafes of fhipwreck, people have died by
being expofed for a few hours to the fpray of the fea4 -
The theory of the evaporation of water laid down Curious
under the article Chemistry, furnifh.es us alfo with a phtnome-
folution of a very curious phenomenon, inexplicable non with
on any other principle, viz. why melting ice wil 1 freeze "£*?<* *.°
other pieces together more flrongly ; and, if a confide- n,eltu, £ lca 5
rable degree of heat is not continued for fome time,,
will again confolidate itfelf into a much harder mafs
than before. The fa<5t was difcovered by Mr Wedge-
wood in an attempt to connect, his clay thermometer
with the common mercurial ones. In this attempt he
had occafion to repeat an experiment made by Meffrs
Lavoifier and de la Place, who had meafured the heat
of bodies by the quantity of ice they are capable of li-
quefying. Thefe authors obferve, that if ice cooled
to any degree below the freezing point, be expofed to
a warmer atmofphere, it will be brought up to the
freezing point through its whole mafs before any part
of it begins to liquefy ; and that confequently ice, be-
ginning to melt on the furface, will be always exactly
at the fame temperature, viz. at the freezing point ;
and that if a heated body be inclofed in a hollow fphere
of fuch ice, the whole of its heat will be occupied
in melting it : fo that if the ice be defended from
external warmth, by furrounding it with other ice in
a proper veffel, the weight of the water produced from
it will be exactly proportional to the heat which the
heated body has loft ; or, in other words, will be a true
phyfical meafure of the heat. For the experiment,
they provide a tin veffel divided by upright concentric
partitions into three compartments, one within ano-
ther. The innermoft compartment is a wire- cage for
receiving the heated body ; the fecond, furrounding
this cage, is filled with pounded ice, to be melted by
the heat ; and the outermoft is filled alfo with pound-
ed ice, to defend the former from the warmth of the
atmofphere. The firft of thefe ice compartments ter-
minates at bottom in a Item like a funnel, through
which the water is conveyed off; and the other ice
compartment terminates in afeparatecanal for dischar-
ging the water into that ice which is reduced. As
foon as the heated body is dropped into the cage, a
cover is put on, which goes over both that and the
firft ice compartment; which cover is itfelf a kind of
fhallow veffel filled with pounded ice, with holes in the
bottom for permitting the water to pafs from this ice
into the fecond compartment ; all the liquefaction that
happens in both being only the effect of the heated
body. Another cover, with pounded ice, is placed
over the whole as a defence from external warmth.
Mr Wedgewood began by fatisfying himfelf that ice
did really acquire the temperature of 32° throughout
its whole fubftance before it began to melt ; but being
apprehenfive that the pounded ice might imbibe and
retain fome water among it by capillary attraction,
he judged it neceffary to attend to this circumftance
alfo. Having therefore pounded fome ice, he laid it
in a conical heap on a plate ; and having at hand fome
water coloured with cochineal, he poured it gently in-
to the plate at fome diftance from the heap. It rofe
haltily to the top, and was retained by the mafs as by
a
Evapora
tion.
EVA [ i
a fponge ; nor did any part of it begin to drop till the
heat of his hand began to liquefy the mafs. He far-
ther obferved, that in a conical he»pof this kind the
water role two inches and a half in the (pace ot three
minutes ; and by weighing the water employed, and
what remained upon the plate unabforbed, it appeared
that four ounces of ice had taken up and retained one
ounce of water. To afcertaiii this abfoi bing power of
ice more fully, he preffed fix ounces of it into a funnel,
having firft inrroduced a wooden core, in order to
leave a proper cavity in the middle; then taking out
the core, and pouring an ounce of water on the ice,
he left the whole for half an hour, during which time
there ran out only 12 pennyweights and four grains ;
fo that the ice had retained feven pennyweights' and
20 grains; nearly one twelfth of its own weight and
two-fifths of the weight of the water.
Being now convinced that it would be proper to ufe
folid ice inftead of that which was pounded, he deter-
mined to congeal a quantity of water into one mafs
by a freezing mixture, and then expofe it to the atmo-
fphere till it began to liquefy. His apparatus for this
purpofe is repfefented Plate CLXXX1X. ^is a large
funnel filled with a folid mafs of ice. B, a cavity in the
middle of this ice, formed part of the way by fcra-
ping with a knife, and for the remaining part by bo-
ring with a hot iron wire. C, one of the thermo-
meter pieces ferves for the heated body, and refls on
a coil of brafs wire : it had been previoufly burnt with
a ftrong fire, that there might be no danger of its fuf-
fering any farther diminution of bulk by being heated
again for thofe experiments. D, a cork flopped in the
orifice of the funnel. E, the exterior veffel, having the
fpace between the fides and its included funnel A filled
with pounded ice as a defence to the ice in the funnel.
F, a cover for this exterior veffel, filled with pounded
ice for the fame purpofe. C, a cover for the fun-
nel, filled alfo with pounded ice, with perforations in
the bottom for allowing the water to pafs from this
ice down to the funnel. The thermometer piece was
heated hi boiling water, taken up with a fmall pair of
tongs equally heated, dropped inftantly into the cavity
B, and the covers put on as expeditioudy as poffible ;
the bot r om of the funnel being previoufly corked, that
the water might be detained till it ihould part with all
its heat, and likewife to prevent the water from the o-
ther ice, which ran down on the outlide of the funnel,
from mingling with it. After ftanding about 10 mi-
nutes the funnel was taken out, wiped dry, and un-
corked over a weighed cup. The water that ran out
weighed 22 grains. Onrepeating the experiment the wa-
ter weighed only 1 2 grains ; and on a third trial, in which
the piece was continued much longer in the cavity, the li-
quid did not amount to three drops. To his furprife Mr
Wedgewood alfo now found the piece frozen to the ice fo
that it could not eatily begot off, though all the ice was
at the beginning of the experiment in a thawing ftate.
On heating the piece agiin to 6° of his thermome-
ter (1857 of Farenheit), and throwing fome frag-
ments of ice over it, he found that in about half an
hour the water amounted to 11 pennyweights. On
flopping the tunnel, replacing the covers, and leaving
the whole about feven hours, he found, that a confi-
derable quantity of water was collected ; but it ran out
fo ilowly, that he imagined fomething had flopped the
narrow end of the funnel: but on examining the ftate
Vol. VII.
7 3
EVA
of the ice, he foud that the fragments he had thrown E%'apora-
over the thermometer-piece were entirely frozen to- *'" "•
gether, and in fuch a form that it was evident they
could not have affumed it without frtfh water having
been fuperacided and thrown upon them, the cavities be-
tween them being partly filled with new ice. This
was fo ftrongly cemented, that he could fcarcely get
it out with the point of a knife, and great part of the
coiled wire was found enveloped in the new ice. The
paliage through the ice to the Item of the funnel,
which had been made pretty wide with a thick iron
wire, was fo nearly fhut up, that the flow draining of
the water was now very eafily accounted for; this
draining of the water indeed being the only fign of
any pailage at all. On taking the ice out of the fun-
nel, and breaking it to examine this canal, he found
it almoft entirely filled up with ice projecting from the
folid mafs in cryftalline forms, fimilar in appearance
to the cryftals we often meet with in the cavities of
flints and quartzofe Hones. A coating of ice was
alio found on the outfide of the funnel perfectly tranf-
parent, and of a confiderable extent, about the T V tn
of an inch thick : this coating enveloped alfo a part of
the funnel which was not in contact with the furround-
ing ice, the latter being melted to the diftance of an
inch from it. Some of the ice being fcraped off from
the infide of the funnel and applied to the bulk of the
thermometer, the mercury funk from 50° to 32 , and
continued at that point till the ice was melted ; after
which the water being poured off, it rofe in a little
time to 47 .
Aftonilhed at thefe appearances, our author deter-
mined to repeat the experiment with fome pieces of
ice he had flored in a cellar ; but on going thither,
he found the cafk of ice itfelf in a fimilar fituation to
that made ufe of in his experiments. Though much
of it was melted, yet the fragments were frozen to
gether, fo that it was with difficulty that any pieces
could be broken or got out with an iron fpade ; and
when fo broken, it had the appearance of Breccia
marble, or plumpudding ftone; the fragments having
been broken and rammed into the cafk with an iron
mall. A porcelain cup being laid upon fome of this ice
about half an hour, in a room whole temperature was
SO°, it was found pretty firmly adhering ; and when
pulled off, the ice exhibited an exact impreffion of the
fluted part of the cup with which it had been in con-
tact ; fo that the ice muff, neceffarily have been lique-
fied firft, and afterwards congealed. This was feve-
ral times repeated with the fame event. Fragments
of the ice were likewife applied to one another, to
fponges, pieces of flannel, and linen cloth, both moifl
and dry : all thofe in a few feconds began to cohere ;
and in about a minute were frozen fo as to require
fome force to feparate them. After ftanding an hour,
the cohefion was fo firm, that on pulling away the
fragments of ice from the woollen and fponge, they
tore off with them that part of the furface with which
they were in contact ; though at the fame time both
the fponge and flannel were filled with water which
that very ice had produced.
The power of the congelation was flronger on the
fponge and woollen than on linen; and to efiimate its
force, a piece of ice was applied to a bit of dry flan-
nel weighing two pennyweights andan half, furround-
ing them at the fame time with other ice. After lying
C together
EVA
[ 18 ]
EVA
Evapora-
tion.
6
"Water ab-
sorbed by
fclid ice.
Two diffe-
rent theo-
ries of this
phenome*
non.
together three quarters of an. hour, lie found that a
weight of five ounces was neceifary to feparate them,
though fo much of the ice had liquefied that the weight
of the flannel was increafed by more than 12 penny-
weights. The piece of ice was then weighed, put to
the rlanneLa fecond time, and left in contact with it
for four hours ; at the end of which time they were
found fo firmly frozen together, that 78 ounces were
required for their feparation, although from 42 penny-
weights of the ice 15 more had melted off: the fur-
face of contact was at this time about a fquare inch.
Continuing them in contact for 7 hours longer, they
only bore 62 ounces, the ice being diminifhed to 14
pennyweights, and the furface of contact reduced to
about Wths of an inch fquare.
On trying whether mafias of ice apparently folid
would abforb water, he found that they did fo in con-
siderable quantity ; for on heating fome of his thermo-
meter pieces, and laying them on pieces of ice, in
which they made confiderable cavities, he always found
•the water abforbed as faff as it was produced, leaving
both the piece and the cavity dry.
Thus was our author convinced, that, in his expe-
riments, the two feeminf'v oppoliteprocefles of nature,
congelation and liquet; ,uon, went on together at the
fame time, in the fame velfel, and even in the fame
piece of ice. To account for fuch an extraordinary
phenomenon, he had recourfe to two different theories.
One was, that water, when highly attenuated, and re-
folved into vapour, may freeze with a lefs degree of
cold than water in its aggregate or grofTer form: whence
hoar froft is obferved on grafs, trees, &c. at times
when there is no appearance of ice upon water, and
when the thermometer is above the freezing point ;
which feems alfo to have been the opinion of Boer-
haave, as he places the freezing of vapour, or even of
water when divided by abforption in a linen cloth, at 33°.
" Now (fays Mr Wedgewood), as the atmofpbere a-
bounds with watery vapour, or water difTol ved and chemi-
cally combined, and mult be particularly loaded wiihit in
the neighbourhood of melting ice; as the heated body
introduced into the funnel miifl neceffarily convert a
portion of the ice or water into vapour ; and as ice is
known to melt as foon as the heat begins to exceed
32 , or nearly one degree lower than the freezing point
of vapour ; I think we may from hence deduce pretty
faiisfactorily all the phenomena I have obferved. For
it naturally follows from thefe principles, that vapour
may freeze where ice is melting ; that the vapour may
congeal, even upon the furface of melting ice itfelf ;
and that the heat which, according to the ingenious
theory of Dr Black, it emits in freezing, may contri-
bute to the further liquefaction of that very ice upon
which the new congelation is formed.
" I would further obferve, that the freezing of wa-
ter is attended with plentiful evaporation in a clofe as
well as in an open veflel; the vapour in the former
condenfing into drops on the under fide of the cover,
which either continue in the form of water, or af-
fume that of ice or a kind of fnow, according to
circumftances ; which evaporation may perhaps be at-
tributed to the heat, that was combined with the water,
at this moment rapidly making iis efcape, and carry-
ing part of the aqueous fluid off with it. We are hence
furnifhed with a frefh and continual fource of vapour
2
as well as heat : fo that the procefles of liquefaction Evapera-
and congelation may go on uninterruptedly together, tion.
and even necellarily accompany one another; although,
as the freezing muff be in an under proportion to
the melting, the whole of the ice muft ultimately be
confumtd.
" Some other circumftances may be taken notice
of in the coating of ice on the outfide of the throat
of the funnel. Neither the cover of the outer vedli,
nor the aperture in its bottom which the ftem of the
funnel pa ifed through, were air-tight; and the melt-
ing of the furrounding ice had left a vacancy about
an inch round that part of the funnel on which the
crult had formed. As there was therefore a paf-
fage for air through the veflel, a circulation of it would
probably take pi ice; the cold and denfe air in the
veflel would defcend into the rarer air of the room,
then about 50 , and be replaced by air from above.
The effect of this circulation and hidden refrigeration
of the air will be a condenfation of part of the moiflure
it contains upon the bodies it is in contact with; the
throat of the funnel being one of thefe bodies, muft
receive its fhare ; and the degree of cold in which the
ice thaws being fuppofed fufRcient for the freezing of
this moift vapour, the contact, condenfation, and freez-
ing, may happen at the lame inftant. The fame prin-
ciples apply to every inftance of condenfation that took
place in thefe experiments; and the congelation was
evidently ftrongeft in thofe circumftances where vapour
was molt abundant, and on thofe bodies which from
their natural or mechanic ftructure were capacious of
the greatelt quantity of it ; ltronger, for inftance, on
fponge than on woollen, ltronger on this than on the
clofer texture of linen, and far flrenger on all of thefe
than on the compact furface of porcelain."
The fecond theory propofed by our author for fol-
ving the phenomena in queftion is tounded entirely on
the principles of evaporation. " If nevertheltfs (fays
he) the principle 1 have aflumed, that water highly at-
tenuated will congeal with a lefs degree of cold than
water in the mafs, lhould not be admitted ; another has
above been hinted at, which experiments have decided-
ly eftabliihed, from which the phenomena may perhaps
be equally accounted for, and which, even though the
other alio is received, muft be fuppofed to concur for
fome part of the effect : I mean that evaporation pro-
duces cold; both vapour and fleam caerying off fome
proportion of heat from the body which produces them.
If therefore evaporation be made to take place upon
the furface of ice, the contiguous ice will thereby be
rendered colder ; and as it is already at the freezing
point, the fmalleft increafe of cold will be fnfficient
for frefh congelation. If ice is producible by evapora-
tion in the Ealt Indies*, where natural ice is never feen, ,
we need not wonder that congelation lhould take place „/^,-
where the fame principle operates amidft actual ice.
" It has been obferved above, that the heat emit-
ted by the congealing vapour probably unites with
and liquefies contiguous portions of ice : but whether
the whole, either of the heat fo emii ted, or of that ori-
ginally introduced into the funnel, is thus taken up ;
how often it may unite with other portions of ice, and
be driven out from other new congelations ; whether
there exifts any difference in its chemical affinity or
elective attraction to water in different ftates and the
con-
See Cn
EVA
[ '9 ]
EVA
Euchites.
Evifion contiguous bodies ; whether part of it may not ulti-
mately efcape, without performing the office expected
from it upon the ice ; and to what diftance from the
evaporating furface the refrigerating power may extend,
rauft be left for further experiments to determine. " t
EVASION, in law, is nfed for any fubtile endea-
vour to fet alide truth, or to efcape the punifhment of
the law, which will not be endured. This, if a per-
fonfays to another that he will not ftrike him, but will
give hira a pot of ale to ftrike him firft, and accor-
dingly he ftrikes, the returning of it is puniihable ;
and if the perfon firft ftriking be killed, it is murder;
for no man iliall evade the juftice oi the law by fuch a
pretence to cover his malice.
EVATES, a branch or divifion of the druids, or
ancient Celtic philofophers. Strabo dividesthe Britifh
ancient Gaulish philofophers ino three feels ; bards, e-
vates, and druids. He adds, that the bards were the poets
and muficians ; the evates, the priefts and naturalifts :
and the druids were moralifts as well as naturalifts :
But Marcellus and Hornius reduce them all to two
fects, viz. the Bards and Druids.
EUBAGES, an order of priefts or philofophers
among the ancient Celiac or Gauls : fome will have
the eubages to be the fame with the druids and faro-
nidse of Diodorus ; and others, that they were the
fame with what Strabo calls Evates.
EUBOEA (anc. geog.), an oblong island, ftretch-
ing out between Attica and Theffkly, oppofite to Bce-
otia ; from which it is feparated by a narrow ftrait
called Euripus. This island, never exceeding 40, nor
ever falling Ihort of two miles in breadth, is in length
150 miles, and in compafs 365, according to Pliny.
Now Negropont, from its principal town, which was
ancien r ly called Chalets.
EUCHARIST, the facrament of the Lord's fupper,
properly iignitiesgiving thanks. The word in its original
Greek Eux*?'?>*, literally imports thank/giving ; being
formed of tv, bene, " well," and %*piv,, gratia, ** thanks."
This ficrament was inftitutedby ChriSt himfelf, and
the participation of it is called communion.
As to the manner of celebrating- the eucharift a-
mong the ancient Christians, after the cuftomary obla-
tions were made, the deacon brought water to the bi-
fliops and prefbyters, (landing round the table, to wafh
their hands ; according to that of the pfalmift, " I will
wafh my hands in innocency, and fo will I compafs
thy altar, O Lord." Then the deacon cried our aloud,
*< Mutually embrace and kifs each other ;" which be-
ing done, the whole congregation prayed for the uni-
verfal peace and welfare of the church, for the tran-
quillity and repofe of the world, for the profperity of
the age, for wholefome weather, and for all ranks and.
degrees of men. After this followed mutual faluta-
tions of the minifter and people ; and then the bifhop
er prefbyter having fancttfied the elements by a folemn
benediction, he brake the bread, and delivered it to
the deacon, who distributed it to the communicants,
and after that the cup. Their facramemal wine was
ufual'.y diluted or mixed with water. During the time
of ad. ninift ration, they fang hymns and pfatms ; and
having concluded with prayer and thankfgiving, the
people fainted each other with a kifs of peace, and fo
the aflemb'y broke up.
EUCHITES, or Eu chitje, a feet of ancient he-
retics, who were firft formed into a religious tody to- Euchites
wards the end of the fourth century, though their doc- |j
trine and difcipline fubfifted in Syria, Egypt, and o- ^ Euc lid,
ther eaftern countries before the birth of Chrift ; they ' * '
were thus called becaufe they prayed without ceafing,
imagining that prayer alone vvasfufficient to fave them.
Their great foundation were thofe words of St Paul,
(Thefialonians v. 17. ), Fray without ceafng. The word
is formed of the Greek, ivy* prayer, whence tv%irai r
the fame with the Latin, precatores, " prayers." They
were alfo called Enthufiajis and Mejfalians ; a termor
Hebrew origin, denoting the fame as Euchites.
The Euchites were a fort of my (tics who imagined,
according to the oriental notion, that two fouls refided
in man, the one good and the other evil ; and who
were zealous in expelling the evil foul or dasmon, and.
haftening the return of the good fpirit of God, by
contemplation, prayer, and fingingof hymns. They
alfo embraced the opinions nearly refembling the Ma-
nichean doctrine, and which they derived from the te-
nets of the oriental philofophy. The fame denomina-
tion was ufed in the 12th century, to denote certain
fanatics who infefted the Greek and Eaftern churches,
and who were charged with believing a double Trinity,
rejecting wed lock, abftaining from flefh, treating with
contempt the facraments of baptifm and the Lord's
fupper, and the various branches of external worlhip,
and placing the effence of religion folely in external
prayer, and maintaining the efficacy of perpetual Re-
plications to the fupreme Being for expelling an evil
being or genius, which dwelt in the breaft of every
mortal. This feci; is faid to have been founded by a per-
fon called Lucopetru s, whofe chief diiciple was named
Tyckicus. By degrees it became a general and invidious
appellation for perfons of eminent piety and zeal fof
genuine Chriftianity, who oppofed the vicious practi-
ces and infolent tyranny of the priefthood ; much in
the fame manner as the Latins comprehended all the
adverfaries of the Roman pontiff under the general
terms of Waldenses and Albigenses.
St Cyril of Alexandria, in one of his letters, take*
occaiion to cenfure feveral monks in Egypt, who, un-
der pretence of refigning themfelvcs wholly to prayer,
led a lazy, fcandalous life. A cenfure likewife appli-
cable to monafteries in general.
EUCHOLOGIUM, Ei/^oxo^ov, a Greek term, fig.
nifying literally a dtfeourfs on prayer. The word is form-
ed of fu^n prayer, and xo^o; difcourfe.
The Euchologium is properly the Greek ritual,
wherein are prescribed the order and manner of every
thing relating to the order and administration of their
ceremonies, facraments, ordinations, &c.
F. Goar has given us an edition of the Greek Eu-
chologium in Greek and Latin, with notes, at Paris.
EUCLID o/~Megara, a celebrated philofopher and
logician, fiourifhed about 400 B. C. The Athenians
having prohibited the Megarians from entering their
city on pain of death; this philofopher difgr.ifed him-
felf in womens clothes to attend the lectures of So-
crates. After the death of Socrates, Plato and other
philofophers went to Euclid at Megara, to (helter
themfelves from the tyrants who governed Athens. Eu-
clid admitted bill one chief good ; which he fometimes
called Cod, fometimes Spirit, and fometimes T'r -evidence.
Euclid of Alexandria, the celebrated matemati-
C 2 cian,
E U D
t 20 ]
EUD
Eucrafy,
Eudiome-
ter.
* See Ae-
rology, no
60, 154.
1
J)r Prieft-
ley' s eudio
meter.
Landriani's
eudiome-
ter.
Inconveni-
ence at-
tending its
ufe.
4
Magellan's
firft eudio-
meter.
cian, flourilhed in the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, about
277. B. C. He reduced all the fundamental principles
of pure mathematics, which had been delivered down
by Thales, Pythagoras, Eudoxus, and other mathe-
maticians, before him, into regularity and older, and
added many others of his own difcovering ; on which
account he is laid to be the firft who reduced arithme-
tic and geometry into the form of a fcience. He like-
wife applied himfelf to the ftudy of mixed mathema-
tics, and efpecially to aftronomy, in which he alfo ex-
celled. The molt celebrated of his works is his Ele-
ments of Geometry, of which there have been a great
number of editions in all languages ; and a tine edition
of all his works was printed in 1703, by David Gre-
gory, Sayilian profeflbr of aftronomy at Oxford.
EUCRASY, (of «i/ welly and jtp«*-<c temperature),
in medicine, an agreeable well proportioned mixture
of qualities, whereby a body is faid to be in good or-
der and difpofed for a good itate of health.
EUDIOMETER, an inilrument for obferving the
purity of the atmolpherical air, or the quantity of pure
dephlogifticated or vital air contained in it, chiefly by
means of its diminution on a mixture with nitrous air*.
Several ki nds of thefe have been invented, the principal
of which are the following.
I. The eudiometer originally ufed by Dr Prieftley
is a divided glafs tube, 11110 which, after having filled
it with common water, and inverted it into the lame,
one or more meafures of common air, and an equal
quantity, of the nitrous kind, are introduced by means
of a fmall 1 phial, which is called the meafure ; and thus
the diminution of the volume of the mixture, which is
feen at once by means of the graduations of the tube,
inflantly difcovers the purity of the air required.
II. The difcovery of this property of nitrous air
and the eudiometer by Dr Prieftley, foon produced
various attempts to improve on the principle, and con-
ftrucT: more elegant ana accurate machines for difco-
vering the finalleft inequality in the conftitution of the
atmofphere. The firft of thefe was contrived by Mr
Landriani ; an account of which is publilhed in the
fixth volume of M. Rofier's Journal for the year 1775.
It conlifts of a glafs tube, fitted by grinding to a cy-
lindrical velTel, to which are joined two giafs cocks and
a fmall bafon ; the whole being fitted to a wooden
frame. Quickfilver is ufed in this inftrument inftead
of water ; but the ufe of that fluid occaiions an in-
convenience, becaufe the nitrous air acls upon the me-
tal, and renders the experiment ambiguous.
III. In 1777 Mr Magellan publifhed an account of
three eudiometers invented by himfelf. The firft of
thefe, reprefented Plate CLXXXVI. fig. I. conlifts
of a glafs tube MD, about 12 or 15 inches long, and
quite cylindrical throughout, having the upper orifice
clofed with a ground-glafs ftopple M. A velTel C is
joined to the lower part of the tube, and likewife well
adapted by grinding. This velTel has three necks, as
represented in the figure : one of which ferves to join
it to the tube M -, the other two are ground to thofe
of the phials A and B, whofe capacities muft be as
equal as poffible, as well to each other as to the tube
MD. Z reprefents a brafs ring which fiides up and
down the tube MD, and by a finger-fcrew may be
tightened or (lackened at pleafure, and fet to any place
upon it. C is a brafs or wooden ruler divided into
equal parts, with two femicircular brafs pieces, by Eudiom*-
which it may ealily be applied and kept near the glafs *<*•
tube MD, as is ihown at F , where it muft be kept *~~ v '
clofe to the neck, or upper extremity of the tube, by
the notch /. In tiling this inftrument, we muft firft
remove the ftopple M, after which the inftrument is
to be entirely filled with water by dipping it in the
tub. The ftopple is then to be replaced ; taking care
that no bubble of air may remain either in the tube,
theveflel C, or the two phials A B. The lower part
of the inftrument, viz. about as far as the middle of
the tube, muft then be kept under water, and one of
the phials ^or B, now filled with water, is to be re-
moved from the neck of the velTel C, and filled with
the air of which we delign to try the purity, in the
manner directed under the article Gas ; after which
it is to be replaced into the neck of the velTel C ; and
in like manner the other phial muft be filled with
nitrous air, and replaced in the other neck. Taking
the inftrument then out of the water, the VelTel C mnft
be turned with the bottom upwards, as reprefented ac
F -, in which cafe, the two elaftic fluids contained In
the phials will afcend into the velTel C ; where, mix-
ing together, the diminution will be affected. But as
foun as the vefTel is turned round the inftrument muft
be plunged in water as far as about the middle of the
tube, and the ftopple M removed. As the bulk of the
two elaftic fluids diminiihes, the water in the tube -
MD defcends. This inftrument is fubjecr to fome er- Inaccuracy
rors, ariiing from the greater or lefler height of the of this in-
column of water in the tube MD, as it is held more or ftrumeat.
kfs perpendicular ; it may alfo vary by the very act of
putting in the ftopple M. Another and ftill grater
fault is, that it cannot admit but one meafure of ni-
trous to one of common air, which is a very uncertain
method of eftimating the purity of a given kind of re-
ferable air. The divifions on the fcale are likwife too
large, and it does not feem capable of any great accu-
racy. _ 6
The fecond kind of eudiometer conftrucred* by M. His fecond
Magellan is reprefented fig. 2. and confifts of a glaf- eudiome-
tube TC, two or three feet long, and having a cavity ter «
as nearly cylindrical as poffible. One of the ends, C
is bent forwards as reprefented in the figure , the other
at T is open, and may terminate in a funnel, to ob-
viate the neceffity of ufing a feparate one. The whole
tube is faftened by means of two loops to the brafs
fcale CWN. N is a glafs phial, having its neck V
ground air-tight to the infide of the end of the tube 7";
the whole phial containing one half of what the tube
TC is capable of containing ; but the phial ABC, at
the other end, muft contain three or four times the
quantity that jVcan contain ; and the neck of it mnft
alfo be ground air-tight to the end C of the tube. The
fcale C1YTV is divided into 128 parts, the divifions
being fet from T towards C ; and the cavity of the
tube between the firft and laft of them being double
the capacity of the phial ]V. XR is a tin velTel, which
mayferve as a cafe for packing the whole Inftrument
and its appendages ; as alfo for a trough for holding
water when experiments are to be made. The glafs
tube^ h, and the glafs ftopple M, are both ground air-
tight to the month V of the tube, in order to be put
into it occafionally. To ufe rhiskind of eudiometer,
let the inftrument be immerfed under water in the tin-
veiTeLi
s?e. /.
E 11) IOM KTEIV
Plate C'l.X'
n
i
f
^ r
U^
E U D
L 21 ]
E U D
Eudiome-
ter.
7
His third
eudome-
fcr.
vefTel ; then !ct the phial N, when filled with water,
be put i<;to CED, the inlide focket of the tiu-veflel.
' Fill it then with nitrous air; and let this quantity be
thrown into the phial ABC, which is to be fixed fome-
what tight to the mouth C of the eudiometer. The
fame phial A" is afterwards filled with the air of which
we with to try the quality ; and railing the end of the
inftrument C, it is then put into the mouth V. The
instrument is then to be placed upright as in the fi-
gure, by hanging it on the hook W '; and as foon as
this laft air goes up to the phial ABC, the phial iVis
to be taken off, that the diminution of the two mixed
airs may be fupplied from the water in the tin-veffel :
the mouth V of the eudiometer being all this time held
under water. The bent tube gh having tne brafs
ring K fitted to it, is then put to the lower end Voi
the eudiometer. By obferviug the fnrface of the wa-
ter in the fmall tube, which thus forms a true lyphou
with the tube of the instrument, and by means of the
brafs ring K, the itationary ftate of diminution in the
mixcure may bediftinguiflied ; which beingafcertained,
the fmall tube^/6 is taken off from the eudiometer, and
the whole inftrument laid down for fome minutes in
the water of the tin-veffel ; after which the mouth (f
is to be ihut up with the glafs-ftopple M; and, rever-
ting the inltruraent, it is banged up by the end V up-
on th shook IV. By this po lit ion the whole diminish-
ed air of the veflel ABC goes up to the top, where its
real bulk is fhown by the fcale facing the inlide furface
of the. water. This number being deducted from 128,
gives the comparative wholefomenefs of the air already
tried without any farther calculation. But this pro-
cefs (fays Mr Magellan) will be fti'.l eafier, when the
laft diminution of the two kinds ot air is only required
in the obfsrvadon : becaufe no ufe will then be made
of the fyphon. In fuch a cafe the inftrument is left
hanging on the hook W for 48 hours ; alter which it
is laid down under the water of the trough in an hori-
zontal pofuion for 8 or 12 minutes, in order to ac-
quire the fame temperature with the water: the mouth
^is then {hut up with the (topple M ; the inftrument
is hung by the end V in a contrary polition; and the
laft real bulk of the goo.l mixed air will then be mown
by the number of the brafs fcalesanfwering to the in-
fide furface of the water.
IV. The third eudiometer conftructed by Mr Ma-
gellan is reprefented rig. 3. where EN reprcfents an
uniformly cylindrical glats tube about two or three
feet long, with a large ball S and a glafs ftopple M,
fitted air-tight to the mouth N, which ought to be
wide and funnel- ihaped, nnlefs a feparate funnel is
made ufe of. KL is a fmall fypbon with a brafs ring X;
Z a fmall phial, the contents of which do not exceed
one third of the ball S, or one-half of the glafs-tube.
Laftly, the inftrument has a ruler J, divided and
ftamped like the fcale already mentioned, with a glafs
funnel, which is ground to the mouth iVof the inftru-
ment, when this is not funnel-lhaped as above directed.
When this eudiometer is to be made nfe of, it muft be
filled with water, and fet in a vertical polition, with
the mouth .V under the furface of the water in a tub
or trough. The phial Z is to be filled with nitrous
air, and thrown into the tube by' means of a glafs-fun-
nel, if the mouth of the eudiometer tube be not fofli-
ciently wide to anfwtr the purpofe. The fame phial
Z is then to be filled with the air to be tried ; after
which the fyphon KL is to be immediately added to
the mouth A of the eudiometer under the furface of
the water, fome of which is to be poured into it.
The ftationary moment of the greateft diminution of
the two airs is watched by means of the ring X ; and,
when that moment arrives, the fyphon KL is to be
taken olf ; the eudiometer is laid for fome minutes un-
der water in an horizontal polition or nearly fo ; but
taking care that none of the incloied air may efcape ;
the mouth A' is then ihut up with the glafs-fl'opple M,
and the inftrument is inverted with the mouth N up-
wards. Laftly, the fpace occupied by the refuiimm
of the diminished air is meafured by applying to its
fide tne divided ruler or fcale, and the remit is eftima-
tcd as has been already explained.
On all thefe eudiometers it is very obvious to remark,
that they are complicated and difficult to be ufed ; and
it is beiides no eafy matter to get them made with the
requilite accuracy. Mr Cavallo obferves alfo, that the
comtruction of all tne three is founded on a fuppoSi-
tion that the mixture of nitrous and atmoipherical air,
after having continued for fome time to diminifh, in-
creases again ; but he informs us that 'his is a
miltake, and that Mr Magellan himfelf owned it to
be fo. But the worft of all is, that they are by no
means accurate, as appeared from feveral experiments
made by Mr Magellan in Mr Cavallo's prefence, with
air taken out of the window of the room where the
experiments were performed. By the firlt trial, the
diminution was 48 parts out of 132 of the mixture : on
a fecond trial, the fame elaftic fluids being ftill ufed,
the diminution was 58 parts out of 132: on a third
trial, the diminution was again 48; and by a fourth
one, it was 51. Nay, Mr Magellan himfelf owned that,
after many experiments with his eudiometers, he never
could obtain any conftant refult, even when the nitrous
and common air which he made ufe of were precifely
of the fame quality.
V. A preferable method of difcovering the purity
of the air by means of an eudiometer is recommended
by M. Fontana; of which Mr Cavallo fays, that its ac-
curacy is fuch as could fcarce be believed by thofe who
have not had an opportunity of cbfrving it. The in-
ftrument is originally nothing more than a divided
glafs tube, though the inventor afterwards added to it a
complicated apparatus, which, in Cavallo's opinion,
was altogether ufelefs. The firft limple eudiometer
confifted limply of a glafs tube, as uniformly cylindri-
cal as pofiible in its cavity, about 18 inches long, and
Aths of an inch in diameter in the inSiue, hermetically
Scaled at one end (a). The outlide of this tube was
marked with a diamond, or had circles drawn round it
at the diftance of three inches from one another, be-
ginning at the clofe end of the tube; or at fuch di-
stances
Eudiome-
ter.
8
Inconveni-
ences of all
thefe in-
ftrument*.
9 ,
Fontana s
eudiome-
ter.
(.%) To obferve whether the cavity of a glafs tube is perfectly cylindrical, pour into it at different wmes
equal quantities of mercury or water, one upon the other; obferving each time, by means of a divided ruler,
if thofe equal quantities of liquor fill equal lengths of the tube.
ETJ D
[ 32 ]
E U D
Eudiotne- fiances as arc txzi\\y filled by eq ' fure's oi
t€r - llic fluids. When the parts of thcie divilio;
""""^ ' quired, the edge of a ruler, divided . . and
fmaller parts, was held sga.inlt the tube ; fo that the
firft diviiion of the ruler might coincide with one ot the
marks on the tube, The nitrous and atmofpherkal air
" are introduced into this tube, in order to be diminifh-
ed, and the purity of the atmofpheric ait* thus afcer-
IO taincd ; but that an equal quantity of elaftic fluid may
Hib inftra- always be certainly introduced, M. Fomatia contrived
ment for the following inftrument as a meafure, which cannot
meafuring be liable to any error. It is reprefemed figure 4. and
a quantity con fift s f a giafs tube AB, about two inches long
of air ex- an£ j one j n diameter, clofed at the end A, and having
a< " y " a brafs piece BCDE cemented on the other, contain-
ing a Hiding door D : which when puftied into its pro-
per cavity, ihuts the mouth of the tube or meafure
AB ; and when pulled out, as represented in the fi-
gure, opens it. To prevent it from being pulled out
entirely, a fpring E is fcrewed upon the flat part of
the brafs piece, the extremity of which bears upon
the head of a brafs pin, which palling through a hole,
rubs againft the door D; and when this is pulled near-
ly out, the pin, falling into a fmall cavity, prevents it
from coming quite out. The diameter of the brafs
piece is nearly the fame with that of the glafs tube
AB : and near its mouth C there are two notches made
with a file.
Under the fame figure the cavity of the brafs piece
and the parts of the meafure are fhown feparately, viz.
a, the glafs tube ; b, the brafs piece ; c, the Aiding
brafs door inverted in fuch a manner as to exhibit the
cavity for the pin ; d } the pin with the fpring and
fmall fcrew. The infide furface of this meafure, as
well as of the long tube, fhould have the polifh taken
off by rubbing with emery ; as this prevents the water,
when the experiments are made, from adhering to it in
XI drops, and thus the meafurements will be more exact.
Method of To ufe this apparatus, the long tube muft be filled
tifing this with water; and being inverted in the tub of water
tudiome- defcribed under the article Gas, furnifhed with a
x **' fhelf, the meafure, being alfo filled with water, is in-
verted over an hole in the fhelf; and in order to fill it
with ihe elaftic fluid required, a phial containing it is
brought under the hole ; where being inclined a little,
part of the gas efcapes and pafles into the meafure.
The water then efcapes through the notches ss, made
With the file in the mouth of the meafure, as already
mentioned (b). The door of the meafure is then flint
by pufhing it in as far as it will go ; and the meafure,
being drawn off' from the flielf, but ftill kept under
water, is turned with the mouth upwards; by which
means the fuperfluous quantity of elaftic fluid, remain-
ing in the cavity of the brafs piece by.reafon of its
being feparated by the Hiding piece, efcapes, and has
its place occupied by water. The meafure being then
again inverted with its mouth downwards, is fet any
where on the fhelf of the tub ; the long tube put over
the hole of the flielf, and the air transferred from the
meafure to this tube, as has already been directed for
filling the meafure itfelf.
When M. Fontana made ufe of this eudiometer, he Eudiomc-
commonly threw in two meafures of rcfpirable air into ter.
the tube; then he added one meafure of nitrous air: "
but as foon as the latter was entered, he removed the
tube from the fhelf, holding it by the upper end, and
agitating it for about 20 feconds in the water. The
tube was then refted upon the fide of the tub, while
the meafure was again filled with nitrous air ; then
putting the tube upon the flielf, and holding it as near-
ly perpendicular as he could, he applied the divided
edge of the ruler to it, in order to obferve the diminu-
tion of the two fluids. After this he threw in a fourth
meafure of nitrous air; and after fliaking and letting
it reft for fome time, he obferved again the diminution
of the two elaftic acids. xz
'< That this method (fays Mr Cavallo) fhould be very Why this
accurate, may perhaps appear fomewhat myfterious; eudiometer
but the myftery will foon vanilh, if it be confidered > s f° accu -
that the accurate refult depended not fo much on the rate '
particular conftruction of the inftiument, as on the
regular management of it and uniformity of the opera-
tion. The exaclnefs ot the meafure indeed contributed
a great deal ; but M. Fontana obferved, that with
exactly the fame quantities of nitrous and common air,
very different refults could be occafioned by their be-
ing left a longer or fhorter time before the infirument
was agitated, or by being agitated much or little, as
well as feveral ofher circumftances, which to a fuper-
ficial obferver would appear to be of little confequence.
He therefore performed the operation always in a fi-
miiar manner, viz. by agitating the tube always for
the fame length of time, and always with equal quick-
nefs ; by which means, when the fame elaftic fluids
were ufed, the refults of the experiments were fo near-
ly the fame, that the difference, if any could be ob-
ferved, might be neglected without any impropriety." t .
Notwithstanding the accuracy of this inftrnment, i B Aill li-
bowever, M. Fontana found that it was ftill liable to able to
fome fmall errors arifing from the following fources. fome fmall
1. The elaftic fluid within the tube, when the greateft errors "
part of it is filled with water, and the tube is kept out
of the water excepting its mouth, is not of the fame
denfity with the outward or atmofpheric air, on ac-
count of the pillar of water in the tube; which, ac-
cording as it is longer or (horter, counterbalances more
or lefs the preflure of the atmofphere upon the quan-
tity of elaftic fluid contained in the upper part of the
tube; which quantity of elaftic fluid of confequence
occupies a greater or lefler fpace in the tube, accord-
ing to the greater or lefs preflure it endures. This
error, however, becomes infenfible when the column of
water is very fliort, and the furface of the water on
the outfide coincides nearly with that on the infide
of the tube. 2. The difficulty of keeping the inftru-
ment perpendicular in the acl: of meafuring the dimi-
nution. And, 3. The ftill greater difficulty of obfer-
ving with what divifion of the ruler the furface of the
water within the tube coincided. 14
To avoid thele errors, M. Fontana made ufe of the Tontana's
following contrivance. AAA A, fig. 5. reprefents a method of
ftrong glais tube about 3 inches diameter, and j 8 avoiding'
inches
thele er-
rors.
(b) The meafure would be filled with elaftic fluid though thefe notches were not made, but not fo readily,
becaufe the water could not eafily get out.
E U D
I a 3 ]
E U D
w-v-
fcudiome- inches long ,\vith a foot of glafs all made of one piece,
ter. Within about an incli of the mouth of this tube a
* brafs ring is 1'altened, which contains two brafs rings
moveable upon oppofue centres, in the fame manner
that fea-compaifes are ufually fufpended, and which
are commonly called gingii . CCCC reprefents the
mealuring tube or eudiometer; which is exactly the
fame wiih that already d.fcribed, having lines marked
upon its outiiJe furface to Ihow the fpaces occupied by
equal meafures of elaftic tiuid. The fcale B B is ad-
apted to this tube, which is (hewn fcparately in fig. 6.
It coniills of two brafs flips AC, AC, connected by
two brafs rings, AA, CC, through which the eudio-
meter tube palfcs. To the lowell of thefe rings a
perforated brafs piece BB, furmlhed with crofs pins
or pivots, is fcrewed ; and by means of longitudinal
cuts, its lower extremity is rendered fpringy ; fo that
when all the piece AB, AB is put upon the eudiome-
ter tube, the latter cannot ilipfrom within the former,
anlefs the operator forces it. When the eudiometer
tube, with the fcale, &c. is put together, as reprefented
fig. $. the crofs pins of the piece B3, fig. 6. reft upon
the inner ring of the gingle at AA, fig 5. by which
means the tube CCCC, is kept perpendicular within
the tube AAA A, provided this latter be fituated fo
nearly perpendicular that the former may not touch the
fide of it, which would prevent it from acquiring the
pofition defired. One of the brafs flips AC, fig. 6. is
divided into equal parts ; 100 of which are equivalent
to the fpace between two of the marks on the eudio-
meter tube CCCC, fig. 5. and confequently fhow
the parts of a meafure. Thefe divifions are numbered
from the upper edge of the lower ring connecting the
two brafs Hips, AC, AC.
When this inflrument is to be nfed, one or more
meaiures of refpirable air are thrown into the eudio-
meter tube; a meafure of nitrous air is then added;
and after fhaking the tube for fome time, it muft be
introduced into die large tube AAAA, which for this
purpofe mufl be pl.ingrd into the water of the tub ;
for the mouth of the eudiometer tube muu not at pre-
fent be taken out of the water. After it has been
introduced into the large tube, the whole is taken oaf of
the water, and fet upon the lhelf or a table. Now the
large tube AAAA is filled with water, and the eudi-
ometer tube fufpended perpendiculaily in it by means
of the crofs pins or pivots of the brafs piece annexed
to the fcale, which refls upon the inner ring of the
gingle. The operator muft then Aide the tube CCCC
up and down through the fcale and brais piece, &c.
till the furface of the water within the tube coincides
exactly with the upper edge of the lower ring that con-
nects the two brafs flips of the fc-ile piece, which may
be done very accurately by means of a magnifying
glafs. The furface ot the water within the eudiome-
ter is concave; and when viewed horizontally, it ap-
pears like a dark line or limit exceedingly well de-
fined ; {o that the middle or lowermolt point of it
may be made to coincide with the edge of the brafs
ring with great precision, except when fome drops of
water haog on the outride of the tube, which fhould
therefore be wiped off.
Having afcertai;ied this point, we muft next obferve
which divifion ot the fcale coincides with one of the
circular divifions marked upon the glafs tube CCCC,
which will Ihow the parts of a meafure. Thus fup- Eudiome-
pofe, that when the eudiometer tube is fixed, fo iha: *«••
the furface of the water in it coincides perfeflly with *— v— '
the edge of the lower brafs ring, viz. with the begin-
ning of the divifions; that the 70th divilion ot the
fcale falls upon the firft circular mark, as repreftmed
in the figure; then it is plain, that the quantity of
elaftic fluid contained in the tube is equal to one mea-
fure and 70 hundreth parts more. This being obferved,
and the large tube again immerfed in the water, the
eudiometer-tube is removed from it, but always takirg
care that its mouth be not lifted up above the furface
of the water. Another meafure of nitrous air muft now
be introduced into the eudiometer- tube ; which, after
being agitated as already directed, is to be put into the
large tube AAAA. The whole is then taken out of the
water, and the diminution of the elaftic fluid obferved
as above directed.
Thus the eudiometer tube is kept quite perpendicular,
and the pillar of water in it rendered very fhort, not
exceeding half an inch at moll. It is eafy to perceive,
however, that if the operator, when furnilhed with the
eudiometer-tube only, keeps it fo far immerged in the
water of the tube when he obferves the divifions, that
the water within the tube may be nearly equal with the
edge of the tub; the large tube AAAA may be fpa-
red, and the operation will thus become much more
eafy and expeditious. Little difference can happen from
the poiitiou of the tube ; becaufe the brafs ring afcer-
tains the pofition of the water fo well, and the diffe-
rence occafioned by a few degrees deviation from the
true perpedicular is fo fmall, that it can fcarce be per-
ceived, jj
VI. M. Saflure of Geneva has invented an eudio- m. Sauf-
meter, which he fuppofes to be more exact than any lure's eudi-
of thole hitherto deferibed. His apparatus confifts 01 ° m eter.
the folluwing parts. 1. A cylindrical glafs bottle with
a ground ltopple, capable of containing about five
ounces and an half, and which ferves as a receiver for
mixing the two airs. 2. A fmall glafs phial, whofe capa-
city is nearly equal to one third of that of the reci-
pient, and ferves for a meafure. 3 A fmall pair of
fcales which may weigh very exactly. 4. Several glafs
bottles for containing the nitrous or other air to be
ufed, and which may fupply the place of the recipient
when broken. The whole of this apparatus may be
ealily packed into a box, and thus tranfported from
place to place, and ev=n to the fummits of very high
mountains. The method of ulincr it is as follows.
1. The receiver is to be filled wi:h wa:er, clofed ex-
actly with its glafs ftopper, wiped on the outfide, and
weighed very exactly. Being then immerged in a vcf-
fel full of water, and held with the mouth downwards,
the ltopple is removed, and, by means of a funrel,
two me ifures of common and one of nitrous air are
introduced into it one after another : thefe diminifli as
foon as they come into contact ; in confequence of which
the water enters the recipient in proportionable quan-
tity. After being flopped and Well fliaken, to pro-
mote the diminution the receiver is to be opened un-
der waier ; then ftepped and fhaken, and fo on for
three times fucccffivcly. At lalt the botrle is flopped
under water, taken out, wiped very clean ^nd dry, and
weighed exactly as before. It is plain, that now when
the bottle is filled partly with elaftic fluid and partly
-with
E U D
f 24 ]
E U D
Eudiome-
ter.
16
Inconveni-
ences and
errors to
which this
machine is
liable.
17
Mr Caval-
lo's eudio-
meter.
with water, it mull be tighter than when quite full of
water ; the weight or it then being fubtracted from the
former, the remainder fhovvs that quantity of water
which would fill the fpace occupied by the diminifhed
elaftic fluid. Now, in making experiments with airs
of different degrees of purity, the abovementioned re.
mainder will be greater when the diminution is lefs,
or when the air is more impure, and vice vet/a; and
thus the comparative purity between two different
kinds of airs may be determined.
On this method it is obvious to remark, that not-
withftanding the encomiums beftowed on it by the in-
ventor, it is fubjtct to many inconveniences and er-
rors, principally ariling from the inaccuracy of the
mealure, and the difficulty of flopping the bottle with-
out occafioning a preflure, upon the contained elaftic
fluid, which being variable, muft occafion fome error
in the weight of the bottle.
VII. To avoid the inconveniences to which all thefe
inftruments are fnbject, Mr Cavallo employed a glafs
tube with its fcale and meafure, fuch as is reprefented
fig. 5. the length of the tube being about 16 or 17
inches, and between \ and | of an inch in diameter,
and of as equal a bore as poffible throughout, having
one end fealed hermetically, and the other fhaped like
a funnel, though not very wide. The the whole of this
apparatus is reprefented fig. 7. where AB is the glafs
tube, to the upper end of which a loop AEC fhould
be fattened, made of waxed filk-lace, with feveral crofs
threads CG, DD, EE, Sec. in order to fufpend the in-
flrutnent to a hook AB , fig. 8. which fhould either be
fattened to that fide of the tube oppofite to the flielf,
or fo conttrufted that it may be eafily fixed and remo-
ved again as occafion requires ; or it may be made of
thick brafs wire, the lower extremity of which fits a
hole made in the fide of the tub. The brafs piece with
the fcale, which Aides upon the eudiometer, is formed
of two brafs ilips EG, HI (fig. 7.), joined by two brafs
rings, to which they are foldered. One hundred divi-
fions are marked upon one of thofe brafs flips, beginning
from the upper edge of the lower ring CI, and all
together equal to the fpace contained beiv/een two of
the marks or meafures made upon the glafs tube ; fo
that they fhow the parts of a ineafure. An hundred
divifions are likewife marked upon the other brafs flip
HI, beginning from the lower edge of the upper ring
EH. — The following directions are given by Mr Ca-
vallo for marking thefe divifions. " When the tube
AB is filled with water, a meafure of air fhould be
thrown into it in the manner already directed : the
tube mull then be fufpended to the hook by the loop,
as reprefented fig. 8, fo high, that the furface of the
water within the tube may be very near the furface of
the water in the tub, two inches, for inftance, above
it; then looking horizontally through the tube, a
mark fhould be made by flicking a bit of foft wax
upon the tube, juft coinciding with the lower part of
the furface of the water within it; in which place af-
terwards a circular mark fhould be made with the
edge of a flint, or with a piece of agate or diamond,
but not fo deep as to endanger the breaking of the
tube. Thus the firtt meafure is marked ;' and in like
manner may any other one be marked. The attentive
practitioner, however, fhould never venture to mark
the tube with an indelible ttroke after one trial, left
\
18
he fhould be mifbken. The proper method is to mark Eudlom*-
thcra firtt with wax, and then repeat the operation ter.
once or twice, in order to correct fome errors that '"""" -""■■"■ ■>
might efcape the firtt time ; after which the mark may
be made with a diamond, flint, or perhaps more con-
veniently with a file. The polifh of the lniide of both
tube and meafure fhould be taken off with emery ;
which is a very labourious operation, though it is par-
ticularly necelfary that the meafure fhould be done in
this manner."
To ufe this eudiometer, fill the tube with wa-ter, ta- Method of
king care ihat no bubbles of" air remain in it ; and in- ufiugit.
verting it with the mouth downwards, leave it in the
water leaning againft the fide of the tub. Fill the
meafure then with the elaftic fluid whofe purity is to
be tried. Put the eudiometer tube upon the fhelf of
the tub, keeping it perpendicular, and with the mouth
exactly upon the hole of the fhclf, and throw the mea-
fure of air into it ; fill it again v\ith the fame air, and
throw this likewife into the tube. Then fill it with
nitrous air, and throw this alfo into the tube, which
muft be fhaken immedictely after the operation by mo-
ving it alternately up and down in the water of the
tub for about a quarter of a minute. It is then left a
fhort time at reft and fufpended by the hook formerly
mentioned, fo that the furface of the water in the in-
fide may be about two inches above that in the tub ;
when the brafs fcale is Aided upon it till the upper
edge of the lower ring coincide with the middle part
of the furface of the water within the tube, and then
we may obfervewhich divifion of the fcale coincides with
any of thofe on the tube ; by which means the quantity
of elaftic fluid remaining in the tube maybe clearly
feen, even to the hundredth-part of a meafure. The
following directions are given by our author for noting
down the refults in a clear and accurate manner. j
" 1. The two meafures firft introduced into the tube Method of
are exprefled by a Roman number; after which the noting
fingle meafure of nitrous air is exprefled by another °° wn *"*
Roman number ; and the meafures, with the parts of ,, " j °
a meafure, remaining in the tube after diminution, are r i mentl .
exprefled by common numbers with decimals. Thus,
fuppofe, that after introducing two meafures of com-
mon and one of nitrous air, and after fhaking in the
manner above directed, the quantity of fluid remain-
ing in the eudiometer is fuch, that when the upper
edge of the lower ring of the fcale coincides with the
lower point of the furface of the water in the tube,
the 561'h divifion of the fcale falls againft the fecond
circular divifion on the tube, then this diminution is
marked thus II. I, 2,56 ; fignifying that two mea.
fures of common and one of nitrous air, after dimi-
nution by' being mixed together, occupy the fpace of
two meafures and 56th hundredth partsof a meafure. —
Laftly, after marking the firtt diminution, throw a fe-
cond meafure of nitrous air into the tube ; fhake the
inftrurnent ; and after a little reft, obferve this fecond
diminution ; which, fuppofing it to have reduced the
whole bulk to three meafures and feven hundredth-
parts, is thus marked down, II, 11,3,07. Sometimes
one, two, or three meafures of nitrous air muft ftill
be added, in order to obferve the diminution of fome
very pure fpecies of refpirable air. The divifions which
begin from the upper ring of the fcale-piece of the eu-
diometer are ufeful when the quantity of elaftic fluid
con-
E U D
[ a* ]
E U D
Eudiome- contained in is fo fmall, that the edge of the lower brafs
ter. ring cannot be raifed fo high as to coincide with the
' < ^"— ' ec jg e of the water wkhin the tube on account of the
filk loop : in which cafe the under edge of the upper
ring is brought to that point; and we mnft then ob-
ferve which of thofe divifions coincides with the firffc
circular divifion upon the tube. If it be afked, Why
- the two or more meafures of nitrous air are not
thrown into the tube all at once, and the lad diminu-
tion noted ? the anfwer is, That in this method, the
effects of iimilar experiments have not been found e-
qually uniform with thofe tried in the aboyementioned
40 manner.
Trecau- 2 . « in this operation care fhoulJ be taken to [hake
tions nccef- [jjg tu ij C immediately after the nitrous air has been
fary to be t j- rowa j mo j t anc j to i eave i t at re ft afterwards for
making the ^ ome time ; otherwife the rett'lts of iimilar experiments
experi° are far from being alike. It is alfo necelfary to ob-
ments. ferve, that by holding the meafure or the eudiometer
tube with the hand, which is warmer than the water
of the tub, the elaftic fluid undergoes fome degree of
rarefaction, fo that the event of the experiments may
often be rendered precarious. For this reafon the in-
flruments Ihould be held only with the extremities of
the ringers and thumb ; and before the door of the
meafure be (hut, or the point of the fcale on the eu-
diometer tube be fixed, thofe inflruments ihould be
left a fhort time by themlelves, keeping the hands
41 and breath at a fufficient diftance from them."
Phenome- The following are fome particulars necefTary to be
na to be _ obferved in making experiments of this kind.
obferved m i. Whenrefpirable air is mixed with nitrous air,their
~ pe r* r j°int bulk is diminifhed, and the diminution is greater
ments of ■> , ... ' ., , . ° r
tkis kind, when the air is purer, aeteris paribus, and vice verja.
2. On mixing the two airs together all at once, the
enfuing diminution is greater than if the fame quantity
of nitrous, air be added to an equal quantity of refpi-
rable air at different times : and hence it follows, that
the quicker the two forts of elaftic fluids are mixed
together, the greater is the diminution, and contrary-
wife.
3. Nitrous air of different quality occafions a diffe-
rent degree of diminution with refpirable air; and
therefore care mould be taken to ufe fuch materials as
afford air always of the fame quality. The moll pro-
per fubftance for this purpofe is very pure quickfilver ;
a quarter of an ounce, or even lefs, with a proper quan-
tity of diluted nitrous acid, will produce a great deal
of nitrous air, which is always of the fame quality,
provided the metal be always of equal purity; but
with other metals, as brafs, copper, &c. the nitrous
air made at one time is often different from that made
at another, and therefore occafions a greater or lefs
diminution when mixed with common air though pre-
cifely of the fame fort.
4. The quality of nitrons air is impaired by keep-
ing, efpecially when in contact with water ; and fur
this reafon it ought to be prepared frefh every two or
three days.
5. In performing thefe experiments, it mould be
carefully remarked, that no miftakes arife from heat
or cold ; as the elaftic fluids are eafily contracted or
expanded, by any variation of temperature.
6. Though the greatefl diminution takes place im-
mediately after mixing the refpirable and nitrous airs
Vol. VII.
together, efpecially when they are agitated, yet they Eudiom*.
continue to diminifh a little for fome time after ; for tcr.
which reafon the diminution fhould be obferved al- v ~~^ *
ways at a certain time after the mixture is made. The
whole procefs indeed ought always to be performed in
an uniform manner, otherwife the refults will be fre-
quently very dillimilar.
7. It mult be remarked, that the furface of the wa-
ter which lies contiguous to the elaftic fluid contained
in a fmall veffel, is very far from being a plane, or e-
ven from being always of a Iimilar figure in the fame
veffel, on account of the attraction or repulfion between
the fubftance of the glafs and water. This is altered
by many circumftances, particularly by the adhelion of
extraneous bodies ; whence it is very improper to ufc
common open phials for this purpofe. We muft a'fo
take into confederation the drops of water adhering to
the fides of the veflel, and the quality of the water ift
which the operation is performed.
8. In cafe the experiment is to take up fome hours,
in order to obferve the laft diminution, it Will be pro-
per to notice, by a good barometer, if the gravity of
the atmofphere has fuffered any alteration during that
time ; for a difference in itsprelfure may occafion fome
difference in the refult of the experiments.
9. A fimple apparatus is always to be preferred to
a more complicated one, even though the latter mould
appear to have fome advantage over it in point of ac-
curacy. Complex machines are not only expenfive,
and fubject to be eafily put out of order, but occafion
frequent miftakes, on account of the operator having
generally many things to do and keep in proper order;
whence it is eafy to overlook fome of them. 4 *
It has already been remarked, that one fource of of the
error in the experiments made with eudiometers is the fources o£
inequality of the column of water in the tube by which erT0T \ n
the mixture of elaflic fluids is confined. For example, ™ ,9hBM ^
if a cubic inch of air, taken near the apparatus Where ment g.
the experiment is to be performed, be introduced into
a long tube previoufly filled and inverted in water, fo
that the fnrface of the water in the tube may be 20
inches higher than that in the bafon, the air in the
upper part will then be found to occupy a confiderably
larger ipace than if the column of water was fhorter ;
becaufe in the former cafe the preffure of the water
in the tube partly counterbalances the preffure of the
atmofphere, fo that the latter is lefs able to refift the
elafticity of the confined air. The difference will be
much greater if quickfilver be made ufe of inftead of
water, as the weight of that fluid is much greater than
that of water. To avoid this, it has been directed to
manage matters fo that the furface of the fluid on the
outride may nearly correfpond with that in the inride
of the tube ; but this is fometimes impracticable, e-
fpecially where quickfilver is ufed, with which the er-
ror is more coniiderable than with water : in fuch cafes,
therefore, we muft have recoirfe to calculation, and
deduce the real quantity of elaftic fluid from rhe ap-
parent fpace it occupies in a receiver, which is partlv
filled with it and partly with water or fome other grofs
fluid. For this purpofe it muft be remembered, that
the fpaces into which air or any other elaftic fluid is con-
tracted, are to one another in the inverfe ratio of thepref-
fures which confine thefe elaftic .raids ; hence the ipace
occupied by a quantity of elaftic fluid A B, (fif. 9.)
D confined
E U D
C 26 ]
E U D
Eu-iioms- confined in the tube AC inverted in quickfilver, and
ter, filled with it as far as B, is to the fpace which the fame
quantity of fluid occupies out of the tube, as the pref-
fure which ads upon it when out of the lube is to the
prefl'ure which acts upon it in the mbe ; that is, as the
height of the barometer, to the fame height of the ba-
rometer deducting the height B C of the quickfilver
in the tube. Thus, fuppoie that the length AB of
the tube occupied by an daftic fluid is three inches,
and that the length BC, filled with quickfilver, is 20
inches ; it is required to determine the length of the
fame tube, which the fame quantity of elaftic fluid
would occupy if the furface of the quickfilver in the
bafon was brought even with B. viz. if the faid
elaftic fluid was only acted upon by the preiTure of the
atmofphere. Firlt obferve the height of the barome-
ter at that time, which fuppoie to be 30 inches ; then
fay, As the height of the barometer is to the fame
height deducting the height of tbe quickfilver C B in
the inverted tube A B ; fo is the fpace AB to the real
3x30 20
fpace required : that is, 30 : 30 —
-20
23
Mr Caveu-
diih's eu-
diometer.
r= I.: ;fu that one inch is the length of the tube AC
which the quantity of elaftic fluid AB would occupy,
if the furface B of the quickfilver in it was brought
even with that of ihe quickfilver in the bafon. Here,
however, we muft fuppofe the tube AC to be perfect-
ly cylindrical ; other wife the calculation would become
very intricate by being adapted to the form of the
veffel.
VIII. In the 73d volume of the Pliilofophical Trans-
actions, we have an account of a new eudiometer by
Mr Cavendifli. He prefers the Abbe Fontana's to all
the reft : the great improvement in which (he fays) is,
that as the tube is long and narrow, and the orifice of
the funnel not much lefs than the bore of the tube,
and the meafure made to deliver its contents very
quick, the air rifes fiowly up the tube in one continu-
ed column ; fo that there is time to take the tube off
the funnel, and to (hake it before the airs come quite
into contact; by which means the diminution is
much greater and more certain than it would other-
Wife be. Thus, if equal meafures of nitrous and com-
mon air are mixed together in this manner, the bulk
of the mixture will, in general, he about one meafure ;
but if the airs are fuffered to remain in contact about
a quarter of a minute before they are fhaken, the bulk
will hardly be lefs than one meafure and one fifth;
and it will be very different according to the length
of time they are fuffered to remain before they are
fhaken. In like manner, if, through any fault in the
apparatus, the air rifes in bubbles, as in that cafe it is
jmpoflible to fhake the tube foon enough, the diminu-
tion is always lefs than it ought to be. Another very
confiderable advantage arifing from the method of mix-
ing the airs juft mentioned is, that the diminution
takes place in its full extent almoft iuftantly; but if
they are allowed to remain for fome time in con-
tact before they arc fhaken, the mixture will continue
a4 diminifh-ing for many hours.
Why Fon- . The reafon of thefe differences, according to our
tana's me- author, is, that, in the Abbe Fontana's method, the
t K^ d Tr^ water * s m3 ^ en krifkly up and down in the tube while
she reft Io t k e a j rs are , n , x i n g . ^y w hich means every fmall por-
tion of nitrous air muft be be in contact with water ei-
ther at the inftant it mixes with the common air, or at Eudiome-
leaft immediately after ; and it ft ems that the water, ter.
by abforbing the nitrous acid the moment it is formed, * 77~^
greatly contributes to the quicknefs of the diminu- Advantage
tion, as well as to the quantity of it. Hence Mr of adding
Cavendifli was induced to try whether the diminution one of the
would not be more certain and regular, if one of the fchsfloTrly
airs were added to the other llowly and in fmall tothe °-
bubbles, the veffel being kept making all the while
that the mixture was made : and on trial he found
that this method fully anfwered his expectations. 4 g
The apparatus ufed by our author is, 1. a cylindrical MrCateu-.
glafs veflel A (fig. 10.), with brafs caps at top and bot- difli's ap-
tom. To the upper cap a brafs cock B is firted : ? aratU5 de*
the bottom cap is open, but made to fit clofe into the e
brafs focket D d, and is fixed into it in the lame man-
ner as a bayonet is on a mufket. This fecket has a
fmall hole E in its bottom, and is fattened to the board
of the tub by the bent brafs Ff C, in fuch a manner
that b, the top of the cock may be about half an inch,
underwater : confcquently, if the veffel A is placed
in its focket with any quantity of air in it, and the
cock is then opened, the air will run out by the cock >
but will do fo very llowly, as it can efcape no fafter
than the water can enter by the fmall ho;e E to fup-
ply its place.
2. Befides this veffel, there are three glafs bottles
like M, fig. 11. having each a flat brafs cap at bottom
to make it ftand fteady, and a ring at top to fufpend
it ; alio fome glafs meafures of different fizes, as B
fig. 12. having a flat brafs cap at bottom with a wood-
en handle. Thefe are filled with the air to be mea-
fured, then fet upon the brafs knob C fitted to the
board of the tub below the furface of the water, which
drives out fome of the air leaving only the proper
quantity. a?
In mixing the airs together, our author commonly His mc-
adds the relpirable llowly to the nitrous,; to do which, thod of
a proper quantity of nitrous gas is put into the bottle M, mixing
by means of one of the meafiires already dtferibed, and theair *> & *»
another quantity of refpirable air is put into the vef-
fel A, by firlt filling it with this air, and then putting
it on the knob C, as was done by the meafure ; after
which the veffel A, is fixed in the focket, and the
bottle M placed with its mouth over the ccck. The Fig. io,ir.
quantities of air made ufe of, and the diminution of
the mixture, are determined by weighing the vcffels
under water in the following manner. From one end
of a balance, placed in fuch a manner as to hangover
the tub of water, a forked wire is fufpended, to each
end of which fork is fixed a fine copper wire ; and in
trying the experiment, the veflel A, with the refpirable
air in it, is firft weighed by fufpending it from one of
thofe copper wires, io that it may remain entirely un-
der water. The bottle 71/, with the proper quantity
of nitrous air in it, is then hung in the fame manner
on the other wire, and the weight of both together
determined. The air is then let out of the veffel A
into the bottle M, and the weight of both vefllls to-
gether found afecondtime; by which we know the
diminution of bulk the airs fiiffer on being nixed.
Laftly, the bottle M is taken off, and the veflel A
weighed again by itfelf, which gives the quantity of
refpirable air made ufe of. It is needlefs to determine
the quantity of nitrous air by weight ; becaufe, as the
quantity
E U D [ 27 ] E U D
Eudiomer quantity ufcd is always fufficient to produce a full di- quantity of refpirable air was found to be .985 of a
" ter. * initiation, a fmall difference therein makes no fenfible meafure; then the obferved diminution muff be increa-
* y ' one in the diminution. No fenli'ole error can arife fed by .035, in order to have the true diminution, cr
from any difference in the fpecific graviry of the air ; that which would have been produced if the refpirable
for the thing found by weighing the veffel is the dif- air made ufe of had been exactly one meafure ; whence
ference of weight of the included air and an equal the true diminution is 2.388.
bulk of water: which, as air is no lefs than 800 times In weighing common air, our author fomewhat
lighter than water; is very nearly equal to the weight abridges the procefs above defcribed. He does not
of a quantity of water equal in bulk to the included weigh the veffel A, but only the bottle M with the ni-
air. A common balance is not convenient for weigh- trous air in it; then mixes the airs, and again weighs
in<r the bottles under water, without fome addition to the, fame bottle with the mixture in it, and finds the
it Tfor the lower the veffel of air finks underwater, the ine'reafe of weight; which added to one meafure, is
more the air is compreffed ; which makes the veffel very nearly the true diminution whether the quantity
heavier and thereby caufes that end of the beam to of common air made ufe of was a little more or a little
preponderate. Hence we muff: either have the index lefs than one meafure. The reafon of this is, that as
placed below the beam, as in many effay -balances; or the diminution produced by the mixture of common
by fome other means remove the centre of gravity of and nitrous air is only a little greater than the bulk of
the beam fo much below the centre of fufpenfion, as the common air, the bulk of the mixture will be very
to make the balance vibrate, notwithstanding the ten- nearly the fame whether the bulk of the common air
dency which the compreffibility of the air in the veffel be a little greater or a little lefs than one meafure. Let
has to prevent it. us fuppofe, for example, that the quantity of common
In this manner of determining the quantities of the air air made ufe of is exactly one meafure, and that the
by weight, care muff be taken to proportion the lengths diminution of bulk on mixing is 1.08 of a meafure ;
of the copper wires in fuch a manner that the furface then muff the increafe of the weight of the bottle M,
of the water in A and M flull be on the fame level, on adding the common air, be .08 of a meafure. Let
us next fuppofe that the quantity of common air made
ufe of is 1.02 of a meafure ; then will the diminution,
on adding the nitrous air, be 1. o8-f-J — or 1.1016 of
Eudiome-
ter.
when both have the ufual quantity of air in them ; as
otherwife fome errors will arife from the air being more
compreffed in one than the other. This precaution,
indeed, does not entirely take away the error, as the
level of the water in M is not the fame after the airs
are mixed that it was before ; but in veffels of the fize
ufed by our author, this error could never be equal to
1. 00
a meafure ; and confequently the increafe of the
weight of the bottle M will be 1.1016 — 1.02, or
.0816 of a meafure, almoft exactly the fame as if pre-
the 5codth part of the whole ; which therefore is quite cifelyone meafure of common air had been made ufe of.
inconfiderable : but even if it was much greater, it The fame bottle is made ufe of, viz. that which
could be of no confequence, as it would always be the holds three meafures, when the nitrous is added to the
fame in trying the fame kind of air. refpirable air. In this experiment the bottle M is firft
The veffel./^ (fig. 10) ufed in thefe experiments, holds weighed without any air in it, and then weighed again
282 grains of water, and is the quantity denominated one when full of refpirable air, which gives the quantity of
28
Of adding
the nitrous
to the re-
fpirable.
meafure by our author. There are three bottles for ma-
king the mixture, with a meafure B (fig. 12.) for the
nitrousair adapted to each. Thefirff of thefe holds three
meafures, and the correfponding meafure one and one-
fourth of theformer meafure ; the fecond bottle holdsfix,
and the correfponding meafure 24. ; the third holds 12,
and the correfponding meafure five. Thefirff bottle snd
meafure are made life of in trying common air, and the
others for the dcphlogifficated or purer kinds. As the
fame quantity of refpirable air is always made ufe of,
11 meafure of nitrons air is added to one of the com-
mon atmofpherical kind; and in trying very pure de-
phlogifticated air, five meafures of the nitrous kind are
made ufe of; and our author is of opinion, that there
is no kind of air fo pure as to require a greater quan-
tity of nitrous air. The way by which it is known
whether a fufficient quantity of nitrous air has been add-
ed, is to obferve the bulk of the mixture; for if that
is not lefs than one meafure, that is, than the refpirable
air alone, it is a fign that the quantity of nitrous air is
fufficient, or that it will produce the proper diminu-
tion, unlefs it be very impure. It rauft be obferved,
however, that though the quantity of refpirable air
Will always be nearly the fame, as being put in by mea-
the latter made ufe of. The nitrous air is then put in-
to the veffel A, and weighed together with the bottle M;
after which, having mixed them together, the diminu-
tion takes place, and they are weighed again, in order
to difcover its quantity. In this method a fmaller
quantity of nitious air is neceffary than in the former.
In the firft method, it was found that the diminution
was fcarce feniibly lefs when one meafure of nitrous air
was ufed than with a much larger quantity ; fo that
one meafure may be accounted fully fufficient. Our
author, however, chofe to employ 11 meafure, left
the nitrous air fhculd be impure. There was no fen-
fible diminution whether the orifice of the veffel A
opening into the bottle M W2S _%. or ^th of an inch ;
that is, whether the air efcaped in fmall or large bub-
bles: the diminution was rather greater when the bottle
was fhaken brifkly than otherwife ; but all the differ-
ence that could be perceived between thefe two me-
thods of (baking did not exceed .01 of a meafure.
The diminution, however, was remarkably lefs when
the bottle was not fhaken at all ; being at firft only
0.9 ; in about three minutes it increafed to o 93 : and
after being fhaken for about a minute, it increafed to
0.99 ; but when gently fhaken at firft, the diminution
fure, yet theobferved diminution will commonlyrequire was 1.08 on mixing, and did not fenfibly increafe after
fome correction. For example, fuppofe that the ob- that time. Some difference was found toarife from the
ferved diminution was 2.353 meafures, and that the length of time the air took up in pafiing from one veffel
D 2 to
tUD
[ a8 ]
EU'D
Eudiome-
ter.
Variations
arifing
from the
iize of thg
bottles and
quality of
the water.
3*
Attempt
to remedy
the incon-
veniencies
from the
different
quality of
the water.
to another. When it took up 80 feconds, for inftance, in
pafihigfrom the one bottle into the other, there was a dif-
ference of" 5 hundred th- parts mure than when it took up
only 22feconds,and about 2 hundredth parts more than
when it took up 45 feconds ; but at otheriimes the diffe-
rence was lefs.. As the hole in the plate Dd, however, was
ill ways the fame in our author's experiments, the time ta-
ken up by theairinpaffing from one veifelinto the other
varied fo little that no perceptible difference could arife
from that caufe. A greater difference arofe Irom the
fize of the bottles and quality of the water made life
of. When the fmall bottle, holding three meafures, was
ufed, and filled with diftilled water, the diminution
of common air was ufually 1.08 ; but when the bottle
was filled with water from the tub, it was .05 lefs. U r
fing the bottle which held 12 meafures, and filled with
diftilled water, the diminution was about i. 15; and
with the fame bottle filled with water from the tub it
was ufually i.o3. " The reafon of this (fays Mr
Cavendifh) is, that water has the power of abibrbing a
fmall quantity of nitrous air ; and the more dephlogiiti-
cated the water is, the more of this air it can abforb.
If the water is of fuch a nature alfo as to froth or form
bubbles on letting in the common air, the diminution
is remarkably lei's than ill other water. In general the
diminution was nearly as great with rain as with di-
ftilled water; but foineiimes the former would froth a
good deal: in which cafe it was no better than water
fouled with oak-fli ivings. This difference of diminu-
tion, according to the nature of the water, is a very great
inconvenience, and feems to be the chief caufe of un-
certainty in trying the purity of the air ; but it is by
no means peculiar to this method, being equally great
in that of Fontana's. In his method indeed it makes
little difference whether the water be difpofed to froth
or not ; but this is no great advantage, as it is eafy to
find water which will not froth ; though it lhews plain-
ly how little any of the experiments hitherto made on
the parity of air can be depended upon." The belt
method of obviating this inconvenience is to be always
careful to ufe the fame kind of water: our author al-
ways made ufe of diftilled water; but found that even
this Was fometimes endowed with a greater power of
abforbing nitrous air than at others: and with a
view to remedy this, he made the following experi-
ment. Some diftilled water being purged of its air by
boiling, one part was kept for a week in a bottle
with dephlogilticated air, and frequently fhaken ; the
other part being treated in the fame manner with phlo-
gifticated air. By a mean of three different trials the
teft of common air tried with the firft of thefe waters
was t.139; the diminution fuffered by fhaking nitrous
air in it for two feconds being about 0.285. The teft
of the fame air tried with the other water was 1.05:4,
and the diminution by nitrous air only 0.09 ; the heat
of the water in the tub and of the diftilled waters be-
ing 45 . The heat of the water in live tub and the
diftilled waters was then raifed to 67 ; when the tell
of the fame air tried by the firft water was i.ioo, and
by the latter t. 044; the diminution of nitrous air with
the fir It water being 0.235 ; by the latter 0.089. Hence
it might feem that the obferved teft ought to be cor-
rected by the fubtraction of -^ciVs of the diminution
■which nitrons air fuffers by being fhaken in the water,
and adding .002 for every three degrees of heat above o;
but though tliici correction will undoubtedly diminifh Eudiome-
the error, he is of opinion that it will not by any ter.
means take it away entirely ; and from fome circuni- v v '
ftances it appears that diftilled water poffeffes a proper-
ty of abforbing different quantities of nitrous air inde-
pendent of its heat.
In the fecond method, viz. when the nitrous acid is Why the
added to the common air the diminution is confider- diminution
ably lefs than in the other ; the reafon of which is, that is Iefswhen
when nitrous and common air are mixed together, the f^e nitrous
former is deprived of part of its phlogixton, and is'^ tef J®
thereby converted into phlogifticated nitrous acid, a n d rabk^afr"
in that ftate is abforbed by the water ; beiides that tkc,
common air is phlogifticated, and thereby diminifhed :
fo that the whole diminution on mixing is equal to the
bulk of nitrous air which is turned into acid, added to
the diminution which the common air fuffers by being
phiogifiicated. Now it appears, that when a fmall
quantity of nitrous sir comes in contact: with a large
one of common air, the former is more completely de-
prived of its phlogifton, and abforbed by the water in
a more dephlogifticaterl ftate than when a fmall quan-
tity of common air comes into contact With a large
quantity of nitrous: in the fecond method, therefore,
where fmall portions of nitrous air come in contact with
a large quantity of common air, the former as has
been juft obferved, is more deprived of its phlogifton ;
and therefore a fmaller quantity of it is required to
phlogilticate the common air than in the former method
where fmall portions of common air come in contact
with a large quantity of nitrous air ; fo that a lefs quan-
tity of the nitrous air is abforbed in the fecond method
than in the firft. The common air moft probably fuf-
fers an equal diminution in both cafes.
Another proof that a fmaller quantity of nitrous
air is required in this method than the former is,, that
if common air be mixed with a quantity of nitrous
air not fuffkient to phlogifticdie it, the mixture will
be more phlogifticated if the nitrous be added flowly to
the common air without being in contact with water;
the thixture will be found to be (till more phlogifticated
than in the fecond method where the two airs are in - 2
contact with water at the time of mixing. The final Concln-
refult of Mr Cavendiih's experiments on this fubject is, fions from
thnt nitrous air ufed in the firft method does not phlo- Mr Caven-
gifticate common air more than three-fourths of the . xpe "
fame quantity ufed in the fecond way ; and not fo much nmcn s *
as one half of the quantity ufed in the third way, viz.
by adding the nitrous air flowly to the other, without
being in contact with water. ,,
With refpect to the quality of nitrous air ufed in Of the dif-
thefe experiments, our author obferves that it may vary ferent pro-
in two refpects. 1. In purity ; that is, in being more l'f rti6S cf .
or lefs mixed with phlogifticated or other air. 2. In mtrous air *
two parcels of equally pure air, itispofJible that one par-
cel may contain more phlogifton than the other. A
difference in the fecond refpect will caufe an error in
the teft, in whatever proportion it be mixed with the re-
ferable air; but if it differs in the firft refpect, it will
fcarcely caufe any error unlefs it be uncommonly im-
pure ; provided care is taken to ufe a quantity fufticient
to make a full diminution. It muft be obferved, how-
ever, that if the nitrous air be mixed with fixed air, an
error will be occafioned, becaufe part of the latter is
abforbed while the teft is trying; but this will hardly
be
E U D
C *9 3
EVE
Eodiome- be the cafe, itrilefs either the meral from which it is
ter . procured be covered with ruft, or unkfs the water in
^Eudocia. ^y^icij j £ j s r e C eived contain much calcareous earth fuf-
11 " ' pended by fixed air ; as in that cafe, if any of the ni-
trous acid comes over with the air, it will diflblvc the
calcareous earth, and feparate fome fixed air.
To determine whether it be potable for nitrous air to
differ in the fecond refpect, our author procured fome
from quicksilver, copper, brafs, and iron : in making
experiments with which, he found that the difference be-
tween the tefts tried with the three fir/1 kinds of air was
not greater than what might proceed from the error of
the experiment ; but thofe with the air from iron .015
greater than the reft. From other experiments it ap-
peared that the nitrous air from iron was not only more
impure than that from other metals, but that the pure
portion it contained had lefs phlogifton in it than that
from copper or quickfilver. He is of opinion, how-
ever, that copper affords nitrous air fufficiently pure for
experiments of this kind without having recourfe to
quickfilver, as Mr Cavallo advifes.
In fome of his experiments, Mr Cavendifh had occa-
fion to ufe a larger apparatus, which is reprefented
fig. 13. ^reprefents abottle containing nitrous air in-
verted into the tub of water DE. B is bottled fitted
with a bent glafs tube C. This bottle is to be filled
with common air without any water, and is firft (light-
ly warmed by the hand : the end of the glafs tube is
then put inio the bottle of nitrous air as reprefented in
the figure. As the bottle B cools, a little nitrous air
runs into it, which inftantly lofes its elafticity in con-
fequence of coming into contact with the atmofpherical
air. This condenfation occafions an influx of freih ni-
trous air, and fo on till the whole is exhaufted. By
this means the nitrous air is added flowly to the other
without coming into contact with water, the whole
©fit has run out from the bottle .^into B ; after which
the W 7 ater flows in to fupply the vacancy occafioned by
the diminution.
EUDOSIA, (Athenia, before her converfion to
Christianity), a celebrated lady, the daughter of Leon-
tius, philofopher of Athens ; who gave her fuch a
learned education, that at his death, he left her only a
fmall legacy, Saying-She was capable to make her own
fortune ; but pleading at Athens without fuccefsagainft
her two brothers, for a fhare in her father's eftate, fhe
carried her caufe perfonally by appeal to Conftanti-
nople ; recommended herfelf to Pulcheria, the fifter of
the emperor Theodofius the younger; embraced Chri-
ftianity, was baptized by the name of Eudofia, and
foon after married to the emperor. Their union lafled
a considerable time : but a difference at laft taking
place, on account of the emperor's jcaloufy excited by
Chryfapius the eunuch, (lie retired to Jerufalem, where
file {pent many years in building and adorning church-
es and in relieving the poor. Dupin fays, that Ihe
did not return thence till after the emperor's death :
but Cave tells us, that fhe was reconciled to him, re-
turned to Constantinople, and continued with him till
his death ; after which fhe went again to Palefline,
where fhe fpent the remainder of her life in pious
works. She died in the year 460, according to Du-
pin ; or 459, according to Cave : the latter obferves,
that on her death-bed fhe took afolemn oath, by which
'fee declared herfelf entirely free from any ftainsofun-
chattity. She was the author of a paraphrafe on the Eudoxians
eight firft books of the Old Teftament in heroic verfe j fl
and of a great number of poems, which are loft. ^Evelyn. ^
EUDOXIANS, a party or feet of heretics in the "
fourth century, fo denominated from their leader Eu-
doxius, patriarch of Antioch and Conflantinople, a
great defender of the Arian doctrine. The Eudoxi-
ans adhered to the errors of the Arians and Euno-
mians, maintaining, that the Son was created out of
nothing; that he had a will diftinct and different from
that of the Father, &c.
EVE. See Adam.
Eve, the mother of all mankind ; who being deluded
by the Serpent, occafioned the fall, and all its difmal
confequences. See Adam.
EVELYN (John), a moft learned and ingenious
writer and natural philofopher, was born at Wotton in.
Surry, the feat of his father, in 1620. After making
the tour of Europe, he returned to England about the
year i65i,and lived very retired at his rural retreat,
Say's Court, near Deptford in Kent ; where his difguft
at the violence andconfufion of the times operated fo
far upon his ftudious disposition, that he actually pro-
pofed to Mr Boyle the eftablifhing a kind of college
for perfons of the fame turn of mind, where they
might affociate together without care or interruption.
It was owing to Mr Evelyn's gratitude to the place
of his education, that Oxford became poffeffed of the
famous Arundelian marbles ; which he perfuaded the
Lord Henry Howard to beftow on that univerfuy.
He was very affiduous in tranfmitting to the royal So-
ciety whatever fell within the compafs of his enquiries ;
and ufed humbly to AylchimteK a pioneer inthe fervics.
When the number of books he publifhed is confidered,
the many he left behind him unfinifhed and unpublifh-
ed, and the variety of fubjects on which he employed
his time, his induftry and application are aftonifhing.
** His life (fays' the honourable Mr Walpole) was a
courfe of inquiry, ftudy, curiofity, inftruction, and be-
nevolence. The works of the Creator, and the mimic
labours of the creature, were all objects of his purfuit.
He unfolded the perfections of the one, and aflifted the
imperfections of the other. He adored from examina-
tion ; was a courtier that flattered only by informing
his prince, and by pointing out what was worthy for
him to countenance ; and was really the neighbour of
the Gofpel, for there was no man that might not have
been the better for him. He was one of the firft pro-
moters of the royal fociety, a patron of the ingenious
and indigent, and particularly Serviceable to the lettered
world ; for, befides his writings and difcoveries he ob-
tained the Arundelian marbles for the univeriity of Ox-
ford, and the Arundelian library for the royal fociety ;
nor is it the leaf! part of his praife, that he who pro-
posed to Mr Boyle the election of a philofophic col-
lege for retired and Speculative perfons, had the honefty
to write in defence of active life againft Sir George
Mackenzie's Effay on Solitude. He knew that retire-
ment in his own hands was induftry and benefit to man-
kind ; but in thofe of others, lazinefs and inutility.'*
There are five fmall prints of this gentleman's journey
from Rome to Naples, drawn and etched by him ; and
among his publifhed works are, 1. A Character of
England; 2. The State of Fiance; 3. An Elfay on
the firil book, of Lucretius Ds rerum natura ; 4. The
French
E U G
[ 30 ]
E V I
Evergetus French gardener; 5. A Panegyric on King Charles II's of Savoy, and fon of Eugene Maurice, general of the Eugemt.
♦rngene.
coronation ; 6. Fuviijugum, or the inconveniences of
the air and fmoke of London diffipated ; 7. The Hi-
Itory and Art of Engraving on Copper ; 8. A parallel
between the ancient architecture and the modern ; 9.
Sylva, oradifcourfeof forefts-trees; and feveral others.
This amiable gentleman died, full of age and honour,
in 1706. His fon John Evelyn, born in 1654, diftin-
guifhed himfelf by his elegant tranflations and poems:
He was one of the commiffioners of the revenue in
Ireland ; bat died early in life, in 1698.
Svvifs and Grifons, governor of Campagne, and earl
of Soiffons, was born in 1663. Louis XIV. to whom
he became afterwards fo formidable an enemy, thought
him fo nnpromiiing a youth, that he refufed him pre-
ferment boih in the church and the Hate, thinking him.
too much addicted to pleafure to be ufeful in either.
Prince Eugene, in difguft, quitted France ; and, reti-
ring to Vienna, devoted himfelf to the imperial fervice.
The war between the emperor and the Turks afforded
the firft opportunity of exerting his military talents ;
EVEBGETES,.a firname fignyfying bene factor,^, and every campaign proved a newftep in his advance-
ven to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Dofon,
and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was alfo commonly given
to the kings of Syria and Pontrs, and we often fee
among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among
the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Ro-
man emperors alfo claimed that epithet of Benevolent
and Humane.
EVERGREEN, in gardening, a fpecies of peren
niats, which continue their verdure, leaves, &c. all the
year : fuch are hollies, phillyreas, lauriftinufes, bays,
pines, firs, cedars of Lebanon, &c.
EVERLASTING pea. See Lythyrus.
EVES droppers. See EAVES-Droppers.
EVESHAM, or Eves holm, commonly called E-
fam, a towncf Worcefter/hire, featedona gentle afcent der, Hefperidea. The calyx is quadripartite, fuperior
from the river Avon, over which there is abridge of
feven arches. It is 95 miles from London, 14 miles
from Worcefter, and has a harbour for barges. It is
an old borough, reckoned the fecond in the. county ;
and fends two members to parliament. It had for-
merly an abbey with a mitred abbot ; which abbey when
/landing was one of the largefh and moft ftately of any
in the kingdom. It was governed by a bailiff, till
king James I. at the rcquefl of his fon Prince Henry,
give it a charter for a mayor, 7 aldermen, 12 capital
burgeffes, a recorder, and chamberlain, who are all of
ihe common council, with 24 other burgeffes called
afiifiants. Four of the aldermen, and the mavor for
the time being, arc juftices of the peace ; and of oyer
and terminer, and of goal delivery, for all offences in
the corporation, except high treafon ; and the corpo-
ration, has power to try and execute felons within the
boiough. Here are two parifli-churches ; but the
bells of both have been removed to a beautiful old tower
which was one of the gates of the abbey. This town is
noted for the great victory obtained near it by Prince Ed-
ward, afterwards King Edward I. over Simon Mont-
ford, the great earl of Leicefter, who was killed in the
battle. There is an open profpect from hence of the
foacious valley called the vale of Evejham or vale of
the petals four ; the fruit a monofpermous quadrangu-
lar plum. There are two fpecies, both natives of the
hot parts of Afia. They rife from 20 to 30 feet high ;
and bear plum-fhaped fruit, inclofing one nut. They
are too tender to live in Britain, unlefs they are
conftantly kept in a ftove.
EVICTION, inlaw, fignifies a recovery of lands or
tenements by law.
EVIDENCE, that perception of truth which arifes
either from the teftimony of the fenfes or from an in-
duction of reafon.
Evidence, in law, fignifies fome proof by teflimony
of men upon oath, or by writings or records. It is
called evidence, becaufe thereby the point in iffue in a
caufe to be tried is to be made evident to the jury ;
for probationes debeut ejfe evident es ct perfpicua. The
fyflem of evidence, as now eftabliihed in our courts of
common law, is very full, comprehenfive, and refined ;
far different from, and fuperior to,. any thing known
in the middle ages ; as far fuperior in that as in all
other improvements and refinements in fcience, arts,
and manners.
The nature of evidence during the ages of ignorance
was extremely inperfect, and the people were inca-
pable of making any rational improvement. Thus it
Cloucefter, which fo abouds with the beft of corn, as was the imperfection of human reafon that caufed the
well as pafture for fheep, that is reckoned the gra-
nary of all thefe parts. The vale runs all along the
banks of the Avon, from Tewkefbury to Perfhore,
and to Stratford in Warwickfhire, and the river is fo
far navigable. It has a weekly market and four fairs.
The market-honfe built by Sir Edward Hobby has its
upper apartments ufed by the corporation for a feffions-
houfe, and formerly for the affizes of the county. There
are eonfiderable garden-grounds around the place, the
produce of which fupplies the adjacent towns.
EUGENE (Francis), prince of Savoy, defcended
from Carignan, one of thcthree branches of the houfe
invention and introduction of the ordeal, as an appeal
to the Supreme Being. As men are unable to com-
prehend the manner in which the Deity carries on the
government of the nniverfe, by equal, fixed, and ge-
neral laws, they are apt to imagine, that in every cafe
which their paflions or intereft render important in.
their own eyes, the SnpremeRuler of allotight vifibly
to difplay his power in vindicating innocence, and pu-
nifliing vice.
EVIL, in philofophy, &c. is cither moral or nata-
cal. Moral evil is the difagreement between the ac-<
tions of amoral agent, and the rule of thefe action s
what
!
Evil.
ment to the higheft offices in the army. He gave
the Turks a memorable defeat at Zenta ; commanded
the German forces in Italy, where he foiled marfhal
Villeroy in every engagement, and at length took him
prifoner Our limits do not allow a detail of his cam-
paigns; but prince Eugene difiinguiihed himfelf great-
ly, when the emperor and queen Anne united againft
the exorbitant power of Louis XIV. He died at Vi-
enna in the year 1736 ; and was as remarkable for his
modefly and liberality, as for his abilities in the field
and the cabinet.
EUGENIA, the yamboo : A genus of the mono-
gynia order, belonging to the icofandriaclafs of plants ;
and ia the natural method ranking under the 19th or-
eh
E~ U L [3
whatever it is* Natural evil is, whatever destroys or
any way difturbs the perfection of natural beings :
fuch as blindnefs, d i Tea fes, death, &c.
B Mo- King's EviL > or Scrophula. See Medicine-///^.v.
ralFhilcfi- EviL-Merodach, the fon and fucceflbr of Nebuchad-
nezzer the Great, king of Babylon, fucceeded to the
crown in the year of the world 3443 ; but governed
the kingdom during the indifpolition of his father,
who afterfeven years, havingrecovered his underitand-
ing, once more afcended the throne ; and, as forae be-
lieve, imprifoncd his fon Evil-Merodach. In this con-
finement it is fuppofed that Evil-Merodach made an
acquaintance and friendlhip with Jehoiachim king of
Judah who had been carried to Babylon by Nebu-
ehadnezzer. However this was, it is certain, that
foon after his fucceflion to the throne, he delivered the
king of Judah out of prifon, after a confinement of 37
years, heaped may favours on him, and placed him
above alt -tbe-othcr kings who were at [he court
of Babylon, (2 Kings xxv. 27. Jer. liii. 31.) Evil-
Merodach reigned but one year, according to the
chronology of Archbifhop Ulher ; but Dr Frideaux
will have him to have reigned two years, and was fuc-
ceeded by Neriglilfar his lifter's hufband, who having
been at the head of a confpiracy that put him to
death, reigned in his fiead. Others will have it, that
thisprince was immediately fucceeded by his Ion Bel-
SHAZZAR.
EULER (Leonard), profeflbr of mathematics,
member of the imperial academy of Petcrfourgh, an-
cient director of the royal academy of Berlin, and fel-
low of the royal focitty of London, as alfo correfpon-
dent member of the royal academy of fciences at Paris,
was born at Balil, April 15th, 1707, of reputable pa-
Tents. The years of his infancy were patted in a rural
retreat at the village ofRichen, of which place his
father was minifter. — Being fent to theuniverfny of
Bafil, he attended regularly the different profeilbrs.
As his memory was prodigious, he performed his aca-
demical tafks with uncommon rapidity ; and all the
time he gained by this was confecrated to geometry,
which foon became his favourite ftudy. The early pro-
grefs he made in this fcience, only added a new ardour
to his application ; and thus he obtained a dillinguimed
place in the attention and efteem of profeflbr John Ber-
nouilli, who was at that time one of the firlt mathe-
maticians in Europe. In 1723, M. Euler took his de-
gree as mafter of arts ; and delivered on that occafion
a Latin difcourfe, in which he drew a comparifon be-
tween the philofophy of Newton and the Cartefian fy-
ftem, which was received with the greateft applaufe.
He afterwards, at his father's defire, applied himfelf
to the ftudy of theology and the oriental languages.
Though thefe ftudies were foreign to his predominant
propenfity, his fuccefs was confiderable even in this
line : however, with his father's confent, he returned
to geometry as his principal object. He continued
to avail himfelf of the counfels and inftri.c"tions of
M. Bernouilli ; he contracted an intimate friendlhip
• with his two Ions Nicholas and Daniel ; and if was in
confcqucnctof thefe connections that he became after-
wards theprincipal ornament of theacademy of Peterf-
burg. The project of erecting this academy, which had
teen formed by Peter the Great, was executed by
Catharine I. ; and the two young Beruouillis being iu-
I
]
E U L
vited to Peterfburg in 172 J, promifed Euler, who was Euler.
defirous of following them, that they would ufe their " w —
utmoft endeavours to procure for him an advantageous
fettlement in that city. In the mean time, by their
advice, he applied himfelf with ardour to the itudy of
phyliology, to which he made a happy application of
his mathematical knowledge ; and he attended the me-
dical lectures of the moft eminent profeflbrs of Bafii.
This fludy, however, did not wholly engrofs his time :
it did not even relax the activity of his vaft and com-
prehenfive mind in the cultivation of other branches of
natural fcience. For while he was keenly engaged in
phyliological refearches, he compofed A Diflertation on
the Nature and Propagation of Sound, and an anfwer
to a prize queftion concerning the mafting of flaps ;
to which the academy of fciences adjudged the accejjit,
or fecond rank, in the year 1727. From this latter
difcourfe, and other circumftances, it appears that
Euler had early embarked in the curious and important
ftudy of navigation, which he afterwards enriched
with fo many valuable difcoveries.
M. Euler's merit would have given him an eafy ad-
miflion to honourable preferment, cither in the magi-
ftracy or univerfuy of his native city, if both civil and
academical honours had not been there diftributcd by
lot. The lot being againft him in a certain promo-
tion, he left his country, fet out for Peterlburgh, and
was made joint profeflbr with his countrymen Meifrs
Hermann and Daniel Bernouilli in the nniverlity %i
that city. At his fir ft fetting out in his new career,
he enriched the academical collection with many me-
moirs, which excited a noble emulation between him
and the Bernouillis ; and this emulation always con-
tinued, without either degenerating into a felfllh jea-
loufy, or producing the lealt alteration in their friend-
lhip. It was at this time that he carried to new de-
grees of perfection the integral calculus, invented the
calculation of (inufes, reduced analytical operations to
a greater fimplicity, and thus was enabled to throw
new light on ail the parts of mathematical fcience. la
1730, he was promoted to the profefforfiiip cf natural
philofophy; and in 1733 he fucceeded his friend D.
Bernouilli in the mathematical chair. In 1 735, a pro-
blem was propofed by the academy which required
expedition, and for the folution of which feveral emi-
nent mathematicians had demanded the fpace cf fome
months. The problem was folved by Euler in three
days, to the great afloniihment of theacademy; but
the violent and laborious efforts it coft him threw him
into a fever, which endangered his life, and deprived
him of the ufe of his right eye. The academy of
fciences at Paris, which in 1738 had adjudged the prize
to his memoir Concerningthe Nature and Properties of
Fire, propofed for the ye:;r 174O the important fub-
ject of thefea-tides; a problem whofe folution required
the moft arduous calculations, and comprehended the
theory of the folar fyfteni. Euler's difcourfe on this
quefiion was adjudged a mafter-picce of analyfls and
geometry ; and it was more honourable for him to (hare
the academical prize with fuch illuftrious competitors
as Colin Maclaurin and Daniel Bernouilli, than to have
carried it away from rivals of lefs magnitude. Rarely,
if ever, did fuch a brilliant competition adorn the an-
nals of the academy ; and no fubjtct perhaps, propo-
fed by that learned body was ever treated with fuch
EUL
[ 3* .1
EUL
r.uler. accuracy of inveftigation and force of genius, as thai:
v — v— — which here difplayed the philofophical powers of thefe
three extraordinary men.
In the year 1741, M. Euler was invited to Berlin
to augment the ltiftre of the academy, that was there
rifing into fame. He enriched the lafl volume of
the mifcellanies (melanges), of Berlin Math five me-
moirs, which make an eminent, perhaps the principal
figure in that collection. Thefe were followed with
an aftonifhing rapidity by a great number of important
refearches, which are fcattered through the memoirs
of the Pruifian academy ; of which a volume has been
regularly publiihed every year fince its eftablifliment
ill 1 744. The labours of Euler will appear more efpe-
cially aftonifhing, when it is confidered, that while
he was enriching the Academy of Berlin with a prodi-
gious number of memoirs, on the deepeft parts of ma-
thematical fcience, containing always fome new points
of view, often fublime truths, and fometimes discove-
ries of great importance ; he did not difcontinue his
philofophical contributions to the Academy of Peter-
sburg, which granted him a penfion in 1742, and
whofe memoirs difplay the marvellous fecundity of Eu-
ler's genius. It was with much difficulty that this
great man obtained, in 1766, perrniflion from the king
of Pruffia to return to Peterfburg, where he defired
to pafs the refl of his days. Soon after his return,
which was gracioufly rewarded by the munificence of
Catharine II. he was feized with a violent diforder,
which terminated in the total lofs of his fight. A ca-
taract, formed in his left eye, which had been effen-
tially damaged by a too ardent application to ftudy,
deprivedhim entirely of the ufe of that organ. It was
in this diftrefling fuuation that he dictated to his fer-
vant, a tailor's apprentice, who was abfolutely devoid
of mathematical knowledge, his knowledge of algebra ;
which by their intrinfical merit, in point of perfpicuiry
and method, and the unhappy circumftances in which
they were compofed, have equally excited applaufeand
aftonifhment. This work, though purely elementary,
difcovers the palpable characteriltics of an inventive ge-
nius ; and it is here alone that we meet with a com-
plete theory of the analyfis of Diophantus.
About this time M. Euler was honoured by the
Academy of Sciences at Paris with the place of one of
the foreign members of that learned body ; and, after
this, the academical prize was adjudged to three of his
memoirs, Concerning the Inequalities in the Motions of
the Planets. The two prize queftions propofed by the
fame academy for 1779 and 1772 were defigned to
obtain from the labours of aflronomers a more perfect
Theory of the Moon. M. Euler, aflifted by his eldeft
fon, was a competitor for thefe prizes, and obtained
them both. In this laft memoir, he referved for far-
ther confideration feveral inequalities of the moon's
motion, which he could not determine in his firft the-
ory, on account of the complicated calculationsinwhich
the method he then employed had engaged him. He
had the courage afterward to review his whole theory,
with the affiftance of his fon and Meffrs Krafft and
Lexell, and to purfue his refearches until he had con-
structed the new tables, which appeared, together with
the great work, in 1772. Inftead of confining him-
felf, as before, to the fruitlefs integration of three dif-
ferential equations of the fecond degree, which are
4
furniihed by mathematical principles, he reduced them
to three ordinates, which determine the place of
the moon; he divided into claffes all the inequalites
of that planet, as far as they depend either on the elon-
gation of the fun and moon, or upon the eccentri-
city, or the parallax, or the inclination of the the lu-
nar orbit. All thefe means of inveftigation, employ,
ed with fuch art and dexterity as could only be ex-
pected from an analytical genius of the firft order,
were attended with the greateft fuccefs ; and it is
impoffible to obferve, without admiration, fuch im-
menfe calculations on the one hand, and on the other
the ingenious methods employed by this great man
to abridge them, and to facilitate their application
to the real motion of the moon. But this admi-
ration will become afloniihmcnt, when we confider at
what period and in what circumftances all this was
effectuated by M. Euler. It was when he was totally
blind, and consequently obliged to arrange all his com-
putations by the fole powers of his memory and his
genius. It was when he was embarrafTed in his do-
laeftic circumftances by a dreadful fire, that had con-
fumed great part of his fubftance, and forced him to
quit a ruined honfe, of which every corner was known
to him by habit, which, in fome meafure, fnpplied the
place of fight. It was in thefe circumftances that
Euler compofed a work which, alone, was fufficient
to render his name immortal. The heroic patience
and tranquillity of mind which he difplayed here,
needs no defcription : and he derived them not only
from the love of fcience, but from the power of re-
ligion. His philofophy was too genuine and fublime
to flop its analyfis at mechanical caufes ; it led him to
that divine philofopy of religion which ennobles hu-
man nature, and can alone form a habit of true mag-
nanimity and patience in fuffering.
Some time after this, the famous Wentzell, by
couching the cataract, reftored Mr Euler's fight; but
the fatisfaction and joy that this fuccefsful operation
produced, were of fhort duration. Some inftances of
negligence on the part of his furgeons, and his own
impatience to ufe an organ, whole cure was not com-
pletely finifhed, deprived him of his fight a fecond
time ; and this relapfe was accompanied with torment-
ing pain. He, however, with the affiftance of his fons,
and of MefTrs Krafft and Lexell, continued his labours;
neither the lofs of his fight nor the infirmities of
an advanced age could damp the ardour of his genius.
He had engaged to furniih the academy of Peterf-
burgh with as many memoirs as would be fufficient to
complete its acts for 20 years after his death. In the
the fpace of feven years he tranfrnitted to the acade-
my, by : Mr Golfwin, above 70 memoirs, and above
200 more, which were revifed and completed by the
author of this paper. Such of thefe memoirs as were
of ancient date were feparated from the reft, and form
a collection that was publifhed in the year 1783, un-
der the title of Analytical Works.
Euler's knowledge was more univerfal than could be
well expected in one, who had purfned with fuch un-
remitting ardour mathematics and aftronomy as his
favourite ftudies. He had made a very confiderable
progrefs in medical, botanical, and chemical fcience.
What was ftill more extraordinary, he was an cxcel-
knt fcholar, and poficfled what is generally called eru-
dition
Euler.
EUM
t
33 1
EUM
luler illhn in a very high degree. He had read, with at-
II terition and tafte, the moll eminent writers of ancient
Eumarides. R ome . t he civil and literary hiltory of all ages and all
""*"""* nations was familiar to him ; and foreigners who were
only acquainted with his works, were aftoniihed to
find in the converfation of a man whofe long life
feeined folely occupied in mathematical and phyiical
refcarches and difcoveries, filth an extenfive acquain-
tance with the mod iuterefting branches of literature.
In this refpect, no doubt, he was much indebted to a
very uncommon memory, which feemed to retain every
idea that was conveyed to it, either from reading or
from meditation. He could repeat the iEneid of
Virgil, from the beginning to the end, without hefi-
tation, and indicate the firlt and laft line of every page
of the edition he fifed.
Several attacks of a vertigo, in the beginning of
September 1783, which did not prevent his calculating
the motions of the aeroftatical globes, were, neverthe-
lefs the forerunners of his mild and happy puilage
from this fcene to a better. While he was amuiing
himfelf at tea with one of his grandchildren, he was
ftruck with an apoplexy, which terminated his illul-
trious career at the age of 76. His conflitution was
uncommonly ftrong and vigorous ; his health was good ;
and the* evening of His long life was calm and ferene,
fweetened by. the fame that follows genius, the public
efteem and refpeet that are never with-held from ex-
emplary virtue, and feveral domeftic comforts which
he was capable of feeling, and therefore deferved to
enjoy.
EULOGY, Eulogta, in church hiftory. When
the Greeks have cut a loaf or piece of bread to confe-
crate it, they break the reft into little bits, and diftri-
bute it among the perfons who have not yet communi-
cated, or fend it to perfons that are a'ofene ; and thefe
pieces of bread are what they cail eulogies. The word
is Greek/s(/\o};«*, formed of tu bene, 4< well," and \iya>
dico, " I fay, fpc-ak ;" q. d. bensdiftum, " blefTcd."
The Latin church has had fomething like eulogies
for a great may ages ; and thence arofe the ufeof their
holy bread.
The name eulogy was likewife given to loaves or cakes
brought to church by the faithful to have them blefled.
Laftly, the ufe of the term palled hence to mere pre-
fents made to a perfon without any benediction. See
the Jefuit Gretfer, in hisTreatife de BcnediBionibus &
Milediftionibus ,\\\>. ii. cap. 22, 24, &c. where he treats
cf eulogies thoroughly.
From a palTags in Bolandus, on the life of St Me-
laine, cap. 4. it appears, that eulogies were not only
of bread, but any kind of meat blelfed and hallowed
for that purpofe. Add, that almoft every body blef-
fed and diftributed eulogies ; not only bilhops and
priefls, but even hermits, though laymen, made a prac-
tice of it. Women alfo would fometimes fend eulogies.
The wine fent as a prefent was alfo held an eulogy.
Bolandus remarks farther, that the eucharift itfelf was
alfo called eulogy.
Eulogy, likewife means an encomium on any per-
fon, on account of fome virtue or good quality.
_ EU-MARIDES, of 5y ^ f » 5 " eafy," among the an-
cients, a kind of ilioes common to men and women. —
The eumarides were ufed for pomp and delicacy, be-
ing neat, and painted with various colours.
Vol. VII.
EUMENES, a Greek officer in the army of Alex- Eumenes.
ander, fon of a charioteer. He was the moffc worthy
of all the officers of Alexander to fucceed after the
death of his mafter. He conquered Paphlagonia, and
Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till
the power and jealoufy of Antigonus obliged him to re-
retire. He joined his forces to thofc of Perdiccas,
and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptole-
mus periihed by the hand of Emcnes. When Cra-
terus had been killed during the war, his remains re-
ceived an honourable funeral from the hand of the con-
queror ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the allies of a
man who once was his dearefl friend, fent his remains
to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought againfc
Antipater and conquered him; and after the deaih of
Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed againit An-
tigonus, by whom he was conquered A. U. C. 433,
chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This
fatal battle obliged him to difband the greateft part of
his army to fecure himftlf a retreat : and he fled only
with 700 faithful attendants to a fortified place on the
confines of Cappadocia, called Nora, where he wasfoou
befieged by the conqueror. He fupperted the iiege
for a year with courage and refolution, but fome dif-
advantageous Ikirmifties fo reduced him, that his fol-
diers, grown defperate, and bribed by the offers of the
enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands
of Antigonus. The conqueror, from fhame or rte-
morfe, had not the courage to vilit Eumenes ; but when
be was aiked by his officers, in what manner he wimed
him to be kept, heanfwered, keep him as carefully as
you would keep a lion. This levere command was
obeyed ; but the afperity of Antigonus vaniih'ed in a
few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of
chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his
friends. Even Antigonus helitated whether he mould
not reftore to his liberty a man with whom he had
lived in the greateft intimacy while both fubfervient to
the command of Alexander; and thefe fecret emotions
of pity and humanity were not a little increafed by the
petitions of his fon Demetrius for the releafe of Eu-
menes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and
when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he
had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put
to death in the prifon. His bloody commands
were executed 315 years before the Chriftian era.
Such was the end of a man who raifed himfeif to power
by merit alone. His (kill in public exercifes fivft re-
commended him to the notice of Philip; and under
Alexander, his attachment and fidelity to the royal
perfon, and particularly his military accomplishments,
promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his ene-
mies revered him ; and Antigonus, by whofe orders he
periflied, honoured his remains with a fplendid funeral,
and conveyed his allies to his wife and family in Cap-
padocia. It has been obferved, that Eumenes had
fuch an univerfal influence over thefuccelTors of Alex-
ander, that none during his lifetime dared to aflame the
title of king.
Eumenes I. king of Pergamus, who focceeded bis
uncle Philetaerus about 264 years before Chrift. He
made war againit Antiochus the fon of Seleucus, and
enlarged his poireifions by feizing upon many of the
cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with
the Romans, and made war againit Prufias king of
E Bithynia.
E U M
C 34 ]
E U N
£umenes Bithynia. He was a greac patron of learning ; but
|] being much given to wine, he died of an excefs in
Eume nidia. drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was fuc-
v ceeded by Attalus.
Eumenes II. fncceeded his father Attains on the
throne of Afia and Pergamus. His kingdom was
ftnall and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opu-
lent ; and his alliance with the Romans did not a little
contribute to the encreafe of his dominions after the
victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He car-
ried his arms againft Pruiias and Antigonus; and died
160 years before Chrift, after a reign of 40 years,
leaving the kingdom to his fon Attalus II. He has
been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity ;
and his love 0/ learning greatly enriched the famous
library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his
predccelTorsin imitation of the Alexandrian collection
of the Ptolemies. His brothers were fo attached to
him and devoted to his intereft, that they enlilted a-
mong his body-guards to (how their fraternal fidelity.
Eumenes, a celebrated orator of Athens about the
beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues
and orations are extant. An hiflorical writer in A-
lexander's army.
EUMENIDES, a name given to the furies by the
ancients. They fprang from the blood of the wound
which Ccelus received from his fon Saturn. Accord-
ing to others they were daughters of Earth, and
conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make
them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and
Proferpine. According to the more received opinions,
they were three in number, Tifiphone, Megara, and
Alecto, to which fome add Nemefis. Plutarch men-
tions only one called Adrafla, daughter of Jupiter and
Neceflity. They were fuppofed to be the miniflers of
the vengeance of the gods. They were ftern and in-
exorable ; and were always employed in puniihing the
guilty upon earth as well as in the infernal regions.
They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars,
peftilence and diffenfions, and by the fecret flings of
confeience ; and in hell they punifhed the guilty by
continual flagellation and torments. They were alfo
called Furia Erinnys. Their worfhip was almoft
univerfal ; and people dared not to mention their
names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They
were honoured with facrifices and libations ; and in
Achaia they had a temple, which when entered by any
one guilty of a crime, fuddenly rendered him furious,
and deprived him of the ufe of his reafon. In the facri-
fices, the votaries u fed branches of cedar and of alder,
hawthorn, faffron, and juniper ; and the victims were
generally turtle-doves and fheep, with libations of
wine and honey. They were ufually reprefented with
a grim and frightful afpect, with a black and bloody
garment, and with ferpents wreathing round their
head inftead of hair. They held a burning torch in
one hand and a whip of fcorpions in the other ; and
were always attended by Terror, Rage, Palenefs, and
Death. In hell they were feated around Pluto's throne,
as the minifters of his vengeance.
EUMENIDIA, feftivals in honour of the Eumeni-
des, called by the Athenians <riy.v*, d-i*, " venerable god-
defTes." They were celebrated once every year, with fa-
crifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made
by the molt eminent youths, and libations of honey
and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens Eumolpi-
were admitted, fuch as had led a life the moft virtuous des
and unlullied. Ii .
EUMOLPIDES, the priefts of Ceres at the celebrati- Euno ^ ian * °
on other feftivals at Eleiifis. They weredefctnded from
Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made prieft of
Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became fo
powerful after his appiontment to the priefthood, that
he maintained a war againft Erechtheus. This war
proved fatal to both. Erechtheus and Eumolpus were
both killed, and peace was re-eftablifhed among their
defcendants, on condition that the priefthood ever
remained in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal
power in the houfe of Erechtheus. The priefthood
remained in the family of Eutnolpns for 1200 years ;
and this is Itill more remarkable, becaufe he who was
once appointed to the holy office was obliged to remain
in perpetual celibacy.
EUMOLPUS, a king of Thrace, fon of Neptune
and Chione. He was thrown into thefea by his mother,
who wifhed to conceal her ihame from her father.
Neptune faved his life and carried him into ^Ethiopia,
where he was brought up by a woman, one of whofe
daughters he married. An act of violence to his fifter-
in-law obliged him to leave /Ethiopia, and he fled to
Thrace with his fon Ifmarus, where he married the
daughter of Tegyrius, the king of the country. This
connection to the royal family rendered him ambitious ;
he confpired againft his father-in-law, and fled, when
the conspiracy was difcovered, to Attica, where he was
initiated in the myfteries of Ceres of Eleufis, and made
hierophantes or high prieft. He was afterwards re-
conciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He
made war againft Erechtheus, king of Athens, who
had appointed him to the office of high prieft, and
perifhed in battle about 1380 years before the Chriftian
era. His dtfeendants were alfo invefted with the
priefthood, which remained for about 1200 years in
that family.
EUNAPIUS, a native of Sardis in Lydia, a cele-
brated fophift, phyfician, and hiflorian, who flourifhed
in the 4th century, under the emperors Valentinian,
Valens, and Gratian. He wrote " The lives of the
Philofophers and Sophifts," in which he frequently
lhows himfclf a bitter enemy to the Chriflians : alfo a
" Hiflory of the Csefars, which he deduced from the
reign of Claudius where Herodian left off, down to
that of Arcadius and Honorius. The hiflory is loft ;
but we have the fubftance of it in Zofimus, who is fup-
pofed to have done little more than copy it.
EUNOMIANS, in church hiflory, Chriftian here-
tics in the 4th century. They were a branch of A-
rians, and took their name from Eunomius bifhop of
Cyzicus ; whofe confeflion of faith here follows, ex-
tracted from Cave's Hiftoria Literaria, vol. i. p. 223.
" There is one God uncreated and without beginning ;
who has nothing exifting before him, for nothing can
exift before what is uncreated ; nor with him, for what
is uncreate muft be one ; nor in him, for God is a
fimple and uncompounded being. This one ample and
eternal being is God, the creator and ordainer of all
things : firft indeed and principally of his only begot-
ten Son ; and then, through him, of all other things.
For God begot, created, and made, the Son, only by
his direct operation and power, before all things, and
every
E U xM
[ 3S 3
E U N
Ewmwusj every other creature ; not producing, however, anybe-
Eunuch. ing like himfelf, or imparting any of his own proper
fubftance to the Son : for God is immortal, uniform,
indivitible ; and therefore cannot communicate any part
of his own proper fubftance to another. He alone is
unbegotten; and it is impoffible that any other being
ihould be formed of anunbegotten fubftance. He did
not life his own fubftance in begetting the fon, but
his will only : nor did he beget him ill the likenefs of
his fubftance, but according to his own good pleafure.
He then created the Holy Spirit, the firft and great-
eft of all fpirits, by his own power indeed and operation
mediately, yet by the immediate power and operation
of the fon. After the Holy Spirit he created all
other things in heaven and in earth, viiible and invi-
Though the praclice of caftration is deteflable in Eunuch,
every point of view ; yet there appears no real founda-
tion for the injurious opinion generally entertained of
eunuchs, viz. that they are all cowards, and devoid of
genius for literature or any folid ftudy. << As to ge-
nius (fays the author laft quoted), I never found thole
of the firftclafs in mufic deficient in intellectual abili-
ties for more ferious Itudies. Indeed I have feen real
genius and difpofition for literary purfuits, in more
than one great opera linger ; and as for compotition,
and the theory of mufic, not only the belt fingers of
the Pope's chapel ever fince the beginning of the laft
century, but the belt compofers, are among thefoprani,
in that fervice." With refpect to the operation affect -
ing the mind fo much as to deprive it of all fortitude in
fible, corporeal and incorporeal, mediately by himfelf, times of danger, there is great reafon to doubt the fact :
by the power and operation of the Son," &c.
EUNOMIUS, a famous hereiiarch of the 4th cen
the difciple of Elius, but abundantly more fub
moftof the generals of ealtern monarchs having been at
all times of this clafs ; and the braveft ftand that ever
was made againft Alexander the Great was at Gaza,
under the command of one of Darius's generals, who
was a eunuch. Ammianus Marcellinus gives an ac-
count of Menophilus, a eunuch, to whom Mithridates
intruded his daughter ; which proves the poffibility of
fuch unfortunate perfons pofTcffing a heroifm equal to
that of the moit determined Stoic.
It is very certain, that the ancients never fuppofed
eunuchs to have been men of inferior intellects, or that
experiencing a variety of firfferings. The greatelt part they pofleiled lefs vigour of mind than other men. At
of his works are loft. There is, however, beiides two leaft the Perlians were not of this opinion ; for Hero-
or three fmall pieces, aconfeflion of his faith remain- dotus* relates, that when they had taken pofTeiHon of* Lit. vI#
ing which Cave inferted in his Hiji oria Literaria, from fome Ionian cities, 7ra/</\*c « tss tv e/c<WT«Ts; mxiyof/ivoi 33 p. 451.
a manufcript in archbilhop Tennifon's library. See the ^s-ra^vov, x-ai incite «vt/ avm wo^ius sm^k?. It is cer- ed. Weffel-
tain, however, Herodotus f , in relating the melancholy in g-
ftory of Hermotimus, fays, that vufmroia-t !*a}G*?ourt n < JIJ 1 '
tury,
tile than his malter, as well as more bold in propagating
the opinions of his feci, who afterhim are called Eu-
nomians. He was ordained bifhop of Cyzicus ; but
gave fo much dilturbance by the intemperance of his
zeal, that he was depofed more than once. At laft,
tired with being tolled about, he petitioned to re-
treat to the place of his birth, Dacora in Cappado-
cia ; where he died very old about the year 374, after
preceding article
EUNUCH, a caftrated perfon. See the article Ca-
stration. — Thewordis formed from «w»v e^s/, q. d.
lefii cur am habet, " guardian or keeper of the bed."
In Britain, France, &c. eunuchs are never made
but upon occafion of fome difeafe, which renders fuch
an operation neceffary : but in Italy they make great
numbers of children, from one to three years of age,
eunuchs every year, tofupply the operas and theatres
of all Europe with fingers. M.delaLande, in his
Voyage d'lta/ie, aflerts, that there are public (hops at
Naples where this cruel operation is performed, and
that over the door of thefe Ihops is inferibed Qui fi ca-
flrano ragazzi. But Dr Burney informs us, that he
was not only utterly unable to fee or hear of any fuch
fhops during his refidence in that city, but was conftant-
ly told, both by the natives and Englilh fettled there,
that the laws againft fuch a praclice were fo numerous
and fevere, that it was never performed but with the ut-
moft fecrecy.
In the eaftern parts of the world, they make eunuchs
in order to be guards or attendants on their women.
The feraglio of the eaftern emperors are chiefly ferved
and guarded by eunuchs ; and yet, from good autho-
rity, we learn, that the rich eunuchs in Perfia and
other countries keep feraglios for their own ufe. Thofe
who, out of an imprudent zeal to guard themfelves
from fenfual pleafures, made themfelves eunuchs, were,
by the council of Nice, condemned and excluded from
holy orders. There are feveral fevere prohibitions in
Germany againft the making of eunuchs ; and in France
mong the barbarians, the eunuchs are more valued than
other men on account of their univerfal fidelity." It
appears from this paffage of Herodotus, that in Perfia
eunuchs were far from being objects of contempt ; and
were even frequently promoted to the higheft honours.
This was indeed the cafe with Hermotimus. We find
in Agathias, who was one of the Byzantine hiftorians,
that a general in the Roman army, named Narfes, was
a eunuch. This was in the latter ages. In Plutarch's
Life of Ariftides, Themiftocles is related to have cho-
fen an eunuch, whofe name was Amaces, from among
his prifoners, to fend on a fecret cmbaify to Xerxes.
This furely may ferve to fhow, that mental imbecility
was not fuppofed by the Greeks to be the charaeteriftic
of eunuchifm. The fame ftory of the confidence placed
in Arnaces, who was one of the Perrian king's eu-
nuchs, is related alfo in the life of Themiftocles. Ari-
ftotle paid fuch high refpect to Hermias, who was a
eunuch and governor of Atarnea, which is in Myiia,
that he even offered facrifices in honour of him : as
Lucian informs us in hjs Dialogue entitled Eunucbus.
This regard of Ariftotle for Hermias has been often
celebrated, and is mentioned by Suidas, Harpocratio,
and others.
Eunuchs, in church-hiftory, a fed of heretics in
the third century, who were mad enough to caftrate,
not only thofe of their own perfuafion, but even all o-
thers they could lay hold of. They took their rife from
an eunuch muft not marry, not even with the confent the example of Origen, who* mifonderftahding the fol-
et the woman. lowing words of our Saviour* "andeunuebs who made
E 2 themfelves
E V O
[ ti ]
E U P
FTocatl themfelves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven," ca-
ll fl rated himfelf.
E^olvulus. EVOCATI, fuldiers among the Romans, who ha-
ving ferved their full time in the army, went after-
wards volunteers at the requelt of fome favourite gene-
ral ; on which account they were called by the honour-
able names of En/ eriti and Bcneficiarii.
EVOCATION {Evocatio,) among the Romans, a
religious ceremony always obferved by them at the un-
dertaking a fiege, wherein they folemnly called upon
the gods and godJeffes ©f the place to forfake it and
come over to them. Without the performance of this
ceremony, they either thought that the place could
not be taken, or that it would be a facrilege to take
the gods prifoners. They always took it for granted
that their prayer was heard, and that the gods had de-
ferred the place and come over to them, provided they
Were able to make themfelves matters of it.
EUODIA, in botany : A genus of the monogynia
order, belonging to the rctrandria clafs of plants. The
calyx is a tetraphyllousperiinthium ; the corolla confifts
of four fpachulated, fharp, and open petals ; the Stami-
na are four fubulated filaments as long a s the petals ;
ihe pericarpurn four, roundifh, bivalve, and mono-
fpermous capfules ; the feeds folitary.
EVOLUTION, in algebra, the unfolding or open-
ing of a curve, and making it defcribe an evolvent.
The woft&evolutio is formed of the prepofition e "out;"
and volvo il I roll, or wind ;" q. d. an unwinding, or
unrolling.
The equable evolution of the periphery of a circle,
or other curve, is fuch a gradual approach of. the cir-
cumference to rectitude, as that its pans do all concur
and equally evolve or u.nbend ; fo that the fame line
becomes fucceffively a lefs arc of a reciprocally greater
circle ; till at laft they change into a Straight line. In the
Philofophical Tranfadtions, N° 260. anew quadratrix
to the circle is found by this means, being the curve
defcribed by the equable evolution of its periphery.
Evolution, isalfoufed for the extraction of roots
out of powers ; in which fenfe it ftands oppofed to in-
volution. See Algebra, p. 413.
Evolution, in the art of war, the motion made by
a body of troops, when they are obliged to change
their form and difpofition, in order to preferve a poft
or occupy another, to attack an enemy with more ad-
vantage, or to be in a condition of defending them-
felves the better.
It confifts in doublings, counter-marches, conver-
sions, &c. A battalion, doubles the ranks, when attack-
ed in front or rear, to prevent its being flanked or fur-
rAtnded ; for then a battalion fights with alarger front.
The files are doubled, either to accommodate themfelves
to the neceffity of a narrow ground, or to refiftan ene-
my that attacks them in flank. But if the ground
will allow it, converfion is much preferable ; becaufe,
after converfion, the battalion is in its firft form, and
oppofes the file-leaders, which are generally the be ft
meti, to the enemy ; and likewife, becaufe doubling
the files in a new or not well difciplined regiment, they
may happen to fall in tod i for der. See Doubling.
EVOLVULUS, in botany : A genus of the terra-
g'/nia order, belonging to the pemandria clafs of plants;
and in the natural method ranking under the 29th. or-
der Campanaaa. The calyx is pentaphy lions ; the co- Euonymus
rolla quinquefid and verticiliated ; the capfuie triocul ar ; ||
the feeds folitary. Eupatridae.
EUONYMCJS, the Spindle-tree : A genus of ' " '
the monogynia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs
of plants ; and in the natural method ranking under the
43d order, Dtiwofa. The corolla is pentapetalous ; the
capfuie pentagonal, quinquelocular, quinquevalved, and
coloured ; the feeds hooded. There are two fpecies,
1. The europseus, hath an upright woody Stem 10 or
1 5 feet high, garnilhed with oblong oppofite leaves:
from the fides of the branches proceed fmall bunchesof
greenifh quadrifid flowers, fucceeded by pentagonous
capfules, difclofmg their feeds in a beautiful manner in
autumn. 2. The americanus, or evergreen fpindle-
tree, hath a Shrubby item, dividing into many oppofite
branches, riling fix or eight feet high, garnished with
fpear-fhaped evergreen leaves growing oppofite, and
from the tides and ends of the branches. The flowers are
quinquefid and whitiih, and come out in fmall bunches,
fucceeded by roundiih, rough, and protuberant cap-
fules, which rarely perfect their feeds in Britain.
Both thefe fpecies are hardy, and will fucceed in any
foil or Situation. The berries of the firft fort vomit and
purge very violently, and are fatal to iheep. If pow-
dered and fprinkled upon hair, they deflroy lice. If
the wood is cut when the plant isin bloffom, it is tough,
and not eafily broken ; and in that ftate it is ufed by
Watchmakers for cleaning watches, and for making
fkewers and tooth-pickers. Cows, goats, and Sheep, eat
this plant ; borfes refufe it.
ETJPATORIIJM, hemp-agrimony : A genus of
the polygarriia seqnalis order, belonging to the fynge-
nefia clafs of plants ; and in the natural method ranking
under the 49th order, Compofitje, The receptacle is
naked; the pappus feathery ; the calyx imbricated and
oblong; the Style femibifid and long. There are jg
fpecies, many of then) herbaceous flowery perennials,
producing annual ft alks from two to three or five feci
high, terminated by clufters of compound flowers of a
red, purple, or white, colour. They are eafily propa-
gated by feeds, or parting the roots in autumn or
fpring. One fpecies, viz. the cannabinum, or water
hemp-agrimony, is a native of Britain. It is found-
wild by the fides of rivers and ditches, and has pale
red bloffoms. It has an acrid fmell, and a very bitter
tafle, with a considerable (hare of pungency. The leaves
are much recommended for Strengthening the tone
of the vifcera,*and as an aperient ; and faid to have ex-
cellent effects in the dropfy, jaundice, cachexies, and
fcorbutic diforders. Boerhaave informs us, that this is
the common medicine of the turf-diggers in Holland,
againft Scurvies, foul ulcers, and fwellings in the feet,
to which they are fubject. The root of this plant is
faid to operate as a Strong cathartic : but it is hardly
ufed in Britain, and has no place in our pharmacopoeias.
EUPATRID/E], in antiquity, a name given by
Thefeus to the nobiliry of Athens, as distinguished from
the Geomori and Demiurgi, The Eupatric'ce, by The-
feus's establishment, had, the right ofchooSing magi-
strates, teaching and difpenfing the laws, and interpre-
ting holy and religious myfteries. The whole city, in
all -other matters, was reduced to an equality. The
G.eomori were hnlbandmen, and inferior to the Eupa-
tridss,
Plate ( TAXXVLl
£->%.«-/. ( .(YVYs///^, ?//,- f ///////,/ r //,';//
V"?
S,.- ,, r 4s/>,/ r /,„j/.
.
1
tSk
E U P
[ 37 ]
E U H
Buphony tridse in point of fortune ; theDemiurgi were artificers,
. N and fell lhort of the Eupatridas ill number.
Euphorbia. EUPHONY, i.i grammar, an eaiinefs, fmoothnefs,
and elegancy of pronunciation. The word is formed
of iv, hue, "well," and <j.av», vox "voice." CLiia-
. til tan calls enphottia, " voculitat ;" Scaglicr, "faalispro-
ntinciatlo."
Euphonia is properly a kind of figure whereby we
fupprefs a too harfh letter, or convert it into afmoother,
contrary to the ordinary rules. There are examples e-
noLigh in all languages.
EUPHYMISM. See Oratory.
EUPHORBIA, spurge: A genus of the trigy-
nia order, belonging to the dodecandria clafs of plants;
and in the natural method ranking under the 38th or-
der, Tricocc<e. The corolla is tetrapetalous or pentape-
talous, placed on the calyx ; the calyx is monophyllotis
and veil tricofe ; the capfule tricoccous. There are 62
fpecies, fix of which are natives of Great Britain. They
are moftly ihrubby and herbaceous fucculents, frequent-
ly armed with thorns, having {talks from 10 or 12
inches to as many feet in height, with qnadfipeialous
flowers of a whitilb or yellow colour. They are caiily
propagated by cuttings ; but the foreign kinds mult be
always kept in pots in a ftove. If kept dry, they nay
be preferved for feveral months out of the ground, and
then planted, when they will as readily take root as
though they had been freih. The juice of all the fpe-
cies is fo acrid, that it corrodes and ulcerates the body
wherever it is applied ; fo that phyiicians have feldom
ventured to prescribe it internally. Warts, or corns,
anointed with the juice, prefemly difappear. A drop
of it put into the hollow of an aching tooth, gives, re-
lief, like other corrofives, by deftroying the nerve.
G)me people rub it behind the ears, that it may blifter.
One of the foreign fpccies, named efula, is fuch a vio-
Sce Piate ] ent corro f lvCj that, if applied to any part of the body,
cLXxxvu. . £ p roc j uces a violent inflammation, which is foon fnc-
a \ ' re _ ceeded by a fwelling that degenerates into a gangrene
fent part of and proves mortal. There is a fpecies at the Cape,
the Hem which fupplies the Hottentots with an ingredient for
and flowers poifoning their arrows. Their method of making this
magnified, pernici his mixture, is by firft taking the juice extrac-
ted from the Euphorbia, and a kind of caterpillar pe-
culiar to another plant which has much the appearance
» ,* r > °f a. fpecies of rhus. They mix the animal and vep;e-
Journey to table matter ; and after drying it, they point their ar-
the Cape, rows with this compofition, which is fuppofed to be
p. 6a. the molt effectual poifon of the whole country. The
euphorbia itfelf is alfo ufed for this purpofe, by throw-
ing the branches into fountains of water frequented by
wild beafts, which after drinking the water thus poifon -
ed, feldom get 1000 yards from the brink of the foun-
tain before they fall down and expire. This plant grows
from about 15 to 20 feet in height, fending out many
branches full of ftrong fpines. The natives cut off as
many of the branches as they think neceffary for the
deft ruction of the animals they intend to poifon. They
generally conduct ihe water a few yards from the fpring
into a pit made for the purpofe ; afcer which they put
in the euphorbia, and cover rhe fpring. fo that the crea-
tures have no choice. No animal efcapes which drinks
of fuch water, though the ficth is not injured by the
poifon.
EUPHGRBIUM, in the materia medics, a gum- fnphor-
mi-refinous fubfiance, which exfudes from a large ori- hium
estal tree, (Euphorbia offic'maruvi). It is brought to II
us immediately from Barbary, in drops of an irregular f u P hra ' e!
form; fome of which, upon being broken, are found
to, contain little thorns, fmall twigs, flowers, and other
vegetable matters ; others are hollow, without any thing
in their cavity : the tears in general are of a pale ye£
low colour externally, fome what white withinfide : they
eafi'y break between the fingers. Lightly applied to
the tongue, they effect it with a very {harp biting tafte ;
and upon being held for fome time in the month, prove
vehemently acrimonious, inflaming and exulcerating
the fauces, &c. Euphorbium is extremely troublefome
to pulverife ; the finer part of the powder, which flies
off, affecting the head in a violent manner. The acri-
mony of this fubftance is fo great as to render it abfo-
lutely unfit for any internal life : feveral correctors
have been contrived to abate its virulence ; but the befl
of them are not to be trnfted to : and as there feems to
be no real occafion for it, unlefs for fome external pur-
pofes, we think, with Hoffman and others, that.it
ought to be expunged from the catalogue of internal
medicines. And accordingly it has now no place in
the London or Edinburgh pharmacopoeias. But it is
ftill retained in moft of the foreign ones, and is fome-
times ufed as a fternutatory.
EUPHORBUS, a famous Trojan, fon of Panthb'us.
He was the firft who wounded Patroclus, whom Hec-
tor killed. He peri (lied by the hand of Menelaus, who
bung his fhield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Py-
thagoras, ,the founder of the doctrine of the metemp-
fychofis or tranfmigration of fouls, affirmed that he
had been once Euphorbus, and that his foul recollec-
ted many exploits which had been done while it ani-
mated that Trojan's body. As a further proof of his
affertion, he fhowed at firft fight the fhield of Euphor-
bus in the temple of Juno.
EUPHORION of Chalcis, a poet and hifforian,
born in the 126th Olympiad. Suetonius fays that Ti-
berius compofed verfes in imitation of Euphorion, Ria-
nius, and Parthenius ; with whom he was charmed to
fuch a degree, that he ordered their writings and their
pictures to be kept in all the public libraries, among
the ancient and celebrated authors.
EUPHRASIA, eye-bright: A genus of the an-
giofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of
plants ; and hi the natural method ranking under the
40th order, Perfonata. The calyx is quadrifid and cy-
lindrical ; the capfule bilocular, ovato-oblong ; the
ffiorter two antherae, with the bafe of the one lobe ter-
minated by a fmall fpine. There are feven fpecies ;
two of which, viz. the officinalis and odontites, are na-
tives of Britain. The firft of thefe, which hath blue
flowers, is a weak aftringent, and was formerly much
celebrated in diforders of the eyes ; but the prefent
practice hath not only difregarded its internal, but alfo
its external, nfe. This plant will not grow but when
furrounded by others taller than itfelf. Cows, horfes,
goats, and fheep, eat it ; fwine refufe it.
EUPHRATES, a river univerfally allowed to take
its rife in Armenia -Major ; but in what particular fpot,
or in what direction it afterwards lhapes its courfe,
there is the greateil difagreement. Strabo fays, that
the
EVE [3:
Euphrates the Euphrates rifes in mount Abus, which he joins
ft with, or accounts a part of, mount Taurus; that its
Evremond. beginning is on the north fide of mount Taurus i and
~ that running, firft weft ward through Armenia, then
ftrikingoff to the fouth, it forces its way through that
mountain : and thus it rifes in the fouth of Armenia,
mount Taurus being the boundary on that fide ; and
runs th rugh its fouth part, quite to Cappadocia, con-
terminal with Armenia Minor; or quite to thislaft, or
to its fouth limit ; to reach which, it muft bend its weft
courfe a little north ; becaufe the Taurus, from which
it rofe, lies lower, or more to the fouth, and almofl
parallel with Melitene : and that then it turns to the
fouth, in order to break through the Taurus, and efcape
to Syria, and then take a new bend to Babylonia. To
this account of Strabo, Pliny runs quite counter ;
adducing eye-witnefles, who carry the Euphrates
from north to fouth in a right line, till it meets
mount Taurus ; placing the fprings together with
mount Abus, or Aba, which inclines to the weft, to
the north of Taurus. Ptolemy ftrikes a middle courfe
between both, placing fprings to the eaft, as Strabo
does ; whence, he fays, it runs in a long courfe
weftward, before it bends fouth ; and that it rifes not
from mount Taurus, but far to the north of it ; and
he makes it run ftraight weft from its rife, then turn
fouth fpontaneoufly, without any interpofing obftacle,
in a manner quite different from Strabo, Mela, and
others, who make the Taurus the caufe of this turn.
The Euphrates naturally divides into two channels, one
through Babylon, and the other through Seleucia, be-
sides the feveral artificial cuts made between it and the
Tigris about Babylon : and thefe cuts or trenches are
what the Pfalmift calls the rivers of Babylon, on the
willows of which the captives hung their harps. It is
probable, that the Euphrates naturally poured into the
lea at one particular mouth, before thefe cuts were
made. A thing appearing fo evident to the ancients,
that Pliny has fet down the diftance between the
mouths of the Euphrates and the Tigris ; and he fays,
fome made it 25, and others 7, miles ; but that the
Euphrates being for a long time back intercepted in its
courfe by cuts, made for watering the fields, only the
branch called the Pafitigris fell into the fea, the reft
of it into the Tigris, and both together into the Per-
fian Gulf. Overflowing the country through which it
runs, at ftated times of the year, like the Mile, it ren-
ders it fertile.
EUPOLIS, an Anthenian comic poet, flouriftied
about the 85th Olympiad. He took the freedom of
the ancient comedy in lalhing the vices of the people.
He loft his life in a fea-fight between the Athenians
and Lacedemonians ; and his fate was fo much lament-
ed, that after his death it was enacted that no poet
ihould ferve in the wars. Some fay Alcibiades put him
to death for his fatirical freedom.
EVREMOND (Charles de St. Denis), born at St.
Denis le Guaft in Lower Normandy in 161 3, was de-
figned lor the gown, and entered on the ftudy of the
law ; but he foon quitted that, and was made an en-
fign before he was 16. A miliiary life did not hinder
him from cultivating polite literature ; and hefignalized
himfelf by his politrnefs and wit as much as by his
bravery. The king made him a martfchal decamp, and
gave him a penfion of 3000 livres per annum. Ke fer-
J
EVE
ved under the duke of Candalc in the war of Guienne ; Evremond
and in Flanders, till the fufpenfiori of arms was agreed Euripides,
on between France and Spain : he afterwards accompa-
nied cardinal Mazarine when he went to conclude the
peace with Don Lewis de.Haro, the king of Spain's
firft minifter. He wrote, as he had promifed, a long
letter to the marquis de Crequi, of this negociation ;.
in which he fhowed, that the cardinal had facrificed
the honour of France to his own private intereft, and
rallied him in a very fatirical manner. This letter fall-
ing into the hands of the cardinal's creatures fome time
after his death, was reprefented as a flate-crime, and
he was obliged to fly to Holland. He had too many
friends in England (whither he had taken a tour the
year before with the count de Soiflbns, fent to com-
pliment Charles II. upon his reftoration) to make any
long ftay in Holland ; and therefore palled over into
England, where he was received with great refpect,and
admitted into intimated friendihip with feveral perfons
of diftinction. The king gave him a penfion of 300I.
a year. He had a great delire to return to his native
country ; and, after the peace of Nimeguen, wrote a
letter in verfe to the king of France to afk leave, but
in vain. Upon the death of king Charles, he loft his
penfion. He did not rely much on king James; though
that prince had Ihown himfelf extremely kind to him.
The revolution was advantageous to him. King Wil-
liam, who had known him in Holland, gave him fub-
ftatial marks of his favor. He died of a ftran-
guary in 1703, aged 90 ; and was interred in Weft-
minfter-abbey, wherea monument is erected to his me-
mory. His behaviour was engaging, his humour
cheerful, and he had a ftrong difpofition to fatire; he
profelfed the Romifh religion, in which he was born ;
but at the bottom was certainly a freethinker. He al-
ways fpoke of his difgrace with the resolution of a
gentleman ; and whatever ftrong delire he had to re-
turn to his country, he never folicited the favour with
meannefs : therefore, when this leave was fignified to
him unexpectedly in the decline of his life, he repli-
ed, that the infirmities of age did not permit him to
leave a country where he lived agreeably. There have
been many editions of his works : but the beft is that
of Amfterdam in 1726, in 5 vols 120103 to which is
prefixed his life by Doctor Des Maizeaux ; who has
alfo given an accurate Englilh translation of them in
3 volsSvo.
EURIPIDES, one of the Greek poets who excelled
in tragedy, was born about 468 B. C. in the ifle
of Salamis, whither his father and mother had retired
a little before Xeixes entered Attica. He learnt rhe-
toric under Prodicus, morality under Socrates, and na-
tural philofophy under Anaxagoras ; but at 18 years
of age abandoned philofophy, in order to apply him-
felf to dramatic poetry. He ufed to {hut himfelf up
in a cave to compofe his tragedies, which were ex-
tremely applauded by the Greeks. The Athenian ar-
my, commanded by Nicias, being defeated in Sicily,
the foldiers purchafed their lives and liberties by re-
citing the verfes of Euripides ; fuch efteem and vene-
ration had the Sicilians for the pieces wrote by this ex-
cellent poet. Socrates, thewifeft of the philofophers,
fet fuch a value upon them, that they were the only
tragedies he went to fee acted ; and yet his perform-
ances feldom gained the prize. Euripides frequent-
ly
EUR
[ 39 3
EUR
Euripus,
Eurocly-
don.
ly interfperfes through them moral fentences, and fe-
vere reflections on the fair fex ; whence he was called
the Woman-hater. He was, ncverthelefs, married : but
the fcandaious lives of his two wives drew upon him the
raillery of Ariftophanes, and other comic poets ; which
occafi.uied his retiring to the court of Archelaus, king
of Maccdon, where he was well received. That prince
was fond of learned men, and drew them to him by
his liberality. If we may believe Solinus, he made Eu-
ripides his minifter of (late, and gave him other extra-
ordinary proofs of his efteem. He had, however,
pafled but a few years there, when an unhappy acci-
dent put an end to his life. He was walking in a
wood, and, according to his ufual manner, in deep
meditation ; when, unfortunately happening upon Ar-
chelaus's hounds, he was by them torn in pieces. It is
not certain whether his death happened by chance, or
rhroufh envy of fome of the great courtiers. How-
ever, Archelaus buried him with great magnificence ;
and the Athenians were fo much afflicted at his death,
that the whole city went into mourning. Of 92 trage-
dies which he compofed, only 19 are remaining : the
molt valuable editions of which are thofe of Aldus, in
1503, 8vo; ofPlantin, in 1570, fexefimo ; of Com-
meliu, in 1597, 8vo; of Paul Stevens, in 1604, 4(0 ;
and of Jofhua Barnes, in 1764, folio.
EURIPUS, now the Negropont, a canal or (Irak
which divide* the ifland of Eubcea from the continent
of Greece. In one place it is fo narrow, that a galley
can fcarce pafs through it. The agitations of the Eu-
ripus were much fpoken of by the ancients. Some fay
that the canal hasailuxand reflux fix times in 24 hours;
others, that it ebbs and flows feven times a day ; but
Livy does not allow this flux and reflux to be fo re-
gular. Father Babin, a Jefuit of great learning, who
made many obfervations on the fpot during his long
abode in the ifland of Negropont, tells us, that the
Euripus is regular in its ebbing and flowing the firfl
eight days of the moon: the fame regularity he ob-
ferved from the 14th to die 20th day inclufive, and
in the three latl days : but in the other days of the
lunar month, it is not fo regular ; for it fometimes ebbs
and flows it, 12, 13, and 14 times in the fpace of a
natural day. In this place, as the (ley commonly goes,
Arillotle drowned himfelf out of chagrin, for not being
able to .iccount for fo unufual a motion.
Euripus has fince become a general name for all
/traits, where the water is in great motion and agi-
tation.
The ancient circufes had their Euripi, which were
no other than pits or ditches on each fide of the courfe,
into which it was very dangerous failing with their
horfes and chariots as they ran races. The term eu-
ripus was more particularly applied by the Romans to
three canals or ditches which encompafled the circus
on three fides, and which wtre filled occalionally to
reprefent naumach ; ae or fea-battles. The fame people
called their fmaller fountains or canals in their gardens
euripufes ; and their largeft, as cafcades, Stc. niles.
EUROCLYDON, (of Ei/po? eajl-wind, and kx^JW
ing, fnpported by the Alexandrian MS. and the vul-
gate, viz.Ei/pamAav, ov Euro-aquillo ; but Mr Bryant de-
fends the common reading, and coniie'ers the Eurocly-
den, i. e. Et>p oc Khvty'i, as an eaft wind that cauies a deep
fea or vail inundation. He maintains, in oppofition
to Dr Bentley's reafoning, who fuppofes that the ma-
riners in the (hip, the voyage of which is recited in
this pafiagc, were Romans, that they were Greeks of
Alexandria, and that the (hip was an Alexandrian (hip
employed in the traffic of carrying corn to Italy ; and
therefore, that the mariners had a name in their own
language for the particular typhonic or fiormy wind
here mentioned. He alfo (hews from the p u (Tage itfeif,
that the tempeftuous wind czWz&Eurocly don , beat (x«t'
«!/t)k) upon the ifland of Crete; and therefore, as this
is a relative expreffion, referring to the fituation of the
perfon who fpeaks of it, who was at that time to the
windward or fouth of it, the wind blew upon fhore, and
mu(l have come from the fouth or fouth-ea(t ; which,
he adds is fully warranted by the point where the fhip
was, and the direction it ran in afterwards, which was
towards the north and north-weft.
EURO PA, in fab. hid. a daughter of Agenor king
of Phenicia and TelephaiTa. She was fo beautiful that
Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to fe-
duce her, he alltsmed the fhape of a bull and mingled
with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her fe-
male attendants were gathering flowers in the meadows.
Europa carefied the beautiful animal ; and at laft had
the courage to fit upon his back. The god took ad-
vantage of her fituation ; and with precipitate (teps re-
tired towards the fhore, crofTed the fea with Euro-
pa on his back, and arrived fafe in Crete. Here he af-
fumed his original fhape, and declared his love. The
nymph confented, though fhe had once made vows of
perpetual celibacy ; and (he become mother of Minos,
Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this diflinguifh-
ed amour with Jupiter, die married Aflerius king of
Crete. This monarch feeing himfelf without children
by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupi-
ter, and always efteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rha-
damanthus as his own children. Some fuppofe thac
Europa lived abo !i t 1552 years before the chriftian era.
- EUROPE, one ot the quarters of the world, bounc'-
eJ on the north by the Frozen Ocean; on the weft
by the Wcftern Ocean, on the fouth by the Mediter-
ranean, which feparates it from Africa, and by the
Archipelago, which divider it in part from Ada, as
alfo by the Black Sea, then by the river Don, till it
comes near 'he river Volga or Wolga, and then it is
parted from Alia by this laft, and afterwards by the
river Oby. Europe is fitiated between long. 9. 35.
is
Europa,
Europe.
W. and 72. 25. E. and Lat. 35 and 72 N. It
about 3390 miles in length, from Cape St Vincent in
Portugal, to the river Oby in Ruilia ; and 2200 miles
in breadth, from Cape Matapan, in the Morea, to the
North Cape of Norway. We may judge by this, that
it is much lets than Alia and Africa : but it is in many
things more confiderable than both.
Europe, excepting a fmall parr of Lapland and
wave,) is a fpecies of wind, of which we have an ac- Mufcovy, is fiiuated in the temperate zone; infon.uch,
count only in Acts xvii. 14. and concerning the nature that we neither feel the extremities of hrat nor cold,
of which critics have been much divided. Bochart, We cannot boafl: of rich minesot gold, iilve-r, and pre-
Grotius, Bentley, and others, fubftitute another read- cious (tones ; nor does it produce iugar or fpices, nor
2 yec
EUR
[ 40 ]
EUR
Europe yet elephants, camels, &c. which we can do without ; but The fiamina are very many capillary filaments much tmyd'a
II produces abundance of eo.-.i, pulfe, fruits, animals, &c.
Euryandra . ^ c mo ^ neceffary f or tne u f c of mankind. In general,
it is better peopled and better cultivated than the other
quarters- ft is more full of cities, towns and villages,
great and fvnai!, and its buildings are more folid and
more commodious than thofe of Africa and Alia. The
inhabitants are all white ; and incomparably more hand-
fome than the Africans, and even than molt of the A-
liatics. The Europeans furpafs both in arts and fci-
ences, efpecial'y in thofe called the liberal • in trade,
navigation, and in military and civil affairs ; being, at
the fame time more prudent, more valiant, more ge-
nerous, more polite, and more fociable than they : and
though we are divided into various feels, yet as Chrif-
tiuns, we have infinitely the advantage over the reitof
mankind. There are but few places in Europe where
they fell each other for flaves ; and none where rob-
bery is a profellion, as it is in Afia and Africa.
dilated at the apex ; the pericarpium three egg-fhaped
follicles containing feveral feeds.
EURYDICE, in fab. hift. the wife of Orpheus,
who, flying from Ariftseus that endeavoured to ravifli
her, was flain by a ftrpent.- Her hufbond went down
to the fhades, and by the force of his mufic perfuaded
Pluto and Proferpine to give him leave to carry back
his wife ; which they granted, provided he difl not
look on her till he came to the light ; but he breaking
the condition, was forced to leave htr behind him. See
Orpheus.
EURYMEDON, (anc. geog.) a noble river run-
ning through the middle of Pamphylia ; famous for a
fea and land fight on the fame day, in which the A-
thenians, under Cimon the fon of Miltiades, defeated
the Perlians. The fea- fight happened firft in the fea
of Pamphylia, towards Cyprus ; the land engagement,
the following night on the Eurymedon. Cimon, after
There are feveral forts of governments in Europe ; as defeating the Perfian fleet armed his men with the ar-
the two empires of Germany and Ruffia, the kingdoms
of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Swe-
den, Poland, Pruflla, Sardinia, and the Two Sicilies.
The commonwealths are Holland, Swiffrrland, Venice,
Genoa, Ragufa, Lucca, and Geneva. The duke-
doms, Tufcany, Savoy, Modena, Mantua, Parma, and
Couriand, &c.
mour of the captives, and fet fail for the enemy, who
lay on the banks of the Eurymedon, in the fhips taken
from the Perfian s ; who on feeing their own fhips and
their own people in appearai.ee, were oft their guard,
and thus became an eafy conqueft.
EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenae,
fon of Sthenclus, and Nicippi the daughter of Pelops.
There are five forts of religions in Europe, viz. the Juno flattened his birth by two months, that he might
Mahommedan, which is profeiTed in Turkey in Eu- come into the world before Hercules the fon of Alcme-
rope ; the Greek, of which there are many in the fame ra, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of
parts in all Mufcovy, and in feveral parts of Polifh Jupiter to be fubfervient to the will of the other. [Ifide
.Il'-iflia ; the Roman Catholic in Spain, Portugal, Alcmena.) This natural right was cruelly exercifed by
France, and Italy ; the Proteftant, though with a con- Euryftheus, who was jealcus of the fame of Hercules ;
fiderable difference, in Great Britain, Denmark Swe-
den, and Norway. There is a mixture of both the
laft, in Ireland, SwilTerland, Germany, Poland, Hun-
gary, and the Low Countries : befides many Jews,
and fome idolaters in Lapland and the northern parts
of Mufcovy.
There are three general languages in Europe; the
Latin, of which the Italian, the French, and the Spa-
in ih, are dialects ; the Teutonic, which is fpoken, tho'
differently, in Germany, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden,
and Great Britain ; the Sclavonic, which is fpoken, tho'
greatly difguifed, in Mufcovy, Poland, Bohemia and
Turkey in Europe. There are fome of lefs extent : as,
the Greek ; the proper Hungarian ; the Bafque ; the
Britifli, which is fpoken in Wales and Bretagne in
France ; the Irifli ; and the Laponic ;
Europe may he divided into n great parts, inclu-
ding their dependencies: 1. Sweden ; 2. Denmark
and Norway; 3. Ruffia ; 4. Poland ; 5. Germany ;
6. France ; 7. Spain; 8. Italy ; 9. Turkey in Europe ;
10. Little Tartary ; and, it. The European i (lands,
of which the chief are Great Britain and Ireland. The
greater! cities in Europe are, London, Paris, Amfter-
dam, Conftantinople, Mufcow, and Rome.
EURYALE, in mythology, one of the Gorgons,
daughter of Phorcys, and lifter of Medufa : ihe was
fubject neither to old age nor death.
EURYANDRA, in botany • a genus of the tri-
gynia order, belonging to the polyandria clafs of plants
*r>l._ 1 :- - L_.ii • 1 • .,'/-,.
and who to deftroy (o powerful a relation, impofed up-
on him the molt dangerous and uncommon euterprifes
well known by the name of the twelve labours of Her-
cu/es. The fuccefs of Hercules in atchieving thefe
perilous labours alarmed Euryftheus in a greater degree,
and he furnifhed himfelf with a brazen vefltl, where he
might fecure himfelf a fafe retreat in cafe of danger.
After the death of Hercules, Euryftheus renewed his
cruelties againft his children, and made war againil
Ceyx king of Trachinia, becaufe he had given them
fupport, and treated them with hofphality He was
killed in the profecution of this war by Hyllus the fon
of Hercules. His head was fent to Alcmena the mo-
ther of Hercules ; who, mindful of the cruelties which
her fon had fuffered, infultcd it, and tore out the eyes
with the molt inveterate fury. Euryftheus was fuc-
cceded on the throne of Argas by Atreus his nephew.
The death of Euryftheus happened about 30 years be-
fore the Trojan war.
EURYTHMY, in architecture, painting, and fculp-
ture, is a certain majeity, elegance, and eafinefs, ap-
pearing in the compofiiion of divers members or parts
of a body, painting, or fculpture, and refulting from
the fine proportion of it.
EUSDEN (Laurence), an Irifli clergyman, reclor
of Conefby in Lincolnfhire, and poet laureat after the
death of Mr. Rowe. His firft patron was the eminent
lord Halifax ; whofe poem, on the battle of the Boyne,
he tranilated into Latin, and dedicated to his lordfhip.
The calyx is a pentaphyllous perianthium, with final], He was efteemed by the duke of Newcaftle, who re-
roundiih and concave leaves-, the corolla confifts of warded an epiihalaniium he wrote on his marriage with
three roundifh hollow petals, longer Lhan the calyx, the place of poet laureat. He was the author of many
4 poetical
E U S
t 4
Eufebiam poetical pieces, though but little known before hispre-
II ferment: he died in 1730.
Euftathians EUSEBIANS, a denomination given to the feci of
Arians, on account of the favour and countenance
which Eufebius, bifhop of Caefarea, fhowed and procu-
red for them at their firft rife. See Arians and Eu-
SEBIUS.
EUSEBIUS, furnamed Pamphilus, a celebrated
bifliop of Casfarea in Paleftine, and one of the mod
learned men of his time, was born in Paleftine about
the latter end of the reign of Gallienus. He was the
intimate friend of Pamphilus the Martyr ; and, after
his death, took his name in honour to his memory. He
was ordained bifhop of Ccefarea 313. He had a con-
futable (hare in the conteft relating to Arius ; whofe
caufe he, as well as feveral other bifhops of Paleftine,
defended, being perfuaded that Arius had been un-
juftly perfecuted by Alexander bifliop of Alexandria.
He affifted at the Council of Nice in 325; when he
madeafpeech to the emperor Conftantine on his coming
to the council, and was placed next him on his right
hand. He was prefent at the council of Antioch, in
which Euftathius bilhep of that city was depofed; but
though he was chofen by the bifliop and people of
Antioch to fucceed him, he abfolutely refufed it. In
335, he afSfted at the council of Tyre held againft
Athanafius ; and at the affembly of biihops at, Jeru-
falem, at the time of the dedicationof the church there.
By thefe bifhops he was fent to the emperor Conftan-
tine to defend what they had done againft Athanafius ;
when he pronounced the panegyric made on that em-
peror during the ptiblic rejoicings in the beginning of
tbe 30th year of his rei^n, which was the laft of his
life. Eufebius furvived the emperor but a fliort time,
for he died in 338. He wrote, I. An Ecclefiaftical
Hiltory, of which Valetius has given a good edition in
Greek and Latin; 2. The life of Conftantine ; 3. A
treatife againft Hierocles ; 4. Chronicon ; 5. Prepara-
tlones Ev angelica: ; 6. De demon ft ratio ne Ev angelica ; of
which there are but 10 books extant out of 20 ; and
feveral other works, fome of which are loft.
EUSTACHIUS (Bartholomew), phyfician andana-
tomift at Rome, flourifhed about the year 1550. His
anatomical plates were difcovered there in 1712, and
publifhed in 1714.
EUSTATHIANS, a name given to the Catholics
of Antioch in the 4th century, on occafion of their re-
fnfal to acknowledge any other bifliop befides St Eufta-
thius, depofed by the Arians.
The denomination was given them during the epif-
cepate of Paulinus, whom the Arians fubftituted to St
Euftathius, about the year 330, when they began to
hold their afTemblies apart. About the year 350,
Leontius of Phrygia, called the eunuch, who was an
Arian, and was put in the fee of Antioch, defircd
the Euftathians to perform their fervice in hischurch ;
which they accepting, the church of Antioch ferved
indifferently both the Arians and Catholics.
This, we are told, gave occafion to two inilitutions,
which have fubfifted in the church ever fince. The firft
was pfalmody in two choirs ; though M. Baillet thinks,
that if they inflitutcd an alternate pfalmody between
two choirs, as was between two Catholic choirs, and
not by way of refponfe to an Arian choir. The fe-
Vol.VIT.
1 ] E U S
cond was the doxology, Glory be to the Father , and the
Son and the Holy Ghoil. See Doxology.
This conduct, which feemed to imply a kind of com-
munion with the Arians, gave great offence to abun-
dance of Catholics, who began to hold feparate meet-
ings; and thus formed the fchifm of Antioch. Upon
this, the reft, who continued to meet in the church,
ceafed to be called Euftathians, and that appellation
became reftrained to the diffenting party. S. Flavia-
nus, bifliop of Antioch in 38T, and one of his fuccef-
fors, Alexander, in 482, brought to pafs a coalition, or
reunion, between the Euftathians and the body of the
church of Antioch, described with much folemnity by
Theodoret, Eccl. 1. iii. c. 2.
Eustathians were alfo a feci: of heretics in the
fourth century, denominated from their founder Eu-
ftathius, a monk fo fooliflily fond of his own profeffion,
that he condemned all other conditions of life. Whe-
ther this Euftathius was the fame with the bifhop of
Sebaftia and chief of the Semiarians, is not ealy t»
determine.
He excluded married people from falvation; pro-
hibited his followers from praying in their houfes ; and
obliged them to quit all they had, as incompatible
with the hopes of heaven. He drew them out of the
other afTemblies of Chriftians to hold fecret ones with
him, and made them wear a particular habit: he ap-
pointed them to faft on Sundays; and taught them, that
the ordinary fafts of the church were needlefs, after they
had attained to a certain degree of purity which he
pretended to. He fhowed great horror for chapels built
in honour of martyrs, and the afiemblies held therein.
Several women, feduced by his reafons, forfook their
hufbands, and abundance of ffaves defertcd their ma-
ilers houfes. He was condemned at the council of
Gangra in Paphlagonia, held between the years 326
and 341.
EUSTATHIUS, bifliop of ThefTalonica, in the
1 2th century, under the reigns of the emperors Ema-
nuel, Alexander, and Andronicus Comnenus. He was
a very eminent grammarian; and wrotecommentaries
upon Homer, and Dionyfius the geographer. The
beft edition of his Commentaries on Homer is that of
Rome, printed in Greek, in 1542, in four volumes
folio. His commentaries on the Periegefis of Di^uy-
fius were printed by Mr Hudfon at Oxford, in 169",
8vo. Euftathius appears to have been alive in the
year 1194.
EUSTATIA, St EusTATiA,oriTz//?.7//,7.r,oneof the
Caribbeeiflands, belonging to the Dutch, and fkuatediu
W.Long. 62. 56. N. Lat. 17. 29. It is little eife than
a huge mountain, which formerly has, in all probability,
been a volcano. Its fituation is fo firong, thaL it has but
one landing place ; and that is fortified in fuch a man-
ner as to be almoft impregnable. Tobacco is tke chief
product of the ifland ; and it is cultivated to the very
top of the pyramid, which terminates in a large plain
furrounded with woods, but having a hollow in the
middle, which ferves as a large den for wild beafls.
No fewer than 5000 white people and r5,ooo ne-
groes fubfift on this fpot, where they rear hogs, kids,
rabbits, and all kinds of poultry, in fuch abundance,
that they can fupply their neighbours, atocr having
ferved themfelves.
F Tfec
Bouille to make an attempt to regain ir. Having fail
ed from Martinico at the head of 2000 men,. he arrived,
on the 26th of November 1 781- off one of the landing
places ot the ifland, which was deemed foinacceffible that
it had been left without a guard. With much lofs and
difficulty, however, he landed here with lour or five
their turn driven out by the Englilh under Sir Timo- hundred of his people during the night. Theappcar-
Euthyaiia.
E US [ 42 ] EUS
Xuftatia. The firfl Dutch colony fent to this ifland confiited Britifh, fecure in their inaccefiible fituation, conduced Euftatius
of about 1600 people. They were difpoffefTed by the themfelves infuch a manner as induced the Marquis de I
Englilh from Jamaica in 166 J. Soon after the Dutch ...... ..,1
and French became confederates, the Englilh were
expelled in their turn. TJie French continued to hold
-a garrifon in the illand till the treaty of Breda, when
it was reftored to the Dutch. Soon after the revolu-
tion, the French drove out the Dutch, and were in
thyThornhill, with the lofs of no more than eight men
killed and wounded, though the fort they took mount-
ed 16 guns and was in every other refpect very ftrong.
Sir Timothy found it neceffary for the protection of
the Dutch, to leave a fmall Englifh garrifon in the
fort s but he granted the French no terms of capitu-
lation, except for their lives and baggage. By the
peace of Ryfwic, the entire property of this ifland was
reftored to the Dutch.
This ifland was reduced by the Britifh in the year
178L Though not 20 miles in circumference, it
abounded at that time with riches, by reafon of the
vaft conflux of trade from every other ifland in thefe
feas. Being a free port, it was open to all the fub-
jects of the belligerent powers ; and thus a communi-
cation was cftablifhed among them, through which
they were enabled to carry on a commercial corre-
fpondence, which greatly mitigated the inconveniences
ance of day put an end to his landing any n ore ; and
he now faw himfelf obliged either to relinquish the
enterprife or to attack the garrifon, which was almoft
double the number of thofe he had on the ifland. He
chofe the latter ; and was favoured in his enterprife
by the extreme negligence of his antagonifls. A difficult
pafs, which a few men might have occupied with fuc-
cefsagainfta great number, was left unguarded, which
the marquis fecured in time, and thenpufhed forward
with the utmoft expedition. The Bruilh, miftaking
a body of Irifh troops which attended the French
commander for their own comrades, fuffered them to*
approach without thinking of oppofing them. They
were then exercifing on the parade ; but were foon
made fenfibleof their fatal miffake by a clofe dilcharge
from their fuppofed friends, by which many were killed
and wounded. The furprife occafioned by this fudden
attack was fo great, that no rcfiitance could be made;
of war. The greateit benefit, however, was reaped by efpecially as their commanding officer, colonel Cock
the Dutch ; who, by tranfacting all trading buiinefs
for other nations, were thus entrufted with numberlefs
commiffions, and likewife enjoyed vaft profits from
the fale ©f the merchandizes to which they were in-
titled. At the time the attack was made upon them,
they were fo little under any apprehenfions of fuch an
event, that their warehoufes were not fufficient to con-
tain the quantity of commercial articles imported for
fale, and the beach and ftreets were covered with
hoglheads of tobacco and fugar. In this fituation,
Admiral Rodney having received orders to commence
koftilities againft the Dutch, fuddenly appeared before
the ifland with fuch an armament of fea and land
forces, as in its defencelefs fituation was not only ufe-
lefs but ridiculous. The governor could fcarce credit
the officer who fummoned him to furrender; but be-
ing convinced how matters flood, the only poffible
burn, who happened at that inftant to come upon the
parade, was made prifoner. A number of them, how-
ever, haftened to the fort with a view of making head
againft the enemy ; but the French had already taken
poffeflion of the gate, and prevented the draw-bridge
from being raifed. They entered the fort ; which,
being furrendered by thofe who had taken flicker in it,
the reft of the garrifon difperfed in various places, and
imagining the number of the enemy to be much greater
than it really was, fubmitted without any oppofition.
The French commander took this opportunity of fhow-
ing his difintereftednefs in pecuniary matters. A-
mong the fpoils that fell into his hands a large fnm of
money was claimed by the Britifh commanding of-
ficer as being his private property, which was gene-
roufly reftored to him : in like manner the proper-
ty of the Dutch inhabitants was referved to them,
flep was taken, namely, to furrender the whole ifland, and nothing was allowed to be feized but the produce
and every thing in it, at difcretion. Along with the
ifland there fell into the hands of the captors a fhip of
60 guns, with 250 fail of merchantmen, while the va-
lue of property on the ifland was eftimated at no lefs
than four millions fterling. This capture became af-
arifing from the fale of prizes that had been taken by
the Britifh when they captured the ifland.
EUSTYLE, in architecture, a fort of building in
which the pillars are placed at the moft convenient di-
ftance one from another, the intercolumniations being
terwards a fubject of difcuflion in parliament, where juft two diameters and a quarter of the column, except
the conduct of the Britifh commanders was feverely
fcrutinized by Mr Burke. The admiral and general
made their defence in perfon : but the minority at that
time were far from being fatisfied ; and it was fup-
pofed that on the change of miniftry a rigid inquiry
■would have been fet on foot, had not the fplendorof
Admiral Rodney's victory over de Graffe put an end
to all thoughts of that nature.
The ifland of St Euftatius is naturally of fuch dif-
ficult accefs, as already obferved, that it is almoft impof-
fible for an enemy to effect a landing if proper care is
taken by thofe who are in poffeflion of it. This very
eircamftance proved the ruin of the new poffeflbrs. The good or evil.
thofe in the middle of the face, before and behind,
which are three diameters diftant.
EUTERPE, one of the mnfes, daughter of Jupiter
and Mnemofyne. She prefided over mufic, and was
looked upon as the inventrefs of the flute. She is repre-
sented as crowned with flowers and holding a flute in
her hands: Some mythologifts attributed to her the
invention of tragedy, more commonly fuppofed to be
the production of Melpomene.
EUTHYMIA, among the Greeks, Signified fuch a
difpofition, or ftate of the mind, as could not be ruffled
either by good or bad fortune, by ficknefs or health,
EU-
E U T
[ 43 ]
E X
lutropiu*
Eutychiaps
EUTROPIUS (Flavius), a Latin author, in the
4th century, was fecrctary to Conftantine the Great,
and afterwards bore arms under the emperor Julian,
and followed that prince in his expedition againft the
Perfians. He wrote an Abridgment of the Roman
Hiftory from the foundation of Rome to the reign
of Valens ; the beft edition of which is that of Mifs
Le Fevre, afterwards Madam Dacier, pnblifhed at
Paris for the ufe of the Dauphin, in 4W, in the year
1683.
EUTYCHIANS, ancient heretics, who denied the
duplicity of natures in Chrift ; thus denominated from
Eutyches, the archimandrite, or abbot of a monastery
at Conftantinople, who began to propagate his opinion
A. D. 448. He did not, however, feem quite fteady
and confident in his fentiments : for he appeared to
allow of two natures, even before the union ; which
was apparently a confequence he drew from the prin-
ciples of the Platonic philofophy, which fuppofes a
pre-exiftence of fouls: accordingly he believed that
the foul of Jefus Chrift had been united to the divini-
ty before the incarnation ; but then he allowed no dif-
tin&ion of natures in Jefus Chrift fince his incarna-
tion. This herefy was firft condemned in a fynoa held at
Conftantinople by Flavian, in 448, approved by the
council of Ephefus, called conveutus latrotium, in 449,
and re-examined, and fulminated in the general coun-
cil of Chalcedon in 451. The legates of Pope Leo,
who affifted at it, maintained that ir was not enough
to define, that there were two natures in Jefus Chrift,
but infilled ftrenuoufly, that, to remove all equivoca-
tions, they reuft add thefe terms, without being chan-
ged, or confounded, or divided.
The herefy of the Eutychians, which made a very
great progrefs throughout the eaft, at length became
divided into feveral branches. Nicephorns makes men-
tion of no fewer than twelve: fouie ca.\\cdSchematici,or
Apparentes, as only attributing to Jefus Chrift a phan-
tom or appearance of flefli, and no real flefh : others,
Theodofians, from Theodofius bilhop of Alexandria : o-
thers, Jacobites, from one James (Jacobus J, of Syria ;
which branch ellablifhed irfelf principally in Armenia,
where it ft ill fubfifts. Others were called Acephali,
q. d. without he«d ; and Severiaus, from a monk call-
ed Svrus, who feize.! on the fee of Amioch in 1513.
Thefe laft were fuboivided into five factions, viz. Ag-
n'toe t who attributed fome ignorance to Jefus Chrift ;
the followers of Paul ; Msx*/to/, that is, the black
Angelites, thus called from the place where they were
afiembled ; and laftly, Adrites and Cononites.
Eutychians was alfo the name of another feet,
half Arian half Eunomian; which arofe at Conftan-
tinople in the fourth century.
It being thei a matter of mighty controverfy among
the Eunomiansat Conftantinople, whetheror no the Son
of God knew the laft day and hour of the world, par-
ticularly with regard to that paflage in the gofpel of
St Matthew, chap. xxiv. ver 36. or rather that in
St Mark, xiii. 32. where it is exprefTed, that the Son
did not know it, bn: the Father only ; Eutychius ma ,e
no fcruple to maintain, even in writing, that the Son
did not know it ; which fentiment difplealing the lead-
ers of the Eunonvan party, he feparared from them,
and made a journey to Ennomius, who was then in
exile. — That heretic acquiefced fully in Eutychius's
doctrine, and admitted him to his communion. Enno- Eutytfuus
mius dying foon after, the chief of the Eunomians at II
Conftantinople refufed to admit Eutychius ; who, up- .J**V.
on this, formed a particular feci; of fuch as adhered to *"
him, called Eutychians.
This fame Eutychius, with one Theophronius, a
was faid in Sozomen's time, were the occafions of alt
the changes made by the Eunomians in the adminiftra
tion of baptifm ; which conlifted, according to Nice-
phorus, in only ufing one immerfion, and not doing it
in the name of the Trinity, but in memory ot the
death of Jefus Chrift. Nicephorns calls the chief of
that feet, not Eutychius, but Eupfychius, and his fol-
lowers Eunoviiaupfychtans.
EUTYCHIUS patriarch of Alexandria, lived about
the ninth age ; and wrote annals in the Arabic lan-
guage, printed at Oxford in 1658, with a Latin ver-
fion by Mr Pocock. Seldon had printed fomething of
his before.
EUX1NE or Black Sea, forms part of the boun-
dary betwixt Europe and Alia. It receives the Nie-
per, the Danube, and other large rivers ; and extends
from 8 to 40 degrees of E. Long, and from 40 to
46. N. Lat. The ancients imagined this fea to have
been originally only a lake or ftanding pool which
broke firft into the Propontis, and then into the Egean,
wafhing away by degrees the earth which firft kept it
within bounds, and formed the two channels of the
Bolphorus Thraciui and Hellefpont, now the Darda-
nelles. — It was anciently called the Axenus, fuppofed
to be from Afhkenaz the fon of Gomer, who is faid to
have fettled near it. This original being forgot in
length of time, the Greeks explained it by inhofpitable t
which the word Axenos literally fignifies ; and there-
fore, when they came to confider the inhabitants of
thefe coalls as more civilized and hofpitable, they
changed the name into Euxinus, which it ftill retains.
EWE, the Eaglifh. name of a female fheep. See
Ovis.
EWERY, in the Britifh cuftoms, an office in the
king's houfhold, to which belongs the care of the table
linen, of laying the cloth, and ferving up water in fil-,
ver ewers after dinner.
EX, a river that rifes in a barren tract of land, cal-
led Exmore, in Somerfetlhire ; and after being joined
by feveral lirle ftreams, runs by Tiverton, where there
is a ftone bridge over the river. About nine miles be-
low Tiverton, it is joined by a pretty large ftream cal-
led the Colombion ; and about two miles lower, by a-
nother ftream formed by the junction of the Horton
and Credy. With thefe additions it wafhes the walls
of Exeter. At Toplham, above four miles below Ex-
eter, it receives another confiderable addition to its
ftream; two miles farther, it is joined by the Ken ;
and falls into the ocean at Exmouth, after a courfe of
about 40 miles. Ships of great burden go up to
Topfh un, from whence veftels of 150 tons arc convey-
ed t<> the quay at Exeter, by means of an artificial ca-
nal. The Ex is navigable for vefTels of confiderable^
burden to Topfham. The paftage, however, at the
mouth of the river, is but narrow, having rocks on the
eaft-fide and broad fands on the weft ; nor is the water
on the bar more than fix or feven feet deep at low wa-
ter, but ihe tide rifes 14 or 15 feet, fo that it is deep
enough at highvvater. When (hips are within the
F 2 bar,
E X A [ 44 ' 3 E X A
r.x officio bar, they may ride afloat at a place called Starcrofs, been a feaft of the fame denomination obferved both Exaltation
|j about a mile and an half from the river's mouth ; but in the Greek and Latin churches, on occafion of what II
Exaltation. tno f e t | )at g to Topfham lie aground on the ooze at our Saviour faid in St John xii. 32. And I, if 1 6s ex- Example.
low water. aked, or lifted up, will draw all men unto me. And a-
EX officio, among lawyers, fignifies the power gain, in ch. viii. ver. 28. Wheuyou have exalted, or
a perfon has, by virtue of his office, to do certain acts lifted up, theSouof Man, then Jhallje know that Jam he.
without being applied to. Thus a juftice of peace The feaft of the dedication of the temple built by
may ex officio, at his difcretion, take furety of the Conftantine was held, fays Nicephorus, on the 14th of
peace, without complaint made by any perlon what- September, the day on which the temple had been cou-
ibever. fecrated, in the year 335 ; and this feaft was alfo called
There was formerly an oath ex officio, whereby a the exaltation of the crofs, becaufe it was a ceremony
iuppofed offender was compelled in the ecclcfiaftical therein, for the bifhop of Jerufalem to aicend a high
court to confefs, accufe, or clear himfelf of a crime ; place built by Conftantine lor that purpofe, in manner
but this law is repealed. of a pulpit, called by the Greeks the facred myfleries
Ex p oft Fafto, in law, fomething done after ano- of Cod, or the holinefs of Cod, and there hoift up the
ther : thus an eftate granted may be good by matter
txpoft fatfo, that was not fo at firft, as in cafe of elec-
tion.
EXACERBATION. See Paroxysm.
EXACTION, in law, a wrong done by an officer,
or a perfon in pretended authority, in taking a reward
or fee that is not allowed by law.
A perfon guilty^of exaction may be fined and im-
prifoned. It is often confounded with Extortion.
EXACUM, in botany : A genus of the monogynia
order, belonging to the tetrandria clafs of plants ; and
in the natural method ranking under the 20th order,
Kotacex. The calyx is tetraphyllons; the corolla
quadrifid, with the tube globular; the capfule two-
furrowed, bilocular, polyfpermous, and opening at
the top.
EXiERESIS, in furgery, the operation of the ex-
tracting or taking away fomething that is hurtful to
the human body.
EXAGGERATION, in rhetoric, a kind of hy-
perbole, whereby things are augmented or amplified,
by faying more than the truth, either as to good or
bad.
Exaggeration, in painting, a method by which
the artift, in representing things, changes them too
much, or makes them too ftrong, either in refpect of
the defign or colouring. It differs from caricaturing,
in that the latter perverts or gives a turn to the fea-
tures of a face, &c. which they had not ; whereas ex-
aggeration only heightens or improves what they had.
EXALTATION, or Elevation, is chiefly ufed
in a figurative fenfe for the raifing or advancing a
perfon to fome ecclefiaftical dignity ; and particularly
to the papacy.
Exaltation of the Crofs, is a feaft of the Romifh
ehnrcb, held on the 14th of September; in memory,
as is generally fuppofed, of this, that the emperor He-
raclius brought back the true crofs of Jefus Chrift on
bis moulders, to the place on mount Calvary, from
which it had been carried away 14 years before by
Cofroes king of Perlia, at his taking of Jerufalem, un-
der the reign of the emperor Phocas. The crofs was
delivered up by a treaty of peace made with Siroe,
Cofroes's fon. The inftitution of this treaty is com-
monly faid to have been fignalizcd by a miracle; in
that Heraelius could not ftir out pf Jerufalem with the
crofs, while he had the imperial vcftments on enrich-
ed with gold and precious ftones, but bore it with eafe
in a common drefs.
crofs, for all the people to fee it.
Exaltation, in phytic, denotes the act, or ope-
ration, of elevating, purifying, fubtilizing, or perfect-
ing any natural body, its principles and parts ; alfo
the quality or difpofition which bodies acquire by
fuch operation. The terra exaltation has been pecu-
liarly affected by the chemifts and alchemifls , who,
imagining it to have fome extraordinary emphafis, arc
employing it on every occafion.
Exaltation, in aftrology, is a dignity which a
planet acquires in certain figns or parts of the zodiac;
which dignity is fuppofed to give it an extraordinary
virtue, efficacy and influence. The oppoiite fign, or
part of the zodiac, is called the dejection of the pla-
net. Thus the 15th degree of Cancer is the exalta-
tion of Jupiter, according to Albumazor, becaufe it
was the afcendant of that planet at the time of the
creation; that of the fun is in the 191I1 degree of
Aries, and its dejection in Libra ; that of the moon
is in Taurus, &c. Ptolemy gives thercafon of this in
his firft book de Qjiadrup.
EXAMINATION, an exact or careful fearch or
inquiry in order to difcover the truth or falfehoad of a
thing.
Self- Examination is a point much infilled on by di-
vines, and particularly the ancient fathers, by way of
preparation to repentance. St Ignatius reduces it to
five points, viz. 1. A returning thanks to God for
his benefits. 2. A begging of grace and light, to
know and diftinguifh our iins. 3. A running over all
our actions, occupations, thoughts, and words, in or-
der to learn what has been offeniive to God. 4. A
begging of pardon, and conceiving a fincere forrow
for having difpleafed him. And, 5. Making a firm
refolution not to offend him any more ; and taking the
neceflary precautions to preferve ourfelves from it.
EXAMINERS, in chancery, two officers of that
court, who examine, upon oath, witnefles produced in
caufes depending there, by either the complainant or
defendant, where the witnefles live in London or near
it. Sometimes parties themfelves, by particular order,
are examinee!. In the country, above 20 miles from
London on the parties joining in commifubn, witnef-
fes are examined by commiffioners. being ufually coun-
iellors or attornies not concerned in the caufe.
EXAMPLE, in a general fenfe, denotes a copy or a
pattern.
Example, in a moral fenfe, is either taken for a
type, inftauce, or precedent, for our admonition, that
But long before the empire of Keraciius, there had we may be cautioned againft the faults or cjimes whicli
others
E X A
I 45 3
E X C
Example others have commuted, by the bad confequences which
II have enfued from them ; or example is taken for a pat-
Esarch. tern f or our imitation or a model for us to copy after.
"~~~ " That examples have apeculiarpowerabove the naked
precept to difpofe us to the practice of virtue and bo-
linefs, may appear, by coniidering, I. That they moft
clearly exprefs to us the nature of our duties in their
fubjects and fenlible effects. General precepts form
abftract ideas of virtue ; but in examples, virtues are
moil vilibie in all their circumftances. 2. Precepts
inflruct us in what things are our duty ; but examples
aifure us that they are polfible. When we fee men
like ourfelves, who are united to frail flefh, and in the
fame condition with us, to command their paffions, to
overcome the moft glorious and glittering temptations,
we are encouraged in our fpiritual warfare. 3. Ex-
amples, by fecretand lively incentive, urge us to imi-
tation. We are touched in another manner by the
viiiole practice of good men, which reproaches our de-
fects, and obliges us to the fame zeal which laws, tho'
wife and good, will not effect.
The example of our Saviour is moft proper to form
us to holinefs : it being abfolutely perfect, and accom-
modated to ourprefent itate. Ther&is no example of
a mere man that is to be followed without limitation :
But the example of Chrift is abfoluteJy perfect ; his
converfation was a living law : " He was holy, harm-
lefs, undented, and feparate from nnners."
Example, in rhetoric, denotes an imperfect kind
of induction or argumentation ; whereby it is proved,
that a thing which happened on fome other occafion
will happen again on the prefent one, from the iimili-
tude of the cafes. As, " The war of the Thebans,
againlt their neighbours the Phocians, was ruinous ;
consequently, that of the Athenians againfl their
neighbours, will likewife be fatal."
EXANTHEMA, among phyficians, denotes any
kind of efflorefcence or eruption, as the mealies, pur-
ple fpots in the plague, or malignant fevers, £:c.
EXARCH, in antiquity, an appellation given, by
the emperors of the eaft, to certain officers fent into
Italy, in quality of vicars, or rather prefects, to de-
fend that part of Italy which was yet under their o-
bedience ; particularly the ciry of Ravenna againft
the Lombards, who had made themfelves mafters of
the greateft part of the reft.
The relidence of the exarch was at Ravenna ; which
city, with that of Rome, were all that was left the
emperors. Thefirft exarch was the patrician Boetius,
famous for his treatife, De Confolatione Pbilefephiae ;
appointed in 568 by the younger Jaftsa. The ex-
archs fublhted about 185 years, and ended in Euty-
chitis ; under whofe exarchate the city of Ravenna
was taken by the Lombard king Altulphus, or Aftol-
phus.
The emperor Frederic created Keraclius, archbifliop
©f Lyons, a defendant of the illuftrious houfe of
Montboiffier, exarch of the whole kingdom of Bur-
gundy ; a dignity till that time unknown any where-
but in Paly, particularly in the city of Ravenna.
Homer, Philo, and other ancient authors, give like-
wife the name exarckus to the choragus or mailer of
the fingers, in the ancient cborufes, or him who fnng
fifft: the word a^a or *fx*pxi lignifying equally to
iegitt-f and/o command.
Exarch of a Diocefe was, anciently, the fame with Exarch
primate. This dignify was inferior to the patriarchal, I.
yet greater than the metropolitan. Exception.
Exarch alfo denotes an officer, ft ill fubfifting in
th e Greek church ; being a kind of deputy or legate
a latere of the patriarch, whofe office it is to vifit the
provinces allotted him, in order to inform himfc If of
the lives and manners of the clergy ; take cognizance
of ecclefiaftical caufes ; the manner of celebrating di-
vine fervice ; the adininiftration of the facraments,
particularly confeflion ; the obfervance of the canons ;
monaftie difcipline; affairs of marriages, divorces, &c .
but, above all, to take an account of the f-veral reve-
nues which the patriarch receives from fcveral chur-
ches; and particularly, as to what regards the collecting
the fame.
The exarch, after having greatly enriched himfelf
in his poll, frequently rifes to the patriarchate itfelf.
Exarch is alfo ufed, in the eaftern church antiqui-
ty, for a general or fuperior over feveral monaileries ;
the fame that we otherwife call archimandrite ; being
exempted, by the patriarch of Conftantinople, from
the jurifdiction of the bilhops ; as are now the gene-
rals of the Romilh monaftie orders.
EXAUCTORATIO, in the Roman military dif-
cipline, differed from the miffio, which was a full dif-
charge, and took place after they had ferved in the
army 20 years ; whereas the exauctoratio was only a
partial difcharge : they loft their pay indeed, but ftill
kept under their colours or vexilla, though not under
the aquila (or eagle), which was the ilandard of the
legion : whence, initead of Legion ar -ii } they were cal-
led Sub ft gn am, and were retained till they had either
ferved their full time, or had lands afiigned them.
The exauctoratio took place after they had ferved 17
years.
EXCALCEATION, among the Hebrews, was a
particular law, whereby a widow, whom herhufband's
brother refufed to marry, had a right to fummon him
to a court of juftice ; and, upon his refnfal, might ex-
calceate him, that is, pull off one of his lhoes, and fpit
in his face ; both of them actions of great ignominy.
EXCELLENCY, a title anciently given to kings
and emperors, but now to ambaffadors, generals, and
other perfons who are not qualified for that of high-
nefs, and yet are to be elevated above the other infe-
rior dignities.
EXCENTRIC, in geometry, a term applied to
circles and fpheres which have not the fame centre,
and confequently are not parallel ; in oppofition to
concentric, where they are parallel, having one com-
mon centre.
EXCENTRICITY, in aftrorpmy, is the diftancc
of the centre of the orbit of a planet from the centre
of the fun -, that is the diflance between the centre of
the ellipfis and the focus thereof. r
EXCEPTION, fomething referved or fet afide,
and not included in a rule.
It is become proverbial, that there is no rule with-
• out an exception ; intimating that it is impoffible to
comprehend ail the particular cafes, under one and the
fame maxim. But it is dangerous following the ex-
ception preferably to the rule.
Exception, in law, denotes a flop or flay to an
action; and is either dilatory or peremptory, in pro-
ceedings
E X C
£ 46 ] E X C
not equal, there arifes a balance on one fide. Suppofe Exthanjt.
London to owe Paris a balance, value 100 1. How can
this be paid ? Anfwer, It may either be done with or
without the intervention of a bill.
With a bill, if an exchanger, finding a demand for
a bill upon Paris tortile value of 100 1. when Paris
owes no more to London, fends 100 1. to his correfpon-
dentat Paris in coin, at the expenfe (fnppoie) of 1 1.
and the;, having oecome creditor on Paris, he can
give a bill for the alue of 100 1. upon his being repaid
his txpenfe, and paid for his rifk and trouble.
Cr it may ht paid without a bill, if the London
debtor fends the coin hiriifelf to his Paris creditor, with-
out employing an exchanger.
This lail t xamplt Ihows of what little ufe bills are in
Except cecdings at common law; but in chancery his what
II the plaintiff alleges againft the fufficiency of an an-
Exchange. f wcr> &c%
"" An exception is no more than rhe denial of what
is taken to be good by the other party, either in point
of law or pleading. The counfel in a caufe are to
take all their exceptions to the record at one time,
and before the court has delivered any opinion of it.
EXCERPT, in matters of literature. See Ex-
tract.
EXCESS, in arithmetic and geometrv, is the dif-
ference between any two unequal numbers cr quanti-
ties, or that which is left after the leiTer is taken from
oroutofthc greater.
EXCHANGE, in a general fenfe, a contract or
agreement, whereby one thing is given or exchanged the payment of balances. As tar as the debts are equal,
for another. nothing can be more uteful than bills of exchange ; but
Exchange, in commerce, is the receiving or paying the more they are ufeful in this eafy way or bufiuefs, the
of money in one country for the like fum in another, Ids profit, theie is to any perfon to make a tr;=.de of ex-
by means of bills of exchange. change, when he is not himfelf concerned either as
The fecurity which merchants commonly take from dcbior or creditor.
one another when they circulate their bufiuefs, is a bill
of exchange, or a note of hand: thefe are looked up-
on as payment. See Bill, and Mercantile Laws.
When merchants have occafion to draw and remit
bills for the liquidation of their own debts, active and
pallive, in diftani parts, they meet upon'Change ; where
The punctuality of acquitting thefe obligations is ef- to purfue the former example, the creditois upon Paris,
fential to commerce ; and no fooner is a merchant's
accepted bill protefted, than he is confidered as a bank-
rupt. For this reafon, the laws of moft nations have
given very extraordinary privileges to bills of exchange.
The fecurity of trade is eflential to every fociety ; and
were the claims of merchants to linger under the for-
malities of courts of law when liquidated by bills of
exchange, faith, confidence, and punctuality, would
quickly difappear, and the great engine of commerce
would be totally deftroyed.
A regular bill of exchange is a mercantile contract,
in which four perfons are concerned, viz. 1. The
drawer, who receives the value : 2. His debtor, in a
diftant place, upon whom the bill is drawn, and who
muft accept and pay it ; 3. The perfon who gives va-
lue for the bill, to whofc order it is to be paid : and,
4. The perfon to whom it is ordered to be paid, credi-
tor to the third.
By this operation, reciprocal debts, due in two di-
when they want money for bills, look out fort hole who
are debtors to it. The debtors to Paris again, when
they want bills for money, feek for thofc who are cre-
ditors upon it.
This market is conftantly attended by brokers, who
relieve the merchant of the trouble of fearching for
thofc he wants. To the broker everyone communi-
cates his wants, fo tar as he finds it prudent; and by
going about among ail the merchants, the broker dis-
covers the fide upon which the greater demand lies,
for money or for bills.
He who is the demander in any bargain, has con-
ftantly thedifadvantage in dealing with him of whom
he demands. This is no where (b much the cafe as in
exchange, and renders fecrecy very efiential to indivi-
duals among the merchants. If the Loudon merchants
want to pay their debts to Paris, when there is a ba-
lance againft London, it is their intereft to conceal
their debts, and efpecially the neceffity th \y may be
flant parts, are paid by a fort of transfer, or permuta- under to pay them ; from the fear that tho_<e who are
lion of debtors and creditors.
(A) in London is creditor to (B) in Paris, value
100 1. (C) again in London is debtor to (D) in Paris
for a like fum. By the operation of the bill of ex-
change, the London creditor is paid by the London
debtor ; and the Paris creditor is paid by the Paris
debtor; confequently, the two debts are paid, and no
money is fent from London to Paris nor from Paris
to London.
In this example, (A) is the drawer, (B) is the ac-
cepter, (C) is the purchafer of the bill, and (D) re-
ceives the money. Two perfons here receive the mo-
ney, (A) and (D) ; and two pay the money, (B) and
(C) ; which is juft what muft be done when two
deb 01s and two creditors clear accounts.
This is the plain principle of a bill of exchange.
From which it appears, that reciprocal and equal debts
only can beacp itfed by them.
When it therefore happens, that the reciprocal debts
creditors upon Paris would demand too high a price
for the exchange over and above par.
On the ether hand, thofc who are creditors upon
Paris, when Paris owes a balance to London, are as
careful in concealing what is owing to them by Paris,
from the fear that thole who are debtors to Paris would
avail themfelvesof the competition among rhePariscre-
ditors, in order to obtain bills for their money, below
the value of ihem, when at par. A creditor upon Pa-
ris, who is greatly prefled for money at London, will
willingly abate fomething of his debt, in order to get
one wno will g've him money for it.
From the operation carried on among merchants up-
on'Change, we may difcover the confluence of their
feparate and jarring interePs. They are conftantly in-
terefted in the ftate of the balance. Thofe who are
creditors on Paris, fear the balance due to London ;
thofe who are debtors to Paris, dread a balance due
to Paris. The intereft of the firli is toditfenible what
of London and Paris (to ufe the fame example) are they fear; that of the laft, to exaggerate what
they
wiflv
E X C
[ 47 ]
E X C
Exchange, With. The brokers are thofe who determine the courfe
' « ' of the day * and the molt intelligent merchants are
thofe who difpatch their bufinefs before the facl is
known.
Now, howls trade in general interested in the quef-
tion, Who (hall outwit, and Who mail be outwitted,
in this complicated operation of exchange among mer-
chants i
The intereftof trade and of the nation is principal-
ly concerned in the proper method of payng and re-
ceiving the balances. It is alfo concerned in pieferv-
ing a juft equality of profit and lofs among all the
merchants, relative to the real ilate of the balance.
Unequal competition among men engaged in the fame
purfuit, conitantly draws along with it bad confequen-
ces to the general undertaking ; and fecrecy in trade
will be found, upon examination, to be much more ufe-
ful to merchants in their private capacity, than to the
trade they are carrying on.
Merchants endeavour to Amplify their bufinefs as
much as poffible; and commit to brokers many opera-
tions which require no peculiar talents to execute. This
of exchange is of fuch a nature, that it is hardly pof-
fible for a merchant to carry on the bufinefs of his bills,
without their affiftance, upon many occafions. When
merchants come upon 'Change, they are fo full of fear
and jealoufies, that they will not open themfelves to one
another, left they fhould difcover what they want to
conceal. The broker is a confidential man, in fome de-
gree, between parties, and brings them together.
Befides the merchants who circulate among them-
felves their reciprocal debts and credits arifing from
their importation and exportation of goods, there is an-
other fet of merchants who deal in exchange ; which
is the importation arid exportation of money and bills.
Were there never any balance on the trade of na-
tions, exchangers and brokers would find little employ-
ment : reciprocal and equal debts would eafily be tranf-
acted openly between the parties themfelves. No man
feigns and difTembles, except when he thinks he has an
intereft in fo doing.
But when balances come to be paid, exchange be-
comes intricate ; and merchants are fo much employed
in particular branches of bufinefs, that they are obliged
to leave the liquidation of their debts to a particular fet
of men, who make it turn out to the bell advantage to
themfelves.
Whenever a balance is to be paid, that payment cofts, Exchange,
as we have leen, an additional expence to thofe of the ^ * ■-
place who owe it, over and above the value of the debt.
If, therefore, this expence be a lofs to the trading
man, he muft either be repaid this lofs by thofe whom
he ferves, that is, by the nation ; or the trade he car-
ries on will become lefs profitable.
Every one will agree, that the expence of high ex-
change upon paying a balance is a lofs to a people,
no way to be compenfated by the advantages they reap
from enriching the few individuals among them who
gain by contriving methods to pay it off; and if an ar-
gument is uecefTary to prove this propofuion, it may
be drawn from this principle, viz. whatever renders the
profit upon trade precarious or uncertain, is a lofs to
trade in general : this lofs is the confequence of high
exchange ; and although a profit does refult from it
upon one branch of trade, the exchange-bufinefs, yet
that cannot compenfate the lofs upon every other.
We may, therefore, here repeat what we have faid
above, that the more difficulty is found in paying a ba-
lance, the greater is the lofs to a nation.
The Courfe of Exchange.
The courfe of exchange is the current price betwixt
two places, which is always fluctuating and unfettled,,
being fometimes above and fometimes below par, ac-
cording to the circumftances of trade.
When the courfe of exchange rifes above par, the
country where it rifes may conclude for certain, that
the balance of trade runs againft them. The truth ol
this will appear, if we fuppofe Britain to import from
any foreign place goods to the value of ioo,oool. at
par, and export only to the value of 8o,oooI. In this
cafe, bills on the faid foreign place will be fcarcc in
Britain, and consequently will rife in value ; and after
the 8o,oool. is paid, bills muft be procured from other
places at a high rate to pay the remainder, fo that per-
haps I2o,oool. may be paid for bills to difcharge a debt
of ioo,oool.
Though the courfe of exchange be in a perpetual
flux, and rifes or falls according to the circumftances of
trade ; yet the exchanges of London, Holland, Ham-
burgh, and Venice, in a great meafurc regulate thofe
of all other places in Europe.
I. Exchange with Holland.
MONEY-TABLE.
2
o
8 Pennings, or 2 duytes,
2 Groats, or 16 pennings,
6 Stivers, or L2 pence,
20 Schillings,
20 Stivers, or 40 pence,
6 Guilders, or florins,
2^ Guilders, or florins,
In Holland there are two forts of money, bank and
current. The bank is reckoned good fecurity ; de-
mands on the bank are readily anfwered ; and hence
bank money is generally rated from 3 to 6 per cent.
2
Par in Sterling.
1 groat or penny :
1 ftiver
1 fchilling :
1 pound Flemifh :
1 gilder or florin :
1 pound Flemifh :
1 rix dollar :
s. d.
o 054
o 1.09
6.56
10 11. 18
1 9.86
10 II. 18
4 6.66
better than the current. The difference between the
bank and current money is called the agio.
Bills on Holland are always drawn in bank-money;
and if accounts be fent over from Holland to Britain in
current
Exchange,
E X C [48
current money, theBritifh merchant pays thefe accounts
by bills, and in this cafe has the benefit of the agio.
Prob.I. To reduce bank-money to current money.
Rule. As too to xoo+agio, fo the given guilders
to the anfwer.
Examp. What will 2210 guilders in bank-money a-
mount to in Holland currency, the agio being i\ per cent?
Guild.
As
100
8
i°3*
8
2210
825
800 825 11050
4420
17680
ft-
1
pen.
4. cur.
00)18232)50(2279
16 . . .20
•22 Io|oo(
16 8
63 2
56 16
72 32
72 32
Or, by practice
50)2210
44.2 rr 2
22.1 — 1
7-7625 s= \
per cent,
per cent,
per cent.
2279.0625
If the agio only be required, make the agio the
middle term, thus:
Cull. ft. pen.
As 100 : 31 : : 2210 : 69 I 4 agio. Or, work
by practice, as above.
Prob. II. To reduce current money to bank-money.
Rule. As 100+agio to 100, fo the given guilders
to the anfwer.
Example. What will 2279 guilders 1 ftiver 4 pen-
in ngs, Holland currency, amount to in bank-money,
the aigo being 34 per cent
Guild.
As I03;
8
Guild, ft. pen.
: 2279 I 4
20
825
20
800
45581
16
16500
16
273490
45581
990
165
729300
800
8)2641000 8)5834401000
3)33 3)72930 Guild.
11 11)24310(2210 bank.
] E X C
In Amflerdam, Rotterdam, Middleburgh, &c. books Exchange}
and accounts are kept by fome in guilders ftivers and > ~~^* v ~^
pennings, and by others in pounds millings and pence
Flemifh.
Britain gives il. Sterling for an uncertain number
of {hillings and pence Flemifh. The par is il. Ster-
ling for 36.59s. Flemifh; that is 1 1. 16 s. 7.08 d.
Flemifh.
When the Flemifh rate rifes above par ; Britain gains
arid Holland lofes by the exchange, and viceverfa.
Sterling money is changed into Flemilh, by faying,
As 1 1. Sterling to the given rate,
So is the given Sterling to the Flemilh fought.
Or, the Flemifh money may becaft up by practice.
Dutch money, whether pounds, fhillings, pence Fle-
mifh, or guilders, ftivers, pennings, may be changed
into Sterling, by faying,
As ihe given rate to 1 1. Sterling,
So the given Dutch to the Sterling fought.
Example, i. A merchant in Britain draws on Am-
fterdam for 782 1. Sterling : How many pounds Fle-
mifh, and how many guilders, will that amount to, ex-
change at 34s. Sd.per pound Sterling ?
Decimally.
782 If 1 : 34.6 : : 782
782
693
27733
242666
2!o)27io| 9 .3
L.13S5 9 tfFlem*
12)325312
d.
e|o) 2710I9 4
L. 1355 9 ^Flem.
By practice.
L. s.
ios.— i
4S.Z=^-
8d.= i
782
39 1
156
26
Or thus :
L.
8d.= lV
s. d.
782
547 8
26 1
4
1355 5 4^/.
1355 9 4FI.
Multiply the Flemifh pounds and fhillings by 6, and
the product will be guilders and ftivers ; and if there
be any pence, multiply them by 8 for pennings ; or,
divide the Flemifh pence by 40, and the quot will be
guilders, and the half of the remainder, if there be any,
will be ftivers, and one penny odd will be half a fliver,
©r 8 pennings, as follows :
L.
1355
d.
4
Flem. pence.
4)°)3253i|2(32rf«?.
Guild.8 132 lbftiv. Guild. 8132 16 ft hi
2. Change 591 1. 5s. Flemifh into Sterling money,
exchange at 37s. 6d. Flemifh fer 1. Sterling.
i
Exchange.
20
E X C
Flem. Ster. Finn,
s, d. L. L. s.
If 37 6 : I :: 591 5
2
5)75
4)i5
3
II02J
2
5)23650
5) 4730
3) 946
L. s. d. 3i5i
■^«/ 315 5 8 Ster.
Decimally.
5)L. L. 5) L.
If 1.875 : I :: 591-25
5) .275 5)118.25
5) -°75 5) 23.65
.015 .015) 4-73(3l3-3
45
23
15
80
75
[ 49 ] ' E X C
The agio at Hamburgh runs between 20 and 40 Exchange.
percent. All bills are paid in bank-money-. * *-— v— —
Hamburgh exchanges with Britain by giving an un-
certain number of fchillings and grcots Fleniifh for the
pound Sterling. The groot or penny Flemifh here, as
alfo at Antwerp, is worth *i of a penny Sterling ; and
fo fomething better than in Holland, where it is only
,«* ¥ d. Sterling. Flemijh.
6 Phennings "J f 1 groot or penny
6 Schilling-lubs j 1 fchilling
1 Schilling-lub |> make \ 2 pence or groots
1 Mark | 32 pence or groots
74. Marks J l_ 1 pound.
The par with Hamburgh, and alfo with Antwerp,
. is 35s. 6|d. Flemilh for 1 1. Sterling.
Examples, i. How many marks mufl be received
at Hamburgh for 303 1. Sterling, exchange at 35s. 3 d.
Flemifh per 1. Sterling ?
L. s. d. L.
If I : 35 3 :: 300
12
42 3
300
M. fch.
32)126900(3965 10
96 • • •
50
45
Holland exchanges with other nations as follows,
viz. with
Flem. d.
Hamburgh, on the dollar, = 66*
France, on the crown, = 54
Spain, on the ducat, = 1091
Portugal, on the crufade, — 50
Venice, on the ducat, — 93
Genoa, on the pezzo, = 100
Leghorn, on the piaitre, =: 100
Florence, on the crown, — 120
Naples, on the ducat — 74^.
Ro;ne, on the crown, = 1 36
Milan, on the ducat, = 102
Bologna, on the dollar, = 94*
Exchange between Britain and Antwerp, as alfo the
Auftrian Netherlands, is negociated the fame way jls
with Holland ; only the par is fomewhat different, as
will be defcribed in article 2d, following.
Exchange -with Hamburgh.
Money-table.
Par in Sterling, s.
[ 1 fchilling-lub = o
1 mark = 1
\ 1 dollar = 3
I 1 rixdollar — 4
J L 1 ducat = 9
Books and accounts are kept at the bank, and by
moft people in the city, in marks, fchilling-lubs, and
phennings ; but fome keep them in pounds, fchillings,
and groots Flemilh.
Vol. VII.
II.
12 Phennings
16 Schilling-lubs
2 Marks
3 Marks
6^. Marks
d.
6
o
6
4f
(o)
Decimally.
Flem. s. Marks. Flem. s.
If 20 : 7.5 :: 35-25
4 •* 1-S " 35.25
1.5
17625
3525
4)52.875
Marks in il. Sterling
13.21875
300
Marks in 300 1. Sterling 3965.62500
16
Schilling-lubs 10.000
G 2. How
E X C
Exchange. 3. How much Sterling money will a bill of 3965
mark 10 fchilling-lubs amount to, exchange at 35s. 3d.
flcTXixftiper pound Sterling ?
Fi.s. 'd. L.St. Mks. fh.
If 35 3:1:: 3965 10
12 22 2
[ 50 ]
E X C
42;
:od.
423)126900(300!. fter.
1269
Decimally.
4 : 1-5 •': 35-25
i-5_
17625
2225
4)52.875(13 21875
13.21875)3965.62500(3001. Iter.
3965625
III. Exchange ivitb France.
Money
12 Deniers
20 Sols
3 Livres
make
-TABLE.
Par in Ster.
I fol :
1 livre :
1 crown
O 3 '-
8 o
J
o
o 9|
2 5;
d.
3 9
At Paris, Rouen, Lyons, &c. books and accounts
are kept in livres, fols, and deniers ; and tlie exchange
with Britain is on the crown, or ecu, of 3 livres, or 60
ibis Tournois. Britain gives for the crown an uncer-
tain number of pence commonly between 30 and 34,
the par, as mentioned above, being 291a.
Example, i. What fterling money muft be paid in
London to receive in Paris 1978 crowns 25 fols, ex-
change at 3i|d. per crown ?
So/s.
If 6^
d.
314
253
Cr.
1978
60
fols.
25
118705
253
356li5
595525
237410
6)0)300325615 Rem.
8)500539
12)62567
J
11
2)o)52i|3 13
L. 260 13 ii| Anf.
By Practice.
Cr. Sols.
1978 25, at 314
d.
30 = i 1
247
5
ii=-_
^ 2.
12
7
3
» — 1
I
1-
20= 1
O
ioi
S = *
O
»*
260 13
11^
If you work decimally, fay,
Cr. d. Ster. Cr. d. Sler.
As 1 : 31.625 :: 1978.416 : 62567.427083
2. How many French livres will L. 121 : 18
Sterling amount to, exchange at 32 jd. per crown?
If
Exchange.
■■■ ■ ■ \j •<*
d.
Liv. L. s.
d.
3H
: 3 : : 121 18
8 20
6
263
24 2438
12
29262
24
11 7048
• 58524
Liv
fols. den.
263)702288(2670 5 11 Anf.
Rem. (78=5 fols if deniers.
IV. Exchange zoitb Portugal.
Money-table.
Par. in Ster. s. d. j.
1 ree =00 0.27
400 rees 7 k(} C 1 crufade =23
1 000 recs 5 t 1 millree = 5 74.
In Lifbon, Oporto, &c. books and accounts are
generally kept in rees and millrees ; and the millrees
are diitinguiihed from the rees by a mark fet between
them thus, 485 y 372 ; that is, 485 millrees and 375
rees.
Britain, as well as other nations, exchanges with
Portugal on the millree ; the par, as in the table, be-
ing 67' T Sterling. The courfe with Britain runs from,
63d. to68d. Sterling ^er millree.
Example, i. How much Sterling money will pay
a bill of 827 ■*■ 160 rees, exchange at 63 |d. Sterling
per millree?
Rees. d. Rees.
If 1060 : 634 : : 827.160
8 507
8000
507 579012
413580
Rem.
.8000)419370.120 2
12) 52421 — 5d.
20) 4368 — 8s.
d.
60 = ^
3 = «
L.218 8 sk 4>f-
By Practice.
Rees,
827.160, at 63|d.
206.790
10.3395
.861625
.4308125
218.4219375
The
E X C
[ 5* ]
E X C
Exchange. The rees being thoufandth-parts of the millrees, are d. Piafl. L. s. d.
'annexed to the integer, and the operation proceeds ex- If 38 * : 1 ;: 345 18 8,< z
Exchange.
actly as in decimals.
2. How many rees of Portugal will 500 1. Sterling
amount to, exchange at 5s. 4fd. per millree .'
20
d.
If 644 :
Rces.
1000 :
8
8000
L.
: 500
20
517
1 0000
12
I2COOO
Sooo
5»/
2
614
6918
12
83024
16
4981 49
83024
614(1328389(2163 piaftres.
1228 •• •
Rees.
517)960000000(1856.866 Anf.
Exchange with Spain.
Carr.up 1328389
Piafl. Rials.
Anf. 2163 4
2149
1842
307
8
614)2456(4 rials.
2456
Money-table.
s.
d.
?4
3 7
4 Hi
Par in Sterl.
35 mervadiesiT C r rial
8 rials -2 make-? 1 piaftre
375 mervadies(_ (^ 1 ducat
In Madrid, Bilboa, Cadiz, Malaga, Seville, and moil
of the principal places, books and accounts are kept in
piaftres, called alfo dollars, rials, and mervadies ; and
they exchange with Britain generally on the piaftre,
and fometimes on the ducat. The courfe runs from
35 d. to 45 d. Sterling for a piaftre or dollar of 8
rials.
Examp. i. London imports from Cadiz gsods to
the value of 2163 piaftres and 4 rials : How much
Sterling will this amount to, exchange at 38|d. Ster-
ling per piaftre ?
each.
5*
VI. Exchange with Venice.
Money-table.
Soldi 7 1 f 1 gros
Piafl.
Rials.
2163
4>
at 3]
**•
</.
d.
24 = A
Rials.
4 -
j8 3 <
216
6
5°3 '
12 = f
10S
3
2 — 1
18
6
a ~ ~ "S
2
5
°!
T "" T
1
2
6|
345
17
H
L
1
r,%
^»/-
• 345
iS
8- 5 _
1 <s
2. London remits to Cadiz 345I. iSs. 8 T J _d. How
much Spanith money will this amount to, exchange at
38-|d. Sterling per piaftre ?
24 Gros 5 """* c * ducatrrjoid. Sterling.
The money of Venice is of three forts, viz. two of
bank money, and the picoli money. One of the banks
deals in banco money, and the other in banco current.
The bank money is 20 per cent, better than the banco
current, and the banco current 20 per cent, better than
the picoji money. Exchanges are always negociated
by the ducat banco, the par being 4s. 2id. Sterling, as
in the table.
Though the ducat be commonly divided into 24
gros, yet bankers and negotiators, for facility of com-
putation, ufually divide it as follows, and keep their
books and accounts accordingly.
12 Deniersd'or ~) , Ci fol d'or
20 Sols d'or 3 (_ I ducat=:5o!.d. Sterling.
The courfe of exchange is from 45d. to 55d. Ster-
ling^ £r ducat.
Examp. i. How much Sterling money is equal to
1459 ducats 18 fols r denier, bank- money of Venice,
exchange at 52id. Sterling per ducat ?
Sols.
IQ = |
5 = 4
2 = 1
1 =|
den. 1 =*-
Due. d.
Due. fol. den.
If I : 52| :
: 1459 18 1
52|
2918
7295
d. 75868
f = 7294
\ = 3644
- ' r ■ ■
769621
474
52|
rate.
261
'31
5t
2|
°i
474
Renu
i2)77oio(6d.
2|o)64i|7(i7s,
I.32.0 17 6 Sterling. Anf.
G 2
2. How
E X G
[ 5* ]
ESC
T'.xrMnge. 2. Kow many ducats at Venice are equal to 385!;
— v »' i2 s< ^ Sterling, exchange at 4s. ^A. per ducat , {
L. Dae, L fy
If .216 : 1 : : 385.625
.216)3^5.625
21 385.625
. — ,„ _ Due.
i95)'47o62.5(i779- 8 -^
195
1520
i3 6 5
1556
1365
1912
1755
1575
1560
Bank-money is reduced to current money, by allow-
ing for the agio,_.as was done in exchange with Hol-
land ; viz. fay, As 100 to 120, or as 10 to 12, or as
5 to 6, fo the given bank' money to the current fought.
And current money is reduced to bank-money by re-
verting the operation. And in like manner may picoli-
. money be reduced to current or to bank money, and
the contrary.
100 ducats banco of Venice.
In Leghornz:73 pezzos
In Rome r:68i crowns
In Lucca =r 77 crowns
InFrancfort=i39iflorins.
VII. Exchange with Genoa.
Money-table.
12 Denari 7 , C 1 foldi s. d.
20 Soldi } maKe £ x pe Z zo =46 Sterling.
Books and accounts are generally kept in pezzos,
foldi, and denari : but fome keep them in lires, foldi,
and denari ; and 12 fuch denari make 1 foldi, and 20
foldi make 1 lire.
The. pezzo of exchange is equal to 51 lires ; and,
consequently, exchange-money is 51 times better than
the lire money. The conrfe of exchange runs from
47 d. to 58 d. Sterling per pezzo.
Exam p. How much Sterling money is equivalent
to 3390 pezzos 16 foldi of Genoa, exchange at 5i|d.
Exchange money is reduced to lire-money, by being Exchjnge.
multiplied by 52, as follows :
Pez. foldi. Decimally.
3390 16 . 339°- 8
S\ SIS
16954 o
1695 8
847 14
169540
237356
169540
Lires 19497 2 Lires 19497.100
And lire-money is reduced to exchange-money by
dividing it by 5?
In Milan, 1 crown
80
86
20
127^
In Naples, 1 ducat =:
In Leghorn, 1 piaflre =
In Sicily, 1 crown
VIII. Exchange with Leghorn.
MoNEY-TAELS.
I2 ^ri7 mke |ifoidi s. d
20 Soldi J I 1 piaftre =46 Steel.
, Books and accounts are kept in piaflres, foldi, and
denari. The piaftre here confifts of 8 lires, and the
lire contains 20 foldi, and the foldi 12 denari, and
confequently exchange-money is 6 times better than
lire money. The courfe of exchange is from 47d. to
58 d. Steiiing/w piaftre.
Example. What is the Sterling value of 731 pi-
aflres, at 554 each ?
731 piaflres, at 55* d.
4
d.
or 48=1
6=4
4t
Sterling per pezzo
Soldi, d.
If 20 : 5i|
8
?
Fez.
: : 3396
20
Soldi.
16
415
160
67816
415
339080
67S16
271264
d
L. s. d.
160)28143640(1758973 = 73218 if
If Sterling money be given, ir may be reduced or
changed into pezzos of Genoa, by.reverfing the former
operation.
L. 169 o 10* Anf.
Sterling-money is reduced to money of Leghorn, by
reverfing the former operation ; and exchange- money
is reduced to lire-money by multiplying by 6, and lire-
money to exchange-money by dividing by 6.
100 piaftres of Leghorn are
In Naples =134 ducats | In Geneva =: 185; crowns
Soldi of Leghorn.
In Sicily, 1 crown = 133^.
In Sardinia, 1 dollar = 95*
The above are the chief places in Europe with which
Britain exchanges direelly ; the exchanges with other
places are generally made by bills on Hamburgh, Hol-
land, or Venice. We /hall here, however, lubjoin the
par of exchange betwixt Britain and moil of the other
places in Europe with which fhe has any commercial
intercourfe.
Par in Sterling L. s.
Rome, 1 crown =r
Naples, 1 ducat =
Florence, I crown zz
Milan, 1 ducat =
Bologna, 1 dollar =
Sicily, 1 crown zz
Vienna, 1 rixdollar r:
Augfburgh, i florin =
Francfort, 1 florin =
Bremen, 1 rixdollar =:
Breflau, 1 rixdollar =:
Berlin,
J.
d.
6
n
3
44
5
41
4
7
4
3
5
4
8
3
't
3
3
!
3
3
E X C
Exchange.
Jlerlin,
Stecln,
Embdeti,
Bolfenna,
Dantzic,
Stockhoim,
Ruffia,
Turkey,
I
i
i
i
1-34
34?
i
i
Par hi Sterh
rixdolla'r =
hi ark —
rixdcllar —
rixdolhr =
florins —
[ S3
d.
O
6
6
8
o
o
5
6
Nurem-
L. J.
4
i
2
~>
3
i o
dollars = I o
ruble — 4
afper = 4
The following places, viz. Switzerland,
bnrgb, Leiplic, Diefuen, Ofnaburgh, Brunfwic, Co-
logn, Leige, Strafbargh, Cracow, Denmark, Nor-
way, Riga, Revil, Narva, exchange with Britain,
when djreft exchange is made', upon the rixdollar, the
par being 4 s. 6 d. Sterling.
IX. Exchange with America and the Weft Indies.
In North America and the Weft Indies, accounts as
in Britain, are kept in pounds, (hillings, and pence. In
N. America formerly they had few coins circulating a-
mong them, and oa that account had been obliged to
fubftitute a paper-currency for a medium of their com-
merce; which having ho intrinlic value, was fubjedted to
many difadvantages, and generally fuffered a great dif-
count. In the Weft Indies coins are more frequent,
owing to their commercial intercourfe with the Spa-
nifti fettlements.
Exchange betwixt Britain and America, or the Weft
Indies, may be computed as in the following examples :
i. The neat proceeds of a cargo from Britain to
Bofton amount 10845!. 17s. 6d. currency: How
much is that in Sterling money, exchange at 80 per
cent P
If 180 :
18 :
9 :
100
10 L. s. d.
5 : : 845 17 6
5
9)4229 7 6
L. 469 18
2. Bofton remits to Britain a
7^-d. Sterling ; How much currency was paid for the
bill at Boflon, exchange at 80 per cent ?
T r Ster. Anf.
bill of 469 1. 18 s.
If
100 :
180
L.
s.
d.
5 :
9'
: 469
18
T 7
9
5)4229
7
6
845
17
6 currency.
Anf.
3.
How
mirh
Sterl
mg-money '
.vill ]
780 1. Jamaica
:urr
ency amc til
to, exchange
at
40 per cent?
If
140 :
100
14 :
7:
10
5?
L.
: 1780
5
7)8900
— ■ — s. d.
T271 8 6; Ster. Anf.
J3ills of exchange from America, the rate being high,
is an expenfive way of remitting money to Britain: and
therefore merchants in Britain generally choofe to
have the debts due to them remitted home in fugar,
rum, or other produce.
E XC
X. Exchange -with IrelfWtk
J'xeha'jgs.
At Dublin, raid all over Ireland, books and accounts
are kept in pounds, (hillings, and pence, as in Britain ?
and they exchange on the 100 1. Sterling.
The par of one {hilling Sterling is one (hilling and
one penny Irilh ; and fo the par of 100 1. Sterling is
toSI. 6 s. 8d. Irifh, The courfe of exchange runs
from 6 to 15 percent.
Examp, 1. London remits to Dublin 586 1. 10 s.-
Sterling : How much Irifli money will that amount to,
exchange at 9J per cent P
If
100 : 1091 :
8
L.
: 586.5
877
8co : 877 41055
41055
46920
800)514360.5
642.950625
Anf. 642 1. 19 s. Irilh.
By practice 1 .
586.5
10 = tV
2 = T
58.65
11.73 frb*
8 =
1 = 1
•» — 1
¥ T
1 — 1
If 4
46.92
5.865
2.9325
•733125
91 I
56.450625 ad
I 642.950625
2. How much Sterling will 625 1. Irilh amount to,
exchange at io| per cent. P
If 1 10.1 : 100 :: 625
8 800
L. s. d.
88-5 800 883)500000(566 5 of Ster. Anf
XI. Exchange betwixt London and other places in
Britain.
TtiEfeveral towns in Britain exchange with Lon-
don for a fmall premium in favour or London ; fuch
as > J > H* &• P er cent ' The premium is more or lefs,
according to the demand for bills ?
Examp. Edinburgh draws on London for 860I. ex-
change at 14 per cent : How much money mult be paid
at Edinburgh for the bill
per cent.
I = -s-V
L.
860
8
2
1
12
3
1
6
11
16
6
I871
16
6
premium.
paid for the bill.
To
E X C
t 54
]
E X C
Exchange. To avod paying the premium, it is an ufual prac-
' ~ v — ""* tice to take the bill payable at London a certain num-
ber of days afterdate-; and in this way of doing, 73
days is equivalent to 1 per cent
XII. Arbitration of Exchanges.
The courfe of exchange betwixt nation and nation
naturally rifesor falls according as the circum fiances
and bilance of trade happen to vary. Now, to draw up-
on and remit to foreign places, in this fluctuating ftate
of exchange, in the way that will turn out moft profit-
able, is the def;o-n of arbitration. Which is either
fnnple or compound.
I. Simple Arbitration.
In firaple arbitration the rates or prices of exchange
from one place to other two are given; whereby is
found the correfpondent price between the laid two
places, called the arbitrated price, or par of arbitration:
and hence is derived a method of drawing and remit-
ting to the beft advantage.
Examf.i. If exchange from London to Amfter-
dam be 33 s. 9 d. per pound Sterling ; and if exchange
from London to Paris be 32 d. per crown ; what muff
be the rate of exchange from Amfterdam to Paris, in
order to be put on a par with the other two ?
Ster.
Flan:.
Ster.
s.
s. d.
d.
If 2C
: 33 9:
: 32
12
12
24O
405
32
810
1215
240)12960)54 d. Flem. per crown. Anf.
2. If exchange from Paris to London be 32d. Ster-
ling per crown ; and if exchange from Paris to Amfter-
dam be 54d. Fiemifh per crown j what muftbe the rate
of exchange between London and Amfterdam, in order
10 be on a par with the other two ?
Ster.
d.
If 32 :
Flem.
d.
54 :
240
Ster.
d.
240
216
108
-12)
s. d.
32)12960(405 (33 9 Flem. perl. Ster. Anf.
From thefe operations it appears, that if any fum of
Money be remitted, at the rates of exchange mention-
ed, from any one of the three places to the fecond, and
from the fecond to the third, again from the third
to the firft, the iiim fo remitted will come home entire,
without increafe or diminution.
From the par of arbitration thus found, and the
courfe of exchange given, is deduced a method of
drawing and remitting to advantage, as in the follow-
ing example.
3. If exchange from London to Paris be 32d. Sterling Exchaage.
per crown, and to Amfterdam 405 d. Flemifli per pound
Sterling ; and if, by advice from Holland to France,
the courfe of exchange between Paris and Amfterdam
is fallen to 52 d. Fiemifh per crown; what may be
gzmedper cent, by drawing on Paris, and remitting to
Amfterdam ?
The par of arbitration between Paris and Amfter-
dam in this cafe, by Ex. 1. is 54 d. Flemifli per crown.
Cr.
750 debit at Paris
d.Fl.
39000 credit at Amfterdam.
Fl. L. s. d. Ster.
Woi
'k as
under.
d.
5/.
Cr.
L. St
a
32
Cr.
: T :
d.Fl
100 .
C.
if
I : 52 :
d.FL L.
If 405 :
St.
1
750 :
d
■ : 39
30000
96
ICO
5 Hi be remitted.
3 140}
But if the courfe of exchange between Paris and
•Amfterdam, inftead of falling below, rife above the
Par of arbitration, fuppcfe to 56 d. Fiemifh per crown ;
in this cafe, if you propofe to gain by the negociation,
you nui ft draw on Amderftam, and remit to Paris.
The computation follows.
L.St. d.Fl. L.St d.Fl
If I :
405 :
: 100 :
40500
debit at Amflerda
d. Fl. Cr.
d.F.
Cr.
If 5 6
: 1 : :
40500
■ 723, 3
- credit at Paris.
Cr.
d.St.
Cr.
L.
/. d. Ster.
If I :
32 : :
723A :
100
96 S
6* to be remitted.
3 11 $r gained /£/• cent.
In negotiations of this fort, a fum; for remittance is
afforded out of the fum you receive for the draugkt :
and your credit at the one foreign place pays your debt
at the other.
II. Compound Arbitration.
In compound arbitration the rate or price of ex-
change between three, four, or more places, is given,
in order to find how much a remittance pafling through
them all will amount to at the laft place ; or to find
the arbitrated price, or par of arbitration, between the
frit place and the laft. And this may be done by the
following
Rules. I. Diflinguifh the given rates or prices in-
to antecedents and confequents ; place the antecedents
in one column, and the confequents in another on the
right, fronting one another byway of equation.
II. The firft antecedent, and the laft conieqnent to
which an antecedent is required, muft always be of the
fame kind.
III. The fecond antecedent muft be of the fame
kind with the firft confequent, and the third antece-
dent of the fame kind with the fecond confequent, &c.
IV. If to any of the numbers a fraction be annexed,
both the antecedent and its confequent muft be multi-
plied into the denominator.
V. To facilitate the operation, terms that happen to
be equal or the fame in both columns, may be dropped
or rejected, and other terms may be abridged.
IV.
E X C
r 5* 3
E X C
Exchange. VI. Multiply the antecedents continually foradivifor,
y*** " and the confequents continually for a dividend, and the
quot will be the anfvyer or antecedent required.
Examp. I. If London remit loool. Sterling to
Spain, by way of Holland, at 35 s. ¥lcmi&i per pound
Sterling ; thence to France, at 58 d. Flemilh /><?r crown;
thence to Venice, at roc crowns per 60 ducats; and
thence to Spain, at 36oniervadies/v" ducat; how many
piaftres, of 272 mervauies, will the iocol. Sterling
amount to in Spain ?
Antecedents.
il. Sterling =
58 d. Flemilh =
1 00 crowns France:
1 ducat Venice —
iff. mervadies —
Abridged.
\—2\0
2-9= I
IZ 30
17= I
— IO
Confequentt.
35 s. or 420 d. Fl.
1 crown France
60 ducats Venice
360 mervadiesSpain
I piaftre
Howmany piaftresrzioool. Sterling
In order to abridge the terms, divide 58 and 4:0
l>y 2, and you have the new antecedent 29, and the
new confequent 210 ; reject two ciphers in 100 and
icco ; divide 272 and 360 by 8, and you have 34
and 45 ; divide 34 and 60 by 2, and you have 17 and
39 ; and the whoie will Hand abridged as above.
Then, 29x17=493 divifor ; and 210x30x45
X 10=2835000 dividend: and, 493)2835000(57504.
piaftres. Anf.
Or, the confequents may be connected with the fign
of multiplication, and placed over a line by way of nu-
merator ; and the antecedents, connected in the fame
manner, may be placed under the line, by way of de-
nominator ; and then abridged as follows :
42ox6ox"6oxioo_ 210x60x360x10
"58x100x272 ~ 29x1x272
210x60x45x10 210x30x45x10
fiom Venice to Hamburgh, at iood. Flemim/<?r ducat EscfraBgft
from Hamburgh to Lifbon, at 5od. Flemilh per cru- ' * "
fade of 400 rees ; and, laftly, from Lifbon to Lon-
don at 64d. Sterling per millree : How much Sterling
money will the remittance amount to ? and how much
will be gained or faved, fuppofmg the direct exchange
from Holland toLondonat 36s. iod. Flemilh />?;■ pound
Sterling ?
Confequents.
=: 1 crown
— 60 ducats.
~ 100 d. Flem.
— 400 rees.
— 64 j. Sterling.
How many d. S;er. ~ 400 1. or 96000 d. Flemilh ?
This, in the fractional form, will Hand as follows*
29X;
2835000,
493
29x17
And, 493)2835000(57504 piaftres. Anf.
The placing the terms by way of antecedent and
confequent, and working as the rules direct, fave lb
many ftatings of the rule of three, and greatly ihortens
the opera 1 ion. The proportion at large for the above
queilion would Hand as under.
L.St.
d.FL
L.St.
d. FL
If 1 :
420 : :
I coo :
420000
d.FL
Cr.
d. Fl.
Cr.
If 58
: 1 ::
420000 :
724rH
Cr.
Due.
Cr.
Due.
If 100
: 63 ::
724^7
■ 4344r£
Due.
Mer.
Due.
Mer.
If I :
360 ::
43A4i? :
1564137
Mer.
Pi aft.
Mer.
Piaft.
If 272 :
1 ::
1564137U
• 5750LI
! 7
17
Antecedents.
56a. Flem. :
100 crowns
1 ducat
50 d. Fiem.
1000 ices
6oxiocX40ox64X96ooo_ 368640
65x100x50x1000
, and
7)368640(52662^1. Ster. =219!. 8s 6id. St. Anf
To find how much the exchange from Amflercfem
directly to London, at 36s. 10 d. Flemilh perl. Ster-
ling, will amount to. fay,
s. d. d. Fl. L. St. d.FL L. s. d.St.
36 10 If 442 : :: 96000 : 217 3 ioi
12 219 8 6|
If we fuppofe the courfe of direct exchange to Spain
to be 42|d. Sterling per piaftre, the icool. remitted
would only amount to 5647',. piaftres ; and, confe-
quently, 103 piaftres are gained by the negociation ;
that is, about 2 per cent.
2. A banker in Arnfterdam remits to London 400!.
Flemim 5 firft to France at 56 d. Flemifh/><?r crown;
from France to Venice, at 100 crowns per 60 ducats ;
442 Gained or faved, 2 4 81
In the above example, the par of arbitration, or the
arbitrated price, between London and Arnfterdam, viz,
the number of Flemilh pence given for 1 1. Sterling,
may be found thus :
Make 64x1. Sterling, the price of the millree, the
firft antecedent ; then ail the former confequents will
become antecedents, and all the antecedents will be-
come confequents. Place 240, the pence in 1. Sterling)
as the laft confequent, and then proceed as taught a-
bove, viz.
Antecedents. Confluents.
64d. Ster. — 1000 rees.
400 rees = 5od. Flem.
iood. Flem.r: 1 ducat.
60 ducats = 100 crowns.
1 crown — 56a. Flem.
How many d. Flem. — 24od. Ster. ?
ioooX5oxioox56x240_875 ,
64x400x100x60 ~ 2
2)875(4374-^- =36s. 5iA- Flem. per\. Ster. Anf.
Or the arbitrated price may be found from the anfwec
to the queilion, by faying
d. Ster. d. Flem. d. St:
If s«y 40 . £$000 .. 2 ^
7
67200Q
240
2688
1344
d.FA
em.
363640)161280000(4371 — 36 s\ as before.
The work maybe proved by the arbitrated price thus:
As il. Sterling to 36s. 5fd. Fiemifh, foi^l. 8s. 6«d.
Sterling to 400I. Flemilh.
E X C
[ 56 1
E X C
Exchequer. The arbitrated price compared with the direct courfe
£iaws whether the direct or circular remittance will be
n\o[t advantageous, and how much. Thus the banker
at AmflerJam will think it better exchange to receive
il. Sterling for 36s. $t-d. Flcmiih, than for 36s. iod.
Flemiih.
Exchange ijguiiies alfo a pl4t e inmoitconfiderable
trading cities, wner'ein the merchants, negociants, a-
gents, bankers, brokers, interpreters and other perforis
concerned in commerce, meet on certain days, and at
certain tiroes thereof, to confer and treat together of
matters relating to exchanges, remittances, payments,
adventures, alliirances, irciglitments, and other mer-
cantile neguciations, both by fea and land.
In Flanders, Holland, and feveral cities of France,
thefe places are called burfes ; at Paris and Lyons, places
de change ; and in the Hanfe towns, colleges ofmershants.
Thefe alfemblies are held with fo much exactnefs, and
merchants' and negociants are fo indifpenfa'oly required
to attend at them, that a perfon's abl'ence alone makes
him be fufpected of a failure or bankruptcy. The
inoit comiderable exchanges in Europe, are that of
Amfterdam ; and that of London, called the Royal
Exchange.
Even in the time of the ancient Romans, there were
places for the merchants to meet, in molt of the oonfi-
clerable cities of the empire. That laid by fome to
Iiave been built at Rome in the year of the city 259,
/j.93 years before our Saviour, under the confulate of
Appius Claudius and Publius Servilius, was called col-
legium mercatorum ; whereof it is pretended there are
ilillfome remains, called by the modern Romans loggia,
the lodge; and now ufaally, the Place of St George.
This notion of a Roman exchange is fuppofed to be
founded on the authority of Livy, wkofe words are as
follow ; viz. Certamen confulibus inciderat, liter dedica-
ret Mercurii adem. Senates a fe rem adpopulum rejecit :
utri eorum dedicatio jujfu populi data efj'et, eum praeffe
annona mercatoriam collegium iujlituerejuj/it. Lw.lib.ii .
But it muft be here remarked, that collegium never fig-
nificd a building for a fociety in the purer ages of the
Latin tongue ; fo that collegium mercatorum inftituere
muft not be rendered to build an exchange for the mer-
chants, but to incorporate the merchants into a com'
pany. As Mercury was the jGod of traffick, this ades
Mercuri feems to have been chiefly deugned for the
devotions of this company or corporation.
EXCHEQUER, in the Britiih jurifprudence, an
ancient court of record, in which all caufes concern-
ing the revenues and rights of the crown are heard
and determined, and where the crown revenues arere-
ceived. It took this name from the cloth that covered
the table of the court, which was party-coloured, or
chequered.
This court is faid to -have been erected by William
the Conqueror, its model being taken from a like court
efubliihed in Normandy long before that time. An-
ciently its authority was fo great, that it was held in
the king's palace, and the acts thereof were not to be
examined or controlled in any other of the king's
courts ; but, at prefent, it is the lafl of the four courts
at Weftminfter.
In the exchequer, fome reckon feven courts, viz.
thofe of pleas, accounts, receipts, exchequer-chamber
(which is an affembly of all the judges on difficult mat-
2
ters in law), errors in the exchequer, errors in the Exchequer,
king's bencti, and, laftly, the cojrt of equity in the
exchequer.
But the exchequer, for the difpatch of bufinefs, is
generally divided into twoparts ; one of which is chief-
ly converfant in the judicial hearing and decidiugof aU
catties relating to the king's coffers, formerly termed
the exchequer oj accounts : the other is called ike receipt
oj the exchequer, being principally employed in re-
ceiving and paying of money.
Officers of the receipt may take one penny in the
pound, as their, fees for funis iflued out ; and they are
obliged, without delay, to receive the money brought
thither ; and the money received is to be put into chefis
under three different locks and keys, kept by three fe-
veral officers. All fheriffs, bailiffs, &c. are to account
in the exchequer; and in the lower part, termed the
receipt, the debtors of the king, and perlons in debt to
them, the king's tenants, and the officers and minifters
of the court, are privileged to fuc one another, or any
ftranger, andtobefued in the like actions as are brought
in the courts of king's bench and common-pleas.
The judicial part of the exchequer, is a court both
of law and equity. The court of law is held in the
office of pleas, according to the courfe of common
law, before the barons : in this court, the plaintiff
ought to be a debtor or accomptant to the king ; and
the leading procefs is either a writ of fubpeena, or quo
minus, which laft goes into Wales, where no procefs
out of courts of law ought to run, except a capias mla-
gatum.
The court of equity is held in the exchequer cham-
ber before the treafurer, chancellor, and barons ; but,
generally, before the barons only: the lord chief ba-
ron being the chief judge to hear and determine all
caufes. The proceedings in this part of the exche-
quer are by Englifh bill and anfwer, according to the
practice of the court of chancery ; with this difference,
that the plaintiff here muft fet forth, that he is a debt-
or to the king, whether he be fo or not. It is in this
court of equity that the- clergy exhibit bills for the re«
covery of their tythes, &c. Here too the attorney-
general exhibits bills for any matters concerning the
crown; and a bill may be exhibited againft the king's
attorney by any perfon aggrieved in any caufe profe-
cuted againlt him on behalt of the king, to be relieved
therein ; in which cafe, the plaintiff is to attend on the
attorney -general, with a copy of the bill, and procure
him to give in an anfwer thereto ; in the making of
which he may call in any perfon interefted in the caufe,
or any officer, or others, to inftruct him, that the king
not be prejudiced thereby, and his anfwer is to be put
in without oath.
But, befides the bufinefs relating to debtors, farm-
ers, receivers, accountants, &c. all penal punifhments,
intrufions and forfeitures upon popular actions, are
matters likewife cognizable by this court ; where there
alfo fits a puifne-baion, who adminiflers the oaths
to high fneriffs, bailiffs, auditors, receivers, collectors,
comptrollers, furveyors, and fearchers of all the cu-
ftoms, &c.
The exchequer in Scotland has the fame privileges
and jurifdiction as that of England, and all matters
competent 10 the one are likewife competent to the
other.
Black
E X C
[ 57 ]
E X C
Exchequer, Black Book of the Exchequer, is a book under the
Excife. keeping of the two chamberlains of the exchequer ;
^~~ v ~" ' faici to have been cempofed in 1175 by Gervais of
Tilbury, nephew of king Henry 11. and divided into
feveral chapters. Herein is contained a defcriptien of
the court of England, as it then flood, its officers, their
ranks, privileges, wages, perquisites, power, and juris-
diction ; and the revenues of the crown, both in mo-
ney, grain, and cattle. Here we find, that for one
Hailing, as much bread might be bought as would ferve
100 men a whole day ; that the price of a fat bul-
lock was only 12 fhillings, and a iheep four, &c
Chancellor of the Exchequer. See Chancellor.
ExcHEQUER-Btils. By ftatute 5 Ann c. 1 3. the lord-
treafurers may caufe exchequer bills to be made of
any funis not exceeding 1,500,000 1. for the ufe of the
war; and the duties upon houies were made charge-
able with 4I. 10 s. per cent, per annum to the bank
for circulating them. The bank not paying the bills,
actions to be brought againft the company, and the
money and damages recovered : and if any exchequer-
bills be loft, upon affidavit of it before a baron of the
exchequer, and certificate from fuch baron, and fecu-
rity to pay the fame if found, duplicates are to be made
out : alfo when bills are defaced, new ones mall be de-
livered. The king, or his officers in the exchequer,
by former ftatutes, might borrow money upon the cre-
dit of bills, payable on demand, with intereft after the
rate of 3 d, per diem for every 100 1. bill. And by
8 & 9 W. 3. c. 20. an intereft of 5 d. a-day was allow-
ed for every iool. But 12 W. 3. c. I. lowered the in-
tereft on thefe bills to 4d. a-day per cent. And by 12
Ann. c. 11. it is funk to 2d. a-day Forging exche-
quer bills, or the indorsements thereof, is felony.
EXCISE, (from the Belgic accujjs, tributum,
" tribute)," an inland duty cr impofition, paid fome-
times upon the confumption of the commodity, or fre-
quently upon the wholefale, which is the laft ftage
before the confumption. This is doubtlefs, impartial-
ly fpeaking, the moft ceconomical way of taxing the
fubject, the charges of levying, collecting, and ma-
naging the excife-duties, being confiderably lefs in
proportion than in other branches of the revenue. It
alfo renders the commodity cheaper to the confumer,
than charging it with cuftoms to the fame amount
would do; for the reafon juft now given, becaufe ge-
nerally paid in a much later ftage of it. But, at the
fame time, ihe rigour and arbitrary proceedings of ex-
cife laws feem hardly compatible with the temper of a
free nation. For the frauds that might be committed
in this branch of the revenue, unlefs a ftrict watch is
kept, make it neceflary, wherever it is eltablilhed, to
give the officers a power of entering and fearching the
houfes of fuch as deal in excifeable commodities, at any
hour of the day, and, in many cafes, of the night like-
wife. And the proceedings, in cafe of tranfgreffions,
are fo fummary and fudden, that a man may be con-
victed in two days time in the penalty of many thou-
fand pounds, by two commiffioners or juftices of the
prace ; to the total exclufion of the trial by jury, and
difregard of the common law. For which reafon, tho'
lord Clarendon tells us, that to his knowledge the earl
ac J • of Bedford (who was made lord treafnrer by kinp;
Comment. r . , , V . ■» °
Luariesl. to oblige his parliament) imended to have
fet up the excife in England, yet it never made a part
Vol. VII.
of that unfortunate prince's revenue; being firftintro- Excife.
duced, on the. model of the Dutch prototype, by the v " — v —
parliament itfelf after its rupture with the crown. Yet
fuch was the opinion of its general unpopularity, that
when in 1642 " afperfions were caft by malignant per-
fons upon the houfe of commons, that they intended to
introduce excifes, the houfe for its vindication therein
did Geclare, that thefe rumours were falfe and fcanda-
lous, and that their authors fhould be apprehended and
brought to condign punifhment." Its original efta-
blnhment was in 1643, and its progrefs was gradual ;
being at firft bid upon thofe perfons and commodities
where it was fuppofed the hardfhip would beleaft per-
ceivable, viz. the makers and venders of beer, ale, cy-
der, and perry ; and the loyalifts at Oxford foon fol-
lowed the example of their brethren at Weftminfter, by
impofing a Similar duty : both fides protefting, that it
ihould be continued no longer than to the end of the
war, and then be utterly abolilhed. But the parlia-
ment at Weftminfter foon after impofed it on fie Sh,
wine, tobacco, fngar, and fuch a multitude of other
commodities, that it might be fairly denominated gene-
ral ; in purfuance of the plan kid down by Mr. Pymme
(who feems tohave been the fatherof the txciSe) inhis
letter to Sir John Hotham, Signifying, " that they
had proceeded in the excife to many particulars, and
intended to go on farther ; but that it would be ne-
ceflary to ufe the people to it by little and little." And
afterwards, when the nation had been accuftomed to it
for a feries of years, the fucceeding champions of li-
berty boldly and openly declared " the impoft of ex-
cife to be the moft eafy and indifferent levy that could
belaid upon the people;" and accordingly continued
it during the whole ufurpation. Upon king Charles's
return, it having then been long eftablifhed and its
produce well known, fome part of it was given to the
crown, in 1 2 Car. II. by way of purchafe for the feudal
tenures and other opprellive parts of the hereditaryreve-
nue. But, from its firft original to the prefent time, its
very name has been odious to the people. It has, never-
theless, been impofed on abundance of other commodities
in the reigns of king William III. and every fucceeding
prince, to fupport the enormous expences occafioned
by the wars on the continent. Thus brandies and o-
ther Spirits are now excifed at the diftillery ; printed
filks and linens, at the printer's ; ftarch and hair pow^
der, at the maker's ; gold and filver wire, at the
wired rawer's ; all plate whatsoever, firft in the hands
of the vender, who pays yearly for a licence to fell it ;
and afterwards in the hands of the occupier, who alfo
pays an annual duty for having it in his cuftody ; and
coaches and other wheel-carriages, for which the occu-
pier is excifed ; tho' not with the fame circumftancesof
arbitrary ftrictneSs with regard to plate and coaches as
in the other inftances. To thefe we may add coffee
and tea, chocolate and cocoa pafte, for which the duty
is paid by the retailer ; all artificial wines, common-
ly called fweets ; paper ?nd pafteboard, firft when
made, and again if ftained or printed ; mall, as before-
mentioned ■, vinegars ; and the manufacture of glafs ;
for all which the duty is paid by the manufacturer ;
hops, for which the perfon that gathers them is an-
fwerable ; candles and foap, which are paid for at the
maker's ; malt liquors brewed for fale, which arc ex-
cifed at the brewery ; cyder and perry at the ven-
H ders ;
EXC
[ 58 ]
EXC
der s
leather and ikius, at the tanner's; 2nd", lately,
tobacco, at the manufacturer's : A lift, which no
friend to his country would wifh to fee farther^ in-
creafed.
The excife was formerly farmed out ; but is now
managed for the king by commiilioners in both king-
doms, who receive the whole product of the excife,
and pay it into the exchequer. Thefe commiilioners
are nine in number in England, and five in Scotland.
The former have a falary of 1000 1. a year, the latter
600 1. They are obliged by oath to take no fee or re-
ward but from the king hircfelf ; and from them there
lies an appeal to five other comaiiffioners called commif-
(1 oners of appeals.
EXCISION, in furgery, the cutting out, or cutting
off, any part of the body.
Excision, in afcripture fenfe, means the cntting off
©f a perfon from his people, by way of puniihment for
iome fin by him committed. The Jews, Selden in-
forms us, reckon up 36 crimes, to which they pretend
this pnnifhment is due. The Rabbins reckon three
kinds of excifion ; one, which deftroys only the body ;
another, which deftroys the foul only ; and a third,
which deftroys berth body and foul. The firft kind of
exciiion they pretend is an untimely death ; the fecond
is an utter extinction of the foul ; and the third, a
compound of the two former : thus, making the foul
mortal or immortal, fays Seldon, according to the de-
grees of mifbehaviour and wickednefs of the people.
EXCLAMATION. See Oratory, n° 85.
EXCLUSION, or Bill of Exclusion, a bill pro-
pofed about the clofe of the reign of king Charles II.
for excluding the duke of York, the king's brother,
from the throne, on account of his being a Papift.
EXCLUSIVE, is fometimesufed adjectively, thus;
A patent carries with it an exclufve privilege. Some-
times adverbially: as, He fent him all the numbers from
n° 145 to n° 247 exclufve ,• that is, all between thefe
two numbers, which thcmfelves were excepted.
EXCOECARIA, in botany : A genus of the tri-
andria order, belonging to the dioecia clafs of plants ;
and in the natural method ranking under the 38th
order, Tricocca. The male amentum is naked ; there
is no calyx nor corolla ; there are three ftyles, and a
tricocous capfule. There is but one fpecies, the agal-
locha, or aloes-wood, a native of China and fome of
the Indian iflands, is about the fame height and form
as the olive tree. Its trunk is of three colours, and
contains three forts of wood : the heart is that of tam-
bac or calombac, which is dearer in the Indies than
even gold itfelf. It ferves to perfume clothes and a-
partments ; and is efteemed a fovereign cordial in faint-
ing fits, a reftorative in the palfy, and a cure for afca-
ridesin children. It is burnt as incenfe in the Chinefe
and Indian temples; and it is alfo ufed to fet the moft -
precious jewels that are worked in the Indies.
The aloes-wood is very highly valued ; and flrange
fables were invented as to the origin of the tree that
yields it ; fome pretending that it grewinParadife,and
was only conveyed to us by means of the rivers over-
flowing their banks and fweeping off the trees in their
way ; others affirming that it grew on inacceffible
mountains, where it was guarded by certain wild beafts,
&c. The Siamefe ambaiTadors to the court of France
m. 1686, who brought a prefent of this wood from
their emperor, fir ft gave the Europeans any confident Excosmmt-
accountofit. See Xylo- Aloes, nkatioiu
EXCOMMUNICATION, an ecclefiaftical penal- ' * '
ty or cenfure, whereby fuch perfons as arc guilty of
any notorious crime or offence, are feparated from the
communion of the church, and deprived of all fpiritual
advantages.
Excommunication is founded on a natural right
which all focieties have, of excluding out of their body
fuch as violate the laws thereof; and it was originally
inftituted for preferving.the purity of the church ; but
ambitious ecclefiaftics converted it by degrees into an
engine for promoting their own power, and inflicted it
on the moft frivolous occafions.
The power of excommunication, as well as other
acts of ecclefiafiical dilcipline, was lodged in the hands
of the clergy, who diftinguifhed it into the greater and
le/fer.TheiciTex excommunication, fimply called aphorif-
9/ios, " feparation or fufpenfion," conlifted in excluding
men from the participation of the eucharifl, and the
prayers of the faithful. But they were not expelled
the church; for they had the privilege of being pre-
fent at the reading of the Scriptures, the fermons, and ,
the prayers of the catechumens and penitents. This
excommunication was inflicted for leifer crimes ; fuch.
as neglecting to attend the fervice of the church, mif- •
behaviour in it, and the like.
The greater excommunication, called panteles apho-
rifmos, " total reparation and anathema," conlifted in an
abfolute and entire exclufion from the church and the
participation of all its rites. When any perfon was
thus excommunicated, notice was given of it by circu-
lar letters to the moft eminent churches all over the
world, that they might all confirm this act of discipline,
by refilling to admit the delinquent to their communi-
on. The confequences of this latter excommunication
were very terrible. The excommunicated perfon was
avoided in civil commerce and outward converfation.
No one was to receive him into his houfe, nor eat at
the fame table with him ; and when dead, he was de-
nied the folemn rites of buriad.
The Romilh pontifical takes notice of three kinds of
excommunication. 1. The minor, incurred by thofe
who have any correfpondence with an excommunica-
ted perfon. 2. The major, which falls upon thofe who
difobey the commands of the holy fee, or refufe to fub-
mit to certain points of difcipline ; in confequence of
whieh they are excluded from the church militant and
triumphant, and delivered over to the devil and his an- .
gels. 3. Anathema, which isproperly that pronoun- -
ced by the pope againft heretical princes and countries.
In former ages, thefe papal fulminations were moft
terrible things ; but at prefent, they are formidable to .,
none but a fewpetty ftates of Italy.
Excommunication, in the Greek church, cuts off the
offender from all communion with the 318 fathers of .
the firft council of Nice, and with the faints; configns
him over to the devil and the traitor Judas ; and con-
demns his body to remain after death as hard as a flint
or piece of fteel, unlefs he humbles himfelf and makes
atonement for his fins by a fincere repentance. The
form abounds with dreadful imprecations; and the
Greeks alTert, that if a perfon dies excommunicated,
the devil entersinto the lifelefs corpfe ; and therefore,
in order to prevent it, the relations of the deceafed cut
his
E X C
[ 59 1
E X C
Txcommu- his body in pieces, and boil them in wine. It is a cu-
nication. ftom for the patriarch of Jerufalera annually to excom-
municate the pope and the church of Rome ; on which
occafion, together with a great deal of idle ceremony,
he drives a nail into the ground with a hammer, as a
mark of malediction.
The form of excommunication in the church of Eng-
land anciently ran thus : ** By the authority of God
the Father Almighty, the Son and Holy Ghofc, and
of Mary the bleffed mother of God, we excommuni-
cate, anathematize, and fequeSter from the pale of ho-
ly mother church, &c." The caufes of excommuni-
cation in England are, contempt of the bifhop's court,
herefy, neglect of public worfliip and the facraments,
incontinency, adultery, fimony, &c. It is defcribed to
be two-fold.' The lefs is an eccleliaSlical cenfure, ex-
cluding the party from the participation of the facra-
ments : the greater proceeds farther, and excludes him
not only from thefe, but from the company of all Chri-
ftians. But if the judge of any fpiritual court excom-
municates a man for a caufe of which he hath not the
legal cognizance, the party may have an action againft
him at common law, and he is alfo liable to be indicted
at the fair of the king.
Heavy as the penalty of excommunication is, consi-
dered in a ferious light, there are, notwithstanding,
many obftinate or profligate men, who would difpife
the brutumfulmen of mereecclefiaftical cenfures, espe-
cially when pronounced by a petty Surrogate in the
country, for railing or contumelious words, for non-
payment of fees or cofls, or other trivial caufe. The
common law, therefore, compaflionately Steps in to
their aid, and kindly lends a fupporting hand to an
otherwise tottering authority. Imitating herein the
policy of the ancient Britons, among whom, according
to Cefar, whoever were interdicted by the druids from
their facrifices, ' ' In numero impiorum ac fceleratorum
habentur : ab iis omnes decedunt, aditum eorum fermo-
nemque defugiunt, nc quid ex contagione incommodi
accipiant : neque iis petentibus jus reJditnr, neque ho-
nos ullus communicatur." And hence by the com-
mon law, an excommunicated perion is difabled to do
any act that is required to be done by one that is probus
et legates homo. He cannot ferve upon juries ; cannot be
a witnefs in any court ; and, which is the worSt of all,
cannot bring an action, either real or perfonal, to reco-
ver lands or money due to him. Nor is this the whole :
for if, within 40 days after the fentence has been pub-
lished in the church, the offender does not fubmit and
abide by the fentence of the fpiritual court, the biShop
may certify fuch contempt to the king in chancery.
Upon which there iffues out a writ to the Sheriffof the
county, called from the bifhop's certificate a fgnifica-
vit ; or from its effect, a writ de excommunicato capi-
endo i and the Sheriff Shall thereupon take the offen-
der and imprifonhim in the county jail, till he is re-
conciled to the church, and fuch reconciliation certifi-
ed by the biShop ; upon which another writ de excom-
municato deliberando, iifues out of chancery to deliver
and releafe him.
Excommunication was alfo practifed among the
Tews, who ufed to expel from their fynagogue fuch as
had committed any grievous, crime. See the Gofpel
according to St John, ix. 22, xii. 42. xvi 2. And
Jofeph, Autiq. Jud. lib. ix. cap. 22. and lib. xvi. cap. 2.
Excrc!: c; t
Godvvyn, in his Mcfss and Aaron, distinguishes three Eicohbw-
degrees, or kinds, of excommunication among die aicaiion
Jews. ThefirSt he finds intimated in John ix. 22. The
Second in 1 Cor. v. 5. And the third in 1 Cor. xvi. 22.
See Niddui.
The rule of the Benedictines gives the name exconi-
municat'ton to the being excluded from the oratory, and
the common table of the houfe, in the inns of court
called difcommon'uig. This was the punifhment of fuch
monks as came too late.
Excommunication, or a being fecluded from a
participation in the mySteries of religion.; was alfo in
ufe under paganifm.
Such as were thus excommunicated were forbiJden t»
affift or attend at the facrifices, or to enter within the
temples ; and were afterwards delivered over to the
demons and furies of hell, with certain imprecations ;
which was called among the Romans dirts devovere.
See Execration.
The Druids among the ancient Britons and Ganls,
likewife, made ufe of excommunication againft rebels ;
and interdicted the communion of their mySteries to
fuch as refufed to acquiefce in their decisions. See
Druids.
EXCORIATION, in medicine and furgery, the
galling, or rubbing ofFof the cuticle, especially of the
parts between the thighs and about the anus. In adults,
it is occafioned by riding, much walking, or other ve-
hement exercife, and may be cured by vulnerary ap-
plications. In children there is often an excoriation,
not only of the parts near the pudenda, chiefly of the
groin and fcrotum, but likewife in the wrinkles of the
neck, under the arms, and in other places ; proceeding
from the acrimony of urine and fweat ; and occasioning
itching pains, crying, watching, reftleffnefs, &c. To
remedy this, the parts affected may be often waShed
with warm water and fprinkled with drying powders,
as chalk, hartfhorn, but especially tutty, lapis calami-
naris, and cerus, which may be tied loofely in a rag,
and the powder Shook out on the parts.
EXCREMENT, whatever is difcharged out of the
body of animals after digestion j or the fibrous part of
the aliment, mixed with the bile, faliva, and other fluids.
Urine and the feces are the grofs excrements that are
difcharged out of the bladder or belly. Other excre-
ments are the various humours that are fecreted from
the blood through the different Strainers in the body,
and which ferve for feveral ufes ; fuch as the faliva,
fweat, bile, the pancreatic juice, lymph, the femen,
nails, the hair, the horns and hoofs of animals.
Alchemists, who have fought every where for their
great work, as they called it, hive particularly opera-
ted much on the excrements of men and other animals j
but philofophical chemistry has acquired no know-
ledge from all thefe alchemical labours, from the ob-
fcurity with which their authors have defcribed them
The philofophic chemists have not much examined ani-
mal excrements. Of thefe, Horn berg is the only one
who has particularly analyfed and examined human
ordure ; and this was done to Satisfy an alchemical
project of one of his friends, who pretended that from
this matter a white oi! could be obtained, without
Smell, and capable of fixing mercury into Silver. The
oil was found by Homberg, but mercury was not fix-
ed by it.
H 2 The
Exere-
fcence
J..
Excubise.
* See Pu-
trefaction,
E X C [60
The labours of this ablechemift were not, however,
ufelefs, like ihofe of the alchemifts ; becaufe be has
clearly related the experiments he made on this matter,
in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. Thefe
experiments are curious, and teach feveral effential
things concerning the nature of excrements. The re-
fult of thefe excrements is as follows : Frefb human
]
E X C
were excufed from the ordinary watches; yet being Exculpa<
placed oppolite to the eauites, they were obliged to have tion
an eye over them.
Letters of EXCULPATION, in Scots law, a
writ or fummons iflued by authority of the court of
judicatory, at the inftar.ee of a panncl, for cuing wit-
nelfes to prove his defences, or his objections to any of
Execution.
< „-> — '
feces being diftilled to drynefs in a water bath, furnifh the jury or witneiTes cited againft him.
a clear, watery, infipiJ liquor, of a difagreesble fmell, EXCUSATI, in church hiftory, a term ufed to de-
but which contains no volatile alkali ; which is a proof note flaves, who flying to any church for fanc~tuary,
that this matter, although nearly in a putrefactive were exenfed and pardoned by their matters ; but thefe
ftate, is nut however putrefied ; for all fubltances real- were obliged to take an oath to that purpofe before
Iy putrid furnifh with this degree of heat a manifefl they could have them again ; and, if they broke the
volatile alkali*. The dry reliduum of the foregoing oath, they were punifhed and fined as perlbns guilty
experiment, being diftilled in a retort with a gradua- of perjury
ted fire, furnifhes a volatile alkaline fpirit and fait, a
fetid oil and leaves a reliduous coal. Thefe are the
fame fubftances which are obtained from all animal
Eiatters.
Human feces, diluted and lixiviated in water, fur-
EXEAT, in church-difcipline, a Latin term, ufed
for a permilfion which a biihop grants a prieit to go
out of his diocefe ; or an abbot to a religious io go
out ofhis monaftery.
The word is alfo ufed in feveral great fchools for
nifh by filtration and evaporation of the water an oily leave given a fcholar or iludent to go out. His matter
fait of a nitrous nature, which deflagrates like nitre has given him an exeat.
upon ardent coals, and which inflames in clofe veffels
when heated to a certain degree. This fame matter
yielded to Homberg, who treated it by a complete
fermentation or putrefaction, excited by a digeftion
during 40 days in a gentle water-bath heat, and who
afterwards diftilled it, an oil without colour, and with-
out bad fmell, and fuch as he endeavoured to find ;
but which did not, as we faid before, fix mercury into
filver.
EXCRESCENCE, in furgery, denotes every pre-
ternatural tumour which arifes from the fkin, either in
the form of a wart or tubercle. If they are born with
a perfon, as they frequently are, they are called navi
materni, or marks from the mother ; but if the tu-
mour is large, fo as to depend from the fkin, like a
flefliy mafs, it is then called ajareoma. See Surgery.
EXCRETION, or Secretion, in medicine, a re-
paration of fome fluid, mixed with the blood, by means
of the glands. Excretions, by which we mean thofe
that evacuate fuperfluous and heterogeneous humours,
purify the mafs of blood : the humours which are ge-
nerated in the blood are excreted by the glands, and
are replaced by a fufficient quantity of aliment.
EXCRETORY, in anatomy, a term applied to
certain little ducts or velfels, deftined for the recep-
tion of a fluid, fecreted in certain glandules, and other
vifcera, for the excretion of it in the appropriated
places.
EXCUBLE, in antiquity, the watches and guards
kept in the day by the Roman foldiers. They are
contradiftinguifhed from the vigili* which are kept
in the night. The exctibia were placed either at the
gates and entrenchments or in the camp ; for 'he lat-
ter there was allowed a whole vianipulus to attend be-
fore the pratorium, and four foldiers to the tent of
every tr'ibune. The excubia at the ga^es of the cair.p,
andat thecntrenchments, were properly called patio?ies
One company of foot and one troop ot horfe were af-
figned 10 each of the four ^ates every day. To de-
fert their pofl, or abandon their corps of guards, was
on unpardonable crime.
EXECRATION, in antiquity, a kind of punifh-
ment, confifting ofdireful curfes,and marks of infamy ;
fuch was that ufed againlt Philip king of Macedon
by the Athenians. A general aifembly of the people
being called, they made a decree, that all the flames
and images of that king, and of all his anceftors, fhould
be demolifhed, and their very name razed ; that all
the feflivals, facred rites, priefts, and whatever elfe had
been inftituted in honour of him, fhould be profaned ;
that the very places where there had been any monu-
ment or infeription to his honour, fhould be deceftable ;
that nothing fhould be fet up, or dedicated in them,
which could be done in clean places ; and, laflly, that
the priefts, as often as they prayed for the Athenian
people, allies, armies, and fleets, fnould as many times
deteftand execrate Philip, his children, kingdom, land
and fea forces and the whole race and name of the
Macedonians.
At the taking and demolifhing of cities, it was
ufual amongft the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, to pro-
nounce curfes upon, and load with direful execrations,
the rebuildersof 'h' m.
EXECUTION, in a general fenfe the act of ac-
complifhing, finiihing, or atchieving any thing.
Execution, in law, the completing or finiihing
fome act, as of judgment, deed, &c. and it ufually fig-
nifies the obtaining pofleilion of any thing recovered
by judgment of law.
Sir Edward Coke obferves, that there are two forts
of executions ; the one final ; and the other a quouique,
that tends to an end. An execution final, is that which
makes morry of the defendant's goods; or extends to
his lands, and delivers them to the plaintiff, who ac-
cepts t^e fame in fatisfaftion ; and this is the end of
the fuit, and the whole that the king's writ requires to
be done. The writ of execution with a quoufque, the'
it tends to an end, yet is not final, as in the cafe of a
capias arf f^i'ufac, where the utfendant's body is to be
taken, in or er that the plaintiff may be fatisfied for
his debt. See Capias.
Executions are either < i perfonal, real, or mixed ac-
The triarii, as the raoft honourable order of foldiers, tions. In a perfonal action, the execution may be n de
three
EXE
I 6
Execution, three ways, viz. by the writ of capias ad 'fatisfaciendtnu,
*— v ' againft the tiody of the defendant, fieri facias, againft
his goods; or elegit, againft his lands. See Fieri Facias
and Elegit.
In a reai and mixed aelion, the execution is by writ
* See Ha- o$ habere facias fajinam, mdhabere poffefioiiem*. Writs
*«•« of execution bind the property of goods only from the
time of delivery of the writ to the iheriff; but the
la. d is bound from 'he day of the judgment obtained :
and here the fale of any goods for valuable confidera-
tion, after a judgment, and before the execution award-
er, will be good. It is otherwifc as to lands, of which
execution may be made, even on a purchafe after the
judgment, though the defendant fell fuch land before
execution. Likewife, flu rifts may deliver in execution
all the lands whereof others fhall be feifed in truft for
him, againlt w horn execution is had on a judgment, ckc.
When any judgment is figned, the execution may
be taken out immediately thereon; but if it be not
ifmed within a year and a day after, where there is no
fault in the defendant, as in the cafe of an injunction,
writ of error, &c. there muff be afcire J^.cias, to re-
vive the judgment; though, if the plaintiff fues out
any writ of execution within the year, he m v continue
it after the year is expired. Afterjadgnient againft
the defendant, in an action wherein fpecial b: ; is ivtu,
the plaintiff is at liberty to have execution ag an fuch
defendant, or againft his bail: but this is uiiderltqod
where the defendant does not render himfelf, accord-
ing to law, in fafeguard of the bail; and execution
may not be regularly fued forth againft a bail, till a
default is returned againft he principal: alto if the
plaintiff takes the bail, he fh;,ll rever take the principal.
It is held that an execution may be executed after the
death of the defendant ; for his executor, being privy
thereto, is liable as well as the testator. The execu-
tor is an entire thing, fo .hat ne who begins muft end
it : therefore, a new iheriff may diitrain an old one, to
fell the goods lei zed on a diftringas, and to bring the
money into court.
Execution, in criminal cafes, the completion of
fSccJudge- human punifhment. T' is follows judgment f ; and
ment. mult in all cafes, capi'al as well as other wife, be per-
formed by the legal officer, the fhenff or his deputy j
whofe warrant for fo doing was an'c'ii ntly by precept
under the hand and feal of the judge, as it is (till prac-
tifed in the court of the lord high (reward, upon the
execution of a peer : though, in the our: of the peers
Bladji. *n parliament, it is done by writ from the king. Af-
Gmmen. terwards it was eftabliflied, that in cafe of life, the
judge may command execution to be done without any
writ. And now the ufage is, for the judge to fign the
kalendar or lift of <H the prifouers names, with their
feparate judgments in the iriarg'in, which is left with
the iheriff. As, for a capital felony, it is written op-
pofite the prifot :'s name, « let him be hanged by
the neck ; fortre iy, in the days of Larin and abbre-
viation, '< fuf.per coll." for u fnfpendatur per ccllum."
Ar.d this is the only warrant that the flieriff has for
fo material an a 1 as taking away the life of another.
It may certain' afford matter of fpecu'ation, that in
civil caufes there lhould be fuch a variety of writs of
execution to lecover a trifling debt, iffued in the king's
narr e, and under the feal of the court, without which
the flieriff cannot legally ftir one Hep ; and yet that the
i ] EXE
execution of a man, the moff important and terrible Execution,
talk of any, fhould depend upon a marginal note.
The Iheriff, upon receipt of his warrant, is to do
execution within a convenient time ; which in the coun-
try is alio left at large. In London, indeed, a more fo-
lemn and becoming exactnefs is ufed, both as to the
warrant of execution and the time of executing there-
of: for the recorder, after reporting to the kino- in
perfon ihe cafe of the feveral prifoners, and receiving
his royal pleafure, that the law muft take its courfe,
iffues his warrant to the fheriffs, directing them to do
execution on the day and at the place afligned. And
in the court of king's bench, if the prifoner be tried
at the bar, or brought there by habeas corpus, a rule
is made for his execution ; either fpecifying the time
and place, or leaving it to the difcretion of the Iheriff.
And, throughout the kingdom, by ftatute 25 Geo. II.
c. 37. it is enacfed that, in caie of murder, the judge
Ihall in his fentence direct execution to be performed
on the next day but one after fentence palled. But,
otherwife, the time and place of execution are by law
no part of the judgment. It has been well obferved,
that it is of great importance that the punifhment
fhould follow the crime as early as polfible ; that the
proipect of gratification or advantage, which tempts a
man to commit the crime, lhould inftantly awake the
attendant idea of punifhment. Delay of execution
fervesonly to feparate thefe ideas; and then the exe-
cution itfelf affects the minds of the fpectators rather
as a terrible light, than as the neceffary confequence of
tranfgreflion.
The Iheriff cannot alter the manner of the execution,
by lubftiturmg one death for another, without being
guilty of felony himfelf. It is held alfo by Sir Ed-
ward Coke and Sir Matthew Hale, that even the king
cannot change the punifnment of the law, by altering
the hanging or burning into beheading ; though, when
beheading is part of the fentence, the king may remit
the reft. And, notwithftanding fome examples to the
contrary, Sir Edward Coke flout ly maintains, that
judicandum efl legibus, non exeviplis. But others have
thought, and more juftly, that this prerogative, being
founded in mercy, and immemorially exercifed by the
crown, is part of the common law. For hitherto, in
every inftance, all thefe exchanges have been for more
merciful kinds of death; and how far this may alfo
fall within the king's power of granting conditional
pardons (viz. by remitting a fevere kind of death, on
condition that the criminal fnbmits to a milder) is a
matter that may bear confideration. It is obfervable,
that when Lord Stafford was executed for the popifh
plot in the reign of King Charles II. the then fheriffs
of London, having received the king's writ for be-
heading him, petitioned the Houfe of Lords, for a
command or order from their lordfhips, how the faid
judgment (hould be executed : for, he being profecuted
by impeachment, they entertained a notion (which is
faid to have been countenanced by Lord Ruffel), that
the king could not pardon any part of the fentence.
The lords refolved, that the fciuples of the fheriffs
were unneceflary ; and declared, that the king's writ
ought to be obeyed. Difappointed of railing a flame in
that affembly, they immediately fignified to the Houfe
of Commo ri sby one of their members,that they werenot
fatisfied as to the power of the faid writ. That houfe
tso&
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took two days to confider of it; and then fullenly re-
folved, that the houfe was content that the fheriffdo
execute Lord Stafford by fevering his head from his
body. It is farther related, that when afterwards the
: fame Lord Ruffel was condemned for high treafon up-
on indi&ment, the king, while he remitted the igno-
minious part of the fcntence, obferved, " that his
Lordfliip would now find he was pofTeffed of that pre-
rogative, whichMn the cafe of Lord Stafford lie had
denied him." One can hardly determine (at thisdif-
tance from thofe turbulent times), which 1110ft to dif-
approve of, the indecent and fanguinary zeal of the
fubjecT, or the cool and cruel farcafm of the fovereign.
To conclude : it is clear, that if, upon judgment to
be hanged by the neck till he is dead, the criminal be
not thoroughly killed, but revives, the Ihcriff muft
hang him again. For the former hanging was no exe-
cution of the fentence; and, if afalfe tendernefs were
to be indulged in fuch cafes, a multitude of collufions
might eufue. Nay, even while abjurations were in
force, fuch a criminal, fo reviving, was not allowed to
take fancluary and abjure the realm ; but his fleeing to
fanctuary was held an efcape in the officer.
Execution, in the law of Scotland. See Law.
Part. III. n° clxxxv. 52. clxxxvi. 15.
Execution, in the French mufic, is ufed to de-
note the manner of finging, or of the performance of
a fong. << As to the manner of finging, called in
France execution, no nation may, with any probabi-
lity, difpute it with the French. If the French,
by their commerce with the Italians, have gained a
bolder compofition, the Italians have made their ad-
vantage of the French, in learning of them a more
polite, moving, and exquifite execution." St Evre-
mond.
EXECUTIVE power. The fupreme executive
power of Great Britain is vefted by their laws in a
fingle perfon, the king or queen for the time being.
See the article King.
The executive power, in this eftate, hath a right to
a negative in parliament, h e. to refufe affent to any
acts offered; otherwife the other two branches of le-
gislative power would, or might, become defpotic.
EXECUTOR, a perfon nominated by a teftator, s to
take care to fee his will and teftainent executed or per-
formed, and his effects difpofed of according to the
tenor of the will. See Law.
Executor, in Scots law, fignifies either the perfon
intitled to fucceed to the moveable eftate of one decea-
sed, or who by law or fpecial appointment is intrufted
with the adminiftration of it.
EXECUTORY, in law, where an eftate in fee,
that is made by deed or fine, is to be executed after-
Wards by entry, livery, or writ. Leafes for years, an-
nuities, conditions, &c. are termed inheritances execu-
tory..
EXECUTRY, in Scots law, is the moveable eftate
falling to the executor. Under executry, or moveables,
is comprehended every thing that moves itfelf, or can
be moved ; fuch as corns, cattle, furniture, ready mo-
ney, &c.
EXEDR^E, in antiquity, denoted halls with many
feats, where the philofophers, rhetoricians, and men
of learning, met for difcourfe and difputation. The
words occurs in ecclehaftical writers as a general name
for fuch buildings as were diftincT: from the main body ExegeCs
of the churches, and yet within the limits of the church II,
taken in itslargeft feufe. Among the exedras the chief Exerci fe °
was the Baptistry.
EXEGESIS, a difcourfe by way of explanation or
comment upon any fubje'£t. In the Scotch univerfi-
ties, tbereisanexercife among theftudents in divinity,
called an exegefis, in which a queftion is ftated by the
refpondent, who is then oppofed by two or three 0-
therftudents in their turns; during which time the
profeiTor moderates, and folves the difficulties which
the refpondent cannot overcome.
EXEGETES, (formed of t^yiafxnt (l I explain/')
among the Athenians, perfons learned in the laws,
whom the judges ufed to confult in capital caufes.
EXEGETICA, in algebra, the art of finding, ei-
ther in numbers or lines, the roots of the equation of a
problem, according as the problem is either numerical
or geometrical.
EXEMPLAR, a model, or original, to be imitated
orcopied. See Model.
Exemplar alfo denotes the idea, or image, concei-
ved or formed in the mind of the artift, whereby he
conducts his work. Such is the idea of Csefar, which
a painter has in his mind when he goes to make a pic-
ture of Casfar.
EXEMPLIFICATION of letters Patent, denotes
an exemplar, or copy of letters patent, made from
the inrolment thereof, and fealed with the great feal
of England. Such exemplifications are as effectual to
be fhowed, or pleaded, as the letters patent themfelves.
EXEMPTION, in law, a privilege to be free from
fome fervice or appearance : thus, barons and peers of
Britain are, on account of their dignity exempted
from being fworn upon inquefts ; and knights, clergy-
men, and others, from appearing at the fheriff's turn.
Perfons of 70 years of age, apothecaries, &c. are alfo
by law exempted from ferving on juries; and juftices
of the peace, attorneys, &c. from parifh offices.
EXERCISE, among phyficians, fuch an agitation
of the body as produces falutary effects in the animal
economy.
Exercife may be faid to be either active or paffive.
The active is walking, hunting, dancing, playing at
bowls, and the like ; as alfo fpeaking, and other la-
bour of the body and mind. The paffive is riding in
a coach, on horfeback, or in any other manner. Ex-
ercife may be continued to a beginning of wearinefs,
and ought to be ufed before dinner in a pure light
air ; for which reafon, journeys, and going into the
country, contribute greatly to preferveand re-eftablifh
health.
Exercife increafes the circulation of the blood, atte-
nuates and divides the fluids, and promotes a regular
perfpiration, as well as a due fecretion of all the hu-
mours ; for it accelerates the animal fpirits, and facili-
tates their diftribution into all the fibres of the body,
ftrengthens the parts, creates an appetite, and helps
digeftion. Whence it arifes, that thofe who accuftom
themfelves to exercife are generally very robuft, and
feldom fubject. to difeafes.
Boerhaave recommends bodily exercife in difeafes
of a weak and lax fibre. By riding on horfeback, fays
his commentator, the pendulous, vifcera of the abdo-
men are lhaken every moment, and gently rubbed as
it
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Examfc. it were one agahut another, while in the mean time the
pare air ads on the 'lungs with greater force. But it
is to be obferved that a weak man mould not ride with
a full ftomach, but either before dinner, or after the
digeftion is near finifhed ; for when the ftomach is dif-
tended, weak people do not bear thefe concuihons of
the horfe without difficulty ; but when the primae vias
are near empty, the remaining feces are dilcharged by
this concuflion. Sailing in a fhip is alfo an exercifeof
great ufe to weak people. If the vefiel moves with
an even motion by increafing perfpiration it ufually ex-
cites a wonderful alacrity, creates an appetite, and pro-
motes digeftion. Thefe exercifes are more efpecially
ferviceable to weak people ; but, in order to ftrengthen
the body by mufcular motion, running, and bodily ex-
ercifes are to be nfed. In thefe we ihould begin with
the moft gentle, fuch as walking, and increafe it by
degrees till we come to running. Thofe exercifes of the
body are more efpecially ferviceable which give delight
to the mind at the fame time, as tennis, fencing, &c. ;
for which reafon, the wifdom of antiquity appointed
rewards for thofe who excelled in thefe gymnaltic ex-
ercifes, that by this means the bodies of their youth
might be hardened for warlike toils.
As nothing is more conducive to health than mode-
rate exercife, fo violent exercife diffipates the fpirits,
weakens the body, deftroys the elafticity of the fibres,
and exhaufts the fluid parts of the blood. No wonder,
then, that acute and mortal fevers often arife from too
violent exercife of the body ; for the motion of the
venous blood towards the heart being quickened by the
contraction of the mufcles, and the veins being thus
depleted, the arteries more eafily propel their contain-
ed humours through the fmalleft extremities into the
now lefs refilling veins ; and therefore the velocity of
the circulation will be increafed through all the veflels.
But this cannot be performed without applying the
humours oftener, or in a greater quantity, to the fe-
eretory organs in the fame time, whence the more
fluid parts of the blood will be diffipated, and what re-
mains will be infpi (fated ; and by the greater action of
the veffels upon their contained fluids, and. of the re-
acting fluids npon the veflels, the blood acquires an in-
flammatory denfity. Add to this, that by the violent
attrition of thb folids and fluids, together with the
heat thence arifing, all the humours will incline to a
greater acrimony, and the falts and oils of the blood
will become more acrid and volatile. Hence, fays Bo-
erhaave, thofe fevers which arife from too much ex-
ercife or motion, are cured by reft of body and
mind, with fuch aliments and medicines as moiften,
dilute, and foften or allay acrimony.
The exercife of a foldier in camp, considered as con-
ducive to health, Dr Pringle diftinguifhes into three
heads ; the firft relating to his duty, the fecond to his
living more commodioufly, and the third his diver-
fions. The firft, confiding chiefly in the exercife of
his arms will be no lefs the means of preferving health
than of making him expert in his duty : and frequent
returns of this, early, and before the fun grows hot,
■will be .made more advantageous than repeating it fel-
dom, and flaying put long at a time; for a camp af-
fording little convenience for refrefhment, all unneccf-
fary fatigue is to be avoided. As to the fecond article,
catling boughs for jhading the tents, making trenches
round them for carrying off the water, airing the ft raw, Exercife.
cleaning their clothes and accoutrements, and affifting ' * '
in the buiinefs of the mefs, ought to be no difagree-
able exercife to the men for fomepart of the day. Laft-
ly, as to diverfions, the men muft be encouraged to
them either by the example of their officers, or by
fmall premiums to thofe who fhall excel in any kind of
fports as fhall be judged moft conducive to health : but
herein great caution is neceflary, not to allow them to
fatigue themfelves too much, efpecially in hot weather
or fickly times ; but above all, that their clothes be
kept dry, wet clothes being the moft frequent caufes
of camp-difeafes.
Exercise, in military affairs, is the ranging a body
of foldiers in form of battle, and making them perform
the feveral motions and military evolutions with diffe-
rent management of their arms, in order to make them
expert therein. See alfo Words of Command.
Exercise, in the Britifh navy, is the preparatory
praclice of managing the artillery and fmall arms, in
order to make the ihip's crew perfectly fkilled therein, .
fo as to direct its execution fuccefsfully in the time of
battle.
The exercife of the great gun was, till lately, very
complicated, and abounding with fuperfluities, in
the navies of every nation. The following method
was then introduced into the Britifli navy by an officer
of diftingiiifhed abilities,
ift, Silence.
2d, Caft loofe your guns.
3d, Level your guns.
4th, Take out your tompions, .
5th, Run out your guns.
6th, Prime.
7th, Point your guns. .
8th, Fire.
9th, Spunge your guns.
loth, Load with cartridge,
nth, Shot your guns.
1 2th, Put in your tompions. .
13th, Houfe your guns.
14th, Secure your guns. .
Upon beat-to-arms (everybody having immediately
repaired to their quarters) the midfhipman command-
ing a number of guns, is to fee that they are not with-
out every neceflary article, as (at every gun) a fpunge,
powder-horn, with its priming wires, and a fufficient
quantity cf powder, crow, hand-fpike, bed, quoin,
train-tackle, &c, fending without delay for a fupply of
any thing that may be amiffing; and for the greater
certainty of not overlooking any deficiency, he is to
give flrict orders to each captain under him, to make
the like examination at his refpecfive gun, and to take ■»
care that every requifite is in a ferviceable condition,
which he is to report accordingly. And (befides the
other advantages of this regulation) for the ftill more
certain and fpeedy account being taken upon thefe oc-
cafions, the midfhipman is to give each man his charge
at quarters (as exprefled in the form of the monthly
report), who is to fearch for his particular implements,
and, not finding them, is immediately to acquaint his
captain, that, upon his report to the midftiipmarr, -
they may be replaced.
The man who takes care of the powder is to place
hiaifelf on the oppofite fide of the deck from that
where
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Ezerclfe. where we engage, except when fighting both fides at
once, when he is to be amid-fhips. He is not to fuf-
fer any other man to take a cartridge from him but he
who is appointed to ferve the gun with that article, ei-
ther in time of a real engagement or at exercife.
Lanthorns are not to be brought to quarters in the
night, until the midfhipman gives his orders for lb do-
ing to the perfon he charges with that article. Every
thino- being in its place, and not the leaft lumber in
the way of the guns, the exercife begins with,
1. « Silence." At this word every one is to ob-
serve a filent attention to the officers.
2. " Caft loofe your guns." The muzzle lafhing
is to be taken off from the guns, and (being coiled up
in a fmall compafs) is to be made faff to the eye-bolt
above the port. The laming-tackles at the fame time
to be cafl loofe, and middle of the breeching leized to
the thimble of the pomillion. The fpunge to be taken
down, and with the crow, hand-fpike, &c. laid upon
the deck by the gun. N. B. When prepared for en-
gaging an enemy, the feizing within the clinch of the
breeching is to be cut, that the gun may come fuffi-
ciently within-board for loading, and that the force of
the recoil may be more fpent before it ads upon the
breeching.
3. " Level your guns." The breech of your me-
tal is to be raifed fo as to admit the foot of the bed's
being placed upon the axle-tree of the carriage, with
the quoin upon the bed, both their ends being even
one with the other. N. B. When levelled for firing,
the bed is to be lafhed to the bolt which fipports the
inner end of it, that it may not be thrown out of its
place by the violence of the gun's motion when hot
with frequent difcharges.
4. " Take out your tompions." The tompion is
to be taken out of the gun's mouth, and left hanging
by its laniard.
5. ' ' Run out your guns." With the the tackles hook-
ed to the upper bolts of the carriage, the gun is to be
bowfed out as clofe as poflible, without the affiltance of
crows or hand-fpikes ; taking care at the fame time to
keep the breeching clear of the trunks, by hauling it
through the rings ; it is then to be bent fo as to run
clear when the gun is fired. When the gun is out,
the tackle-falls are to be laid along-fide the carriages
in neat fakes, that, when the gun by recoiling over-
hauls them, they may not be fubjed to get foul, as
they would if in a common coil.
6. <( Prime." If the cartridge is to be pierced
with the priming-wire, and the vent filled with pow-
der, the pan alfo is to be filled ; and the flat fpace,
having a fcore through it at the end of the pan, is to
be covered, and this part of the priming is to be bruif-
ed with the round part of the horn. The apron is to
be laid over, and the horn hung up out of danger
from the flafh of the priming.
7. " Point your guns." At this command the gun
is, in the firfl place, to be elevated to the height of
theobjed, by means of the fide-fights ; and then the
perfon pointing is to dired his fire by the upper fight,
having a crow on one fide and a hand-fpike on the o-
ther, to heave the gun by his diredion till he catches
the objed.
N. B. The men who heave the gun for pointing are
£0 Hand between the flap's fide and their crows or
haud-fpikes, to efcape the injury they might othenvife Exercife.
receive from their being ftruck againit them, or iplin-
rerea by a fhot ; and the man who attends the captain
with the match is to bring it at the wordj " Point your
guns," and kneeling upon one knee oppoiite the train-
truck of the carriage, and at iuch a diftance as to be
able to touch trie priming, is to turn his head from the
gun, and keep blowing gentiy upon me lighted match
to keep it clear lrom aihes. And as the miffing of an
enemy in adion, by negled or want of coolncfs, is
moil incxcufablc, it is particularly recommended to
have the people thoroughly inflruderi in pointing well,
and taught to know the ill confequences of not ta-
king proper means to hit their mark ; wherefore they
fhould be made to elev^te^heir guns to the utmolt
nicety, and then to point with the fame exadnefs,
having caught the objed through the upper light. At
the word,
" Fire." The match is inftamly to be put to the
bruifed part of the priming ; and when the gun is dif-
charged, the vent is to be clofed, in order to fmother
any fpark of fire that may remain, in the chamber of
the gun j and the man who fpunges is immediately to
place himfelf by the muzzle of the gun inreadineis;
when, at the next word,
9. (< Spunge your gun." The fpunge is to be ram-
med down to the bottom of the chamber, and then
twilled round, to extinguifh efredually any remains of
fire ; and, when drawn out, to be ftruck againft the
out-fide of the muzzle, to fhake offany fparksor fcraps
of the cartridge that may have come out with it j and
next, its end is to be fhifted ready for loading ; and
while this is doing, the man appointed to provide a
cartridge is to go to the box, and by the time the
fpunge is out of the gun, he is to have it ready ; and at
the word,
10. " Load with cartridge.'* The cartridge (with
the bottom-end firft, feam downwards, and a wad af-
ter it) it is to be put into the gun, and thruft a little
way within the mouth, when the rammer is to be en-
tered : the cartridge is then to be forcibly lammed
down ; and the captain at the fame time is to keep his
priming-wire in the vent, and, feeling the cartridge,
is to give the word home, when the rammer is to be
drawn, and not before. While this is doing, the man
appointed to provide a fhot is to provide one (or two,
according to the order at that time) ready at the
muzzle, with a wad likewife; and when the rammer
is drawn, at the word,
11. " Shot your guns." The fhot and wad upon it
are to be put into the gun, and thruft a little way
down when the rammer is to be entered as before.
The fhot and wad are to be rammed down to the car-
tridge, and there have a couple of forcible itrokes ;
when the rammer is to be drawn, and laid out of the
way of the guns and tackles, if the exercife or action
is continued ; but if it is over, the fpunge is to be fe-
cured in the place it is at all times kept in.
12. *' Put in your tompions." The tompions to be
put into the muzzle of the cannon.
13. (i Houfe your guns." The feizing is to be
put on again upon the clinched end of the breeching,
leaving it no flacker than to aduit of the guns being
houfed with eafe. The quoin is to be take', from un-
der the breech of the gun, and the bed, ftill refiing
upon
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EXE
Exenjife. up^n the bolt, within the carriage, thruft under, till
— ' the Coot of it fails oft the axle-tree, leaving it to reit
upon the end which projects out froxn the foot. The
metal is to be let down upon this. The gun is to be
placed exactly fqaare ; and the muzzle is to be clofe to
the wood, in its proper place for palling the muzzle-
la ill in gs.
14. " Secure your guns." The muzzle-lafhings
muft firft be made fecure, and then with one tacklo
(having all its parts equally taught with the breech-
ing) the gun is to be laihed. The other tackle is
be bowfed taught, and by itfelf made fall, that it may
be ready to call off for killing a fecond breeching.
N. B. Care muft be taken to hook the firft tackle to
the upper bolt of the carriage, that it may no; other-
wife obitrtict the reeving of the fecond breeching, and
to give the greater length to the end part of the fall.
No pains muft be fpared in bowfing the ladling very
taught, that the gun may have the leaft play that is
poflible, as their being loofe may be productive of ve-
ry dangerous confequences. The quoin, crow, and
hand-fpike are to be put under the gun, the powder-
horn hung up in its place, Sec.
Being engaged at any time when there is a large
fwell, a rough fea, or in fqually weather, Sec. as the
fhip may be liable to be fuddenly much heeled, the
port-tackle fall is to be kept clear, and (whenever the
working of the gun will admit of it) the man charged
with that office is to keep it in his hand ; at the fame
time the muzzle-lafhing is to be kept fall to the ring
of the port, and being hauled taught, is to be faften-
ed to the eye-bolt over the port-hole, fo as to be out
of the gun's way in firing, in order to haul it in at any
time of danger.
This precaution is not to be omitted, when engaging
to the windward, any more than when to the leeward,
thofe fuuations being very fubject to alter at too fhort a
warning.
A train-tackle is always to be made ufe of with the
lee-guns; and the man ftationed to attend it is to be
very careful in preventing the guns running out at an
improper time.
Exercise, may alfo be applied with propriety to
the forming our fleets into orders of failing, lines of
battle, &c. an art which the French have termed evo-
lutions or taBiqttes. In this fenfe exercife may be de-
fined, the execution of the movements which the dif-
ferent orders and difpofuions of fleets occafionally re-
quire, and which the feveral (hips are directed to per-
forin by means of fignals. See Tactics.
Exercises, are alfo underftood of what young
gentlemen learn in the academics and riding-fchools,
fuch as fencing, drawing, riding the great horfe, &c.
How ufeful, how agreeable foever, ftudy may be to
the mind, it is very far from being equally falutary to
the body. Every one obferves, that the Creator has
formed an intimate connection between the body and
the mind; a perpetual action and reaction, by which
the body inftantly feels the diforders of the mind, and
the mind thofe of the body. The delicate fprings of
our frail machines lofc their activity and become ener-
vated, and the vefTels are choakedby obftructionswhen
we totally defift from exercife, and the confequences
neceiTarily affect the brain : a more ftudious and fe-
Vol. VII.
dentary life is therefore equally prejudicial to the bo-
dy and the mind. The limbs likcwife become ftiff;
we contract an aukward conftrained manner ; a certain
difguftful air attends all our actions, and we are very
near being as difagreeable to ourfelves as to others.
An inclination to ftudy is highly commendable ; but it
ought not, however, to inipire us with an averfion to
fociety. The natural lot of man is to live among his
fellows : and whatever may be the condition of our
birth, or our fituation in life, there are a thoufand oc-
cafions where a man mult naturally deli re to render
himfelf agreeable ; to be active and adroit; to dance
with a grace; to command the fiery fteed ; to defend
himfelf againft a brutal enemy ; to preferve his life by
dexterity ; as by leaping, fwimroing, &c. Many ra-
tional caufes have therefore given rife to the practice
of particular exercifes ; and the molt fagacious and be-
nevolent legiflators have inftituted, in their academies
and univerfities, proper methods of enabling youth,
who devote themfelves to ftudy, to become expert alfo
in laudable exercifes.
EXERCITOR, in Scots law, he who employs 2
fhip in trade, whether he be owner, or only freight*
her from the owner.
EXERGESIA. See Oratory, n° 90.
EXERGUM, among antiquarians, a little fpace a-
round or without the figures of a medal, left for the
infeription, cipher, device, date, &c.
EXETER, the capital city of Devonfhire, fituated
on the river Ex, ten miles north of the Britifh chan-
nel : W. Long. 3. 40. N. Lat. 50. 44. Anciently the
name of this city was If ex, and Ifa Dumnoniorum. The
prefent name is a contraction of Excefier, that is, a
city upon the Ex. It is large, populous, aud wealthy,
with gates, walls, and fuburbs: the circumference of
the whole is about three miles. It is the fee of a bi-
fhop, transferred hither from Crediton, by Edward
the ConfefTor ; and is one of the principal cities in the
kingdom for its buildings, wealth, and number of its
inhabitants. It had fix gates, befuies many turrets,
feveral of which are now pulled down. It had
formerly fo many convents, th.n it was called Monk-
town, till king Athelftan changed its name to Exeter,
about the year 940 ; at which time he alfo fortified
the city (which had before been only inclofed with a
ditch and a fence of timber) wi:h circular walls, em-
battlements, towers, and turrets of fquared Hone, en-
circling the whole, except the weftern fide, with a
deep mo2t. Befides chapels and 5 large meeting-hou-
fes, there are now 15 churches within the walls, and
4 without. St Peter's, the cathedral, is a magnificent
pile; though little now remains of the ancient fabric
of the church, except that part which is called Our
Lady's Chapel. It has a ring of 12 bells, reckoned
the largeft ring of the largeft bells in England ; as is
alfo its organ, whofe largeft pipes are 15 inches in dia-
meter. In 1763 the cathedral was repaired, beauti-
fied, and new paved ; when, in removing the old pave-
ment, was found the leaden coffin of bifbop Bitton,
who died in 1307; the top of which being decayed,
afforded an opportunity of viewing the fkeleton lying
in its proper form : near the bones of the finger was
found a faphire ring fet in gold ; the (tone con-
fiderably large, but of no great value, on account
I of
EXE
r 66 i
EXE
Xxeter. of feveral flaws in it Near this flood a fmall neat being but earth is gradually crumbled down. Kcre Exct&r.
— ^ — ^ chalice and patten of filver gilt, but the damp had de- yet remains the ancient chapel, built in 1260, and"*" — * —
ftroyed the greateft part of the gilding. In the centre kept in good repair, where prayers are read and a
of the patten was engraved a hand, with the two fore- fcrmon preached in feflions weeks. The city itfelf
fingers extended in the attitude of benediction. The is healthy, and pleafantly fitusted on the fides of a »
top of the crozicr was alfo found, but totally decayed, hill, having other hilis to its N. W. andS. by which
A moll beautiful modern painted glais window has been it is iheltercd from the force of llorms. The bank
lately erected at the weftern end of the cathedral, the which fuftained the ditch that in a great part furround-
eaflcru end having before a remarkable fine antique one. ed the caille, is planted and gravelled, and accommo-
la the other windows there is much fine ancient paint- dated with feats, it being the place of refortfor walk-
ed glafs. The altar is remarkable for its beautiful de- ing for the inhabitants ; and the ditch between it and
the caftle being filed up, is now thickly planted with
elms, which form a delightful grove. The old palace
iign and execution. On the left-hand fide of it there
yet exifts the feat whore Edward the Confeffor and
his queen fat and inflailedLeofricus his chancellor, the
iirft bifhopcf Exeter; and in the fouth crofs aide is
the monument of the fame Leofricus, who died 1073,
which at the time of his interment was a part of the
church-yard, but by the enlarging of the church by
his filcceffofs became nearly the middle of the build-
ing. The grand weftern end of the church is moft
magnificently adorned with the ftaiues of the pa-
triarchs, &c. The chapter-houfe was built in 1439.
The beautiful throne for the bifhop was conftrucfed a-
is now entirely demolifhed, and an elegant (efiions-
houfe creeled, where the affizes, quarterTeffions, and
county-courts are held. In the city and fuburbs are
prifons both for debtors and malefactors ; a work-houfe,
alms-houfes, and charity-fchools ; an bofpital for the
fick and lame poor of the city and county, upon the
model of the infirmaries of London and Weftmmfter ;
and two free grammar-fchools. It has markets on
Wednefdays and Fridays ; and four fairs in the year.
Great trade is carried on here for ftrges, perpetuanas,
bout 1466, and is faid to be grandeil of the kind in long- ells, and other woollen goods, in which it is com-
iiritain. The great north tower was completed in
1485, which contains a bell that weighs 12,500 pounds;
and exceeds the great Tom of Lincoln by 2, 500 pounds.
This city has had divers charters granted, or confirmed,
by moft of the Englilh kings ; but it was made a mayor
puted that at lead 6oo,oool. a-year is traded for ; yet no
markets were erected here for wooll, yarn, and k-er-
feys, till the 30th of Henry VIII. Before that time, the
merchants drove a coniiderable trade to Spain and
France : they were incorporated, in the reign of queen
town in the reign of king John, and a county of itfelf Mary I. by the name of the governor, confuls, and focie-
by king Henry VIII. It is governed by a mayor, 24
aldermen, 4 bailiffs, a recorder, chamberlain, fheriii,
town-clerk, &c. They have a fword-bearer, and four
ftewards, four ferjeants at mace wearing gowns, and
ii an - bearers in liveries with filver badges, li had an-
ciently a mint ; and in the reigns of king William III.
and queen Anne, many pieces of filver money were
coined here, which have the letter E under the buft.
Here are 12 or 13 incorporate city-companies. All
pleas and civil caufes are tried by the mayor, recorder,
aldermen, and common-council; but criminal caufes,
ty of merchant adventurers, trading to France." Here is
alfo a weekly ft-rge market, the greateft in England,
next to the Brigg market at Leeds in Yorkfhire : it is
faid that fome weeks as many ferges have been fold here
as amount to 8o,oool. or ioo,oool. ; for betides the vafc
quantiteis of their woollen goods lkipped for Portugal,
Spain, and Italy, the Dutch give large cemmiffions for
buying up ferges, perpetuanas, &c. for Holland and
Germany. It is particularly remarked of this city, that
it is almoft as full of gentry as of tradefmen ; and that
more of its mayors and bailiffs have defcended from, or
and thofe relating to the peace, are determined by eight given rife to, good families, than in any other city of its
aldermen, who are juftices of the peace. Herearefour bignefs in the kingdom ; for the great trade and flou-
principal ftreets, all centring in the middle of the city,
which is therefore called Car fox, from the old Norman
word Quatre voix, i. e. the four ways. Near it is-a
conduit, lately removed from the centre to the fide of
the principal ftreet which was firft erected by Wil-
liam Duke, mayor of the city, in the reign of Ed-
ward IV. and there are others well fupplied with wa-
ter brought in pipes from the neighbourhood. There
'is an old caftie in the north-eaft part of the city, call-
rilhing (late of this city tempted gentlemen to fettle their
fons in it, contrary to the practice of many of the in-
land as well as northern counties, where, according to
the vain and ruinous notionsof the Normans, trade was
defpifed by the gentry as fit only for mechanics and
the vulgar. The city was under the jurifdiclion of the
Romans, whofc coins have been frequently dug up in
and about it. After they left England, the Saxons
drove the Britons out of it into Cornwall, and en-
ed Rwgetnont, from the red foil it ftands on ; from compaffed it with a ditch, befides bulwarks. The
thence there is a pleafaut profpecf from the walls. Danes attacked and fpoiled it in 875 ; and afterwards,
It is fuppofed to have been built by the Weft Saxon in revenge of the general maffacre of the Danes by the
kings, and that they rciided here, as did afterwards Englilh, Swain, one of their kings, came hither with
the earls and dukes of Cornwall. This caftle was re- a great force, put the men to the fwo'rd, ravifhed the
markably flrong both by nature and art. The gate, women, maffacred the children, burnt the city, and
which originally led into it, was walled up by order defaced the walls. Along time after this, juft as it
of William the Conqueror, in token of his having re- was reviving, William theConqueror befieged and took
luceditto his obedience after a very obllinate refill- it; and it was again befieged in the reign, of king
ance ; and clofe by it an inferior gate was made in the
wall, in which (late they both remain. The outward
(lone facing is kept in tolerable repair ; but in the infide,
Stephen and Edward IV. In the reigns of Henry VII.
it was again befieged by Perkin Warbeck, and batter-
ed furioufly: but the citizens forced kjm to raife the
fiege ;
EXE
[ 67 ]
EXE
Exeter, fiege ; which fo pleafed die king, that he came hither,
and prefented a cap of maintenance to the city, and
gave the very fword from his fide to be borne always
before the mayor. In the reign of Edward VI. in
July 1544, it was fmartly cannonaded by the rebels of
Cornwall and Devon, who almoft ilarved it by break-
ing down its bridges, catting off its water, and flop-
ping up all paffages : but it held out till the lord John
Iluffel came with a force and raifed the liege on the
6th of Augult, which was then appointed as an anni-
verfary day of thankfgiving by the city, and is ftill ob-
ferved as fuch. King Charles I.'s queen, to whom this
city gave flicker in the civil wars, was here delivered
of Henrietta, afterwards duchefs of Orleans; whofe
picture is in its Guild-Kali, as are alfo General Monk's
and George I.'s, &c. In the fouth-eait quarter of the
city was a houk callcdBedJord-hoitfe , wherein the above
queen was delivered of the princefs. Thishavinglately
been taken down, an elegant circus is built on the
ipot, with a theatre adjoining it; and for the con-
veniency of the inhabitants, a pafTage has been made
through the town-wall to Southern Hay, on which
green ftands the county hofpital, already fpoken of,
befides a confiderable number of new builings. There
are remains of feveral ancient ftructures, which are
daily giving way to modern erections ; among the reft,
an old building, faid to have been a palace of king
Athe'.ftan. The Guildhall is a fpacious and convenient
building, whofe front or portico projects a great way
into the ftreet, and waslirft erected in 1330, to which
its prefent front was rebuilt in T 59 3, and repaired in
1729. An arm of the fea formerly flowed nearly up
to the city's wall, till 1 316, when Hugh Courtcnay
earl of Devon, in revenge for an affront, rained the
navigation, by conftrueting wears and dams in the river;
butto remedy it, in 1439, an act of parliament palled for
making a navigable canal, for the better conveyance of
goods iu barges to and from the city toToplham. This
was carried into execution in 1 58 1 , but not completed till
16 7 j ; nor was it after all found fufRcicnt, till the pre-
fent haven was constructed in 1697, when it was ren-
dered capable of bringing fhips of 1 50 tons quite to the
quay, conftructed near the walls of the city. In ihort,
Exeter, by aconftantadherence toits motto, Semper fid;-
lis; has been applauded byallhiftorians for its inviolable
fidelity to its fovereigns, whether they held their crown
by hereditary or parliamentary right. The city fends
two members to parliament; andgives titleof earltothe
Cecils. — The fee of Exeter was once one of the mod
wealthy in the kingdom ; but its revenue's were moft
fhamefully wafted by bifliop Voyfey, who alienated its
lands. What little he left was fo much encumbered,
that the fee has never been able to recover its former
grandeur ; and fo fmall are its prefent revenues, that
it has been found necefTary for the bifhop to hold fomc
other preferment for the better fupport of his dignity
and rank. This fee hath yielded to the nation three
lord chancellors, two lord trcafurers, one lord prefi-
dent of Wales, and one chancellor to the university of
Oxford. The diocefe contains the entire counties of
Devonflrire and Cornwall, wherein are 604 pariihes,
whereof 239 are impropriate. It hath four archdea-
cons, viz. of Cornwall, Exeter, Barnftable, and Tot-
nefs. The diocefe was formerly valued in the king's
books at L. 1556 : 14 : 6 ; but, fincc bifhop Voyfey 's
time, it is lowered to L. 500, and is computed to Exfolfctiw
be worth annually L. 2700. The clergy's tenth is II
L. 1200 : 15 v-2\. To the cathedral belong a bifhop, EskibitioK
a dean, four archdeacons, a chancellor, a treafurtr, a ' " '
chantor, 24 prebendaries, and other inferior officers
and fervants.
EXFOLIATION, a term ufed by furgeons for the
fcaling of a bone, or its rifing and feparating into thin
laminae or fcales.
EXHALATION, a general term for all effluvia or
fleams raifed from the furface of the earth in form of
vapour.
EXHAUSTIONS, in mathematics. Method of
exhauflions, is a way of proving the equality of two
magnitudes, by z.reduciio ad abfurdum; (bowing, that
if onebe fuppofed either greater or lefs than the other,
there will arife a contradiction.
The method of exhaustions was of frequent ufe a-
mong the ancient mathematicians ; as, Euclid, Archi-
medes, &c. It is founded on what Euclid lays in his
tenth book ; viz. that thofe quantities whofe diflerenceis
lefs than any aflignable quantity, are equal ; for if they
were unequal, be the difference never fo fmall, yet it
may be fo multiplied, as to become greater than either
of them ; if not fo, then it is really nothing. This he
affumesin the proof of prop. 1. book x. which imports,
that if, frora the greater of two quantities, you take
more than its half, and from the remainder more than
its half, and fo continually, there will, at length remain
a quantity lefs than either of thole propoftd. On this
foundation it is demonftratcd, that if a regular polygoa
of infinite fides be inferibed in, or circumfcribed about,
a circle ; the fpace, which is the difference between
the circle and the polygon, will, by degrees, be quite
cxhauftcd, and the circle become equal to the polygon.
EXHEREDATION, in the civil law, with us or-
dinarily called difmbirithig, is the father's excluding
his fon from inheriting his efcate.
There are 14 caufes of exheredation exprefTed in
Juftinian's Novel ; without fome one of which caufes,
he decrees the exheredation null, and the teftament
inofficious, as the civilians call it. Indeed, by the an-
cient Roman law, the father might pronounce exhere-
dation without any caufe ; but the rigour of this lav/
was retrained and moderated by Juftinian.
EXHIBIT, inlaw, is where a deed, or other wri-
ting, being produced in a chancery fait to be proved
by witneffes, the examiner, or commiffioncr appointed
for the examination of any fuch, certifies on the back
of the deed or writing, that the fame was fhown to the
witnefs at the time of his examination, and by him
fworn to.
EXHIBITION, inlaw, a producing, or ihowing,
of titles, authorities, and other proofs, of a matter in
conteft.
Anciently they ufed the phrafe, exhibition of a trage-
dy, comedy, or the like ; but now we fay rsprefentathn
in lieu thereof.
Exhibition, in old writers, is ufed for an allow-
ance of meat and drink, fuch as was cuftomary a-
raong the religious appropriators of churches, who
ufualiy made it to the depending vicar. The benefac-
tions fettled for the maintaining of fcholars i:i the
univerfities, not depending on the foundation, are alfo
called exhibitions.
I & EX,
E X I
[ 68 ]
E X O
Exocoetus.
Exhorta- EXHORTATION, in rhetoric, differs only from
tu>u fuafion, in that the latter principally endeavours to
convince the understanding, and the former to work
"_. on the affections.
EXHUMATION, of ex « out of," and humus
« ground)," the act of digging up a body interred in
holy ground, by the authority of the judge. In
Prance, the exhumation of a dead body is ordered, up-
on proof that he was killed in a duel. By the French
laws, a parfon has a right to demand the exhumation
of the body of one of his pariihioners, when interred
out of the parifh without his confent.
EXIGENCE, or Exigency, that which a thing
requires, or which is expedient and fuitable thereto.
EXIGENT, in law, a writ which lies where the de-
fendant in a perfonal action cannot be found, nor any
effects of his within the county, by which he may be
attached or diftrained.
EXIGENTERS, four officers in the court of com-
mon-pleas, who make all exigents and proclamations,
in all actions where procefs of outlawry lies. Writs of
fuperfedeas, as well as the prothonotaries, upon exi-
gents, were likewife drawn up in their office.
EXILE. Sec Banishment.
Among the Romans, the word exilium properly
fignified an interdiction or cxclufion from water and
fire; the neceffary confequence of which was, that
the interdicted perfon mult betake himfelf into fome
ether country, fmce there was no living without fire
and water. — Thus Cicero, ad Here/in. obferves, that the
form of the fentence did not exprefs exilium, but only
aqua ir ignis interdiftio. The fame author remarks,
that exile was not properly a punifhment, but a volun-
tarily flying or avoiding the punifhment decreed : Ex-
ilium non ejjefupplicium,fedperfugium,paitufqjiefup-
flicii. He adds, that there was no crime among the
Romans, as among other nations, punifhed with exile ;
but exile was a refource to which people flew volun-
tarily, in order to avoid chains, ignominy, ftarviug, &c.
The Athenians frequently fent their generals and
great men into exile, out of envy to their merits, or
diftruft of their too great authority. See Ostracism.
EXISTENCE, that whereby any thing has an ac-
tual effence, or is faid to be. See the article Meta-
physics.
EXIT, properly expreffes the departure of a player
from off the ftage, when he has acted his part. The
word is alfo ufed in a figurative fenfe, to exprefs any
kind of departure, even death.
EXITERIA, in antiquity, oblations or prayers to
any of the Gods for a profperous expedition or journey.
There were alfo feafts under this denomination, which
were celebrated by the Greeks, with facrifices and
prayers, when their generals undertook expeditions
again ft any enemy.
EXOCOETUS, or the Flying-Fish, in ichthy-
ology, a genus belonging to the order of abdominales.
The head is fcaly, and it has no teeth ; it has 10 radii
i-athe branchioftege membrane ; the body is whitifh,
Plate and the belly is angular : the pectoral fins, the inftru-
clxxxvii. ments of flight, are very large. When purfued by any
other filh, it raifes itfelf from the water by means of
thefe long fins, and flies in the air to aconfiderable di-
stance, till the fins dry, and then it falls down into the
water. It is a filh that feems to lead a molt miferable
life. In its own element, it is perpetually haraffed by Ezodlsrf
the dorados and other fifh of prey. If it endeavours to fl
avoid them by having recourfe to the air, it either > Fxorc '^ n \
meets its fate from the gulls or the albatrofs, or is
forced down again into the mouth of the inhabitants
of the water, who, below, keep pace with its aerial
excurfion. This filh is caught in the Mediterranean
and fome other feas. It is mofl common between the
tropics, and there its enemies are more particularly nu-
merous. In thefe climates the flying fifties Spring out
of the water by hundreds, to efcape the rapacity of
the dolphins, marks, &c When flying, they have as
formidable enemies to encounter with in that element,
viz. the pelican, eagle, diomedea, &c. and frequently
throw themfelves on board the fhips to efcape their
purfuir. Their flefh is faid to be palatable and nourifh-
ing food.
EXODIARY, in the ancient Roman tragedy, was
the perfon who, after the drama or piay was ended,
fung the Exodium.
EXODIUM, in the ancient Greek drama, one of
the four parts or divifions of tragedy, being fo much
of the piece as included the cataftrophe and unravel-
ling of the plot, and anfwering nearly to our fourth
and fifth acts.
Exodium, among the Romans, confiftcd of certain
humorous verfes rehearfed by the exodiary at the end
of the Fabulas Atellanse.
Exodium, in the Septuagint, fignifies the end or
conclufion of a feaft. Particularly it is ufed for the
eighth day of the feaft of tabernacles, which it is faid
had a fpecial view to the commemoration of the exodus
or departure out of Egypt.
EXODUS, a canonical book of the Old Tefta-
ment ; being the fecond of the pentateuch, or five
books of Mofes.
It is fo called from the Greek \_exodos~], the "go-
ing out" or departure of the children of Ifrael from the
land of Egypt ; the hiftory of which is delivered in this
book, together witk the many miracles wrought on that
occafion.
EXOMgHALUS, in furgery, called alfo omphalo-
cele, and hernia umbilicalis , is a preternatural tumor
of the abdomen, at the navel, from a rupture or dif-
tenfion of the parts which invert that cavity.
EXORCISM, the expelling of devils from perfons
polfefTed, by means of conjurations and prayers. The
Jews made great pretences to this power. Jofephus
tells feveral wonderful tales of the great fuccefsof Seve-
ral exorcifts. One Eleazer, a Jew, cured many demo-
niacs, he fays, by means of a root fet in a ring. This
root, with the ring, was held under the patient's nofe,
and the devil was forthwith evacuated. The meft part
of conjurers of this clafs were impoftors, each pretend-
ing to a fecret noftrum or charm which was an over-
match for the devil. Our Saviour communicated to
his difciples arealpower over demons, or perhaps over
the difeafes faid to be occafioned by demons. See
DEMONIAC.
Exorcifm makes a confiderable part of the fuperfti-
tion of the church of Rome, the rituals of which for-
bid theexorcifingany perfon without the bifhop's leave.
The ceremony is performed at the lower end of the
church towards the door. The exorcift firft figns the
pofieffed perfon with the fign of the crofs, makes him
knecL,
E X O
[ 69 ]
EXP
Ejcorcift* kneel and fprinklcs him with holy water. Thenfol- The generality of exotics, or exotic plants, do not Expaufioa.
II low the litanies, pfalms, and prayer j after which the thrive in England without fome peculiar care and cul « — -
t Exotic. ^ exorc jft af^s the devil his name, and adjures him by ture; they require the warmth of theirown climates;
the myfteries of theChrillian religion not to afflict the whence the ufe of hot-beds, glafs-frames, green houfes,
perfon any more : then, layinghis right hand on the &c. See CREEN-Houfe and Stove.
dsemoniac's head, he repeats the form of exorcifm, EXPANSION, among mecaphyficians, denotes the
which is this : " I exorciie thee, unclean fpirit, in the idea we have of lading diftance, all whofe parts exift
name of Jefus Chfift : tremble, O Satan ! thon enemy together.
of the faith, thou foe of mankind, who haft brought
death into the world ; who haft deprived men of life,
and halt rebelled againlt juftice ; thou feducer of man-
kind, thou root of evil, thou fource of avarice, difcord,
and envy." The Romaniits likewife exorciie houfes
and other places, fuppofed to be haunted by unclean
fpirits; and the ceremony is much the fame with that
for perfons poflefTed.
EXORCISTS, in church-hiftory, an order of men,
in the ancient church, whofe employment itwas to ex-
orcife or caft out devils. See the preceding article.
EXORDIUM, in oratory, is the preamble or be-
ginning, ferving to prepare the audience for the reft of
the difcourfe.
Exordiums are of two kinds ; either juft and formal,
or vehement and abrupt. The laft are moft fuitable
on occalions of extraordinary joy, indignation, or the
like. Sec Oratory, n° 36.
EXOSTOSIS (From if- out, and oysov a bone), in
anatomy, an acute eminence or excrefcence, pulhing
preternaturally above the bone.
EXOTERIC and Esctoric, are terms denoting
external and internal, and applied to the double doc-
trine of the ancient philofophers ; tue one was public
or exoteric ; the other fecret or efoterk. The firft was
that which they openly profeffed and taught to the
World ; the latter was confined to a fmall number of
chofendii'ciples. This method was derived originally
from the Egyptians ; who, according to the united
teftimony of Herodotus, Biodorus, Siculus, Strabo,
Plutarch, &s. had a twofold philofophy, one fecret
and facred, another public and common. The fame
practice alio obtained among the Perfian Magi, the
Dr ids of the Gauls, and the Brachmans of India.
The Egyptian priefts, with whom it originated, fnf>
tained the character of judges and magiiirates, and
probably introduced this diitinction with a view to the
public welfare, and to ferve the purpoles ©f legiflation
and government. Clement of Alexandria informs us,
that they communicated their myfteries principally to
thofe who were concerned in the adminiltration of the
ftate ; and Plutarch confirms the fame declaration.
However, others have fuppofed that they invented the
fables of their gods and heroes, and the ether external
ceremonies of their religion, to difguife and conceal
natural and moral truths; but whatever was the mo-
tive of their pra&ice, it was certainly applied to poli-
tical purpofes,
EXOTIC, a term properly fignify'mg foreign or ex-
traneous, i. e, brought from a remote or ftrange coun-
try. In which ftnfe we fometimes fav exioticor barba-
rons i.-rms orwr A, &c. The word is derived from
the Greek sf», »; :■-:«» extra, u without, on the outfide."
Exotic, is applied to plants which are na-
tives 01 foreign countries, particularly thofe brought
from the Eaft ai Indies, and which da not na-
tnraily grow in Europe,
Expansion, in phyfiology, the enlargement or in-
creafe of bulk in bodies, chiefly by means of heat.
This is one of the moft general effects of that fubtile
principle, being common to all bodies whatever, whe-
ther folid or fluid. In fome few cafes, indeed, bodies
feem to expand as they grow cold, as water in the a&
of freezing: but this is found to be owing to the ex-
trication of an infinite number of air-bubbles from the
fluid at a certain time : and is not at all a regular and
gradual expahilon like that of metals, or and other fo-
lid or fluid fubftance by means of heau In certain me-
tals alfo, an expanfion takes place when they pafs from
a fluid to a folid ftate ; but this too is not to be ac-
counted any proper effect of cold,, but of the arrange-
ment of the parts of the metals in a certain manner ;
and is therefore to be accounted a kind of cryftalliza-
tion rather than anything elfe.
The expanfion of bodies by heat is very various, and
in folids does not feem to be guided by any certain
rule. In the 48th volume of thePhilofopbical Tranf-
actions, Mr Smeaton has given a table of the expan-
fionsof many different fubftances, from which the fol-
lowing particulars are extracted. The degree of heat
employed was 180 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermome-
ter, and the expanfion is exprefled in 1 0,000th partsof
an Englifh inch.
A foot of white glafs barometer tube
Martial regulus of antimony
Bliftered fteel
Hard fteel
Iron
Bifinuth
Hammered copper
A mixture of three parts of copper with
one of tin
Cafl: brafs
A mixture of 16 parts of brafs with one.
of tin - - 229
Brafs wire - - 232.
Speculum metal - 232.
Spelter folder, compofed of two parts of
100
130
138
147
151
167
204.
218
225:
brafs and one of zinc.
Fine Pewter
Grain tin
Soft folder, compofed of two parts of
lead and one of tin,
A mixture of eight parts of zinc and
one of tin, a little hammered,
Lead
Zinc or fpelter
Zinc hammered an inch per foot
From this table it appears, that no rule can be de-
duced concerning the degrees of expanfion to which
bodies are fubject by the fame degree of heat, either
from their fpecific gravity or othcrwife. Zinc, which
is much lighter than lead, expands more with heat ; but
glafs, which is lighter than either, expands muchkfs;
while
247
274
298
301.
323
344
353
373
E X C
[ 70 ]
E X C
Expeela
tion.
Eipatsfion while copper, which is heavier than a mixture of brafs
and tin, expands lefs.
Of all known fubftances, thofe of the aerial kind
expand moil by an eqa2l degree of heat ; and in ge-
neral the greater quantity ol latent heat that any lub-
ftance contains, the more eafily it is expanded ; though
even here we cannot form any general rule. It is cer-
tain, however, that the molt denfe fluids, fuch as mer-
cury, oil of vitriol, &c. are lefs expansible than water,
ipirit of wine, or ether. This hut indeed is fo eafily
expanded, that were it not for the preillire of the at-
mofphere it would be in a continual flate of vapour.
After bodies are reduced to a vaporous flate their ex-
panfion feems to goon without any limitation, in pro-
portion to the degree of heat applied ; fo that it is
impoiliblc to fay what would be the ultimate effects
of that principle upon them in this way. The force
with which thefe vapours expand on the application of
high degrees is very great ; neither can we fa}', that
any obftacle whatever is infuperable by them. On
this principle depend the fteam-engines fo much ufed
in various mechanical operations ; likewife fome hy-
draulic machines ; and the inftrtunents called manovie-
ters, which mow the variation of gravity in the exter-
nal atmofphere, by the expanfion or condenfation of
a fmall quantity of air confined in a proper veffel. On
this principle a!fo perpetual movements might be con-
ftrueted fimilar to thofe invented by Mr Coxe, on the
principle of the barometer, A variety of other cu-
rious machines may be conftrufted on the principle of
aerial expanfion ; of which an account is given under
the articles Hydrostatics and Pneumatics.
The expanfion of ftid bodies is meafured by an in-
ftrument named the Pyrometer ; and the force with
which they expand is dill greater than that of aerial
vapours, the flame of a farthing candle producing an
expanfion in a bar of iron capable of counteracting a
weight of 500 pounds. The quantity of expanfion,
however, is fo fmall, that it has never been applied to
the movement of any mechanical engine. On the
principle of the expanfion of fluids Thermometers
are conftrucled ; for an account of which, fee that ar-
ticle. For the effects of the different expanfions of
metals in correcting the errors of machines for mea-
furing time, fee the article Pendulum.
EXPECTANCY, estates in, are of two forts ;
one created by act of the parties, called a remainder ;
the other, by aft of law, called a reverfion.
EXPECTATION, in the doftrine of chances, is
applied to any contingent event, and is capable of be-
ing reduced to the rules of computation. Thus a fum
of money in expectation, when a particular event hap-
pens, has a determinate value before that event hap-
pens; fo that if a perfon is to receive any fum, e. gr t
10I. when an event takes place which has an equal Expea»»
probability of happening and tailing, the value of the rants
expectation is half that fum or 5 1. and in all cafes the J
expectation of obtaining any fum is efthnaied by mul- Ex P en "
tiplying the value of .the fum expected by the fraction . . m ^ nt '..^
which reprefents the probability of obtaining it. The
expectation of a perfon who has three chances in five
of obtaining 100 1. is equal to f x ioo or 60 I. and
the probility of obtaining 100 I. in this cafe is equal
to - °— — 3
EXPECTOB.ANTS,in pharmacy, medicines which
promote Expectoration.
EXPECTORATON, the aft of evacuating or
bringing up phlegm or other matters out of the tra-
chea, lungs, &c. by coughing, hauking, fritting, &c.
EXPEDITATiON, in the Enojiih foreft-laws, ftp-.
• /- ■ 1 to
nines a cutting out the balls of a dog's fore- feet for the
prefervation of the king's game.
Every one that keeps any great dog not expedirated
forfeits three (hillings and fourpence to the king. In
maftiffs, not the ball of the feet, but the three claws,
are to be cut to the fkin. Infi.it. part iv. p. 308.
This expeditation was to be performed once in every
three years, and was done to every man's dog who lived
near the foreft, and even the dogs of theforeiters them-
i elves.
EXPEDITION, the march of an army to fom«
diftant place, with a view of hoftilities Such were the
expeditions of Cyrus againffc Xerxes, and of Bacchus
and Alexander into the Indies.
Expeditions for the recovery of the Holy Land
Were called croifades..
EXPERIENCE, a kind of knowledge acquired
by long "fe without any teacher. It confifts in
the ideas of things we have feen or read, which the
judgment has reflected on, to form for itfelf a ruleor
method.
Authors make three kinds of experience : The firft
is the fimple ufes of the external fenfes, whereby we
perceive the phenomena of natural things without any
direft attention thereto, or making any application
thereof. The lecond is, when we premeditately and
defiguedly make trials of various things, or obferve
thofe done by others, attending clofely to all effects
and circumftances. The third is that preceded by a
foreknowledge, or at leaf! an apprehenfion of the event,
and determines whether the apprehenfion were true or
falfe ; which two latter kinds, efpeciaily the third are
of great fervice in philofophy.
EXPERIMENT, in philofophy, is the trial of the
refult or effect of the applications and motions of cer-
tain natural bodies, in order to difcover fomething of
their motions and relations, whereby to afcertain forae
of their phenomena or caivfes.
EXPERIMENTAL philosophy,
IS that which has its foundation in experience, In former times philofophers, when reafoning abont
wherein nothing is affumed as a truth but what natural things, inftead of following this method, af-
is fouuded upon ocular demonftration, or which can- fumed fuch principles as they imagined fufheient for
not be denied without violating the common fenfe and explaining the phenomena, without confidering whe-
jperceptions of all mankind. ther thefe principles were juft or not. Hence for a
4 great
EXPERIMENTAL
great number of ages no progrefs was made in ickncc ;
butfyftcms were heaped upon fy Items, having neither
cpafifttiicy with one another nor with themfeives. No
proper explanations indeed were givenof any thing; for
ali thefe fyftems, when narrowly examined, were found
to confift merely in changes of words, which were often
very abfard and barbarous. The firft who deviated
from this method of philofophifing, if we may call it
by that name, was Friar Bacon, who lived in the 16th
centurr, and who fpent 2000 1. (an iinmenfc fum in
thofe days) in making experiments. The admirable
Critchton, who Mourifhed about the year 1580, not only
difputed againft the phiiofophy of Ariftotle, which
had for fo long been in vogue, but Wrote a bock a-
gainft it. Cocemporary with this celebrated perfcr.age
was Francis Bacon lord chancellor of England, who is
looked upon to be the founder of the prefent mode of
philofophiiiag by experiments. But though others
might lay the foundation, Sir Ifaac Newton is juftly
allowed to have brought this kind of phiiofophy to
perfection : and to him we are certainly indebted for
the greateil part of it. Unfortunately, however, nei-
ther Lord Bacon nor Sir Ifaac Newton had an oppor-
tunity of knowing many important facts relating the
the principles of fire and electricity, which have fmce
been brought to light. Hence all their phiiofophy
was merely mechanical, or derived from the vifible
operations of folid bodies, or of the grcfler fluids upon
one another. In fuch cafes, therefore, where the more
fubtile and active fluids were concerned, they fell
into miflakes, or were obliged to deny the exiftence
ef the principles altogether, and to make ufe of terms
which were equally unintelligible and incapable of
conveying any information with thefe of their prede-
cetTors. A remarkable inftanccof the errors into which
they were thus betrayed, we have in the doctrine of
projectiles, where the mod enormous deviations from
truth were fanctilied by the greateil names of the Lift
century, merely by reasoning from the refinance of the
air to bodies moving flowly and viiibly, to its refin-
ance to the fame bodies when moved, with high de-
* See Gun- grees of velocity*. In other cafes they were reduced
*£!3' to make ufe of words to exprefs immechanical powers,
as attraction, repulfion, rarefaction, &c. which have
fince tended in no fmall degree to embarrafs and con-
•found fcience by the difputes that have taken place
concerning them. The foundations of the prefent fy-
flem of experimental phiiofophy areas follow.
I. All the material jubilances of which the univerfe
is compofed are called natural bodies. What we per-
ceive uniform and invariable in thefe fubttances we call
their properties. Some of thefe are general and com-
mon to all matter, as extension ; others are proper to
particular fubflances, for inftance fluidity ; while fome
appear to be compounded of the general and particular
properties, and thus belong to a {till fmaller number ;
as the properties of air, which are derived from the
general property of extenfion combined with thofe of
fluidity, elaiticity, &c.
II. In taking a particular review of the properties
of bodies, we naturally begin with that of extenfoi .
This manifefls itfelf by the three dimenuons of length,
breadth, and thicknefs. Hence proceeds the divifi-
biiity of matter ; which the prefent fyftem fuppofes to
reach even to infinity : but though this proposition be
PHILOSOPHY.
fupported by mathematical demor.ftraiions, it is im-
poflible we can either have any diflinct idea of it, or of
the oppofite doctrine, which teaches that matter is com-
pofed of excefiively minute particles called Moms, which
cannot be divided into fmaller ones. The fubtilty in-
deed to which folid bodies may be reduced by mecha-
nical means is very furprifing ; and in fome cafes is fo
great, that we might be tempted to fijppdfe that a
farther divifion is impoflible. Thus, in grinding a fpe- '
cuhnn, the inequalities of its furface are fo effectually
worn off, that the whole becomes in a certain degree
invifible, mowing not itfelf by the light which falls
upon it, but the image of other bodies ; but the fmall-
el\ fcratch which diiturbs the equality cf the lurface
is at once diftincfly vifible.
III. From the arrangement of thefe ultimate par-
ticles of manner, whatever we fuppofe them to be, arifc
the various figures of bodies ; and hence figure is a
property of all bodies no lefs univerial than extenfion,
unlefs we choofe to Apeak of the ultimate particles of
matter, which, as they are fuppofed to be deflitute of
parts, muft confequently be equally dcflitute of figure ;
and the fame confequence will follow whether we
adopt this fuppoiition or the other. The figures of
bodies are fo extremely various and diflimi'ar, that it
is impoflible to find any two perfectly alike. It is
indeed the next thing to impoflible to find two in
which the difiimilarity may not re perceived by the
naked eye ; but if any fuch lheuld be foui d, the irti-
crofcope will quickly difcover the imbecility of our
fenfes in this refpect. Solidity is another property
effential to all matter. By this we mean that pro-
perty which one quantity of matter has of exclud-
ing any other from the fpace which itfelf occupies
at that time. Hence arifes what we call rzfiftance,
which is always an indication of folidity ; and no lefs fo
in thofe bodies which we call fluid than in thofe which
are the mofl folid. This may at firft feem to be a
contradiction; but fluids yield only when they can get
away from the preffure ; in all other cafes they relifl
as violently as the moft folid bodies. Thus water con-
fined in 2. tube will as effectually relifl the impreflion of
a piflon thrufl down upon it as though it were the
moil folid fubftance. Air indeed will yield for a certain
time; but this, as appears from feveral experiments,
is entirely owing to a more fubtile fluid, viz. that of
elementary fire being preffed out from among its par-
ticles. As long as this fluid can be forced out, either
from among the particles of air, water, or any other
more grofs fluid fubftance, the latter will be found com-
preffible, as a heap of wet fand would be by fqueezing
the water out from it : but when we come to the molt
fubtile of all elements, fuch as we fuppofe that of fire
to be, there cannot be any poflibility of comprefling
it, even though we had a veflel fociofe as to prevent
it from efcaping through its fides ; becanfe its parts are
already as near each other as they can be.
IV. The diftance of the parts of bodies from each
other is what we call their porofity, and was former-
ly fuppofed to be owing to a vacuum interfperfed be-
tween tbem ; but now it is generally allowed that the
pores of folid bodies as well as of fluids are filled with
an extremely fubtile matter which pervades all nature.
The porofity of bodies with regard to one another may
be tkas explained. Wood; or a fponge, is porous with
7 1
rcgaro
?2
EXPERIMENTAL philosophy.
regard to water ; but water itfelf is porous with re- head, what are called the central forces, which produce
gard to air, which it abfoibs in considerable quantity, a motion that is either circular or in a curve line, and
Both air and water are porous with regard to the ele- which inceflamly urge the moving body either to aj>
meat of fire, which produces very confiderable changes proach or recede from the centre. To diftinguifh thefe
upon them, according to the quantify of it they con- from each other, the former is called the centripetal
tain, or the manner it acts in their pores. This ele- force, and the latter 'the centrifugal force, '
ment iifelf, however, is not porous with regard to any VI. By gravity, or pondercfity, is to be underflood
other substance. Irs pores, therefore,if it hasany, must that force which occaiions bodies to pafs from a higher
be abfolute vacuities deftitute of any matter whatever, to a lower place, when nothing oppofes their courfe,
Vacuities of this kind indeed are fuppofed to be ab- or when the obftacles are not sufficient to flop them,
folutelv necefiary to motion : for though we may fay, Speculative philofophy investigates its caufe, and per-
matter bein» divisible almoil ad infinitum, that a body haps in vain. Experimental philofophy contents itfelf
or fubftanec more folid may move in another fubftance with defcribing the phenomena, and teaching the laws
that is more fubtile, and that will give way to its mo- of gravity, which are thoroughly eftablifhed by a thou-
lion, we mult neverthelefs have recourfe to a laft refort, fand reiterated experiments. In order properly to un-
and admit of an ultimate vacuum, which will give room derftand this fubject, we muff take care not to confound
fufRcient to the leaft corpufcle, that its part A may take the term gravity with that of -weight. By the former,
•the place of its part B without the leaft refiitance : we understand that force which urges bodies to defcend
befides, it is not to be imagined, that nature, in fact, through a certain fpace in a given time. By the latter,
admits of that infinite divisibility which our imagina
tion can conceive, and that every thing which is pof-
iible in idea, is at all times practicable. All that
exists is pofllble, but all that is poffible does not how-
ever exist. By density, is understood the proportion be-
tween the exteniion and folidity of a body : one body
therefore is more denfe than another, when, under the
fame degree of extenfion, it contains more folid mat-
ter : and this quality arifes from condenfation and com-
preffion. Elasticity is nothing more than that effort
by which certain bodies, when compreffed, endeavour
to restore themfelves to their former ftate ; and this
property fuppofes them compreffible. As all thefe na-
tural properties of bodies are of great utility in ex
is meant the quantity of a heavy body that is contain-
ed under the fame bulk. The phenomena are explain-
ed by the experiments themfelves, and by inferences
deduced from them.
VII. Hydrostatics is a fcience of which the object is the
gravity and equilibrium of fluids in particular. t hough
the gravity of thefe bodies is the fame with that of
others, and is fubject to the fame laws, yet their state
of fluidity gives rife to particular phenomena, which ic
is of confequence to know. But as hydrostatics can-
not be successfully treated on without the assistance of
calculation, it has been ranked among the mathematical
fciences.
VIII. We fay the fame with regard to mechanics .
plaining the principles of phyfics and in applying them which is the art of employing, by the aid of machines,
to all the arts, experimental philofophy proves their
■reality by a thoufand examples.
V. We difcover still other properties in bodies : fuch
as mobility, which we muft not here confound with
motion. This mobility arifes from certain difpofitions
which are not in an equal degree in all bodies : from
whence it comes that fome are more ealily moved than
others: and this proceeds from the resistance to mo-
tion which is perceived in all bodies, having regard
merely to their malles ; and this resistance is called vis
inertia, or inert free. A body is faid to be in mo-
tion when it is actually moving from one place to an-
other ; ory whenever a body changes its situation with
the motion of bodies, in conformity to its properties
and laws, as well with regard to folids as fluids, either
more commodioufly or more advantageoufly.
IX. After it has made the moft accurate experi-
ments, and the most judicious obfervations, on all ihefe
different subjects, and the properties of bodies in par-
ticular. Experimental Philofophy pafles to the exami-
nation of the air, the water, fire, the wind, colours,
&c. The air is a fluid with which we are surrounded
from the instant of our birth, and without which we
cannot exist. It is by the properties and the influences
of the air, that nature gives increafe and perfection to
all that it produces for our wants and conveniences ;
regard to the objects that surround it, either nearly or it is the spirit of navigation : found, voice, fpeech it-
remotely, it is faid to be in motion. There are three felf, are nothing more than percussions of the air :
principal matters to be considered in a moving body ; this globe that we inhabit is completely surrounded by
its direction, its velocity, and the quantity of its mo-
tion : and here phyfics explains the force or moving
power ; it likewife diftinguiihes between simple and
compound motion. Simple motion is that which arifes
from only one force, or which tends to only one point.
air ; and this kind of coverture, which is commonly
called the atmofphere, has fuch remarkable functions,
that it evidently appears to concur to the mechanism
of nature. Experimental phyfics, therefore, confiders
the air, i. Of itfelf, independent of its bulk; and the
It defcribes the laws, and explains the reliftance, of figure of its whole body : it examines its eflential pro-
mediums ; the resistance of friction ; the difficulties of perties ; as its gravity, density, fp ing, &c. The air-
a perpetual motion ; the alteration of direction occa- pump is here of indifpenfnble ufe ; and by this ma-
sioned by the oppofition of a fluid matter ; reflected or chine phyfics examines in what manner fpace, or a va*-
reverberated motion ; the communication of motion by cuum, is made. It likewife fbows the neceffity of air to
the (hock of bodies, &c. Compound motion is that the prefervation of animal life ; the effect it has on
of a body impelled to move by feveral caufes or powers found, fire, and gunpowder, in vacuo ; and a hundred
which act according to their different directions. Phy- other experiments of various degrees of curiosity. 2. It
fics here likewife investigates the laws of motion ; and confiders the air as the terreflrial atmofphere, fome-
is particularly applied to the explaining, under this times as a fluid at reft, and sometimes as in motion.
And
EXPERIMENTAL philosophy.
Se<ft. I.
And by thefe means it accounts for the variation of the
mercury in the barometer, and why it links in propor-
tion as the height of the atmofphere diminifhes; as
alfo for the figure, the extent, and weight of the at-
mofphere : it (hows the method of determining the
height of mountains, the nature of found in general,
of its propagation, and of fmorous bodies. The late
difcovcries of Dr Prieftley and others have added a
new and a very confiderable branch to experimental
philofophy in this refpect, of which an account is gi-
ven under the article Aerology.
X. It is here alfo that experimental philofophy
confiders the nature of the wind ; which is nothing
more than agitated air, a portion of the atmofphere
that moves like a current, with a certain velocity ar.d
determinate direction. This fluid, with regard to its
direction, takes different names according to the dif-
ferent points of the horizon from whence it comes, as
eaft, well, north, and fouth. Winds are likewife
diftinguilhed into three forts; one of which is called
general ox conjlant, as the trade-winds which continu-
ally blow between the tropics ; another is the peri'idt-
cal, which always begin and end within a certain time
of the year, or a certain hour of the day, as the mon-
foons, the land-breezes and fea-breezes, which arife
conftantly in the morning and evening ; and laftly,
fuch as are variable, as well with regard to their di-
rection as their velociry and duration.
M. Mariotte computes the velocity of the moft im-
petuous wind to be at the rate of 32 feet in a fecond,
and Mr Derham makes it 66 feet in the lame time.
The firft, doubtlefs, meant the wind of the greateft
velocity that had come to his knowledge. The in-
vention of aeroftatic machines has tended more to [how
the real velocity of the wind than any other inven-
tion as yet made public : but all of them move (lower
than the aerial current ; fo that the real velocity of the
wind remains yet undetermined.
XI. The force of the wind, like that of other bodies,
depends on its velocity and mafs ; that is, the quan-
tity of air which is in motion : fo the fame wind has
more or lefs force on any obftacle that oppofes it, in
proportion as that obftacle prefents a greater or a lefs
furface : for which reafon it is that they fpread the fails
of a veflel more or lefs, and place the wingsof a wind-
mill in different directions. The machines by which
the winds are meafurcd, are called anemometers. They
fhow the direction, the velocity, and rhe duration of
winds. It is by the agitations of the wind that the air
is purified ; that the feeds of trees and herbs are convey-
ed through the forefts and fields ; that (hips are driven
from one pole to. the other; that our mills turn upon
their axes, &c; and art, by imitating nature, fome-
times procures us artificial winds, by which we refrefh
oar bodies, invigorate our fires, purify our corn, &c.
XII. Water is an univerfal agent, which nature em-
ploys in all her productions. It may be confidered as
in three dates, 1. As a liquid; 2. As a vapour ; 3. As
ice. Thefe three different dates do not in any manner
change its effence, but make it proper to anfwer dif-
ferent ends. The natural (late of water would be that
of a folid body, as fat, wax, and all thofe other bo-
dies which are only fluid when heated to a certain de-
gree : for water would be conftantly ice, if the par-
ticles of fire, by which it is penetrated in the tempe-
Vol. VII.
rate climates, did not render it fluid, by producing a
reciprocal motion among its parts ; and, in a country
where the cold is continually ftrong enough to main-
tain the congelation, the affiftance of art is neceffary
to make it fluid in the fame manner as we do lead, &c.
Water, when not in ice, is a fluid that is iniipid, tranf-
parent without colour, and without fmell, and that ea-
lily adheres to the furface of fome bodies, that pene-
trates many, and extinguishes fire. Experimental phi-
lofophy inveftigates the origin of fountains; the caufe
of the faltnefs of the fea ; the means of purifying wa-
ter ; what is its weight, and what are its effects when
heated, &c. It likewife examines this fluid in the (late
of vapour ; and finds that a drop of water, when in va-
pour, occupies a fpace vaftly greater than it did before.
It explains the eeolipile and its effects ; fire-engines ;
and the force of vapours that give motion to immenfe
machines in mines and tlfewhcre, &c.and laftly, it con-
fiders water in the (late of ice. Ice confequently is
more cold than water ; and its coldnefs increafes if it
continue to lofe that matter, already too rare, or too
little active to render it fluid. Experimental phyfics
endeavours to invefligate the caufes of the congelation
of water, and why ice is lighter than water; from
whence it derives that expaniive force by which it
breaks the containing veflel ; the difference there is
between the congelation of rivers and that of [landing
waters; why ice becomes more cold by the mixture of
falis ; and many other (imilar phenomena.
XIII. The nature of fire is yet very much unknown
to the moft learned philofophers. As objects when at a
great dillance are not perceptible to our fenfes, fo when
we examine them too nearly, we difcern them but con-
fufedly. It is ft ill difputcd whether fire be a hemegene,
unalterable matter, defigned by its prefence, or by its
action to produce heat, inflammation, and diffolution, in
bodies ; or if its e (fence confifts in motion only, or in
the fermentation of thofe particles which we call wfian:*
mablzy and which enter as principles, in greater or lefs
quantities, in the CGinpolition ot mixed bodies. The
moft learned inquirers into nature incline to the former
opinion ; and have recourfe to a matter which they
regard as the principle of fir?. They fuppofe that
there is in nature a fluid adapted to this pnrpofe, cre-
ated fuch from the beginning, and that nothing more
is neceffary than to put it in aclion. The numberlefs
experiments which are daily made in electricity fecm
to favour this opinion, and to prove that this matter,
this fluid, this elementary fire, is diffnfed through all
nature, and in all bodies, even ice itfelf. We cannot
fay to what important knowledge this great difcovery of
electricity may lead if we continue our inquiries con-
cerning it. It appears, however, that we may believe,
without any inconvenience or abfurdity, that fire and
light, confidered in their firfl principle, are one and
the fame fubftance differently modified.
XIV. Be this matter, however, as it may, experi-
menial philofophy is employed in making the moft in-
genious and mod ufeful refearches concerning the na-
ture of (ire, its propagation, and the means by which
its power may be excited or augmented; concerning,
the phofphorus and its inflammation; (ire excited by
the reflection of the fun's rays from a mirror ; and on
the effects of fire in general; concerning lightning and
its effects; the fufion of metals ; gunpowder and its
K explofion ;
73
74
EXPERIMENTAL philosoppy.
Sedt. I.
explofion ; flame and the aliments of fire ; and an in-
finity of like objeds which it explains, or concerning
which it makes new difcoveries, by the aid of experi-
ments.
XV. By the word light, we underfland that agent
by which nature affeds the eye with that lively and
almoft conflantly pleating fenfation, which we call fee-
ing, and by which we difcern the fize, figure, colour,
and fuuation of objeds, when at a convenient diftance.
All philofophers agree, that the light, which is diffufed
in any place, is a real body. But what this body is,
and by what means it enters that place where it is per-
ceived, is a queftion about which philofophers are di-
vided.
XVI. Experimental philofophy is applied in difco-
vering or proving, by an infinity of experiments, what
is the nature of light, in what manner it is propagated,
what its velocity and progreffive motion. It alio in-
veftigaies and explains the principles of optics properly
fo called, arrd mows the directions which light ob-
ferves in its motion. From thence it proceeds to the
examen of the principles of catoptrics, and defcribes
the laws and effeds of reflected light. It next treats
of the principles of dioptrics, and explains the laws of
refracted light; and laftly, it teaches, from the princi-
ples of natural and artificial vifion, the conftruding of
optical inftruments,as lenfes, concave mirrors, prifms,
telefcopes, &c. &c. and the ufes to which they are ap-
plied.
XVII. By refolving or feparating the rays of light,
philofophy has obtained true and clear difcoveries of the
nature of colours. We are naturally led to imagine that
colours, and their different degrees, make a part of the
bodies that prefent them to our fight ; that white is
inherent in fnow, green in leaves and grafs, and red in
a fluff dyed of that colour. But this is far from being
true. If an objed, which prefents any colour to our
fight, be not illuminated, it prefents no colour what-
foever. In the night. all k black. Colours therefore
depend on light ; for without that we could form no
idea of them ; but they depend alfo on bodies ; for of
feveral objeds prefented to the fame light, fome appear
white, others red, blue, &c. But all thefe matters
being feparate from our own bodies, we fliould never
acquire any ideas of them, if the light, tranfmitted or
refleded by thefe objeds, did not make them fcniible
to us, by ftriking upon the organs of our fight, and if
thefe impreffions did not revive in us thbfe ideas which
we have been ufed to exprefs by certain terms. For
thefe reafons philofophy confiders colours from three
points of view, i.As in the light; 2. In bodies, as
being coloured ; and, 3. From the relation they have
to our vifual faculties, which they particularly afftd,
and by which we are enabled to diftinguifh them.
It is unneceffary in this place to fay more either on
colour in particular or experimental philofophy in ge-
neral. The different fubjeds of this colledive article
are particularly treated under their proper names, in
the order of the alphabet : the reader will therefore
turn, as he has occafion, to Acoustics, Catoptrics,
Chromatics, Dioptrics, Hydrostatics, Mecha-
nics, Optics, Penumatics, Electricity, Mag-
netism, ire. ire. ire. Alfo Aerology, Aerosta-
TION,AtMOSP HERE, 5l/«A7/A'G- < g7tf/},CoLD,Co LOUR,
Congelation, Evaporation, Fire, Flame,
Fluidity, Heat, Ignition, Light, Sound,
Steam, Water, Wind, &c.
EXP
lx er ._ EXPERIMENTUM crucis, a capital, leading,
mentum or decilive experiment ; thus termed, either on account
II of its being like a crofs, or diredion-poft placed in
Expiation, the meeting of feveral roads, guiding men to the true
* *— — ' knowledge of the nature of that thing they are enqui-
ring afier ; or, on account of its being a kind of tor-
ture, whereby the nature of the thing is at were ex-
torted by force.
EXPHORESIS. See Oratory, n° 85.
EXPIATION, a religious ad, by which fatisfac-
tion or atonement is made for the commiflion of fome
crime, the guilt done away, and the obligation to pu-
nifhment cancelled.
Expiations among the Heathens, were of feveral
kinds ; as facrifices and religious warnings. They
were ufed for effacing a crime, averting any calamity,
and on rmmberlefs other occafions, as purifying towns,
temples, and facred places, and armies before and
after battle. And they were performed for whole cir
ties as well as particular perfons.
The method of expiation among the Jews was chief-
ly by facrifice, whether for fins of ignorance, or to
purify themfelves from certain pollutions.
Feaft of Expiation among the Jews, called by our
tranflators the day of atonement, was held on the tenth
day of Tifri, or the feventh month of the Jewifh year,
anfwei-ing to part of our September and Odober. It
2
EXP
was inftituted by God himfelf, Levit. xxiii. 27, &c. £ xp ; at ; 0B1
On that day the high-prieft, the figure or type ofje- •
fus Chrift, entered into the moft holy place, and con- Explofion.
fefled his fins; and, after feveral ceremonies, made an * *-^ — '
atonement for all the people to wafh them from their
fins. Lev. chap. xvi. See ScAPE-Coat.
Expiation, in a fignrative fenfe, is applied by di-
vines to the pardon procured to the fins of the peni-
tent by the merit of Chrift's death. See the article
Christianity.
EXPIRATION, in medicine. See Exspiration.
Expiration, is alfo ufed figuratively, for the end
of a term of time granted, agreed on, adjudged.
EXPLICIT, in the fchools, fomething clear, di-
ftind, formal, and unfolded.
EXPLOSION, in natural philofophy, a fudden and
violent expanfion of an aerial or other elaflic fluid, by
which it inftantly throws off any obftacle that happens
to be in the way, fometimes with incredible force, and
in fuch a manner as to produce the moft aftonifhing ef-
feds upon the neighbouring objeds. T
Explofion differs from expanfion, in that the latter is a Difference
gradual and continued power, ading uniformly for fome*ketween
time; whereas the former is always fudden, and only explofion
of momentary duration. The expanfions of folid fub- * nd ex P an *
fiances do not terminate 111 violent explofions, on ac-
count of their flownefs, and the fmall fpace through
which
Explefion,
General
caufes of
explofions,
Ele&ricex-
plofions the
ftrongeft of
all.
EXP [
which the metal, or other expanding fubftanee, moves ;
though their flrength may be equally great with that
of the mod active aerial fluids. Thus we find, that
though wedges of wood, when wetted, will cleave fo-
lid blocks of (tone, they never throw them to any di-
stance, as is the cafe with gun-powder. On the other
hand, it is feldom that the expansion of any elaftic
fluid burfls a folid fubftanee without throwing the
fragments of it to a considerable diftance, the effects
of which are often very terrible. The reafons of this
may be comprifed in the two following particulars :
i. The immenfe velocity with which the aerial fluids
expand, when affected by a confiderable degree of
heat ; and, 2. Their celerity in acquiring heat and
being affected by it, which is much fuperior to that of
folid fubflances. Thus air, heated as much as iron
when brought to a white heat, is expanded to four
times its bulk ; but the metal itfelf will not be expand-
ed the 500th part of the fpace. In the cafe of gun-
powder, which is a violent and well-known explofive
fubftanee, the velocity with which the flame moves is
calculated by Mr Robins, in his Treatife upon Gunnery.
to be no lefs than 7000 feet in a fecond, or little lefs
than 79 miles per minute. Hence the impulfe of the
fluid is inconceivably great, and the obftacles on which
it ftrikes arc hurried off with a vaft velocity, though
much lefs than that juft mentioned ; for a cannon bul-
let, with the greateft charge of powder that can be con-
veniently given, does not move at a greater rate than
2400 feet per fecoud, or little more than 27 miles per
minute. The velocity of the bullet again is promoted
by the hidden propagation of the heat through the
whole body of air as foon as it is extricated from the
materials of which the gunpower is made ; fo that it
is enabled to ftrike all at once, and thus greatly to aug-
ment the momentum of the ball. It is evident that
this contributes very much to the force of the explo-
iion by what happens when powder is wetted or mixed
with any fubftanee, which prevents it from taking fire
all at once. In this cafe the force of the explofion, e-
ven when the fame quantity of powder is made ufeof,
cannot be compared to that of dry powder.
Upon thefe principles we may conclude, that the
force of aa explofion depends. 1. On the quantity of
elaftic fluid to be expanded ; 2. On the velocity it ac-
quires by a certain degree of heat ; and, 3. On the
celerity with which the degree of heat affects the
whole of the expanfile fluid. Thefe three take place
in the greateft perfection where the elecfric fluid is
concerned ; as in cafes of lightning, earthquakes, and
volcanoes. This fluid, as is fhown in many parts of
this work, differs not from elementary fire or the light
of the fun ; it pervades the whole fyftem of nature ; its
expanfion is nothing elfe than its motion from a centre
towards a circumference, for it does not feem capable
of any proper expanfion by a reparation of its parts
like any other fluid. Hence, when it begins to expand
in this manner, the motion is propagated through it
with a velocity far exceeding that of any other fluid
whatever. Thus, even when the quantity is exceflively
fmall, as when an electric fpark is fent through a glafs
full of water or of oil, the expanfion is fo violent as
to diffipate the glafs into innumerable fragments with
great danger to the by-ftanders, as is obferved under
the article Electricity. In violent lightning, where
is 1
EXP
the electric fluid collects itfelf into balls, the fireiigth F.x.p!ofi'j«
of the expolfion is proportionable to the quantity. E- ' " "
very one has heard of the proJigious effects of light-
ning when it happens to lti ike buildings, trees, or even
them oft folid rocks; and in feme cafes, where the
quantity of electricity is ftill greater than in any flam
of lightening, we hear of ftill more tremendous confe-
quences enfuing. Dr Prieftley gives an inftance of a
large fire-ball (undoubtedly a quantity of electric mat-
tery rolling on the furface of the fea, which after ri-
fing up to the top-maft of a fhip of war, burft with
fuch violence that the explofion refembled the dif-
charge of hundreds of cannon fired at once. Great da-
mage was done by it ; but there is not the leaf! doubt
that moft of its force was fpent on the air, carried
down to the fea by the maft and iron- work of the fhip.
Indeed, confidering that in all cafes a great part of
the force of electric explofions isdiflipated in this man-
ner, it may juftly be doubted whether they can be
meafured by any method applicable to the menfuration
of other forces. Even in artificial electricity the force
is prodigionfly great ; infomuch that Dr Van Marum
calculated that of the great battery belonging to the
machine in Teyler's mufeum to be upwards of 900
pounds. 4
In thofe cafes where the electrical matter acts like Volcanic
common fire, the force of the explofions, though ex- explofion*
ceedingly great, is capable of menfuration by compa- " extl "
ring the diftances to which the bodies are thrown with ren ^
their weight. This is moft evident in volcanoes, where
the projections of the burning rocks and lava manifeft
the greatnefsof the power, at the fame time that they
affords a method, of meafuring it. Thefe explofions, as
is fhown under the article Volcano, are owing to ex-
trication of aerial vapours, and their rarefaction by in- 5
tenfe heat. In all of them the air is originally in a In what
ftate of decompofition, viz. its invisible and folid part manner ac-
is joined with fome terreftrial fubftanee. Thus, when ™ al es P l0 "
fixed air, for inftance, is expofed to any pure earth j
which attracts it, as calcined magnefia, a decompofi-
tion inftantly takes place. All thefe vapours* are * See Elaf-
compofed of elementary fire and fome invifible f lib- tie Fapoun.
fiance capable of affiiming a folid form. The decom-
pofition juft mentioned is therefore eafily explained ; the
folid part of the airjoins itfelf to the magnefia, while the
elementary fire or latent heat isdiflipated, and paffes thro'
the iidesof the veffel. Were it now in onr power fudden-
\y toreftore the latent heat to the whole of the fixed air,
fo that it would at once aflume its former expanfion, a
violent explofion would follow. This feems to be pre-
cifely the cafe with the volcanic explofions. An immenfe
quantity of the fixed part of different aerial fiuids is
united to the various fubflances found below the fur-
face of the earth. By means of the electric fire which
kindles the volcanoes, the aerial fluids are fuddenly re-
flored to their elaftic ftate ; and not only fo, but their
natural elafticity is grealy augmented, fo that the ex- ,
plofions take place with great violence. The cafe is E xp i f lon
the fame with gunpowder ; only that the condenfed air of gunpow-
in this cafe is at firftof the dephlogifticated kind, but derexplain-
is quickly phlogifticated by reafon of the combuftible ed *
matters mixed with the nitre, while the heat produced
by the inilammation augments the elafticity of the ge-
nerated air to four times what it ufually is, fo that the
whole force of the explofion is calculated at icoo
K 2 times
E
X
r ?6 1
EXP
Tixolufion,
* See the
article Gun
fiery.
Of palvis
fuiminans,
Explofions
by aqueous
vapours.
Violent ex-
plofion of
water with
melted cop-
per.
to
Probably
owing to a
decompofi-
tion of the
water.
II
Particular-
ly explain-
ed;
times the pre /Tare of the common atmofpherc*. Thus
the explofions of gunpowder and of volcanoes arc effen-
tiilly the fame. The reafon of the extreme quicknefs
of thofe of gunpowder is, that it takes fire fo readily by
the intimate mixture and combustibility of all the ma-
terials, la volcanoes the explofions likevvife follow
one another very quickly, and are by no means infe-
rior in ftrength to thofe of gunpowder : but here the
quantity of vapour makes up for the comparative
flowirefs with which it is affected by the heat. Thus,
though we could not by any means contrive to fire
cannon in qiick fucceilion by means of calcareous
earth as we can do with gunpowder, yet in the huge
furnace of a volcano the elaftic matter is fupplied in
fuch quantities, that the explofions are in a manner un-
remitting ; and even in ordinary experiments the con-
finement of aerial vapours has often occaiioned violent
explofions in chemical veffels. In one cafe too the ex-
trication of fixed air adds excefiively to the force of an
explofion, viz. in that of pulvis fulminans. This is
compounded of fuiphur, faltpetre, and fait of tartar.
The' latter we know contains much fixed air ; and it is
probable that the violence of the explofion is occafion-
ed by this air ; for the greater quantity of it that the
alkaline fait contains, the greater force does it explode
with. Fulminating gold emits a quantity of phlogifti-
cated air, to which its explofive power is fnppofed to
be owing, as is explained under the article Chemi-
stry j but that of fulminating filver is fo extraordi-
nary, that fcarce any force of aerial vapour that can be
extricated is likely to produce it, anditfeems pro-
bable that electricity itfelf is concerned.
Next in flrength to the aerial vapours are thofe of
aqueous and other liquids. The moil remarkable ef-
fects of thefe are obferved in fteam-engincs ; but there
is one particular cafe from which it has been inferred
that aqueous fteam is vaftly ftronger than the flame of
gunpowder. This is when water is thrown upon melt-
ed copper : for here the explofion is fo Strong as al-
moft to exceed imagination : and the moft terrible ac-
cidents have been known to happen from fuch a flight
caufe as one of the workmen fpitting in the furnace
where copper was melting. Here, however, it is moil
probable that a decomposition of the water takes place.
That this element can be decompofed or refolved into
an aerial and a folid fubfiance, is extremely probable from
the experiments of Dr Prieftley, as well as thofe of the
French philofophers. The pofition is indeed denied
by the phlogiftians ; but their arguments appear not
to be conclufive ; nor is it a fact which militates in the
leaSt againft rhcir principles. On the fuppofition that
the water is decompofed in the prefent cafe, however,
the phenomenon inquefiionis eafily folved. The water
being thrown ill fubfiance upon the melted copper, is
decompofed by the violent heat ; and one part of it
adheres to the metal, thus converting it into a kind of
calx, while the other is converted into inflammable
or fome other kind of air, which expanding fuddenly,
throws the melted metal all about with the greatest
violence by means of its re-action.
To underftand the manner in which this is accom-
plished, we mult confider fome of the principles of
Gunnery \laid down by Mr Robins, and related
under that article. One of thefe is, that though the
a;r ; in cafes of ordinary velocity, makes no great re-
finance, it is farotherwife where the velocity of the Explofion.
moving body becomes very great. In ali cafes of ex- *—— v— — *
plofion alfo there is in the firit initance a vacuum made
by the exploding fluid ; and coniequendy the weight
of the atmofpherc is to be overcome, which amounts
to about 15 pounds oh every fquare inch offurface.
Suppofing the furface of the exploding fluid, then, on
that of melted copper to contain an area of 4 fquare
inches, it meets with a refiftence of 60 pounds from
the atmofphere, and consequently communicates an
equal preffure to the fluid metal. Even this muft of
confequence throw it about, unlefs the fame pre fibre
was exactly difrufed over every part of the iurface.-
But much more muft this effect be increaied by the
-immenfe velocity with which the fluid moves, and by
which the refiftance of the atmofphere is augmented
in a prodigious degree, as is explained under the article.
Gunnery. The elaftic fluid generated is then con-
fined not only by the fluid metal and fides of the fur-
nace, but by the air itfelf, which cannot get out of 1
the way ; fo that the whole refembles a cannon clofed
at the mouth, and filled with inflamed gunpowder.
Hence not only the melted metal, but the furnace it-
felf and the adjacent walls of the building, are .hurried
off as they would be by the firing of a great quantity
of gunpowder in a imall fpace, and which is well
known to produce analogous effects. I2
In explaining the phenomenon in queftion, Dr Black Is not <>w-
fuppofes that the mere heat of the metal applied to the ingtomere
aqueous fteam produces the explofion; and in proof ac I ueo ^ s
of this alleges, that copper imbibes a greater quantity f n j m "
of heat during fufion than any other metal. Aqueous j^ c " t g t i.
fleam, however, feems to be too flow for producing
fuch fudden and violent effects. Explofions, it is true,
will be occafioned by it, but then it muft be confined
for a very considerable time ; whereas the effects of Wa-
ter thrown upon melted copper are instantaneous. r
It may now be afked, Why fuch explofions do not why fuch
takeplace with any other metal, iron forinfiance, when explofions
water is thrown upon its furface in fufion ? In anfwer do not take
to this we muft obferve, That though water is decom- P lace witil
pofed by being applied to red-hot iron in the form of ° j r me "
fteam, yet there is a poffibility, that when the fame ele-
ment is applied in fubfiance with the fluid metal, no de-
composition may enfue. Something like this in-
deed happens with copper itfelf; for, notwith Standing
the violent effects which rake place on the contact of
water in fubftance with the melted metal, no explo-
fion happens though aqueous fteam be blown upon its
furface. On the contrary, the upper part of the me-
tal is thus cooled, and forms itfelf into cakes, which
are afterwards taken off, and new ones formed in the
fame manner ; neither does aqueous fteam affect red-hot
copper in the manner that it does iron in the fame ftate.
A decifive proof that the explofion is not occafioned
by the mere heat of the aqueous fieam maybe dedu-
ced from the example of melted glafs, which produces
no explofion though we pour water upon it in that
ftate; and yet the heat of melted glafs is undoubtedly r .^
iin-i r ij t ni» Explofions
equal at lead to that of melted copper. It muft be ob- vvh g n heaU
ferved, however, that in all cafes where a very hot edfubftan-
body is thrown upon a fmall quantity of water in fub- ees are
fiance, an explofion will follow; but here the water thrown up-
is confined and fuddenly rarefied into' fteam, which can- 0IV ^™ a ^
not get away without throwing off the body which ^" ant ' tlC8
° J ° J n of water.
confines
£ X P
[ 77 ]
E X P
Explofion. confines it. Examples of this kind frequently occur
' ^— ^ where mafons or othrr mechanics are employed in faft-
ening cramps of iron into ftones ; where, if there hap-
pens to be a little water in the hole into which the lead
is poured, the latter will fly out in fuch a manner as
fometimes to burn them ieverely. Terrible accidents
of this kind have fometimes happened in founderies,
when large quantities of melted metal have been poured
into wet moulds. In thefe cafes, the fudden expanfion
of ihe aqueous fleam has thrown out the metal with
violence ; and if any decompofition has taken place ac
the fame time, fo as to convert the aqueous into an
15 aerial vapour, the explofion mud be ftill greater.
E7 pouring To this laft kind of explolion we muft refer that
cold water ^jjiclk takes place on pouring cold water into boiling
imo boiling or burning oil or tallow. Here the cafe is much the
fame whether we'pour the oil on the water, or the
water on the oil. In the former cafe, the water which
lies at the bottom is rarefied into fleam and explodes ;
in the latter, it finks down through the oil by its fupe-
rior fpecific gravity, and explodes as it palfes along. In
either cafe, however, the quantity of aqueous fluid
muft be but imall in proportion to that of the oil : a
very great quantity would put out the flame, or deftroy
j5 the heat, in whatever way we applied it.
Explofions Another kind of explofion is that which takes place
infolidfub- in folid fiibftances, where we can fcarce fuppofe either
itances ex- aqueous or aerial vapours to be concerned. The moft
plaiued. remarkable of thefe are the volcanic bombs mentioned
by Sir William Hamilton in the great eruption of Ve-
fuvius in 1779. They were large pieces of lava which
burft in pieces like bombs as they fell to the ground .•
but he does not inform us whether their burfting was
attended with any great violence or not. Indeed, amidft
fuch fcenes of horror, and the continual tremendous
explofions of the volcano, fmaller phenomena of this
kind would probably be overlooked. Other examples
are the GLASs-Tears, of which an account is given un-
der that article; the burfting of electrical globes, when
put in motion ; of other glafs-veffels fpontaneouily,
and feemingly without any caufe ; andlafily, the burft -
ing of large caft-metal veiTels in the ad cf cooling.
Thefe are all fo fimilar to one another, that it is pro-
bable they depend on one general caufe. All of them
agree in this refpect, that the extreme parts of them
are confiderably cooled, while the internal remain very
hot. Thus, in the volcanic bombs, the current cf air,
formed by their fwift paffage through it in falling, ne-
celfarily carries off a great quantity of heat from the
parts which are in contact with it, while the reft are
fcarce at all cooled. The glafs-tears are artificially
cooled on the outfide by dropping them upon water;
and in confequence of this, their explolion is probably
more violent in proportion to their bulk than that of
the volcanic bombs. Glafs-veffels only burft fponta-
neouily when they have not been well annealed ; and
we know that this bad annealing confifts only in ap-
plying cold too fuddenly to the outfide. Something
like tliis probably takes place when caft-iron veifcls ex-
plode ; and we are certain it does fo with electrical
globes, for thefe laft are not apt to burft if they have
been well annealed. In all cafes, therefore, there is a
remarkable contraction of the outward furface by the
cold, while the internal parts remain as much expand-
ed as ever. In this cafe there mult be a continual ef-
fort of that fubtile fluid tatted elementary fire, from EspLfioh.
the internal to the external part, as the contraction gra- * ^~~ "*
dually proceeds the contrary way. Thus, when a volcanic
bomb, for inltance, is cooled on the outfide, its parts
are confolidated lb that the internal fluid has not fuch
an eafy pafTage through it as is neceilary. In confe-
quence of this it makes a greater effort, which is ftill
farther augmented by the ceding and contraction of
the internal parts fqueezing the fluid out from among
tliemfelves, and forcing it to recoil upon that in the
centre, as well as to exert itfelf agulnft the external
part; from which united operation the effect already
mentioned at laft takes place. This explanation, how-
ever, does not hold with refpect to electrical globes,
glafs-tears, or ill-annealed glafs : but in order to ac-
commodate it to all thefe, we have only to remember,
that fire, and the electric fluid acting from a centre
to a circumference, are not in the leaft different ; fo
that from whatever caufe the electric matter is difpd*
fed to act in this manner, the fame effect will follow,
/'. e. an explofion will take place if the fubftance does
fiot afford an equally ready paffage through all its
parts, and that whether any fenfible heat is felt in it
or not. 17
The only other kind of explofion we have to take Explofioa
notice of is that produced by inflammable and dephlo- of inflam-
gifticated air, when mixed together and fet on fire. n\Me and
This differs from any of thofe hitherto conlidered, d .epklogif-
1 r . ,• i- Lri j r ■ ticated air*
becaufe in reality there is an ablo.ute condeni2tion
rather than an expanfion throughout the whole of
the operation ; and could the airs be made to take
fire throughout their whole fubftance abfolutely at the
fame inftant, there would be no explofion, but only a
hidden production of heat. From this caufe r.lfo is
derived a very fingular phenomenon taken notice of by
Dr. Prieftley in hislate experiments on thatfubject, re-
corded in the Phil. Tranf. Having '^lofed feveral singu]ar
quantities of inflammable and dephlogilticated air in a phenome-
eopper veffel, firing them afterwards by the electric nonobferv-
fparks, he found that the force of the explofion was ed by Dr.
directed more towards one part of the veffel than ano- Prieftley..
ther ; leaft on that part where the electrical difcharge
was made, and moft upon that which was fartheft from
it. -This inequality was very confiderable ; infomuch
that he could not repeat his experiments any number
of times without injuring the veffel in that part which
was fartheft from the difcharge. The reafon he gives
for this is, that the mixture was not fired at the fame
inftant, but firft at the place where the difcharge was
made. This firft explofion would have acted equally
upon all parts of the veffel, had it not been for the
intervention of the air. By the firft momentary ex-
plofion, however, the air in the fartheft part of the
veffel was condenfed, fo that the next explofion was
made ftronger, while the copper in the fore-part of
the veffel had the whole of this ftrong explofion to
refift, the hinder part being but little concerned, as
the air in it was condenfed and reduced almoft to a va-
cuum.
10
Though the phenomena of explofions are fometimes uf es to
very definitive, they are likewife of confiderable ufc which ex-
in life, by removing obftacles which could fcarcely be plofions ars
cot the better of by any mechanical power whatever, applied.
The principal of thefe are the blowing up of rocks, the
feparadng of ftones in quarries, and other purpofes of
that
EXP
[ 7* ]
EXP
Explofion
20
Attempts
to fuper-
cfde the life
of gunpow-
der.
ai
Effecls of
explofions
on the at-
mofphere
and elec-
tric fluid.
that kind. The deflrudion occafioned by them in
times of war, and the machines formed upon the prin-
ciple of explohon for thedeftruction of the human race,
are well known ; and if we cannot call i\\tit,ufeful t we
muft allow them at leait to be necelfary evils. For the
production of explohons, gunpowder is the only fub-
fiance that has yet been found to anfwer ; nevertheless,
as its ufe is attended withaconliderableexpenfe, feveral
attempts have been made to find out a cheap fubfti-
tute for it. One of the moft remarkable of thefe was
by mixing fmall quantities of water inclofed in little
bladders or fome ealily deftruclive vehicles along with
acharge of powder. By this contrivance it was hoped,
that the water being converted into vapour when the
powder was inflamed, would augment theforceof the
explofion: but inilead of this, it was found greatly to
diminifh it. The reafon was evident, viz. that the
converfion of the water into fleam required fo much of
the latent heat of the inflamed gunpowder, that enough
was not left to give the neceffary expanlion to the ae-
rial fluid produced. A mixture of inflammable and
dephlogifticated air has alfo been tried ; but the ex-.
plolion here has always been found too weak. In
mines, indeed, very terrible effects are produced by fuch
mixture, but in thefe the quantity is immenfe; fo
that the comparative weaknefs of the mixture cannot
be difcovered. Electricity therefore feems to be the
only refource we have; except by adding ingredients
to gunpowder which may increafe the ftrength of it.
There can be no doubt indeed that the electric fluid
is polfeffed of fufficient ftrength to perform every thing
we could defire ; and electricians have fuppofed, per-
haps jultly enough, that a cannon charged with water
might, by means of electricity, become more danger-
ous than one charged with gunpowder : but this fluid
is fo exceeding capricious, fo imperceptible and un-
manageable, that the ufe of it cannot as yet be thought
pracf icable, nor in all probability ever will be fo.
The effects of explofions, when violent, are felt at a
conliderable diftance, by reafon of the concuflions they
give to the atmofphere ; for, as has been already hint-
ed, all of them act upon the atmofpherical fluid with
the very fame force they exert upon terreitrial fub-
ftances fubjecfed to their action. Sir William Hamil-
ton relates, that at the explofions of Vefuviusin 1767,
the doors and windows of the houfes at Naples flew
open if unbolted, and one door was burft open though
it had been locked. A great quantity of gunpowder
being put into the ditch of a fortified city, and fet on
fire, deftroyed part of the wall, and broke down one
of the gates. The blowing up of powder-magazines
or powder-mills will deftroy buildings and kill people,
though certainly without the reach of the flame, and
untouched by any part of the mattered magazine or
mill. But the moft curious effect is, that they electri-
fy the air and even glafs-windowsat a conliderable di-
ftance. This is always obfervable in firing the guns of
the Tower at London : and fome years ago, after an
explofion of fome powder-mills in the neighbourhood
of that city, a great number of people were alarmed
by a rattling and breaking of their china-ware ; which
by the vulgar was taken for a fupernatural phenome-
non, but undoubtedly was owing to fome commotion in
the electrical fluid from the violent concuflion of the
atmofphere. In this refpect, however, the effects of
electrical explofions themlclves are moft remarkable,
not in the uncommon way juft mentioned ;
though
but it is certain, that the influence of a flafh of light-
ning is diffufed for a great way round the place where
the explofion happens, producing many very perceptible
changes both on the animal and vegetable creation.
EXPONENT, in algebra, the fame with index.
See Algebra.
Exponent is alfo ufed in arithmetic, in the fame
fenfe as index or logarithm.
EXPORTATION, the ihipping and carrying out
of the ftate wares and commodities for other coun-
tries. Sec the articles Commerce, Trade, and Ship-
ping.
EXPOSING, the act of fetting a thing to public
view. In the Romifh church, the facrament is laid to
be expofed when it is fhown in public uncovered on fe-
flival days, and during the time of plenary indulgences.
Exposing is alfo ufed with a farther latitude : thus
we fay, It is prohibited to expofe falfe and clipped
money. Such a houle ftands very high, and has a de-
licious profpect ; but it is expofed to all the four winds.
Such a city being on the frontiers, and not fortified,
is expofed to the infults of every party of forces.
Exposing of Children, a barbarous enftom practifed
by moft of the ancients excepting the Thebans, who
had an exprefs law to the contrary, whereby it was
made capital to expofe children ; ordaining at the fame
time, that fuch as were not in a condition to educate
them fhould bring them to the magiftrates, in order to
be brought up at the public expence. Among the
other Greeks, when a child was born, it was laid on
the ground ; and if the father defigned to educate his
child, he immediately took it up ; but if he forbore to
do this, the child was carried away and expofed. The
Lacedemonians indeed had a different cuftom : for
with them all new-born children were brought before
certain triers, who were fome of the graveft men in
their own tribe, by whom the infants were carefully
viewed ; and if they were found lufty and well-fa-
voured, they gave orders for their education, and al-
lotted a certain proportion of land for their mainte-
nance ; but if weakly or deformed, they ordered them
to be caff into a deep cavern in the earth, near the
mountain Taygetus, as thinking it neither for the
good of the children themfelves nor for the public in-
tereft, that defective children fhould be brought up.
Many perfons expofed their children only becaufe they
were not in a condition to educate them, having no
intention that they fhould perifh. It was the unhappy
fate of daughters efpecially to be thus treated, as re-
quiring more charges to educate and fettle them in the
world than fons.
The parents frequently tied jewels and rings to the
children they expofed, or any other thing whereby
they might afterwards difcover them, if Providence
took care for their fafety. Another defign in adorn-
ing thefe infants was either to encourage fuch as found
them to nourifh and educate them, if alive ; or to give
them human burial if dead. The places where it was
ufual to expofe children were fuch as people frequent-
ed moft. This was done in order that they might be
found, and taken up by companionate perfons who
were in circumftances to be at the expence of their
education. With this intention the Egyptians and
Romans
Exponent
11
Expofing.
EXT [79
Expofition Romans chofe the banks of rivers, and the Greeks
|| the highways.
Extant. EXPOSITION, in general denotes the fetting a
""■"" "* ' thing open to public view. See Exposing.
Exposition, in a literary fenfe, the explaining
an author, paiTage, writing, or the like, and fetting
their meaning in an obvious and clear light.
EXPOSITOR, or Expository, a title which fome
writers have given to a leffer kind of dictionaries or
vocabularies, ferving to expound or explain the mean-
ing of the obfcure or difficult words of a language. It
isllfo ufed in the fame fenfe with commentary and
paraphrafe.
EXPOSTULATION, in rhetoric, a warmaddrefs
to a perfon who has done another fome injury, repre-
fenting the wrong in the itrongeft terms, and demand-
ing redrefs.
EXPOSURE, in gardening, the fituation of a gar-
den wall, or the like, with refpect to the points of the
compafs, as fonth or eaft. See Gardening.
Ex-poftfaclo, in law, denotes fomething done after
another thing that was omitted before. An estate
granted may be made good by matter ex-pofl-fafio, that
was not fo at firfl by election, &c.
EXPRESSED oils, in chemiftry, fuch oils as are
obtained from bodies only by preffing. See Oil.
EXPRESSION, in rhetoric, the elocution, dic-
tion, or choice of words in a difcourfe. See Lan-
guage, Oratory, and Poetry.
Expression, in mufic. See Composition.
Expression, in painting, a natural and lively re-
prefemation of the fubject, or of the feveral objects
intended to be mown.
The expreffion confifts chiefly in reprefenting the
human body and all its parts, in the action fuitable to
it : in exhibiting in the face the feveral paffions pro-
per to the figures, and obferving the motions they im-
prefs on the external parts. See Painting.
Expression Theatrical. See Declamation, ar-
ticle iv.
EXPRESSION, in medicine, chemiftry, &c. the
act. of expreffing or extracting the juices or oils of
plants, fruits, or other matters, by fqueezing, wring-
ing, or preffing them in a prefs. After having let the
herbs infufe a due time, their juice muft be drawn by
expreffion in a linen cloth or by a prefs.
EXPULSION, in a general fenfe, the act. of vio-
lently driving a perfon out of any city, fociety, &c.
Expulsion, in medicine, the act whereby any
thing is forcibly driven out of the place in which it is :
thus we fay, the expulfion of tiie fetus in delivery.
EXSICCA1 ION, (formed of exzndficcus, "dry,")
in chemiftry, &c. the acl: of drying up or evaporating
the moifture of aching.
EXPIRATION, in phylic, that part of refla-
tion by which the air is expelled or driven out of the
lungs. See Anatomy, n° 118. and Respiration.
EXSUDATION, or Exudation, the aft of fweat-
ing out. In which manner, gums, balfams, Sec. are
ufually produced from trees.
EXTANT, fomething that ftill fubfifts, or is in be-
ing. It is but part of the hiftory of Livy, of the
writings of Cicero, Casfar, 8cc. that are extant, the
reft are loft. We have nothing extant of Socrates,
though he wrote a great deal.
]
EXT
EXTASY, a tranfpert which fufpends the function Extafjr
of the fenfes, by the intenfe contemplation of fome il
extraordinary or fupernatural object. Extortion.
Extasy, in medicine, a fpecies of catelepfy, when
a perfon perfectly remembers, after the paroxyfm is
over, the ideas he conceived during the time it lafted.
EXTENSION, in philofophy, one of the common
and effential properties of a body ; or that by which it
poffeffes or takes up. fome part of univerfal fpace, which
is called the place of that body. See Metaphysics,
n° 56.
EXTENSOR, an appellation given to feveral
mufcles, from their extending or ftretching the
parts to which they belong. See Anatomy, Table of
the Mufcles.
EXTENT, in law, is ufed in a double fenfe. Some-
times itfignifies a writ or command to the fheriff for
the valuing of lands or tenements ; and fometim.es the
ad of the fherhTor other commidioner upon this writ.
Old and New Extent, in Scots law. See Law,
N° clxvi. 6.
EXTENUATION, the act. of diminifhing or lef-
fening the bulk or fubftance of a thing, efpecially of
the human body. Fevers, agues, long abftinences,
Sec. occafion great extenuations or emaciations.
Extenuation, is alfb a figure in rhetoric, oppofite
to the hyperbole. The Greeks call it x/tot»c.
EXTERIOR, or External. See External.
EXTERMINATION, in general, the extirpating
or deftroying fomething.
Extermination, or Exterminating, in alge-
bra, is ufed for taking away. Thus algebraifts fpeak of
exterminating furds, fractions, and unknown quantities
out of equations. See Maclaur. Algebr. part i. chap. 12.
where we have fome general theorems for the extermi-
nating unknown quantities in given equations.
EXTERNAL, a term of relation applied to the
furface or outfide of a body, or that part which appears
or prefents itfclf to the eye, touch, Sec. in contradif-
tinclion to internal.
External is alfo ufed to fignify any thing that is
without-lide a man, or that is not within himfelf, par-
ticularly in his mind; in which fenfe we fay, exter-
nal objects, occ.
EXTINCTION, in general, denotes the putting
out or deftroyinn - fomething, as a fire or flame. See
Extingiiifhing Fire.
EXTINGUISHMENT, in law, is a confolidation
or union, as where one has due to him a yearly rent
out of lands, and afterwards purchafes the lands out
of which the rent arifes ; in this cafe, both the pro-
perty and the rent being united in one pofTcffir, the
rent is faid to be extinguished.
EXTIRPATION, (formedof *xand_/7;,-/j,< f root"),
the act. of pulling up or deftroying a thing 10 the very
roots. Among the prayers of the Romiffi jubilee, there
is one for the extirpation of herefy.
Extirpation is alio ufed, in furgery, for cutting
off any part entirely ; as a wen, &c. or the eating it
away, as a wart, &c. by corrofive medicines.
EXTISPEX, in antiquity, the perfon who drew
prefages from viewing the intrails of animals offered in
facrifice.
EXTORTION, in law, is an illegal manner of
wrefting any thing from a man, either by force, me-
nace*
EXT
[ 80 ]
EXT
Extra& nace, or authority. It is alfo the exaction of un-
II lawful ufury, winning by unlawful games, and ta-
r.xtrava- fang- more than is due under pretence of rip;hr, as
^ fel ^ ' ,,, exccfhve tolls in millers, &c.
At the common law extortion is punifhable by
fine and imprifonment ; and the ftatute of 3 Eliz 1.
c. 30. has enacted, that officers of juftice guilty of
extortion for the expedition of bulinefs, &c. lhall
render to the party treble value. There are like-
wife divers other flatut.es for punifliing extortions
of fherifis, bailiffs; gaolers, clerks of the affize and
of the peace, attornies, folicitors, &c.
EXTRACT, in pharmacy, is a folution of the
purer parts of a mixed body infpifTated by diflilla-
tion or evaporation, nearly to the conliftence of honey.
Extract, in matters of literature, is fomething
copied or collected from a book or paper.
EXTRACTION, in. chemiftry and pharmacy,
the operation by which efTences, tinctures, &c. are
drawn from natural bodies. See Extract.
Extraction, in furgery, is the drawing any
foreign matter out of the body by the hand, or by
the help of inflruments. See Surgery.
Extraction, in genealogy, implies the flock
or family from which a perfon is defcended. See
Descent.
Extract 1 on of Roots, in algebra and arithmetic,
the methods of finding the roots of given numbers
or quantities. See Algebra and Arithmetic.
EXTRACTOR, in midwifery, an inftrument or
forceps for extracting children by the head.
EXTRAJUDICIAL, fomething done out of the
proper court, or the ordinary courfe of law. As
when judgment is given in a caufe or cafe, not
depending in that court where fuch judgment is
given, or wherein the judge has no jurifdiction.
EXTRAORDINARII, amongft the' Romans, was
a body of men confifting of a third part of the fo-
reign horfe and a fifth of the foot, which was fepa-
rated from the reft of the forces borrowed from the
confederate ftates with great policy and caution, to
prevent any defign that they might poffibly entertain
againft the natural forces. A more choice body of
men were drawn from among the extraordinarii un-
der the name of ab/efti. See Aelecti.
EXTRAORDINARY, fomething out of the com-
mon courfe.
Extraordinary Couriers, are thofe fent exprefs on
fome urgent occafion.
Extraordinary AmbajfuSor, or er voy, is fnch a one
as is fent to treat or negociate fome fpecial and impor-
tant affair, as a marriage, a treaty, confederacy, &c.
or even on occafion of fome ceremony, as condolence,
congratulation.,. Sec
A gazette, jouTfcal, or other news-paper extraordi-
nary, is that publifhed after fome great and notable
event, containing the detsil or particulars thereof,
which are not found in the ordinary papers.
EXTRAVAGANTES, thofe decretal epiflles
Which were publifhed after the Clementines.
They were fo called, becaufe at firft they were not
digefted or ranged with the other papal conftitutiens,
but feemed to be, as it were, detached from the ca-
non law. They continued to be called by the fame
name when they were afterwards inferted in the body Extravafa-
of the canon law. The firft extravagantes are thofe tion
of John XXII. fuccefTor of Clement V. The lad col- J .
leeuon was brought down to the year 1483, and w r as £xudat101 *'
called the common extravagantes, notwithftanding that
they were likewife incorporated with the reft of the
canon law.
EXTRAVASATION, in contufions, fiffures, de-
preffions, fractures and other accidents of the cra-
nium, is when one or more of the blood -veffels, that
are diftributed in the dura mater, is broke or divided,
whereby there is fuch a difcharge of blood as greatly
opprelles the brain and difturbs its office; frequent-
ly bringing on violent pain and other mifchiefs;
and at length death itfelf, unlefs the patient is timely
relieved. See Surgery and Medicine.
EXTREME is applied to the laft and outermoft
part of any thing ; or that which finilhes and ter-
minates that fide.
Extremes, in logic, denote the two extreme terms
of theconclufionof a fyllogifm ; viz. the predicate and
fubject. They are called extremes, from their relation
to another term, which is a medium or mean between
them. The predicate, as being likewife had in the
firft proportion, is called the majus extremum, greater
extreme ; and the fubject, as being put in the fecond
or minor propofition, is called the minus extremum, lef-
fer extreme. Thus, in the fyllogifm, man is an ani-
mal ; Peter is a man, therefore Peter is an animal ;
the word animal is the greater extreme, Peter the lefs
extreme, and the man the medium. See Syllogism.
Extreme and viean proportion, in geometry, is when
a line is fo divided, that the whole line is to the great-
er fegment, as that fegment is to the other : Or, as
Euclid expreffeth it, when the line is fo divided, that
the rectangle under the whole line, and the lefler feg-
ment, is equal to the fquare of the greater fegment.
Extreme Untlion. See Unction.
EXTREMITIES of figures, in painting, is ufed
for the head, hands, and feet. Thefe ihould be
drawn with more nicety and exactnefs, or more
terminated than other parts ; and thus help to ren-
der the action more expreffive.
EXTRINSIC among metaphyficians, is taken in
various fenfes. Sometimes it figniiies a thing's not be-
longing to the effence of another ; in which fenfe, the
efficient caufe and end of a thing are faid to be extrin-,
fie. Sometimes it figniiies a thing's not being contain-
ed within the capacity of another ; in which fenfe,
thofe caufes are called extrinfic which introduce fome-
thing into a fubject from without, as when a fire in-
troduces heat. Sometimes it figniiies a thing added or
applied to another ; in which fenfe accidents and ad-
herents are faid to be extrin lie to the fubjects to which
they adhere. Sometimes the vifion is faid to be ex-
trinfic from fome form which does not exift in that
thing but is adjacent to it, or by fome means or other
without it.
EXTUBERANCES, in medicine, are fwellings or
rifings up in the fleffi or other parts of the body.
EXUBERANCE, (compounded of ex and ufor
i( plentiful ") in rhetoric, a redundancy. See Re-
dundance and Pleonasm.
EXUDATION. See Exsudation.
EXVERILE,
EYE
r si ]
E 2 R
Exverrs EXVERR^S, in antiquity, a kind of brufh ufcd in
_J cleanfiag houl'es out of which a dead perfon had been
. E y e ' A carried.
~ v ~' EXULCERATION, in medicine, the a<St of cau-
fing or producing ulcers. Thus, arfenic exulcerates
the inteltines ; corrofive humours exulcerate the fkin.
Exulceraton is fometimes ufed alfo for an ulcer
itfelf ; but more generally for thofe beginning erouons
which wear away the fubftance, and form ulcers.
EXUVIAE, among naturalifts, denote the caft-ofF
parts or coverings of animals, as the fkins of ferpents,
caterpillars, and other infects.
Exuvi^ is alfo ufed for fome fhells and other ma-
rine bodies, frequently found in the bowels of the
earth ; fuppofed to have been depofued there at the
deluge, as being the real fpoils of once living crea-
tures. See Shell, Fossle, and Deluge.
EY, in old writers, the fame with infula « an
i:land ;" from which comes eyet, a fmall ifland or iflet,
vulgarly called eyghi.
EYCK. See Bruges (John of.)
EYE, in anatomy. See Anatomy, n° 142.
A new-born child fhall be obferved., perhaps, never
to keep its eyes fixed on any one object., but continual-
ly changing from one to another, and if you put your
hand before them, the child will not wink. Hence
fome have thought, that new-born infants have no
fight : but this is a miftake ; and the true reafon why
their eyes are in perpetual motion is, that they have
not yet acquired the habit of examining one thing at
once with their eyes: their not winking at the ap-
proachof the hand, arifes from their want of experience
how eafily their eyes may be hurt ; but in a few days
they get the habit of winking, fo that afterwards their
eyes do it fpontaneoufly at the approach of danger.
Artificial eyes are made of concave plates of gold,
filver, or glafs, and are ftained fo as to refemble the
natural eye. They muft, when fixed in the orbit, be
taken out and cleaned every night, and replaced in the
morning. If no more of a difeafed eye is removed
than what is preternatnrally projected, or if enough is
left to preferve the mufcles unhurt, the artificial eye
will have a little motion from the mufcles that remain.
If the eye does not fit well, it irritates and inflames
the other eye ; in which cafe lay it afide, until one
can be had that fits better.
Bull's Eye, in aftronomy. See Aldebaran.
Eye of a Block, in naval affairs, that part of the
rope-ftrop which is faftened to fome neceffary place in
the fhip: the ftrop is a fort of wreath or rope formed
into a ring, and fixed round the block for the double
convenience of ftrengthening the block and fastening
it in any place where it is wanted.
Eye, in agriculture and gardening, fignifies a little
bud or moot, inferted into a tree by way of graft. See
Engrafting.
Eye of a Tree, a fmall pointed knot to which the
leaves /lick, and from which the ihoots or fprigs pro-
ceed. See Gemma.
Eye, a town of Suffolk, 22 miles from Ipfwich and
91 from London. It may be called an ifland, becaufe Eye
it is furrounded by a brook near the borders of Norfolk, II
in the road between Ipfwich and Norwich. It was in- r.zxz.
corporated by king John; has two bailiffs, 10 principal
burgefTes, 24 common council, a recorder and town-
clerk. It is a mean-built place, with narrow ftreets.
The chief manufacture is bone-lace and fpinning.
Here is, however, a large handfome church ; and
near it are the ruinous walls of an ancient caftle and
mcnaftery. The market is on Saturday, the fair on
Whit-Monday. It has only fent members to parlia-
ment fince the reign of Edward IV.
Eye- Bright. See Euphrasa.
EYMOUTH, a town of Scotland in the county of
Berwick, formerly fortified to curb the garrifon of Ber-
wick, from which place it is diftant fix miles W. Long.
1. 50. N. Lat. 55. 50. It gave title of baron in the
kingdom of Scotland to Churchill, afterwards the great
Duke of Marlborough ; but he having no male ifliic, it
became extinct in him.
EYRAC, or Irac, Arabia, a province of Turkey
in Alia, 345 miles in leng:h, and 190 in breadth; of
which Bagdad is the capital.
Eyrac Agemi, the principal province of Perfia, an-
ciently called Parthia.
EYRE, or Eire, in law, the court of itinerant jaf-
tices. See Assize.
EYRIE, in falconry, a brood or neft, a place where
hawks build and hatch their young.
EZEKIEL, a canonical book of the Old Teftament,
referring chiefly to the degenerate manners and cor-
ruptions of the Jews of thofe times. It abounds
with fine fentences and rich comparifons, and difcoverss
a good deal of learning in profane matters.
Ezekiel was carried captive to Babylon with Jecho-
niah, and began his prophecies in the fifth year of the
captivity. He was cotemporary with Jeremiah, who
prophefied at the fame time in Judea. He foretold
many events, particularly the deftruction of the tem-
ple, the fatal cataftrophe of thofe who revolted from
Babylon to Egypt, and the happy return of the Jews
to their own land.
EZION-gaber. See Asiongaber.
EZRA, a canonical book of the Old Teftament ;
comprehending the hiftory of the Jews from the time
of Cyrus's edict for their return, to the 20th year of
Artaxerxes Longimanus. It fpecifies the number of
Jews who returned, and Cyrus's proclamation for the
rebuilding the temple, together with the laying its
foundation, the obftruction it met with, and the finifii-
ing thereof in the reign of Darius.
The illuftrious author of this book was alfo the re-
ftorer and publifher of the canon of the Old Teftament.
See Bible.
The books of Ezra, called in the Englifh verfion
the Firft and Second Books ofEfdras, though held by
fome, particularly the Greeks, for canonical, are thrown
by the Englifh church into the number of apocryphal
books, being only extant in Greek.
Vol. VII.
F.
r 8a J
F.
Fabian.
F,
FAB
THE fourth confonant, and fixth letter of the
alphabet. The letter F is borrowed from the
_, digamma or double gamma of the iElians, as is evi-
dent from the inscription on the pedeftal of the Colof-
ius at Delos; and was undoubtedly formed from the
old Hebrew vau : and though this letter is not found
in the modern Greek alphabet, yet it was in the an-
cient one, from whence the Latins received it and
tranfmitted it to us.
It is formed by a ftrong expreffion of the breath, and
joining at the fame time the upper-teeth and under-
lip. It has but one fort of found, which has a great
affinity with v and ph, the latter being written for it
by us in all Greek words, as philofophy, &c. though
the Italians write it filofofia.
The Romans for fome time ufed an inverted F, j,
inftead of V confonant, which had no peculiar figure
in their alphabet. Thus, in inferiptions we meet with
TER.MINA.sIT, DUI, &c. Lipfius and others fay,
that it was the emperor Claudius who introduced the
ufe of the inverted digamma, or j : but it did not
long fubfift after his death; for Quintilian observes,
that it was not ufed in his time.
F, or fa, in mufic, is the fourth note rifing in this
order of the gamut, ///, re, mi, fa. It likewife denotes
one of the Greek keys in mufic, deStined for the bafs.
F, in phySical prefcriptions Stands for Fiat, or " Let
it be done." Thus f. s. a. Signifies fiat fecundum artem.
F was alfo a numeral letter, Signifying 40; accord-
ing to the verfe,
Sexta quaterdenos gerit quae dijlat ab alpha.
And when a dafh was added at top, thus f, it Signi-
fied forty thoafand.
F, in the civil law. Two f's joined together thus,
ff, Signify the pandects. See Pandects.
F, in criminal law, a Stigma or brand put upon fe-
lons with a hot iron, on their being admitted to the
benefit of clergy ; by flat. 4H. 7. c. 13.
FABA, in botany. SeeViciA.
FABAGO, in botany ; a Species of bean-caper, or
Zygophyllum.
FABER, in ichthyology ; a Species oS Zeus.
FABIAN (Robert), an alderman of the city of
London, and flieriff in the year 1494; was a perfon
of learning for the time he lived in, a good poet, and au-
thor of a Chronicle of England and France, intitled
The Concordaunce of Stories, in two volumes folio, be-
ginning with Brute, and ending with the 20th of
Henry VII. 1504. It contains feveral curious parti-
culars relative to the city of London, not elfewhere to
be found. Stowe calls it <* a painful labour, to the
great honour of the city and of the whole realm.*' We
are told that Cardinal Wolfey caufed as many copies
of this book as he could procure to be burned, be-
F A B
caufe the author had made too clear a diScovery of the
large revenues of the clergy. Fabian died in 1512.
FABII, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who »
derived their name from f aba, a bean, becaufe fome of
their anceftors cultivated this pulfe. They were once
So numerous that they took upon themSelves to wage
a war againfl the Veientes. They came to a general
engagement near the Crerciera, in which all the fami-
ly, confiding of 306 men, were totally flain, year of
Rome 277. There only remained one whole tender
age had detained him at Rome, and from him arofe
the noble Fabii in the following ages.
FABIUS (Maximus Rullianus), was the firft of the
Fabii who obtained the Surname of Maximus, for lef-
fening the power of the populace at elections. He
was mafter of horfe, and his victory over the Samnites
in that capacity nearly coft him his life, becaufe he
engaged the enemy without the command of the dic-
tator. He was five times conful, twice diclator, and
once cenfor. He triumphed over feven different nations
in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himfelf
illuStrious by his patriotifm.
Fabius (Rufticus), an historian in the age oS Clau-
dius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca ; and the
encomiums which Tacitus paffes upon his Style, make
us regret the lofs of his compositions.
O. Fabius (Maximus), a celebrated Roman, who
from a dull and inactive childhood was raiSed to the
higheSt offices of the ftate. In his firft confnlfhip he
obtained a victory over Liguria, and the Satal battle of
ThraSymenus occafioned his election to the dictator-
Ship. In this important office he began to oppoSe
Hannibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like
his predeceflbrs, but he continually harraffed his army
by countermarches and ambnfeades, from which he re-
ceived the Surname of Cunftator, or Delayer. Hannibal
Sent him word, that " If he was as great a captain as
he would be thought, he ought to come into the plain
and give him battle." But Fabius coldly replied,.
" That if he was as great a captain as he would
be thought, he would do well to force him to fight."
Such operations for the commander of the Roman ar-
mies gave offence to fome ; and Fabius was even accu-
fed of cowardice. He, however, continued firm in his
firft refolutions ; and patiently bore to fee his mafter of
horfe raifed to Share the dictatorial dignity with him-
felf, by means of his enemies at home. When he had
laid down his office of dictator, his fuceeflbrs, for a.
while, followed his plan ; buttherafhnefsoS Varro, and
his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occafioned
the fatal battle of Cannae. Tarantum. was obliged to
Surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannae ; and
on that occafion the Carthaginian enemy obferved that
Fabius was the Hannibal of Rome. When he bad
ma/Jj;
Fabii,
Fabius.
FAB
L 83 ]
FAB
Fabius made an agreement with Hannibal for the ranfom of
|| the captives, which was totally difapproved by the
FabrL Roman fenate, he fold all his edates to pay the mo-
- "' ney, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The
bold propofals of young Scipio to go and carry the
war from Italy to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as
chimerical and dangerous. He did not, however, live
to fee the fuccefs of the Roman arms under Scipio,
and the conqued of Carthage by meafures which he
treated with contempt and heard with indignation.
He died in the 100th year of his age, after he had
been five times conful, and twice honored with a
triumph. The Romans were fo fenfible of his great
merit and fervices, that the expences of his funeral
were defrayed from the public treafury. — His foil bore
the fame name, and moved himfelf worthy of his noble
father's virtues. During his confulfhip he received a
vifit from his father on horfeback in the camp. The
fon ordered the father to difmoimt : and the old man
cheerfully obeyed, embracing his fon, and faying, " I
wifhed to know whether you knew what it is to be
conful." He died before his father, and Cunctator
with the moderation of a philofopher delivered afuneral
oration ever the dead body of his fon.
Fabius, dyled PiSlor, a Roman general and hido-
rian. He firfl introduced painting at Rome, and ha-
ving caufed the walls of the temple of Health to be
painted, fome authors have erroneoufly reckoned him
a painter. He died about 216 B. C.
FABLE, a tale, or feigned narration, defigned ei-
ther to indruct or divert, difguifed under the allegory
of an action, &c.
Fables were the firfl pieces of wit that made their
appearance in the world ; and have continued to be
highly valued, not only in times of the greated fimpli-
city, but in the mod polite ages of the world. Jo-
tham's fable of the trees is the olded that is extant,
.and as beautiful as any that have been made fince. Na-
than's fable of the poor man is next in antiquity. We
find iEfop hi the mod didant ages of Greece ; and in
the early days of the Roman commonwealth, we read
of a mutiny appeafed by the fable of the belly and the
members. As fables had their rife in the very infan-
cy of learning, they never fkmrifhed more than when
learning was at its greated height ; witnefs Horace,
Boileau, and Fontaine.
Fable is the fined way of giving counfel, and moll
univerfally pleaiing, becaufe lead {hocking ; for, ihthe
readingof a fable, a man thinks he is directing hiinielf,
whilfl he is following the dictates of another, and con-
fequently is not fenfible of that which is the molt un-
pTcafing circumdance in advice. Belides, the mind is
never fo much pleafed as when (he exerts herfelf in any
action that ^ives her an idea of her own abilities; this
natural pride of the foul is very much gratified in the
reading of fable.
Fable, is alfo ufed for the plot of an epic or dra-
matic poem ; and is, according to Aridofle, the prin-
cipal part, and, as it were, the foul of the poem. See
Poetry.
FABRI (Honorius), a laborious Jefuit born in the
diocefe of Bellay, diftinguiflied himfelf by his Ikill in
philofophy and the mathematics, and by writing a
great number of books. The mod curious of which
treat of geometry, optics, the loadftone, the motion of
Fabricius.
the earth, the ebbing and flowing of the fea, &c. He Fabriane
died at Rome in 1688.
FABRIANO (Gentile da), painter of hidory, was
born at Verona in 1332, and became a difciple of Gio-
vanni da Fiefole. In that early age of painting he
rendered himfelf very famous, and was employed toa*
dorn a great number of cnurches and palaces at Flo-
rence, Urbino, Siena, Peruiia, and R.ome, but parti-
cularly in the Vatican ; and one picture of his, repre-
fenting the Virgin and Child, attended by Jofeph,
which is prefervedin the chnrch of S. Maria Maggiore,
was highly commended by Michael Angclo. By or-
der of the Doge and Senate of Venice, he painted a
picture in the great council-chamber, which was con-
iidered as fo extraordinary a performance, that his em-
ployers granted him a penlion for life, and conferred on
him the highed honour of their date, which was, the
privilege of wearing the habit of a noble Venetian.
He died in 1412.
FABRIC, in general denotes the ftracture or con-
ftrudtion of any thing ; but particularly of buildings,
as a church, hall, houfe, &c. See Architecture.
FABRic-Latids, thofe formerly given towards re-
building or repairing of cathedrals and other churches ;
for anciently almod every body gave more or lefs, b/
his will, to the fabric of the parifh-church where he
dwelt.
FABRICIUS (C), a celebrated Roman, who in
his fird confulfhip, year of Rome 470, obtained feve-
ral victories over the Samnitesand Lucanians, and was
honored with a triumph. The riches which were ac-
quired in thofe battles were immenfe, the foldiers were
liberally rewarded by the conful, and the treafury was
enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabri-
cius went as ambaflador to Pyrrhus, and refufed with
contempt prefents, and heard wiih indignation offers,
which might have corrupted the fidelity of a lefs vir-
tuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occafion to admire the
magnanimity of Fabricius ; but his adonifhment was
more powerfully awakened when he fa"w him make a
difcovery of the perfidious offers of his phyfician, who
pledged himfelf to the Roman general for a fum of
money topoilbn his royal mader. To this greatnefs
of foul was added the mod confummate knowledge of
military affairs, and the greated funplicity of manners.
Fabricius never ufed rich plate at his table. A fmall falt-
cellar, the feet of which were horn, was the only di-
ver veffel which appeared in his houfe. This contempt
of luxury and ufelefs ornaments Fabricius wifhed to in-
fpire among the people; and during his cenforfhip he
baniflied from the fenate Cornelius RurHnus, who had
been twice conful and dictator, becaufe he kept in his
houfe more than ten pound weight of lilver plate.
Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus,
who obferved that he wiihed rather to command thofe
that had money, than pofiefs it himfelf. He lived and
died in the greated poverty. His body was buried at
the public charge, and the Roman people were obliged
to give a dowry to his two daughters when they had
arrived to years of maturity.
Fabricius (George), a learned German, born at
Chenmitz in Mifnia, in 1516. After a liberal educa-
tion, he vilited Italy in quality of a tutor to a young
nobleman ; and, examining all the remains of antiqui-
ty with great accuracy, compared them with their de-
L 2 icriptioi;
1
FAB
[ 84 ]
F A C
Fabricius fcriptions hi Latin writers. The refill t of thefe obfer-
|| vations was his work intitled Roma, containing a de-
Jabulous. fcription of that city. He afterwards fettled at Mife-
num, where he conducted a great fcljool to the time
of his death in 1571. He was alfo the author of a
great number of facred Latin poems, wrote feven
FACE, the furface, or firft fide which a body pre-
fents to the eye. We fay, the face of the earth, of the
waters, &c. Polyhedrons have £c\eva\ faces. A die,
or cube, has £0. facts.
Face, is particularly ufed for the vifage of an ani-
mal, and efpecially of man ; and comprehends, in the
Face
Factor.
books of the Annals of Mifnia, three of the Annals of latter, all that part of the head which is not covered
Meiffen, and Travels. with the common long hair. The Latins call it fades,
Fabricius (jerom), a celebrated phyfician in the vut'tus, os, &c.
latter end of the 16th century (furnamed Aquapendente, The human face is called the image of the foul, as be-
from the place of his birth), was the difciple and fuc- ing the feat of the principal organs of fenfe ; and the
ceilbr of Fallopius. He chiefly applied himfelf to fur- place where the ideas, emotions, &c. of the foul are
gery and anatomy, which he profefTed at Padua for
40 years with extraordinary reputation. The repub-
lic of Venice fettled a large penfion upon him, and ho-
noured him with a gold chain and a ftatue. He died in
1603 ; leaving behind liim feveral works which are
much efteemed.
chiefly fet to view. Pride and difdain are fhown in the
eye-brows, modefty on the cheeks, majefty in the fore-
head, &c. It is the face ihows the fex, age, tempera-
ment, health, or difeafe, &c.
The face, considered as the index of the paffions,
habits, &c. of the perfon, makes the fubject of phy-
Fabricius (John Albert), one of the moft learned fiognomy. See Physiognomy
and laborious men of his age, was born at Leipfic in
a 668. He was chofen profeflbr of eloquence at Ham-
burgh in 1699, and was made doctor of divinity at
Kiel. His works are numerous ; and he died at Ham-
burgh in 1 736, after a life fpent in the fevereft literary
application to colled and publifh valuable remains of
ancient learning.
Face, among painters and artifts, is ufed to de-
note a certain dimenfion of the human body, adopted
for determining the proportion which the feveral parts
ihould bear to one another. See Drawing.
Face, in the military art, a word of command, in-
timating to turn about : thus, face to the right, is to
turn upon the left heel a quarter-round to the right,
Fabricius (Vincent), born at Hamburgh in 1613, and, face to the left, is to turn upon the right heel a
was a good poet, a great orator, an able phyfician, quarter-round to the left
and a learned civilian. He was for fonie time coun-
fellor to the bifhop of Lubec, and afterwards burgo-
mafter and fyndicof the city of Dantzic ; from whence
he was 13 times fent deputy into Poland, where he
died at Warfaw in 1657, during the diet of that king-
dom. The moll complete edition of Fabricius's poems
and other works was publifhed at Leipfic in 1685, un-
der the direction of his fon Frederic Fabricius.
Fabricius (Baron), one of thefineft gentlemen of
his time, and known to the public by his letters rela-
ting to the tranfadlions of Charles XII. of Sweden
during his refidence in the Ottoman empire, was de-
fcended from a good family in Germany. He was
taken early into the fervice of the court of Holftein :
and was fent in a public character to the king of Swe-
den whilft he was at Bender ; where he foon acquired
the g;ood graces of that prince. He accompanied him
in bis exercifes ; gave him a turn for reading ; and it
was out of his hand Charles fnatched Boileau's fatires,
when he tore out thofe that reprefented Alexander
the Great as a madman. Fabricius was alfo in favour
with Staniihus, and with king George I. whom he
accompanied in his la ft journey to Hanover, and was
with him when he died. A tranflation of his letters
was published in London 1 76 r .
FABROT (Charles Hannibal), one of the moft
celebrated civilians of his time, was born at Aix in
168 1 ; and acquired an extraordinary fkill in the civil
and canon hw, and in the belles lettres. He publifli-
ed the Bafilicce, or Conftitutions of the Emperors of the
Eaft, in Greek and Latin, with learned notes, in fe-
ven vols folio ; and editions of Cedrenus, Nicetas, Ana-
Jlafius, Bib!iothecarius,Cotifl anting Manajfcs, and Cujas,
with learned and curious notes.
FABULOUS, fomething confifting of,
jiected with, a fable
FACIES Hippocratica, in medicine, is when
the noftrils are fharp, the eyes hollow, the temples
low, the tips of the ears contracted and cold, the fore-
head dry and wrinkled, and the complexion pale or li-
vid. — The Hippocratic face is chiefly obferved towards
the period of phthifes and other confumptions, and is
held a fure prognoftic of death. If it appears within
three days after the attack of an acute difeafe, it is
deemed to indicate death.
FACTION, a cabal or party formed in a ftate, ci-
ty, or company.
Faction, in antiquity, a name given to the diffe-
rent companies of combatants in the circus. They were
four, viz. the white, the red, the green, and the
blue ; to which Domitian added another of purple co-
lour. They were fo denominated from the colour of
the liveries they wore ; and were dedicated, according
to M. Aur. Caffiodoms, to the four feafons of the
year ; the green being confecrated to fpring, the blue
to winter, the red to ftimmer, and the white to au-
tumn. It appears from ancient inferiptions, that each
faclion had its procurators and phyfician ; and from,
hiftory, that party-rage ran fo high among them, that
in a diflenfion between two factions, in the time of jufti-
nian, almoft 40,000 men loft their lives in the quarrel.
FACTITIOUS, any thing made by art, in eppe-
fition to what is the produce of nature. Thus, facti-
tious cinnabar is oppofed to native cinnabar.
FACTOR, in commerce, is an agent employed by
merchants rcfiding at other places, to buy or fell goods,
or negociate bills, or tranfact any kind of bufinefs en
their account ; and intitled to a certain allowance for
his trouble.
A fupercargo differs from a factor in this : The bu<
con-
finefs of the former is limited to the care of a particu-
lar cargo ; he goes along with it, and generally re-
Fabulous Age, among ancient hiftoriaus. See Age. turns when his bulinefs is completed : the latter has a
fixed
FAC [
Fa<ftor. fixed refidence abroad, and executes bufmefs for diffe-
rent merchants. But their dunes, and the circumftan-
cesfor wxhich they are accountable, are the fame.
The duty of a factor is to procure the beft intelli-
gence of the {late of trade at his place of refidence ; of
the courfe of exchange ; of the quantity and quality
of goods at market, their prefent price, and the pro-
bability that it may rife or fall ; to pay exact obedience
to the orders of his employers -, toconfult their advan-
tage in matters referred to his direction ; to execute
their bufmefs with all the difpatch that circumftances
admit; to be early in his intelligence, diftinct in his
accounts, and punctual in his correfpondence.
A factor's power is either abfolute or limited. Tho'
intruded with ample defcretionary powers, he is not
warranted to take unreafonable or unufual meafures, or
do any thing contrary to his employer's intereft ; but
it is incumbent on the employer, if he challenge his
proceedings, to prove that he could have done better,
and was guilty of wilful mifmanagement.
When a factor's power is limited, he muft adhere
ftrictly to his orders. If he exceeds his power, though
with a view to his employer's intereft he is liable for
the confequence. For example, if he gives a credit when
not empowered, or longer credit if not empowered, for
the fake of abetter price, and the buyer proves hifol-
vent, he is liable for the debt. A factor has no power
to give credit unlefs authorifed : But if the goods
configned be generally fold on credit at the place of
confignation, thefactor will be vindicated forfellingat
the ufual credit, unlefs exprefsly reftricted.
Although opinion will never juftify the factor for
departing from orders, neceffity fometimes will. If he
be limited not to fell goods under a certain price, and
the goods be perifhable, and not in a fituation for be-
ing kept, he may fell them, to prevent their dettruc-
tion, even under the price limited.
A factor is never warranted to deal on truft, ex-
cept with perfons in good credit at the time. If the
employer challenge the debtors, it is incumbent on
him to prove that their bad circumftances was known
at the time of fale ; and the factor will be vindicated,
if he trufted them at the fame time for goods of his
own.
If the factor fells his employor's goods on truft, and,
after the day of payment is elapfed, receive payment
from the purchafer for a debt of his own, he becomes
liable in equity for the debt.
In cafe of bankruptcy, the factor ought immediate-
ly to lay attachments, and advife his employers ; and
he cannot withdraw his attachments, nor compound
debts without orders.
If a factor fells goods belonging to different mer-
chants to the fame perfon, and the buyer proves infol-
vent, they fhall bear the lofs in equal proportions ;
and, if the buyer has paid part before his infolvency,
without fpecifying for which, the payment ought to
be distributed in equal proportions ; but, if the days
of payment be fixed, and part of the debts only due,
the payment ought to be applied, in the flrft place, to
fuch debts as were due.
If he makes a wrong entry at the cuftom-houfe, snd
the goods be feized in confequence thereof, he muft
bear the lofs, unlefs the error be occafioned by a mif-
takein the invoice, or letter of advice.
Faculae.
85 ] FAC
The owner bears the lofs of goods feized when at- Fa&or
tempted to be fmuggled by his orders ; but the factor
complying with an unlawful order is liable in fuch pe-
nalties as the laws exact.
If a factor faves the duty of goods due to a foreign
prince, he fhall have the benefit ; for, if detected, he
bears the lofs.
If a factor fells goods bought by his employer's
orders for his own advantage, the employer may reco-
ver the benefit, and the factor fhall be amerced for the
fame.
If a factor receives bad money in payment, he bears
the lofs ; but if the value of the money be leffened by
the government, the employer bears the lofs.
A factor is not liable for goods fpoiled, robbed, or
deftroyed by fire.
If a factor receives counterfeit jewels from his em-
ployer, and fells them, the employer is liable to indem-
nify him for any penalties he may incur.
If a factor be ordered to make infurance, and ne-
glect it, and thefubject be loft, he is liable to make it
good, providing he had effects in his hands.
If a factor buys goods for his employer, his bargain
fhall be binding on the employer.
In cafe of a factor's infolvency, the owner may re-
claim his goods; and, if they be fold on truft, the
owner (and not the factor's creditors) fhall recover
payment of the debts.
Factor, in multiplication, a name given to the
multiplier and multiplicand, becaufe they conftitute the
product. See Arithmetic.
FACTORAGE, called alfo commifiion, is the al-
lowance given to factors by the merchant who employs
them.
A factor's commiflion in Britain, on moft kinds of
goods, is 2J- per cent.: on lead, and fome other ar-
ticles, 2 per cent. ; in Italy, 2\ per cent., in France,
Holland, Spain, Portugal, Hamburgh, and Dantzic,
2 per cent. ; in Turkey, 3 per cent. ; in North Ameri-
ca, 5 per cent, on fales, and 5 per cent, in returns ; in
the Weft Indies, 8 per cent, for commiflion andftorage.
In fome places, it is cuftomary for the factors to infure
the debts for an additional allowance, generally il per
cent. In that cafe, they are accountable for the debt
when the ufual term of credit is expired.
Facto/age on goods is fometimes charged at a cer-
tain rate percafk, or other package, meafure, orweight,
efpccially when the factor is only employed to receive
or deliver them.
FACTORY is a place where a considerable number
of factors refide, to negociate for their mafters or em-
ployers. See Factor.
The moft confiderable factories belonging to the
Britifb are thofe eftablifhed in the Eaft-Indies, Portu-
gal, Turkey, &c. There are alfo Englifh factories
eftablifhed at Hamburgh, Peterfburg, Dantzic, and in
Holland ; all endowed with certain privileges.
FACTUM, in arithmetic, the product of two quan-
ties multiplied by each other.
FACULiE, in aftronsmy, certain bright and mining
parts, which the modern aftronomers have, by means of*
telefcopes, obferved upon or about the furface of the
fun : they are but very feldom feen. — The word is pure
Latin ; being a diminutive of jay } << torch;" and fup-
pofei
F A E
| 86 1
FAG
Faculty
N
Faernus.
pofed to be here applied from their ppcaring and dif- library, was not difcovcred till about 30 years after
appearing by turns. Faernus's death.
FACULTY, in law, a privilege granted to a per- FAGARA, Iron-wood : A genus of the mono-
fon, by favo.ir and indulgence, of doing what, by law, gynia order, belonging to the tetrandria clafs of plants ;
Fagara
II
Fagopy-
rum.
lie ought not to do.
For granting thefe privileges, there is a court under
the arqhbifliop of Canterbury, called the court of the
faculties. The chief officer of this court is fiyled majler
oft/j? faculties, and has a power of granting diipenfa-
tions in divers cafes ; as, to marry without the bans
being firft publithed, to eat flelh on days prohibited, to
ordain a deacon under age, for a fon to fucceed his
father in his benefice, a clerk to hold two or more
livings, &c.
Faculty, in the fchools, a term applied to the dif-
ferent members of an univerlity, divided according to
the arts and fciences taught there: thus in 1110ft uni-
verfities there are four faculties, viz. I. Of arts, which
include humanity and philofophy. 2. Of theology.
3. Of phyfic. And, 4. Of civil law.
Faculty of Advocates. See Advocates.
Faculty is alfo ufed to denote the powers of the
human mind, viz. underftanding, will, memory, and
imagination. See Metaphysics.
FiECES, in cbemiltry, the grofs matter, or fedi-
ment, that fettles at the bottom after diftillation, fer-
mentation, and the like. — The faeces of wine are com-
monly called Lees.
FiECES, in medicine, the excrements voided by ftool.
See Excrements.
FiECULENT, in general, is applied to things
abounding with fseces or dregs ; thus the blood and
other humours of the human body are faid to be fe-
culent, when without that purity which is needfery to
health.
FAENZA, a city of Romania in Italy, with a bi-
fhop's fee. It is an ancient place, and has undergone
various revolutions. The river Amona wafhes its walls,
and pafles between the city and the fnburbs, which are
joined by a ftone-bridge defended by two good lowers.
and in the natural method ranking under the 43d or-
der, Dumofa. The calyx is quadrifid, the corolla tetra-
petalous, and the capiule bivalved and monofpermons.
There are five fpecies, all natives of the warm parts
of America, rifing with woody items more than 20 feet
high. They are propagated by feeds ; but ill Great
Britain muft be kept continually in a Hove.
FAGE (Raimond de la), an excellent defigner and
engraver, highly efteemed by Carlo Maratti, was born
at Toulonfe in 1648. He applied himfelf to defign-
ing, through inclination, in fpite of his parents ; and
had no mailer nor any afliftance : but his fuperior ta-
lents fupplied the want of them, and he became one of
the beft, deiigners in Europe; but his performances
on licentious fubj efts are the moil efteemed. It is re-
ported of this artift, that he never made ufeof money,
but contracted debts ; and when the accounts were
brought him, he drew upon the back of the bills, and
bid the owners fell the drawings toconnoiifeurs for the
amount, by which they were generally great gainers.
Several of thofe drawings are in the cabinets of the
curious. He led a loofe, depraved life ; which his re-
peated debaucheries put an end to at the age of 42.
FAENSA, a city and biihop's fee of Italy, fituated
in the pope's territories, about 30 miles eaft of Bologna:
E. Long. 12. 38. andN. Lat. 44. 30.
FAGGOT, in times of popery in Britain, was a badge
worn on the ileeve of the upper garment of fuch per-
fons as had recanted or abjured what was then termed
herefy ; being put on after the perfon had carried a fag-
got, by way of penance, to fome appointed place of
folemnity. The leaving off the wear of this badge was
fometimes interpreted a iign of apoftacy.
Faggots, among military men, perfons hired by
officers, whofe companies are not full, to mufter and
hide the deficiences of the company; by which means
The city is remarkable for its earthen ware, which is they cheat the king of fo much money.
the beft in all Italy.
FAERNUS (Gabriel), a native of Cremona in Ita-
ly, was an excellent Latin poet and critic of the 16th
century. He was fo {killed in all parts of polite lite-
rature, that the cardinal de Medicis, afterward Pope
Pius IV. was particularly fond of him. He was the
author of fome Latin elegies ; of 100 Latin fables, fe-
lecled from the ancients, written in iambic verfe; and
of feveral pieces of criticifm, asCenftra emeudationum
Livianarum, De Metris Comicis, &c. He was re-
markably happy in decyphering manufcripes, and re-
ftoring ancient authors to their purity : he took fuch
pains with Terence in particular, that Bcntley has
adopted all his iiotes in the edition he gave of that
writer. He died at Rome in 1561, and Thuanus,
who wrote his eloge, fays, that the learned world was
greatly obliged to him, yet had been Hill more fo, if,
inftead of fuppreffing the then unknown fables of Phse-
drus, for fear of leflening the value of his own Latin
fables, written in imitation of iEfop, he had been con-
tent with imitating them. M. Perault, however, who
tranilated Faernus's fables into French, has defended
him from this imputation, by affirming that the firft
MS. of Phasdrus's fables, found in the duft of an old
FAGIUS (Paul), alias Buchlin, a learned Prote-
ftant miniiter, born at Rheinzabem in Germany in
1504. He was a fchoolmafter at Ifna ; but afterwards
became a zealous preacher, and wrote many books.
The perfecution in Germany menacing danger to all
who did not profefs the Romifli doctrines, he and Bt>
cer came over to England in 1549, at r ^ e invitation of
archbifhop Cranmer, to perfect a new tranflationof the
fcriptures. Fagius took the old Teftament, and Bu-
certhe New, for their refpective parts ; but the defign
was at that time fruftrated by the hidden deaths of
both. Fagius died in 1550, and Bucer did not live
above a year after. Their bodies were dug up and
buried in the reign of queen Mary.
FAGONIA, in botany: A genus ofthemonogy-
nia order, belonging to the decandria clafs of plants ;
and in the natural method ranking under the 14th or-
der, Gruinales. The calyx is pentaphyllous ; the pe-
tals are five and heart-fhaped ; the capfule is quin-
quelocular, ten-valved, with the cells monofpermous.
There are three fpecies, natives of Spain, Crete, and
Arabia.
FAGOPYRUM, or Buck-wheat. See Poly-
gonum.
FAGUS,
FAG
C 87 ]
FAG
Fagus. FAGUS, the beech-tree: A genus of the poly -
1 * ' andria order, belonging to the monoecia clafs of plants;
and in the natural method ranking under the 50th or-
der, Amentacea:, The male calyx is quinquefid and cam-
panulated -, there is no corolla ; the ftamina are 1 2 : The
female calyx is quinquedentated ; there is no corolla ;
there are threeftyles; the capfule (formerly the calyx) is
muricated andquadrivalved ; the feeds, two in number.
There are three fpecics. 1. The fylvaticus, or beech-
tree, rifes 60 or 70 feet high, and has a proportion-
able thickuels, branching upward into a fine regular
head, garniflied with oval ferrated leaves, with flowers
in globular catkins, fucceeded by angular fruit called
mafl. 2. The caflanea, or chefnut-tree, hath a large
upright trunk growing 40 or 50 feet high, branching
regularly round into a fine fpreading head, garniflied
with large fpear-fliaped acutely ferrated leaves naked
on the under fide, having flowers in long amentums,
fucceeded by round prickly fruit, containing two or
more nuts. 3. The pumila, dwarf chefnut-tree, or
chinkapin, rifes eight or ten feet high, with a branch-
ing flirubby Item, and oval fpear-fliapeJ and acutely
ferrated leaves, hoary on the under fide.
Culture. The firft is very eafily raifed from the maft
or feed. " For woods (fays Evelyn), the beech muft be
governed as the oak : — In nurferies, as the afh ; fow-
ing the mafis in autumn, or later, even after January,
or rather nearer the fpring, to preferve them from ver-
min, which are very great devourers of them. But
they are likewife to be planted of young feedlings to
be drawn out of the places where the fruitful trees
abound." Millar fays, the feafon for fowing the mafts
" is any time from October to February, only obferving
to fecure the feeds from vermin when early fowed,
which, if carefully done, the fooner they are fown the
better, after they arc fully ripe." Han bury orders a
fufEcisnt quantity of mafts to be gathered about the
middle of September, when they begin to fall : thefe
are to be "fpread upon a mat in an airy place fix days
to dry ; and after that you may either proceed to fow
them immediately, or you may put them up in bags in
order to fow them nearer the fpring ; which method I
would rather advife, as they will keep very well, and
there will be lefs danger of having them deftroyed
by mice or other vermin, by which kinds of animals
they are greatly reliflied." They muft be fown in
beds properly prepared about an inch deep. In the
firft fpring many of the young plants will appear,
whilft others will not come up till the fpring follow-
ing. Having flood two years in the feminary, they
fnould be removed to the nurfery, where they may re-
main till wanted.
The propagation of the fecond fpecies is alfo chiefly
from feeds. Evelyn fays, " Let the nuts be firft fpread
to fvveat, then cover them in fand ; a month being
paft, plunge them in water, and reject the fwimmers ;
being dried for 50 days more, fand them again, and to
the water-ordeal as before. Being thus treated until
the beginning of fpring or in November, fct them as
you would do beans ; and, as fome practife it, drench-
ed for a night or riiore in new milk ; but with half
this preparation they need only to be put into the
holes with the point upmofl, as you plant tulips. If
you defign to fet them in winter or autumn, I counfel
you to inter them in their hulks, which being every
3
way armed, are a good protection againft the moufe,
and a providential integument." — " Being come up
they thrive beft unremoved, making a great ftand for
at leafl two years upon every transplanting; yet if
needs you muft alter their ftation, let it be done a-
bout November." Millar cautions us againft pur-
chafing foreign nuts that have been kiln- dried, which
(he fays) is generally done to prevent their fprout-
ing in their paflage ; therefore he adds, "If they
cannot be procured frefli from the tree, it will be
much better to ufe thofe of the growth of England,
which are full as good to fow for timber or beau-
ty as any of the foreign nuts, though their fruit is
much fmaller." He alfo recommends preferving them
in fand, and proving them in water. In fetting thefe
feeds or nuts (he fays) " the beft way is to make a
drill with a hoe (as is commonly practifed for kidney-
beans) about four inches deep, in which you fliould
place the nuts at about four inches diflance, with
their eye nppermoft ; then draw the earth over them
with a rake, and make a fecond drill at about a foot
diftance from the former, proceeding as before, al-
lowing three or four rows in each bed. — In April
(he does not mention the time of fowing) thefe nuts
will appear above ground ; you muft therefore obferve
to keep them clean from weeds, efpecially when young :
in thefe beds they may remain for two years, when
you fnould remove them into a nuriery at a wider dif-
tance. The beft time for tranfplanting thefe trees is
either in October or the latter end of February, but
October is the beft feafon : the diftance thefe fliould
have in the nurfery is three feet row from row, and
one foot in the rows. If thefe trees have a downright
tap-root, it fliould be cut off, efpecially if they are in-
tended to be removed again : this will occaiion their
putting out lateral fhoots, and render them lefs fubject
to mifcarry when they are removed for good. The-,
time generally allowed them in the nurfery is three or
four years, according to their growth ; but the younger
they are tranfplanted, the better they will fucceed.
Young trees of this fort are very apt to have crooked
ftems ; but when they are tranfplanted out and have
room to grow as they increafe in bulk they will grow
more upright, and their ftems will become flraight, as.
I have frequently obferved where there have been great
plantations." — Hanbury follows Millar almoft literally;
except that he mentions February as the time of fow-
ing; and recommends th<u the young plants, a year
after they have been planted in the nurfery, be cut
down to within an inch of the ground ; which (he fays)
II will caufe them to fhoot vigoroufiy with one ftrong
" and flraight item." There is one material objection
againft lowing chefnuts in drills, which are well known
to ferve as guides or conductors to the field-moufe,
who will run from one end to the other of a drill
without letting a fingle nnt efcape her : we rather re-
commend fetting them with a dibble, either promifcu-
ou fly or a quincunx, at about fix inches diflance.
Evelyn fays, that coppices of chefnuts may be thick-
ened by layering the tender young fhoots ; but adds,
that '' fnch as fpring from the nuts and marrons are
beft of all." There isa flnped-leaved variegation which
is continued by budding; and the French are faid to-
graft chefnuts for their fruit ; bat Millar fays, fuch
grafted tree are unfit for. timber, The qhefnots wilj
ihriv a
Fagus.
FAG
[ '88 ]
F A I
Fagus. thrive upon almoft any foil which lies out of the wa-
v v ' ter's way ; but difaffects wet moory land.
The method of propagating the dwarf chefnut is
from feeds, which we receive from America. Thefe
mould be p. anted in drills, as foon as ihey arrive, in a
moiftim bed of rich garden -mould. It the feeds are
good, they will come up pretty foon in the fpring.
After they appear, they will require no trouble, except
keeping ihem clean from weeds, and watering ihem
in dry weather. They may Hand in the feed-bed two
years, and be afterwards planted inthenurfery-ground,
at a foot afunder and two feet di/tance in the rows ;
and here when they are get Hrong plants, they will
be fit for any purpofc.
Properties and Ufes. In ftatelinefs and grandeur of
outline, the beech vies with the oak. Its foliage is pe-
culiarly foft and pleahhg to the eye ; its branches
are numerous and fpreading ; and its (tern waxes to a
great fize. The bark of the beech is remarkably
fmootb, and of a filvery call; this, added to the
iplendor and fmoothnefs of its foliage, gives a Unking
neatnefs and delicacy to its general appearance. The
beech, therefore, Handing fingly, and fuffered to form
its own natural head, is highly ornamental ; and its
leaves varying their hue as the autumn approaches, ren-
ders it in this point of view ftill more defirable. In
point of actual ufe the beech follows next to the oak
and the am : it is almoft as neceffary to the cabinet-
makers and turners (efpecially about the metropolis),
as the oak is to the fhip-builder, or the afh to the
plough and cart-wright. Evelyn neverthelefs con-
demns it in pointed and general terms ; becaufe " where
it lies dry, or wet and dry, it is exceedingly obnoxious
to the- worm.'' He adds, however, ' ( but being put ten
days !n water, it will exceedingly rebft the worm."
The natural foil and fi'cuation of the beech is upon dry,
chalky, or limeftone heights : It grows to a great fize
upon the hills of Surry and Kent ; as alfo upon the decli-
vities of theCotfwold and Stroudwater hills of Gloucef-
terfhire, and flourilhes exceedingly upon the bleak banks
of the Wye, in Hereford and Monmouthfhires, England ;
where it is much ufed in making charcoal. In fuuations
like thofe, and where it is not already prevalent, the
beech, whether as a timber-tree or as an underwood,
is an object worthy the planter's attention.
The mart, or feeds, yield a good oil for lamps ;
and are a very agreeable food to fquirrels, mice, and
fwine. The fat of fwine fed with them, however,
is foft, and boils away nnlefs hardened by fome other
food. The leaves gathered in autumn, before they
are much injured by the frofts, make much better
matrafles than ftraw or chaff; and laft for feven or
eight years. The nuts, when eaten by the human
fpecies, occafion giddinefs and headach ; but when
well dried and powdered, they make wholefome
bread. They are fometimes roafted and fubftituted
for coffee. The poor people in Silefia ufe the ex-
preffed oil inftead of butter.
The chejnut tree fometimes grows to an immenfe fize.
The largefl in the known world are thofe which grow
« See Etna, upon Mount .Etna in Sicily*. At Tortworth in
n° 18. and Gloucefterfhire, is a chefnut tree 52 feet round. It is
CLXXXV proved t0 have ftood there cvcr fince the y ear IJ 5°»
and was then fo remarkable that it was called the great
chefnut of Tortworth. It fixes the boundary of the ma-
nor, and is probably near 1000 years old. As an orna-
mental, the chefnut, though unequal to the oak, the
beech, and the elculus, has a degree of greatnefs be-
longing to it which recommends it ftrongly to the gar-
dener's attention. Its ules have been highly extolled ;
and it may cieferve a conliderable ihare of the praife
which has been given it. As a fubltitute for the oak
it is preferable to the elm : For door-jambs, window-
frames, and fome other pivrpofes of the houfe-carpen-
ter, k is nearly equal to oak itlelf ; but it is very apt
to be ihakey, and there is a deceitful brittienefs in it
which renders it unfafe to be ufed as beams, or in any
other fituation where an uncertain load is required to
be borne. It is univerfally allowed to be excellent for
liquor csfks; as not being liable to {brink, nor to
change the colour of the liquor it contains : it is alfo
ftrongly recommended as an underwood for hop-poles,
flakes, &c. Its fruit too is valuable, not only for
fwine and deer, but as a human food : Bread is faid to
have been made of it. Upon the whole, the chefnut,
whether in the light of ornament or ufe, is undoubt-
edly an object of the planter's notice.
FAINT-actton, inlaw, a feigned action, or fuch
as, although the words of the writ are true, yet, foi*
certain caufes, the plaintiff has no title to recover
thereby.
Faikt-T leader, in law, a covinous, falfe, or collu-
fory manner of pleading, to the deceit of a third perfon.
FAINTING. See Lipothymia.
FAINTS, in the diftillery, the weak fpirituous li-
quor that runs from the It i 11 in rectifying the low wines
after the proof-fpirit is taken off.
Faints, is alfo the laft running of all fpirits diftil-
led by the alembic. The clearing the worm of thefe
is fo ellential a point in order to the obtaining a pure fpi-
rit by the fubfequent diftillatian, that all others are
fruitlefs without it.
FAIR, a greater kind of market, granted to a town,
by privilege, for the more fpeedy and commodious pro-
viding of fuch things as the place Hands in need of.
The word fair is formed from the French foire,
which fignifies the fame thing; and foire is by fome
derived from the ~Lziin forum, "market;" by others
from the Latin ferice, becaufe anciently fairs were al-
ways held in the places where the wakes or feafts of
the dedications of churches, called ferix, were held.
See Ferije.
It is incident to a fair, that perfons fhall be free from
being arrefted in it for any other debt or contract than
what was contracted in the fame ; or, at leaft, promifed
to be paid there. Thefe fairs are generally kept once
or twice a year ; and, by ftauue, they mail not be
held longer than they ought, by the lords thereof, on
pain of their being feized into the king's hands, &c.
Alfo proclamation is to be made, how long they are
to continue ; and no perfon fhall fell any goods after
the time of the fair is ended, on forfeiture of double
the value, one fourth to theprofecutor and the reft to
the king. There is a toll uiually paid in fairs on the
fale of things, and for {tallage, picage, &c.
Fairs abroad are either free, or charged with toll
and import. The privileges of free fairs confift chief-
ly, firft, in that all traders, &c. whether natives
or foreigners, are allowed to enter the kingdom, and
are under the royal protection, exempt from duties, im-
pofitions,
Famf,
Fair.
F A I
[ 89 ]
FAT
£ai£< poftcioas, tolls, &c. Secondly, that merclianis, 1.1 go-
itio- or morning, cannot bs molefted or arretted, or
their goods flopped. They are eltablifhed by lettcrs-
patenr from the prince. Fairs, particularly free fairs,
make a very confiderable article in the commerce of
Europe, efpecially that of the Mediterranean, and in-
land parts of Germany, &c.
The mod celebrated fairs in Europe are thofe,
1. Of Francfort, held twice a-year, in fpring and
autumn : the fir ft commencing the Sunday before
Palm-Sunday, and the other on the Sunday before
the eighth of September. Each lafts I4days, or two
weeks 5 the firft of which is called the wsekoj accep-
tance, and thefecond the -weekof paj/7Jient. They are
famous for the fale of all kinds of commodities ; but
particularly for the immenfe quantity of curious books
no where elfe to be found, and whence the bookfellers
throughout all Europe ufed to furnifh themfelves. Be-
fore each fair, there is a catalogue of all the books to
be fold thereat, printed and difperfed, to call together
purchafers : though the learned complain of divers un-
fair practices therein ; as fictitious titles, names of
books purely imaginary, Sec. befide great faults in the
names of the authors, and the titles of the real books.
— 2. The fairs of Leipfic, which are held thrice a-
year : one beginning on the firft of January ; another
three weeks after Eafter ; and a third after Michael-
mas. They hold 12 days a-piece ; and are at leaft
as confiderable as thofe of Francfort. 3. The fairs
of Novi, a little city in the Milanefe, under the do-
minion of the republic of Genoa. There are four in
the year, commencing on the fecond of February, the
fecond of May, the firft of Auguft, and fecond of
September. Though the commodities bought and
fold here be very confiderable ; yet, what chiefly con-
tributes to render them fo famous, is the vaft con-
courfe of the moft confiderable merchants and nego-
tiants of the neighbouring kingdoms, for the tranfact-
ing of affairs and fettling accounts. 4. The fairs of
Riga, whereof there are two in the year ; one in May,
and the other in Sep. ember. They are much fre-
quented by the Englifh, Dutch, and French fhips, as
alfo from all parts of the Baltic. The beft time for
the fale of goods at Riga is during the fairs. Since
the building of the famous city of Peterfburg, thefe
fairs have fufFered fome diminution. 5. Fairof Arch-
angel, during which all the trade foreigners have with
that city is managed. It holds a month, or fix weeks
at moft, commencing from the middle of Auguft.
The Mufcovite merchants attend here from all parts
of that vaft empire; and the Englifh, Dutch, French,
Sewdilh, Danifh, and other fhips in the port of that
city, on this occafion, ordinarily amount to 300. But
this is no free fair as the reft are : The duties of ex-
portation and importation are very ftrictly paid, and
on a very high footing. 6. The fair of St. Germain,
one of the fuburbs of Paris, commencing on the third
of February, and holding till Eafter ; though it is on-
ly free for the firft 15 days. 7. The fairs of Lyons,
which Monf. du Chefne, in his antiquity of cities,
would infinuate, from a paffage in Strabo, were efla-
blifhed by the Romans ; though it is certain, the fairs,
as they now ftand, are of a much later date. There
are three in the year, each lafting 20 days, and free
forever. They begin on Eafter Monday, the 26th
Vol. VII.
of July, and the firft of December. 8. Fairof Gui-
bray, a fiburb of the city of Fakife, in the Lower
Normandy. It is f rid :<• have been eftabliffaed by
William the Conqueror, in confijcf;^* 1 .*" "f '•"* '"-■"~
born at Falaife. It commences on the 16th of An -"j ft 7
and holds 15 days free by charter, and longer by
cuflom. 9. Fair of Beaucairc, held partly in a ci;v
of that name, in Languedoc, and partly in the open
country, under tents, &c. It commences on the 22A
of July, 2nd only holds for three days : yet it is the
greateft and moft celebrated of all the fairs in that part
of Europe, both for the concourfe of flrangers from
all part^of the world, and for the traffic of all kind of
goods : the money returned in thefe three days amount-
ing fometimes to above fix millions of livres.
The fairs of Porto-bello, Vera Crux, and the Ha-
vanna, are the moft confiderable of all thofe in Ame-
rica. The two firft laft as long as the fiota and gal-
leons continue in thofe p3rts ; and the laft is opened
as foon as the flota or galleons arrive there upon their
return for Spain ; this being the place where the two
fleets join. See Flota, and Galleons.
The principal Britifh fairs are, 1. Sturbridge-fair,
near Cambridge, by far the greateft in Britain, and
perhaps in the world. 2. Briftolhas two fairs, very
near as great as that of Sturbridge. 3. Exeter.
4. Weft-Chefter. 5. Edinburgh. 6. Wheyhill ; and,
7. Burford-fair ; both for fheep. 8. Pancras fair,
in Staffbrdfhire, for faddle-horfes. 9. Barrholemew
fair, at London, for lean and Welch black cattle.
10. St. Faith's, in Norfolk, for Scotch runts. 11.
Yarmouth fifhing-fair for herrings, the only fifhing fair
iH Great- Britain. 12. Ipfwich butter- fair. 13. Wood-
borough-hill, in Dorfetfhire, for weft-country manu-
factures, as kerfeys, druggits, &c. 14. Twocheefe
fairs at Chipping Norton : with innumerable other fairs,
befides weekly markets, for all forts of goods, as well
their own as of foreign growth-
Fair, in fea language, is ufed for the difpofition
of the wind, when it is favourable to a fhip's conrfe,
in oppofition to that which is contrary or fopfc The
term fair is more comprehensive than large, and in-
cludes about 16 or 18 points of the compafs; whereas
large is confined to the beam or quarter, that is, to a
wind which croffes the keel at right angles, or oblique-
ly from the ftcrn, but never to one right a-flern.
Fair (Ifle), a fmall ifland lying between Orkney
and Shetland, 10 or 12 leagues E. N. E. from the for-
mer ; and feven, eight, or 10 leagues, S. W. from the
latter. It-is three miles long, and fcarce half a mile
broad, very craggy, with three high rocks which are
vifible both from Orkney and Shetland. There is in
this ifland a fmall quantity of arable land, which is very
fruitful and well manured ; and there might be confi-
derably more, but the inhabitants are obliged to reierve
it f»r peat and pafturage. They have for the fize of
the ifland a great many fheep, and thofe very good and
fat : but they have no kind of moor-fowl or other
game ; but there is great plenty of fea and water fowl,
and all kinds of fifii upon their coafts. There is in ef-
fect no port, though they have two that are nominally
fo : one at the fouth end, which is full of rocks, where
only fmall boats can lie, and that but indifferently ;
the other at the north-eaft end, larger and fafer in
fummcr, fo that it ferves comtnodioufly enough for
M their
i\.;r.
P A I
[ 9° 1
F A I
Fair,
Fairfax.
their fifhery. The duke of Medina Sidcnia, when
commander of the famous Spanilh armada in 1588,
was wrecked on the eaft coaft of this ifland. The ihip
broke to pieces, but the duke and 200 men made their
efcape. They lived there fo long, that both they and
the inhabitants were almoft familhed. At length the
duke and the poor remains of his people were carried
over to the main land of Shetland, and then to Dun-
kirk, by one Andrew Humphry, for which fervice
Andrew was rewarded with 3000 merks. This ifland
produced to its former proprietor between 50 1. and
60 1. Sterling. It was fold at Edinburgh, on the 20th
of June 1766, for about 850 1. to James Stewart of
Burgh, Efq.
FAin-Curve, is a winding line, ufed in delineating
fhips, whole lhape is varied, according to the part of
the {hip which it is intended to defcribe.
FAiR-Way, in fca language, the path or channel of
a narrow bay, river, or haven, in which fnips ufually
advance in their patfage up and down; fo that if any
veiTels are anchored therein, they are faid to lie in the
fair-way.
FAIRFAX (Edward,) natural fon of Sir Thomas
Fairfax, was an Englifh poet who lived in the reigns
of Elizabeth and James I. He wrote feveral poetical
pieces, and was an accompli (hed genius. Dryden in-
troduces Fairfax with Spencer, as the leading writers
of the times ; and even feems to give the preference to
the former in the way of harmony, when he obferves
that Waller owned himfelf indebted for the harmony
of his numbers to Fairfax's Godfrey of Boulogne. He
died about the year 1632, at his own houfe called New-
hall, in the parifh of Fuyfton, between Denton and
Knarcfborough, and lies under a marble ftone.
Fairfax (Sir Thomas), general of the parliamen-
tary forces againfl Charles I. in 1644. See (Hiflory
of) Britain, n° 127. et feq. He reiigned in 1650 ;
after which he lived privately, till he was invited by
general Monk to affiit him againft Lambert's army.
He cheerfully embraced the occafion ; and, on the
third of December 1659, appeared at the head of a
body of gentlemen of Yorkfhire ; when, upon the
reputation of his name, a body of 12,000 men for-
jfook Lambert and joined him. He was at the head
of the committee appointed by the Houfe of Commons
to attend king Charles II. at the Hague, to defire
him fpcediiy to return to England ; and having rea-
dily aflifted in his reftoration, returned again to his
feat in the country ; where he lived in a private man-
ner till his death, which happened in 1671, in the
60th year of his age. — He wrote, fays Mr. Walpole,
memorials of Thomas lord Fairfax, printed in 1699 ;
and was not only an hiftorian, but a poet. In Mr.
Thureiby's mufeum were preferved in manufcript the
following pieces : The Pfalms of David, the Can-
ticles, the Songs of Mofes, and other parts of Scrip-
ture, verfified ; a poem on Solitude ; Notes of Ser-
mons, by his lordlhip, by his lady daughter of Ho-
race lord Vere, and by their daughter Mary the wife
of George the fecond duke of Buckingham ; and aTrea-
tife on the Shortnefs of Life. But of all lord Fairfax's
works, fays Mr. Walpole, the moft remarkable were
the verfes he wrote on the horfe on which Charles II.
rode to his coronation, and which had been bred and
ju-cfented to the king by his lordlhip. How mult that
merry monarch, unapt to keep his countenance on Fairford,
more ferious occaiions, have fmiled at this aukward Fairy.
homage from the old victorious hero of republicanifm *
and the covenant ! He gave a collection of manufcripts
to the Bodleian library.
FAIRFORD, a town in Gloucefterihire, with a
market on Thurfdays. It is remarkable for the church,
which has curious painted glais-windows. They arc
faid to have been taken in a Ihip by John Tame,
Efq; towards the end of the 15th century, who built
the church for their fake. They are preferved en-
tire, and the figures are extremely well drawn and
coloured. They reprefent the moft remarkable his-
tories in the Old and New Teftament. They are
frequently vifited by travellers, and many go on pur-
pofe to view them, as one of the greateft curiofities in
England. The painter was Albert Durer. W. Long.
1. 46. N. Lat. 51. 42.
FAIRY, in ancient traditions and romances, fig-
nities a fort of deity, or imaginary genius, converfant
on the earth, and diftinguifhed by a variety of fantaf-
tical actions either good or bad.
They were moft ufually imagined to be women of
an order fuperior to human nature, yet fubject to
wants, paflions, accidents, and even death ; fprightly
and benevolent while young and handfome ; morofe,
peeviih, and malignant, if ugly, or in the decline of
their beauty ; fond of appearing in white, whence
they are often called the white ladies.
Concerning thefe imaginary beings, no lefs a perfort
than Jervaife of Tilleberry, marihall of the kingdom
of Aries, who lived in the beginning of the 13th cen-
tury, writes thus in a work inferibed to the emperor
Otho IV. " It has been afferted by perfons of un-
exceptionable credit, that fairies ufed to choofe them-
felves gallants from among men, and rewarded their
attachment with an affluence of worldly goods ; but
if they married, or boafted of a fairy's favours, they
as feverely fmarted for fuch indifcretion." The like
tales ftill go current in Languedoc ; and, throughout
the whole province, there is not a village without fome
ancient feat or cavern which had the honour of being
a fairy's refidence, or at leaft fome fpring where a
fairy ufed to bathe This idea of fairies has a near
affinity with that of the Greeks and Romans, concern-
ing the nymphs of the woods, mountains, and fprings ;
and an ancient fcholiaft on Theocritus fays, " The
nymphs are demons which appear on the mountains
in the figure of women :" and what is more furpri-
fing, the Arabs and other orientals have their ginn and
peri, ©f whom they entertain the like notions.
But fairies have been likewife defcribed as of either
fex, and generally as of minute ftature, though capable
of auiiming various forms and dimenfions. The moll
charming reprefentation imaginable of thefe children
of romantic fancy, is in the Midfummer- night' '1 Dream
of Shakefpear ; in referring to which, we will no doubt
have been anticipated by the recollection of almoft eve-
ry reader.
Spenfer's Fairy Queen is an epic poem, under the
perfons and characters of fairies. This fort of poetry
raifes a plealing kind of horror in the mind of the read-
er, and amufes his imagination with the ftrangenefs
and novelty of the perfons who are reprefented in it ;
but, as a vehicle of inftru&ion, the judicious object to
it
F A I [9
Fairy, it, as not Having probability enough to make any mo-
Faith, ral imprefllon.
— *~~" The belief of fairies ftill fubfifts in many parts of
Britain. The
" Swart fairy of the mine,"
(of German extraction ), has Scarce yet quitted their fub-
terraneous works ; (vid. next article.) Puck, or Ro-
bin Good-Fellow, flill haunts many of their villages.
And in the highlands of Scotland, new-born children
are watched till the christening is over, left they fhould
bz ftolen or changed by Tome of thefe fantaftical
exiftences.
Fairy of the Mins; an imaginary being, an inhabitant
of mines. The Germans believed in two (pedes ; one
fierce and malevolent ; the other a gentle race, appear-
ing like little old men drefled like the miners, and not
much above two feet high. Thefe wander about the
drifts and chambers of the works ; feem perpetually
employed, yet do nothing ; fome feem to cut the ore,
or fling what is cut into vefTels, or turn the windlafs ;
but never do any harm to the miners, unlefs provoked ;
as the fenfible Agricola, in this point credulous, relates
in his book de dnimantibus Subterrancis.
Fairy Circle or Ring, a phenomenon pretty fre-
quent in the fields, &c. fuppofed by the vulgar to be
traced by the fairies in their dances. There are two
kinds of it ; one of about feven yards in diameter, con-
taining a round bare path, a foot broad, with green
grafs in the middle of it. The other is of different
bignefs, encompafTed with a circumference of grafs.
MefT. JefTop and Walker, in thePhilofophical Tranfac-
tions, afcribe them to lightning ; which is thought to
be confirmed by their being moft frequently produc-
ed after Storms of that kind, as well as by the colour
and brittlenefs of the grafs roots when firfl obferved.
Lightning, like all other fires, moves round, and
burns more in the extremity than in the middle : the
fecond circle arifes from the firft, the grafs burnt up
growing very plentifully afterwards. Others maintain
that thefe circles are made by ants, which are fre-
quently found in great numbers therein. — Mr. Cavallo,
Who hath published an efteemed treatife on electricity,
does not thi;k that lightning is at all concerned in the
formation of them : " They are not (fays he) always
of a circular figure $ and, as I am informed, they feem
to be rather beds of mulhrooms than the effects of
lightning."
FAITH, in philofophy and theology, that afTent
which we give to a propofkion advanced by another,
the truth of which we do not immediately perceive from
our own reafon or experience ; or it is a judgment or
affenr of the mind, the motive whereof is not any in-
trinlic evidence, but the authority or teftimony of fome
other who reveals or relates it. Hence, as there are
two kinds of authorities and teflimonies, the one of
God, and the other of man, faith becomes diftinguifhed
into divine and human.
Divine Faith, is that founded on the authority of
God ; or it is that afTent we give to what is revealed
by God.
The objects of this faith, therefore, are matters of
revelation. See Revelation and Religion.
JIuman Faith, is that whereby we believe what is
told us by men. The object hereof is matter of hu-
»an teftimony and evidence. See Metaphysics.
]
F AI
Faith, in practical theology, makes the firft of the Faith
theological virtues or graces. ||
Faith in God, in this fenfe, denotes fuch a convic- v Fa ' th or "'
tion of his being, perfections, character, and govern-
ment, as produces love, tru/t, worfhip, obedience, and
resignation.
Faith in Chrift, as it has been defined by fome, is a
mere afTent to the gofpel as true ; according to others,
it fignifies fuch a perfuafion that he is the Mefliah, and
fitch a defire and expectation of the blefTings which he
has promifed in hi? gofpel to his flncere difciples, as
engage the mind to fix its dependence upon him, and
Subject itfelf to him in all the ways of holy obedience.
See Theology.
Faith, likewife, in refpect to futurity, is a moral
principle, implyingfuch a conviction of the reality and
importance of a future ftate, as is Sufficient to regulate
the temper and conduct.
Faith, or Fidelity, (Fides), was deified by the an-
cient Romans, and had a temple in the Capirol confe-
crated to her by Attilius Catalinus. Her pricfts wore
white veils : unbloody facrifices were offered to her,
and the greateft oaths were taken in her name. Ho-
race clothes her in white, places her in the retinue of
Fortune, and makes her the fifter of Juftice, Od. 24,
35. 1. i. Public faith is represented in a great number
of medals ; fometimes with a bafket of fruit in one
hand, and fome ears of corn in the other ; and fome-
times holding a turtle-dove. But the moft nfual fym-
bol is two hands joined together. The inferiptions are
generally, Fides dugufii, Fides Exercitus, or Fides Mi-
lium, &c.
FAITHFUL, an appellation affumed by the Maho-
metans. See Mahometans.
FAITHORN (William), an ingenious English ar-
tift, a native of London, was the difciple of Peak the
painter, and worked with him three or four years.
At the breaking out of the civil war, Peak efpoufed
the caufe of his fovereign ; and Faithorn, who ac-
companied his mafter, was taken prifoner by the re-
bels at Baringhoufe, from whence he was fent to Lon-
don, and confined in Alderfgate. In this uncomfort-
able fituation he exercifed his graver ; and a fmall
head of- the firft Villars duke of Buckingham, in the
ftyle of Melan, is reckoned among his performances at
that time. The Solicitations of his friends in his fa-
vour at laft prevailed ; and he was releafed from pri-
fon, with permiflion to retire to the continent. In
France he found protection and encouragement from
the Abbe de Marolles ; and at this time it was that
he formed an acquaintance with Nanteuil, from whofs
instructions he derived very confiderable advantages.
About the year 1650 he returned to England, and
foon after married the filter of a Captain Ground.
By her he had two fons ; Henry, who was a bookfel-
ler, and William an engraver in mezzoiinto. Fai-
thorn opened a fhop near Temple- Bar, where he fold
not only his own engravings, but thofe of oiher Eng-
lish artifts, and imported a confiderable number of
prints from Holland, France, and Italy. About the
year 1680, he retired from his Shop, and refided in
Printing- Houfe Yard; but he ftill continued to work
for the bookfellcrs, efpecially Royfton, Martin, and
Peake the younger, his former mailer's brother. He
painted portraits from the life in crayons ; which art
M 2 he
\
F A X
I 9^ J
F A L
ia'.iis. he learned of Nameuil daring bis abode in France.
___"., — *^ He alio painted in miniature; and his performances
i« both thefe llyles were much eiteemed. His fpiriis
were broken by the indifcretion and diflipation of Lis
fori William ; and a lingering confumption put an end
to his life in 169T. He wrote a book Upon Drawing,
Graving, and Etching, for which he was celebraied by
his friend Thomas Fiatman the poet.
FAKIRS, Indian monks or friars. They out-do
the fe verity and mortification of the ancient Ancho-
rets or Solitaries. Some of them make a vow of con-
tinuing all their lifetime in one polture, and keep it
effectually. Others never lie down ; bat continue in
a Handing pofture all their lives, fupportcd only by
a flick, or rope under their arm-pits. Some mangle
their bodies with fcourges and knives. They look
upon themfelves to have conquered every paffion, and
triumphed over the world ; and accordingly fcruple
not, as if in a flue of innocence, to appear entirely
naked in public.
The common people of Eafl Indh are thoroughly
perfuaded of the virtue and innocence of the fakirs;
notwithstanding which, they are accufed of commit-
ting the molt enormous crimes in private.
They have alio another kind of fakirs, who do not
pracYife fuch feverities : thefe flock together in com-
panies, and go from village to village, prophefying,
and telling fortunes. They are wicked villains, and it
is dangerous for a man to meet them in a lone place :
nevcrthelefs the Indian idolaters have them in the ut-
moft veneration. They make ufe of drums, trumpets,
and other mnfical inftruments, to roufe their fouls, and
work themfelves up to an artificial ecltafy, the better
to pub'iih their pretended prophecies.
Some of the votaries of thefe fages mofl devoutly
kifs their privy parts ; and they receive this monflrous
declaration of refpect with a kind of ecftatic pleafure.
The moft fober and difcreet Indians confult them in
this prepofterous attitude ; and their female votaries
converfe with them a confiderable time with the moft
indecent freedom.
The fire they burn is made of cow's dung, dried in
the fun. When they are difpofed to deep, they repofe
themfelves on cow's dung, and fometimes on ordure
itfelf. They are fo indulgent towards every living
creature, that they fuffer themfelves to be over-run
with vermin, or ftung by infects, without the leaft re-
luctancy or complaint.
It is more than probable, thefe Indian friars have
fome fecret art to lull their fenfes afleep, in order to
render themfelves in a great meafure infenfible of the
exceflive torments they voluntarily undergo. Oving-
lon affures us, that " as he was one day in an afiembly
of fakirs,-he obferved that they drank opiates infufed
in water ; the intoxicating virtue whereof was enough
to turn their brain."
The garment of the chief fakirs confifts of three or
four yards of orange-coloured linen, which they tie
round- them, and a tyger's fkin, which hangs over their
ftioulders. Their hair is woven in trefles, and forms a
kind of turban. The fuperior of the fakirs is diftin-
guilhed from the reft by having a greater number of
pieces in his garment, and by a chain of iron, two yards
long, tied to his leg. When he defigns to rell in any
place, a garment is fpread upon the ground ; on which
a
he fits and gives andience, whilft his difciples publilh
his virtues.
Some pcrfons of quality in India have become fa-
kirs : among others, five great lords belonging to the
court of Cha-gehan, Mogul of the Indies. It is fa id,
there are about two millions of fakirs in the Eaft
Indies.
FALASHA, a people of Abyflinia, of Jewifh ori-
gin, defcribed by Mr Bruce, who was at great pains to
acquaint himfelf with their hiftory by cultivating the
friendship of the moft learned perfons among ihem he
co'.ild meet with.
According to the accounts received from them, the
Falaiha are the defendants of thole Jews who came
from Paleftine into Ethiopia, as attendants of Menilek
the fon of the queen of Sheba or Saba by Solomon.
They agree in the relations given by the AbyfTinians
of that princefs, which are mentioned under the ar-
ticle Ethiopia ; but deny that the pofterity of thofe
who came with Menilek ever embraced the Chriftian
religion, as the Abyflinians fay they did. They fay,
that at the decline of the Jewifh commerce, when the
ports of the Red Sea fell into the hands of other na-
tions, and no intercourfe took place betwixt them and
Jerufalem, the Jewifh inhabitants quitted the fca-coafts
and retired into the province of Dembea. While they
remained in the cities on the Red Sea, they exercifed
the trades of brick and tile making, pottery, thatching
houfes, &c. and after leaving the fearcoafts, they chofe
the country of Dembea on account of the plenty of
materials it afforded for exercifing the trades they
profefTed. Here they carrieo the art of pottery to a
great degree of perfection, multiplied exceedingly,
and became very numerous and powerful about the
time that the Abyffirians were converted to Chris-
tianity. As this event was accounted by them an apo-
ftacy from the true religion, they now feparated them-
felves from the Abyflinians, and declared one Phineas,
of the line of Solomon, their king. Thus they fay,
they have ftil! a prince of the houfe of Judah for their
fovereign, though their afTertion is treated with con-
tempt, and a nick-name beftowed on the Falafhan fa-
mily by the other Abyflinians. About the year 960,
the queen of this people, after extirpating the Abyfli-
nian princes on the rock Damo, aflumed the fove-
reignty of the whole empire, which they retained for
fome time, as is related under the article Ethiopia j
but their power being by degrees reduced, they were
obliged to take up their rehdence among the rugged
mountains of Samen ; one of which they chofe for
their capital, and which has ever fince been called the
Jews Rock. About the year 1600, they were almoft
entirely ruined by an overthrow from the Abyflinians,
in which both their king and 1 queen were flain ; fince
which time they have been in fubjedtion to the empe-
rors of that country, but are ftill -governed by their
own princes. When Mr Bruce was in Abyffinia they
were fuppofed to amount to about ioOjOOo effective
men. Gideon and Judith were the names of the king
and queen at that time; and thefe, according to our
author fcem to be preferred to others for the royal
family.
The language of this people is very different from
the Hebrew, Samaritan, or any other which the Jews
ever fpokc in their own country. On being interro-
gatcti
Falarfka.
F A L [ 93 ] F A L
jfefaftia gated concerning it by Mr Bruce, ihey faid, that it another, that they appear like a rookery. The nefls falco.
Ii was probably one of thofefpoken by the nations on the are very large and very fetid by reafon of the relicts '
Falco. Red Sea, among whom they had fettled at their firft of their prey. Lawfon fays they breed very often,
% ~"~ v — " coming. They arrived in Abyihnia (peaking Hebrew, laying again under their callow young ; whofe warmth
and with the advantage of having books in that Ian- hatches the eggs. In Bering's lile they make their
guage ; but had now forgot it, which indeed is not to nefts on the cliffs near fix feet wide and one thick ;
be wondered at, as they had loft their Hebrew books, and lay two eggs in the beginningof July. This fpeeies
and we. e entirely ignorant of the art of writing. At inhabits both Europe and America ; but is more com-
the time of their leaving Jerufalem, they were in pof- mon in the latter. Befides iielh, it feeds alfo on
fefllon both of the Hebrew and Samaritan copies of filh. This, however, it does roc procure for itftlf ;
the law; but when their fleet was deftroyed in the but fitting in a convenient fpot, watches the dividing of
time of Rehoboam, and no farther communication with the ofprey into the water after a filh, which the mo-
Jerufalem took place, they were obliged to ufe tranf- ment it has feized the bald eagle follows clofe after,
lations of the fcriptures, or thofe copies which were when the ofprey is glad to efcape by dropping the fifb.
in potfeflion of the [hepherds, who, they fay, were all from his bill ; and fuch is the dexterity of the former,
Jews before the time of Solomon. On being afked, that it often fcizes the prey before it can fall to the
however, where the Shepherds got their copy, and ground. Catefby fays the male and female are much
being told, that, notwithstanding the invafion of E- alike.
gyptby Nebuchadnezzer, there was ftill a commu- 2. The offifragus, or fea-eagle, with yellow wax, and
nication with Jerufalem by means of the Iihmaelite half- feathered legs : it is about the fize of a peacock ;
Arabs through Arabia, they frankly acknowledged the feathers are white at the bafe, iron-coloured in the
that they could not tell ; neither had they any memo- middle, and black at the points ; and the legs are yel-
rials of the hiftory either of their own or any other low. It is found in feveral parts of Great Britain and
country; all that they believed in this cafe being de- Ireland. Mr Willoughby tells us, that there was an
rived from mere tradition, their hiftories, if any ex- aery of them in Whinfield Park, Weflmorehnd ; and
ifled, having been deftroyed by the famous Mooriih the bird foaring in the air with a cat in its talons
Captain Gragne, of whom an account is given un- (which Barlow drew from the very fact which he fiw
der the article Ethiopia. They fay, that the firft in Scotland), is of this kind. The cat's refiftance
book of Scripture they ever received was that of Enoch ; brought both animals to the ground, when Barlow
and they place that of Job immediately after it, fup- tookthemup; and afterwards caufed the event to be
pofing that patriarch to have lived foon after the flood, engraved in the 36th plate of his Collection cf Prints.
They have no copy of the Old Teftament in the Fa- Turner fays, that in his days this bird was too well
lalha language, what they make ufe of being in that of known in England ; for it made horrible deft recti on
Geez. This is fold to them by the Abyffinian Chri- among the filh. All authors indeed agree, that it feeds
ftians, who are the only fcribes in that corntry. No principally on fifli, which it takes as they are fwim-
difFerence takes place about corruptions of the text; ming near the furface, by darting itfelf down upon
nor do the Falafha know any thing of the Jewiih Tal- them ; not by diving or fwimming, as feme authors
mud, Targum, or Cabala. have pretended, who furnifh it for that purpofe with
FALCADE, in the manege, the motion ofahorfe a one webbed foot to fwim with, and another divided
when he throws himfelf uponhis haunches two or three foot to take its prey with; Martin, fpeaking of what
times, as in very quick curvets ; which is done in form- he calls the great eagles of the Weflern Ifles, fays,
ing a flop and half flop. See Stop. that they fallen their talons in the back of the fib,
FALCATED, fomething in the form of a fickle;: commonly of falmon, which are often above the water,
thus, the moon is faid to be falcated when Are appears or very near the furface. Tho^e of Greenland will
horned. even take a young feal out of the water. Turner,
FALCO, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the abovementioned, fays, that the iifhermen were fond of
order of accipitres, the characters of which are thefe : anointing their baits with the fat of this bird, imagi-
The beak is crooked, and furnilhed with wax at the ning that it had a peculiar alluring quality : they were
bafe: the head is thick-fet with feathers, and the even ■fuperflitious enough to believe, that wherever the
tongue is cloven. The eagle and hawk form this genus, fea-eagle hovered over a piece of water, the filh (as if
Ilate cxc. 1. The leucocephalus, bald, or white-headed eagle charmed) would rife to the furface with their bellies
of Catefby, is a(h-coloured, with the head and tail upwards; and in that manner prefent themfelvesto
white; theirisoftht eye is white, over which is a pro- him. It alfo preys on water fwl. This fpeeies is
minence covered with a yellow fkin ; the bill and.tfce alfo frequent in North America, and was alfo met
cere or wax are yellow, as are likewife the legs and with in Botany Ifland by Captain Ccoke.
feet ; and the talons are black. Though it is an eagle 3. The chryfaetos, or golden eagle, weighs about 12
offmallfize, it weighs nine pounds, is ftrong and full pounds, and is in length about three feet, the virgs
of fpirit, preying on lambs, pigs, .and. fawns. They when extended meafuring about feven feet four inches,
always make their nefts near the fea or gr/at rivers, The .fight and fenfe of fmelling are very acute: the
and ufually upon old dead pine or cyprefs trres, con- head and neck are clothed wth narrow, fharp-pointed
tinuing to build annually on the fame tree till it falls. feathers, of a deep brown colour bordered with taw-
Though he is fo formidable to all birds, yet he fullers rey ; the hind part of the head in particular is of a
them to build near his royal neft without moleffation ; bright rnft colour. Thefe birds are very deflructive to
particularly the riming hawk, herons, &c. which all fawns, lambs, kids, and all kinds of game ; particularly
build on high trees, and in fome places are fo near one , in the breeding feafon, when they bring a vaft quan-
tity
Talcot
v v~-
F A L [94
tity of prey to their young. Smith, in his Hiftory of
" Kerry, relites, that a poor man in that country got a
comfortable fubliftcnce for his family, duringa fummer
of famine, out of an eagle's neft, by robbing the ea-
glets of the food the old ones brought; whofe attend-
ance he protracted beyond the natural time, by clip-
ping the wings and retarding the flight of the former.
It is very iinfafe to leave infants in places where eagles
frequent ; there being inftances in Scotland of two be-
ing carried off by them ; but, fortunately, the theft
Was difcovered in time, and the children were reftored
unhurt out of the eagles nefts. In order to extirpate
thefe pernicious birds, there is a law in the Orkney
Ifles, which entitles every perfon that kills an eagle to
a hen out of every houfe in the parifh where it was
killed. Eagles feem to give the preference to the car-
cafes of dogs and cats. People who make it their bu-
finefs to kill thole birds, lay one or other of thefe car-
cafes by way of bait ; and then conceal themfelves
within guiifhot. They fire the inftantthe eagle alights :
for ihe, that moment, looks about before Ihe begins to
prey. Yet, quick as her fight maybe, her fenfe of hear-
ing feems ftill more exquilite. If hooded crows or ra-
vens happen to be nearer the carrion, and refort to it
firft, and give a fingle croak, the eagle is certain of
inilamly repairing to the fpot.
Eagles are remarkable for their longevity, and for
their power of fuftaining a long abftinence from food.
Mr Keyfler relates, that an eagle died at Vienna after
a confinement ©f 104 years. This pre-eminent length
of days probably gave occafion to the faying of the
Pfalmift, fe Thy youth is renewed like the eagle's."
One of this fpecies, which was nine years in the pof-
feffion of Owen Holland, Efq ; of Conway, lived 32
years with the gentleman who made him a prefent of
it; but what its age was when the laiter received it
front Ireland is unknown. The fame bird alfo fur-
nifhesus with a proof of the truth of the other remark;
having once, through the neglect of fervants, endured
hunger for 21 days without any fuftenance whatever.
4. The fulvus, or white-tailed eagle of Edwards,
lias the whole plumage of a dufky brown: the breaft
marked with triangular fpots of white, but which are
wanting in the Britifh kind: the tail is white, tipt
with black; but in young birds dnfky, blotched with
white : the legs are covered to the toes with foft ruft-
coloured feathers. Thefe birds inhabit Hudfon's Bay
and northern Europe as far as Drontheiui. They are
found on the higheft rocks of the Uralian chain, where
it is not covered with wood ; but are mod frequent on
the Siberian, where they make their neft on the loftieft
rocks. They are rather inferior in fize to the fea-
eagle; but are generous, fpirited, and docile. The
independent Tartars train them for the chafe of hares,
foxes, antelopes, and even wolves. The ufe is of con-
fiderable antiquity ; for Marco Polo, the great travel-
ler of 1269, obferved and admired the diverfion of the
great chain of Tartary ; who had feveral eagles, which
were applied to the fame purpofes as they are at pre-
fent. The Tartars alfo efteem the feathers of the tail
as the beft they have for pluming their arrows. This
fpecies is frequent inJSeotland ; where it is called the
black eagle, from the dark colour of its plumage. It
is very deftructive to deer, which it will feize between
the horns ; and by inceffantly beating it about the
]
F A L
eyes with its wings, foon makes a prey of the harafTed Fak»*
animal. The eagles in the ifle of Rum have nearly v "~~ v "~~
extirpated the flags that ufed to abound there. They
generally build in clefts of rocks near the deer-forefts ;
and make great havoc not only among them, but alfo
among the white hares and ptarmigans. Mr Wil-
loughby gives the following curious account of the neft
of this fpecies. " In the year of our Lord 1668, in
the woodlands near the river Darwent, in the peak of
Derbyfhire, was found an eagle's neft made of great
fticks, reftingone end on the edge of a rock, the other
on two birch trees ; upon which was a layer of rufhes,
and over them a layer of heath, and upon the heath
rufhes again ; upon which lay one young one and an
addle egg ; and by them a lamb, a hare, and three
heath poulcs. The neft was about two yards fquare,
and had no hollow in it. The young eagle was black
as a hobby, of the fhape of a gofhawk, almoft of the-
weight of a goofe, rough-footed, or feathered down to
the foot : having a white ring about the tail."
5. The cyaneus, or hen-harrier, with white wax,
yellow legs, a whitifli blue body, and a white ring
round the eyes and throat. It is the blue hawk of
Edwards, and is a native of Europe and Africa. Thefe
birds are extremely deftrudive to young poultry and
to the feathered game : they fly near the ground,
fkimming the furface in fearch of prey. They breed on
the ground, and never are obferved to fettle on trees.
6. The albiulla, or cinereous eagle, is inferior in fize
to the golden eagle ; the head and neck are of a pale
afh-colour ; the body and wings cinereous, clouded
with brown ; the quill feathers very dark ; the tail
white ; the legs feathered but little below the knees,
and of a very bright yellow. The male is of a darker
colour than the female. The bill of this fpecies is
rather ftraighter than is ufual in the eagle ; which
feems to have induced Linnaeus to place it among the
vultures. But Mr Pennant obferves, that it can have
no title to be ranked with that genus, the character-
iftical mark of which is, that the head and neck are
either quite bare, or only covered with down ; whereas
this bird is wholly feathered. This fpecies is in fize
equal to the black eagle, and inhabits Europe as high
as Iceland and Lapmark. It is common in Greenland^
but does not extend to America ; or, according to
Mr Pennant, if it does, it varies into the white-headed
eagle, to which it has great affinity, particularly in its
feeding much on fifh ; the Danes therefore call it
Fijke-orn. It is common in the fouth of Ruffia, and
about the Volga, as far as trees will grow ; but is very
Icarce in Siberia. It inhabits Greenland the whole
year, fitting on the rocks with flagging wing, and flies
flowly. It makes its neft on the lofty cliffs, with
twigs, lining the middle with mofTes and feathers ; lays
two eggs ; and fits in the latter end of May or begin-
ning of June. Thefe birds prey on young feals, which
they feize as they are floating on the water ; but oft-
times, by fixing their talons in an old one, they are
overmatched, and drawn down to the bottom, fcream-
ing horribly. They feed alfo on fifh, efpecially the
lumpfifh, and a fort of trout ; on ptarmigans, auks, and
cider ducks. They fit on-rfre"tap of rocks, attentive
to the motion of the diving birds ; and with quick eyes
obferve their courfe by the bubbles which rife to the
furface of the water, and catch the fowls as tbey rife,
for
F A L
[ 95 ]
F A L
Falco. for breath. The Greeenlanders cfe their ikins for
' * ' cloathing next to their bodies; eat the flefh ; and keep
the bill and feet for amulets. They kill them with
the bow or take them in nets placed in the fnow pro-
perly baited ; or tempt them by the fat of feals, which
the eagles eat to an excefs ; which occaiions fuch a
torpidity as to make them an eafy prey. '1 hey are
common in Scotland and the Orkneys ; where they
feed on fith as well as on land animals.
7. The crying eagle (Arft. Zool. p. 215.), with a
duiky bill and yellow cere ; the colour of the plumage
is a ferruginous brown ; the coverts of the wings and
fcapulars are elegantly varied with oval white fpots ;
the primaries duiky, the ends of the greater white;
the breaft and belly are of a deeper colour than the
reft of the plumage, ftreaked downwards with dull
yellow ; the tail is dark brown, tipt with dirty white ;
the legs are feathered to the feet, which are yellow.
Tht length of the bird is two feet. — This fpecies is
found in many parts of Europe, but not in Scandina-
via ; is frequent in Ruflia and Siberia ; and excends
even to Kamtfchatka. It is lefs generous and fpirited
than other eagles, and is perpetually making a plain-
tive noife; from which it was ftyled by the ancienis
*Arift.HiJi.plaiiga & clanga *,- and anataria, from its preying on
an. lit. 9. ducks, which Pliny f defcribes with great elegance.
t Lib. 10. The Arabs ufed to train it for the chace ; but its
c * 3* quarry was cranes and other birds i the more generous
eagle being flown at antelopes and various quadrupeds.
This fpecies was itfelf an object of diverfion, and made
the game of even fo fmall a falcon as the fparrow hawk ;
which would purfue it with great eagernefs, foar above,
then fall on it, and faftening with its talons, keep
beating it about the head with its wings, till they both
fell together to the ground. This Sir John Chardin
has feen practifed about Tauris.
8. The milvus, or kite, is a native of Europe, Afia,
and Africa. This fpecies generally breeds in large
forefts or woody mountainous countries. Its neft is
compofed of fticks, lined with feveral old materials,
fuch as rags, bits of flannel, rope, and paper. It lays
two, or at moft three, eggs ; which, like thofe of other
birds of prey, are much rounded and blunt at the
fmaller end. They are white, fpotted with dirty yel-
low. Its motion in the air diftinguifhes it from all
other birds, being fo fmooth and even that it is fcarce
perceptible. Sometimes it will remain quite motion-
lefs for a confiderable fpace ; at others glide through
the Iky without the leaft apparent action of its wings;
from thence deriving the old name of glead or glede,
from the Saxon glida. They inhabit the north of Eu-
rope, as high as Jarlfberg, in the very fouth of Nor-
way ; but do not extend farther. They quit Sweden
in flocks at the approach of winter, and return is
fpring. Some of them winter about Aftrakan, in
lat. 46. 30 : but the far greater part are fuppofed to
retire into Egypt, being feen in September pafling by
Conftantinople in their way from the north ; and again
in April returning to Europe, to ihun the great heats
of the eaft. They are obferved in vaft numbers about
Cairo, where they are extremely tame, and feed even
on dates, probably for want of other food. They alfo
breed there ; fo that, contrary to the nature of other
rapacious birds, they increafe and multiply twice in the
year ; ©nee in the mild winters of Egypt; and a fecond
4
time in the fummers of the north. It makes its ap-
pearance in Greece in the fpring; and in the early
ages, fays Ariftophanes, " 'it governed that country ;
and men fell on their knees when they werefirft blefled
with the fight of it, becaufe jt pronounced the flight
of winter, and told them to begin to flicar their vernal
fleeces." In Britain they are found the whole year.
Lord Bacon obferves, that when kites fly high, it por-
tend fair and dry weather.
9. The gentilis, or gentil Falcon, inhabits the north
of Scotland, and was in high efteem as a bold and fpi-
rited bird in the days of falconry. It makes its nefl
in rocks : it is larger than the gofhawk ; the head of
a light ruft colour, with oblong black fpots ; the whole
under fide from chin to tail white, tinged with yellow ;
the back of a brown colour ; the tail barred with four
or five bars of black, and as many of alh-colour ; the
very tips of all the tail-feathers white.
10. The fubbuteo, or hobby, was ufed like the kef-
trel in the humbler kind of falconry ; particularly in
what was called daring of larks : the hawk was caft
ofF; the l?.rks, aware of their moft inveterate enemy,
were fixed to the ground for fear ; by which means
they became a ready prey to the fowler, by drawing
a net over them. The back of this bird is brown ;
the nape of the neck white ; and the belly pale, with
oblong brown fpots. It is a bird of paflage ; but
breeds in Britain, and migrates in October.
11. Thebuteo, or buzzard, is the moft common of
the hawk kind in England. It breeds in large woods;
and ufually builds on an old crow's neft, which
it enlarges, and lines with wool and other foft mate-
rials. It lays two or three eggs, which are fometimes
perfectly white, fonetimes fpotted with yellow. The
cock buzzard will hatch and bring up the young if
the hen is killed. The young keep company with the
old ones for fome little time after they quit the neft ;
which is not ufual with other birds of prey, who al-
ways drive away their brood as foon as they can fly.
This fpecies is very fluggilh and inactive, and is much
lefs in motion than other hawks ; remaining perched
on the fame bough for the greatcft part of the day,
and is found at moft times near the fame place. It
feeds on birds, rabbits, moles, and mice ; it will alfo
eat frogs, earthworms, and infecls. This bird is fub-
ject to fome variety in its colour. Some have their
breaft and belly of a brown colour, and are only marked
crofs the craw with a large white crefcent ; but ufually
the breaft is of a yellewifli white, fpotted with oblong
ruft-coloured fpots, pointing downwards : the back of
the head, neck, and coverts of the wings, are of a
deep brown, edged with a paleruft-colour : the middle
of the back covered only with a thick white down.
The tail is barred with black, and afti-colour, and
fometimes with ferruginous.
12. The tinnunculus, or keftrel, breeds in the hol-
lows of trees, in the holes of high rocks, towers, and
ruined buildings. It feeds on field-mice, fmall birds,
and infects ; which it will difcover at a great diftance.
This is the hawk that is fo frequently feen in the air
fixed in one place ; and, as it were, fanning it with
its wings; at which time it is watching for its prey.
When falconry was in ufe in Great Britain, this bird
was trained for catching fmall birds and young par-
tridges. It is ealily diflinguiftied from all other hawks
by
Falco.
F A L
[ 9^ 1
F A L
l-'ilco. by its colours. The crown of the head a- nil die greater
p.in of the tail are of a fine light grey ; the back and
coverts of the wing of a brick-red, elegantly fpotted
with black : the whole under fide, of the bird of a pale
riiil-cubur fpotted with black.
13. ThefufuUtor, with yellowiih wax and legs ; the
body is of a brownilh white colour ; and the covers of
the eyes are bony. He has a flefhy lobe between the
noftrils ; v. Inch when angry or terrified, he inflnes till
his head becomes as big as his whole body. He is a
native of Surinam.
back, wings, and tail, are of a dark- brown ; the Fake
throat, neck, and belly, white; the legs and feet are *" — *~
rough and f:aly, and of a pale blue colour; the- talons
are black, and nearly of an equal fize ; the feathers of
the thighs are fhorr,.aud adhere clofe to them, con.
trary to others of the' hawk kind, which nature feems
to have defigned for the more eafiiy penetrating the
water. Notwithstanding the ofprty is fo perfecuted
by the bald eagle, yet it always keeps near its haunts.
It is a fpecies of vaft quicknefs of light ; and will fee
a filh near the furface from a great diftance : defcend
14. The cachinnans, or laughing hawk, hasyellow- with prodigious rapidity, and carry the prey with
iih legs and wax, and white eye- brows ; the body js
variegated with brown and white ; and it has a black
ring round the top of the head. It makes a laughing
kind of noife when it obferves any perfon, and is a
native of America.
15. The columbari.is, or pigeon-hawk of Catefby,
weighs about fix ounces. The bill is black at the paint,
and whitifh at the bafe ; the iris of the eye is yellow ;
the bafe of the upper mandible is covered with a yel-
low cere or wax ; all the upper part of the body,
wings, and tail, are brown. The interior vanes of
the quill-feathers have large red fpots. The tail is
marked with large regular tranfverfe white lines ; the
throat, breaft, and belly, are white, mixed with brown ;
the fmall feathers that cover the thighs reach within
half an inch of the feet, and are white, with a tinc-
ture of red, befet with long fpots of brown ; the legs
and feet are yellow. It inhabits America, from Hud-
fon's Bay as low as South-Carolina. In the laft it at-
an exulting fcream high into the air. The eagle hears
the note and inftantly attacks the ofprey ; who drops
the fifb, which the former catches before it can reach
the ground or water. The lower parts of the rivers
and cricks near the fea in America, abound with thefe
eagles and hawks, where fuch diverting contefts are
often feen. It fometimes happens that the ofprey pe-
rifhes in taking its prey ; for if it chances to fix its ta-
lons in an over-grown fiih, it is drawn under water
before it can difengage itfelf, and is drowned.
18. The Iceland falcon (G. Mag. 1771, p. 297),
or gyrfalco Lin. has a ftrong bill, much hooked, the
upper mandible fharply angulated on the lower edges,
with a bluifh wax : the head is of a very pale ruft-co-
lour, ftreaked downwards with dufky lines : the neck,
bread, and belly, are white, marked with cordated
fpots ; the thighs white, crofled with fhort bars of deep
brown : the back and coverts of the wings are duf-
ky, fpotted and edged with white ; the exterior webs
tains to a larger fize. In Hudfon's Bay it appears in of the primaries dufky mottled with reddilh white,
May on the banks of Severn river, breeds and retires
fouth in autumn. It feeds on fmall birds ; and on
the approach of any perfon, flies in circles, and makes
a great fhrieking. It forms its nefl in a rock, or fome
hollow tree, with flicks and grafs ; and lines it with
feathers : and lays from two to four eggs, white, fpot-
ted with red. Is Carolina it preys on pigeons, and
young of the wild turkies.
16. The furcatus, or fwallow-tailed hawk, has a
hlack bill, lefs booked than ufual with rapacious birds :
the eyes are large and black, with a red iris : the head,
neck, breaft, and belly, are white ; the upper part of
the back and wings a dark purple ; but more dufky to-
wards the lower parts, with a tincture of green. The
the inner barred with white: the feathers of the tail
are crofled with 14 or more narrow bars of dufky and
white; the dufky bars regularly oppofing thofe of
white : the wings, when clofed, reach almoft to the
end of the-train: legs are ftrong and yellow. The
length of the wing, from the pinion to the tip is
16 inches. This fpecies is an inhabitant of Iceland,
and is the mofl efteemed of any for the fport of fal-
conry.
19. The fufcus, or Greenland falcon, has dufky brides;
iead-coloured wax and feet ; brown crown, marked
with irregular oblong white fpots; whitifh forehead,
blackifh cheeks ; the hind part of the head and throat
white ; breaft and belly of a yellowiih white, ftriped
wings are long in proportion to the body, and, when downwards with dufky ftreaks ; the back dufky, tin
extended, meafure four feet. The tail is dark purple ged with blue, the ends of the feathers lightell, and
mixed with green, and remarkably forked. This moll fprinkled over with a few white fpots, efpecially to-
elegant fpecies inhabits only the fouthern parts of wards the rump ; the wings of the fame colours, vari-
North-America ; and that only during fummer. Like cgated beneath with white and black ; the upper part
fwallows, they feed chiefly flying ; for they are much of the tail dufky crofled very faintly with paler bars,
on wing, and prey on various forts of infefts. They the under fide whitifh. It inhabits all parts of Green-
alfo feed on lizards and ferpents ; and will kill the lar- land, from the remoteft hills to thofe which impend
gefl of the regions it frequents with the utmoft eafe. over the fea. They are even feen on the iflands of ice
They quit North-America before winter, and arefup- remote from fhore. They retire in the breeding-feafon
pofed to retreat to Peru. to the fartheft part of the country, and return in au-
17. Haliajtus, the fifliing-hawk of Cateiby, or the tumn with their young. They breed in the fame
ofprey, weighs three pounds and a quarter; it mea- manner as the cinereous eagle, but in more diflant
fures, from one end of the wing to the other, five feet places ; and lay from three to five eggs. The tail of
and a half. The bill is black, with a blue cere or the young is black, with great brown fpots on the ex-
wax; the iris of the eye is yellow, and the crown of terior webs. They prey on ptarmigans, auks, and all
the head brown, with a mixture of white feathers ; the fmall birds of the country. They have frequent
from each eye, backwards, runs a brown ftripe : the difputes with the raven, but feldom come off viclors ;
for
F A L
r 97 i
F A L
Fako. f >r the raven toll], on being attacked, fling itfelf on
— u its back; and eitir r by defe i iing itfelf wi.ii its claws,
or by calling, With its croaking, numbers of others to
its help, oblige tnc laicou tu retire. The Greenland-
ers ufe the ikui, among others, for their iancr gar-
meats ; the wings for brnfhes ; the feci for amulets:
but (eklom cat the rteih, uulefs compelle I by hunger.
20. The gyrfa con (i>r. Z>>l. n° 47.) has a yel-
low wax ; the bill btailh 1 , and greatly hooked : the eye
dark blue ; the throat of a pure v. bite ; the whole bo-
dy, wings, and tail, of the fame colour, molt ele-
gantly marked with duiky bnrs, liiies, or fpots, lea-
ving the white the far prevailing: colour. There are
instances, but rare, of i;s being found entirely white.
In fome, the wnole tail is crolfed by remote bars of
b.'ack or brown ; in others, they appear only very
faintly on the middle feathers : the feathers of the
thighs are very long and unipo'ted : the legs ftrong,
and of a light blue. Ls weight is 4$ ounces Troy ;
length, near two feet ; extent, four feet two. This
fpecies has the fame manners and haunts with the for-
mer. It is very frequent in Iceland ; is found in
Lapmarkand Norway ; and rarely in the Orknies and
North Britain. In Ali , it dwells in the highefl points
of the Urallian and other Siberian mountains, and dares
the coldeit climates throughout the year. Ir is kept
in the latitude of Pcterfburg, uninjured in the open air
during th- fevercft winters. — This fpecies is pre-emi-
nent ni courage as well as beauty, and is the terror of
other hawks. It was down at all kinds of fowl, how
gre3t foever they were ; but its chief game ufed to be
herons and cranes.
The three laft fpecies are in high efteem for fport.
They are refer ved for ihe kings of Denmark ; who
fend their falconer with two attendants annually into
Iceland to.purcliafc them. They are caught by the
natives; a certain number of whom in every difhict
are licenfed for that purpofe. They bring all they
take, about midiummer, to Beffefted, to meet the royal
falconer; and each brings 10 o- 12, capped, and
perched on a crofs pole, which they carry on horfe-
back and reft on the tfirrup. The falconer examines
the birds, rejects thofe which are not for Irs purpofe,
and gives the feller a written certificate of the qualities
of each, which in titles him to receive from the king's re-
ceive general feventeen rixdollars for thepiirefl white
falcon (n° 20.), ten for r° 19. or thofe which are leaft
white ; and (even !orn°i8. This briugs intorhc ifland
between 2000 a"d 3000 rixdollars annually. They are
taken in the following manner: — Two ports are fa-
ttened in the ground, not remo'e from their haunts.
To one is tied a ptarmigan, a pigeon, a cock or hen,
fattened to a cord that it may have means of flutter-
ing, and fo attract the attention of the falcon. On
the other poll is placed a net, diftended on a hoop, a-
bout fix feet in diameter. Through this poft is iut o-
duced a ftriuo. above rco yards long, which is fafttn-
ed to he net, in <rlertopuli it down; and another
is faftened to the upper part of the hoop, and goes
through the p .ft ro which the bait is tied. As foon as
the lalcon lees the fowl fluteron the ground, he takes
a few circles in the air, to fee if there is any danger,
then darts on its prey with fuch violence as to ftrike
offthe heal, as nicely as if it was done with a razor.
He theu ufually rifes again, and takes another circle,
.Vol. VII.
to explore the place a fecond time : after which it Fnlc*.
makes another ftoop ; when, at the inftantof its de- - —
(bending, the man pulls the dead bird under the net ;
and, by means of the other cord,' covers the falcon
with tiic net at the moment it has feized the prey ;
theperfon lying concealed behind fome (Tones, or clfe
lies flat on his belly, to elud* the fight of the falcon.
As-tuon as one is caught, it is taken gently out of the
net, for fear of breaking any of the feathers of the
wings or tail ; and a cap is placed over its eyrs. If a f :y
of the tail-feathers are injured, the falconers have the
art of grafting others ; which fometimes has occafion-
ed a needle-fs multiplication of fpecies.
The Iceland falcons are in the higheft efteem. They
will iaft to or 12 years; whereas thofe of Norway,
and other countries, feldom are tit for fport after two
or three years ufe. Yet the Norwegian hawks were
in old times in great repute in Britain, and even
thought bribes worthy ©f a king. Geoffroy Le Fieri e,
chief jufticiary, gave two good Norway hawks to
King John, that Walter Le Madina might have leave
to export 1 00 weight of checfe. John the fon of Ord-
gar, gave a Norway hawk to have the king's requeft
to the king of Norway, to let him have his brother's
chattels ; and Ralf Havoc fined to King Stephen in
tw > girfals (gyrfalcons) and two Norway hawks, that
he might have thefame acquittance that his father had.
2r. Theaviporus, with black wax, yellow legs,
half naked, the head of an afh colour, and having an
afh-cohuired ftripe on the tail, which is white at the
end. It is the honey-buzzard of Ray, and had its-
name from the combs of wafps being found in its neft.
It is .1 native of Europe, and feeds on mice, lizards,
frogs, bees, &c. It runs very fwiftly, like a hen.
22 The aeruginofus, or moor-buzzard, with greeni/h
wax, agreyiih body, the top of the head, napeofthe
neck, and legs, yellowifh ; is a native of Europe, and
frequents moors, marlliy places, and heaths : it never
foars like other hawks ; but commonly fits on the
ground or on fm3ll bufhes. It makes its neft in the
midrt of a tuft of grafs or ruihes. It is a very fierce and
voracious bird; and is a great deftroyer of rabbits,
young wild-ducks, and other water-fowl. It preys,
like the ofprey, on fifh.
23. The palumbarius with black wax edged with
yellow ; yellow legs, a brown body, the prime fea-
thers of the tail marked with pale flreaks, and the
eye-brows white. It is the gofhawk of Ray ; and was
formerly in high efleem among falconers, being flown
at cranes, gecfe, phfa r anti, and partridges. It bre.c's
in Scotland', and builds its reft in trees. It is very
dtftructive to name, and dallies through the woods af-
ter its quarry with vaft impetuoiity ; but if it cannot
catch the object of its purihit al oft immediately, de-
fifts, and perches on a bough till fume new game pre-
sents itfelf. This fpecies is common in Mulcovy and
Siberia. They extend to the river Amur ; and are
u led by the emperorof China in his (porting progref-
fes, attended by his grand falconer, and icoo of the
fubordina e. Every bird has a fi'iver plate faftrncd to
its foot, with the name of the falconer who had the
charge of it ; that in cafe it lhould be loft, it might be
brought to the proper per fon ; but if he could no r be
found, the bird is delivered to another officer, called
the guardian of loji birds ; who keeps it till it is d-e-
N manded
Falco.
F A L
manded by the falconer to whom it belonged. That
this great officer may the more readily be found a-
mong the army of hunters who attend the emperor, he
ereels a ftandard in the mod confpicuous place.
24. The nifus, or fparrow-hawk, with green wax,
yellow legs, a white belly undulated with grey, and the
tail marked with blackifh belts. This is the mofl per-
nicious hawk we have ; and makes great havoc among
pigeons as well as patridges. It builds in hollow trees,
in old nefts of crows, large ruins, and high rocks : it
lays four white eggs, encircled near the blunter end
with red fpecks.
25. The minimis, with white wax, yellow legs, and
the body white underneath. It is the leall hawk of
Briflbus, being about the lizeof a thrufli ; and is found
on the illand Melita.
There are near 100 other fpecies diftinguifhed by
ornithologifts. Among thefe are two defcribed by Mr
Bruce ; one of which deferves particular notice here, as
being not only the largeft of the eagle kind, but, in our
author's opinion, the largeft bird that flies. He calls
it the golden eagle ■ by the natives it is vulgarly called
abort duchn, or father long-beard. It is not an object of
any chacc, nor ftood in need of any ftratagem to bring
it within reach. Upon the higheft top of the mountain
Lamalmon, while Mr Brace's fervants were refrelhing
themfelves from thattoilfome rugged afcent, and enjoy-
ing the pleafure of a moft delightful climate, eating
rheir dinner in the outer air wiih feveral large difhes of
boiled goats flefh before them, this eagle fuddenly made
its appearance ; he did not ftoop rapidly from a height,
but came flying flowiy along the ground ; and fat down
clofe to the meat within the ring the men had made
round it. A great Ihout, or rather cry of diftrefs, which
they railed, made the bird ftaud for a minute as if to re-
collect himfelf, while the fervants ran for their lances
and (hields. His attention was fully fixed upon the flefh.
He put his foot into the pan where was a large piece
in water prepared for boiling ; but finding the fin art
which he had not expected, he withdrew it, and for-
fook the piece which beheld. There were two large
pieces, a leg and a fhoulde*, lying upon a wooden platter ;
into thefe he truffed both his claws and carried them off;
fkipping flowiy along the ground as he had come, till he
difappeared behind a cliff. But being obferved at his de-
parture tolook willfully at the large piece which remain-
ed in the warm water, it was concluded that he would
foon return : in expectation of which Mr Bruce loaded
a rifle-gun with ball, and fat down clofe to the platter
by the mcar. It was not many minutes before he came,
and a prodigious Ihout was raifed by the attendants,
i( He is coming, he is coming !" enough to have dis-
couraged a lefs courageous animal. Whether it was not
quite fo hungry as at the firft vifit, or fufpected fome-
thing from Mr Bruce's appearance, it made afmall turn,
and fat down about ten yards from him, the pan with
the meat being between them. In this fltuation Mr
Bruce fired, and fhot him with the ball through the
middle of his body about two inches below the wing,
fo that he lay down upon the grafs without a fingle
flutter. Upon laying hold of his monftrous carcafe,
our author was not a little furprifed at feeing his hands
covered and tinged with yellow powder or duft. Upon
turning him upon his belly, and examining the feathers
ef his back, they produced a brown duft, the colour
t 9» 1 FAL
of the feathers there. This duft was not in fmall quan- Fako,
tities ; for upon ftriking his bread, the yellow powder Falcon,
flew in fully greater quantity than from ahair-drefler's v v
powder puff. The feathers of the belly and breaft,
which are of a gold colour, did not appear to have
any thing extraordinary in their formation, but the
large feathers in the lhonlder and wings feemed appa-
rently to be fine tubes, which upon prefTure fcattered
this duft upon the finer part of the feather, but this
was brown, the colour of the feathers of the back.
Upon the fide of the wing, the ribs, orhardpartof the
feather, feemed to be bare as if worn, or, in our au-
thor's opinion,were rather renewing themfelves, having
before failed in their function. What is the reafon of
this extraordinary provifion of nature, our author does
not pretend to determine. But as it is an unufual one,
it is probably meant, he thinks, for a defence againft
the climate in favour of thofe birds which live in thofe
almoft inaccefflble heights of a country doomed even in
its lower parts to feveral months of exceflive rain. Ac-
cording to Mr Bruce's defcription, this bird, from
wing to wing, was 8 feet 4 inches ; from the tip of
his tail to the point of his beak when dead, 4 feet
7 inches. He was remarkably fhort in the legs, being
only four inches from the joining of the foot to where
the leg joins the thigh, and from the joint of the thigh
to the joining of his body fix inches. The thicknefs
of his thigh was little lefs than four inches ; it was ex-
tremely mufcular, and covered with flefh. His middle
claw was about two inches and a half long, not very
fharp at the point, but extremely ftrong. From the
root of the bill to the point was three inches and a
quarter, and one inch and three quarters in breadth at
the root. A forked bruih of flrong hair, divided at
the point into two, proceeded from the cavity of his
lower jaw at the beginning of his throat. His eye was
remarkably fmall in proportion to his bulk, the aper-
ture being fcarcely half an inch. The crown of his
head was bare or bald, as was alfo the front where the
bill and fkull joined.
FALCON, or Faucon, a bird of prey of the hawk
kind, fuperior to all others for courage, docility, gentle-
nefs, and noblenefs of nature*. Several authors take ^ c
the na.mcfalcon to have been occafioned by its crooked ta- ^ ee a "
Ions or pounces, which rcfemble a falx or fickle. Giral-
dus derives it afalcando, becaufe it flies in a curve.
The falcon, or falcon gentle, is both for the fift and
for the lure. In the choice, take one that has wide
noflrils, high and large eye-lids, a large black eye ; a
round head, fomewhat full on the top ; barb feathers
on the clap of the beaks, which fhouldbe fhort, thick,
and of an azure colour ; the breaft large, round, and
flelhy ; and the thighs, legs, and feet, large and
ftrong; with the fear of the foot foft and bluifh : the
pounces fhould be black, with wings long and crofling
the train which fhould be fhort and very pliable.
The name j ale on is reftrained to the female ; for the
male is much fmaller, weaker, and lefs courageous, than
the female ; and therefore is denominated taffel, or
tircelet. The falcon is excellent at the river, brook,
and even field ; and flies chiefly at a larger game, ss
wild-goofe, kite, crow, heron, crane, pye, fhovekr.,
&c. For further particulars, fee Falconry, Hawk,
and Hawking.
The cuftom of carrying a falcon extended to many
coun-
F A L
[ 99 1
F A L
Falconer, countries, and was efteemed a diftinction of a man of
Falconry, rank. The Welih had a laying, that you may know
* — </ ~"~ "* a gentleman by his hawk, liorie, and grehound. In
fad, aperfon of rank feldom went without one on his
hand. Harold, afterwards king of England, is painted
going on a moll important embafly, with a hawk on his
nand and a dog under his arm. Henry VI. is repre-
fented at his nuptials, attended by a nobleman and his
falcon. Even the ladies v/ere not without them in
earlier times ; for in an ancient fculpture in the church
of Milton Abbas, in Dorfetlhire, appears the confort of
king Athelltan with a falcon on her royal fill tearing a
bird.
FALCONER, a perfon who brings up, tames, and
makes, that is, tutors and manages, birds of prey ; as
falcons, hawks, &c. See Falconry.
The grand feignior ufually keeps 6000 falconers in
his fefvice The French king has a grand falconer,
Which is an office difmsmbered from that of great hunt,
grand venur. Hillorians take notice of this poft. as
early as the year 1250.
A falconer Ihould be well acquainted with the qua-
lity and mettle of his hawks, that he may know
which of them to fly early and which late. Every
night after flying he Ihould give them calling ; one
while plumage, fometimes pellets of cotton, and at
another time phytic, as he finds neceflary. He ought
aifo every evening to make the place clean under the
porch, that by her calling he may know whether flic
wants fcouring upwards or downwards. Nor mult he
forget to water his hawk every evening, except on fiich
days as ihe has bathed ; after which, at night, Ihe
fhonld be put into a warm room, having a candle
burning by her, where flie is to lit unhooded, if Ihe
be not ramage, that Ihe may pick and prune herfelf. —
A falconer Ihould always carry proper medicines into
the field, as hawks frequently meet with accidents
there. Neither mull he forget to take with him any
of his hawking implements; and it is neceflary he
fhould be fkilful in making lures, hoods of all forts,
jefles, bewets, and other furniture. Neither ought he
to be without his coping irons, to cope his hawk's
beak when overgrown, and to cut her pounces and ta-
lons as there fhall be occafion : nor Ihould his cauteri-
zing irons be wanting.
Falconer (William), an ingenious Scots failor,
who, about the year 1762, came up to London with
a pretty pathetic poem, called the Shipwreck, found-
ed on a difaller of his own experience. The publica-
tion of this piece recommended him to the late duke of
York ; and he would in all probability have been
fuitably preferred, if a fecoud Ihipwreck, as may be
fuppofed, had not proved fatal to him, and to many
gentlemen of rank and fortune with whom he failed.
In 1770, he went out a volunteer in the Aurora fri-
gate fent to carry Meffrs Vantittart, Scraflon, and
Ford, the fupervifors appointed to regulate the Englifh
Eall India fettlements ; which veffel, after it had
touched at the Cape of Good Hope, was never more
keard of. Before his departure, he publifned a very
ufeful Marine Dictionary , in I vol, 4to.
FALCONRY, the art of training all manner of
hawks, but more efpecially the larger ones called fal-
cons, to the excrcife of hawking. See Hawking.
When a falcon is taken, jhe muft be feeled in fuch
a manner, that, as the feeling tlackens, Ihe may fee Falconry
what provifion lies bciore her ; but care ought to be ' « '
taken, not to feel her too hard. A falcon or hawk
newly taken ihould have all new furniture, as new jef-
fes of good leather, mailled leafhes with buttons at the
end, and new bewets. There Ihould alfo be provided
a fmall ronnd flick, to itroke :he hawk; becaufe, the
oftener this is done, the fooner and better will fhe be
manned. She muft alfo have two good bells, that
flie may be found when fhe fcattereth. Her hood
fhould be well falhioned, raifed, and embofled again ft
her eyes, deep, and yet flraight enough beneath, that
it may fallen about her head without hurting her ; and
her beak and talons muft be a little coped, but not fo
near as to make them bleed.
If it be a foar- falcon which hath already palled the
feas, (he will indeed be harder to reclaim, but will
prove the bell of falcons. Her food muft be pood and
warm, and given her twice or thrice a-day, till /he
be full gorged : the beft for this purpofe is pigeons,
larks, or other live birds ; becaufe Ihe mull be broken -
off by degrees from her accuflomed feeding. When
fhe is fed, you muft hoop and lure, as you do when '
you call a hawk, that Ihe may know when yon intend
to give her meat. On this occafion fhe muft be un-
hooded gently ; and after giving her two or three bits,
her hood muft be put on again, when fhe is to get two
or three bits more. Care muft be taken that fhe be
clofe feeled ; and after three or four days, her diet may
be leflened : the falconer fetting her every night to
pearch by him, that he may awaken her often in the
night. In this manner he muft proceed, till he find
her to grow tame and gentle ; and when fhe begins to
feed eagerly, he may give her afheep's heart. He may
now begin to unhood her in the day-time; but it muft
be far from company, firft giving her a bit or two,
then hooding her gently, and giving her as much more.
When fhe is fliarp fet, he may now unhood her, and
give herfome meat jult againft his face and eyes, which
will make her lefs afraid of the countenances of ethers.
She muft be borne continually on the fill, till fhe is
properly manned, cauiing her to feed in company, giv-
ing her in the morning, about fun-rife, the wing of a
pullet; and in the evening, the foot of a hare or co-
ney, cut oft" above the joint, flead and laid in water,
which being fqueezed, is to be given her with the pi-
nion of a hen's wing. For two or three days give her
wafhed meat, and then plumage in more or lefs quan-
tity as fhe is thought to be more or lefs foul within.
After this, being hooded again, fhe is to get nothing
till fhe has gleaned and caft, when a little hot meat
may be given her in company ; and, towards evening,
fhe may be allowed to plume a hen's wing in company
alfo. Cleanfe the feathers of her calling, if foul and
flimy; if fhe be clean within, give her gentle callings ;
and when ihe is reclaimed, manned, and made eager
and fharp fet, he may venture te feed her on the lure.
However, three things are to be confidered before
the lure be fhowed her, 1. That fhe be bold and fami-
liar in company, and not afraid of dogs and horfes.
2. Sharp fet and hungry, having regard to the hour
of morning and evening, when you would lure her.
3. Clean within, and the lure well garnifhed with meat
on both fides; and when you intend to give hex the
length of a leafh, you muft abfeond yourfelf.
N a She
F A L
i oo
i
F A L
Falconry She muff, aho be unhooded, and have a bit or two
3 g ' ven her on the lure as fhe fits on your fift ; afterwards
Falifci. tajjg t j lc } are f rom her, and hide it, that {he may not
*" " J ' fee it, and when the is unfeeled, caft the lure io near
her, that ihe may catch it within the length of her
leafh, and as loon as the has feized it, nfe[your voice as
falconers do, feeding her upon the lure, on the ground,
■with the heart and warm thigh of a pullet.
Having fo lured your falcon, give her but little meat
• in the evening ; and let this luring be fo timely, that
you may give her plumage, and a jack of a joint next
morning on your fir ft. When fhe has call andgleam-
ed, give her a little reaching of warm meat. A .out
noon, tie a creance to her leaih ; and going into the
field, there give her a bit or two upon her lure : then
unwind the creance, and draw it after you a good way ;
and let him who has the bird hold his right hand on
the taijel of her hood, ready to unhood her as foon as
you begin to lure ; to which if fne come well, floop
roundly upon it, and haftily feize it, let her call two or
three bits thereon. Then, unfeizing and taking her
off the lure, hood her and give her to the man again;
• and, going farther off, lure and feed her as before.
In this manner is the falconer to proceed, luring
her every day farther and farther off, till ihe is accuf-
tomed to come freely and eagerly to the lure ; after
which fhe may be lured in company, taking care that
nothing affright her. When fhe is ufed to the lure
on foot, fiie is to be lured on horfeback ; which may
be effected the fooner, by caufing horfemen to be a-
bout her when fhe is lured on foot.
When flie has grown familiar to this way, let fome-
body on foot hold the hawk, and he on horfeback muft
call and caft the lure about his head, the holder taking
ofFthe hood by the taffel ; and if fhe feize eagerly on
the lure without fear of man or horfe, then takeoff
the creance, and lure her at a greater diftance. And
if you would have her love dogs as well as the lure,
call dogs when you give her her living or plumage. See
the article Hawking.
FALERII (anc. geog.), a town of Etruria, on the
weft or right fide of the Tiber ; Falifci, the people
of the town and territory. The territory was famous
for its rich paftures ; hence the gramen Falifcnm\\\ au-
thors. Eutropius and Frontinus call the town Falifci ;
which, according to the laft, was furnamed Cu/onia
Junonia. The Falifci are called Aequi by Virgil ; be-
caufe they afforded fuppiemental laws to the 12 tables,
(Servius). Here they made an excellent faufage, call-
ed Venter Falifcus (Martial).
When the Falifci were befieged by Camillns, a fchool-
mafter went out of the gates of the city with his pupils,
s!nd propofed to betray them into the hands of the Ro-
man enemy, that by fuch a poffeffion he might eaiily o-
blige the place to furrender. Camillus heard the pro-
pofal with indignation, and ordered the man to be ftrip-
ped naked, and whipped back to the town by thofe
whom his perfidy wiihed to betray. This inftance of
generofky operated upon the people fo powerfully that
they furrendered to the Romans.
FALERNUS, Mom Maficus fo called (Martial);
Falernus ager, a diftrict: at the foot of Mount Mafft-
cus in Campania ; famous for its generous wines,
(Horace, Pliny). Now called Monte Maffico.
FALISCI. See Falerii.
FALK1A, in botany : a genus of the trigynia or- Falkia
der, belonging to the hcxandria clafs of plants. The il
calyx is monopnyllous; the corolla monopetaious ; the Falkland,
feeds four in number.
FALKIRK, a town of Stirlingfhire in Scotland,
fituated in W. Long. 3. 48. N. Lat. 56. 20. It is a
large ill-built place, aim is fupported by great fairs for
biack cattle from the Highlands, it being computed
that 24,000 head are annually fold there. A greet
deal of money is alfo got here by the carriage of goods
Knded at Carron wharf to Glafgow . This town is re-
markable ior a battle fought in its neighbourhood
between Edu ard I. of England, and the Scots com-
manded by the Steward of Scotland, Cummin of Ba-
denoch, and Sir William Wallace. The latter had
been inveited with the iupreme command ; but perceiv-
ing that this gave umbrage to the nobility, he re-
figned his power into the hands of the nobleman above-
mentioned, referving to himielf only the command
of a fmall body who refufed to rollow another leader.
The Scots generais placed their pikemen along the
front, and lined the intervals between the three bodies
of which iheir army wascompofed, with archers ; and
dreading the great fupeiiority of the Englifh cavalry,
endeavoured to fecure iheir front by pallifado.es tied to-
gether vriih ropes. The battle was fought on the 22d
or July 1298. The king of England divided his army
likewiie into three buuies, and by the fupeiiority of
his archers, defeated the Scots with great (laughter.
Wallace alone preferved entire the troops he command-
ed ; and retiring behind the Carron, niaixhed leifurely
along the banks of that river, w Inch protected him from
the enemy. In this battle fell John de Graham, a
gentleman much celebrated for his valour, and ftyled
the right hand of the gallant Wallace. His epitaph
is ii.il 1 to be feeen oh a plain (tone in the church yard of
Falkirk. On the 18th of January 1746, a battle was
fought here between the king's forces commanded by
general Hawley, and the Highlanders headed by
Charles Stuart. The former was itized with a pa-
nic, and fied ; but Colonel Hufk with two regiments,
who kept their ground, prevented the Highlanders
from puriuing their victory. Extenfive ruins are per-
ceived in the neighbourhood of this town, fuppofed by
fome antiquarians to have been the capital of the Picf-
iih government; but others believe them to be there-
mains of fome Roman ftations.
FALKLAND, a fmall town of Fifeihire in Scot-
land, made a royal burgh by James II. in 1458.
Here ftood one of the feats of the Macduffs earls of
Fife. On the attainder of Munro Stewart, ihe 17th
earl, it became forfeited to the crown in 1 424. James V.
who grew very fond of the place, enlarged and im-
proved it. The remains evince its former magnificence
and elegance, and the fine tafte of the princely archi-
tect. The gateway is placed between two fine round
towers ; on the right-hand joins the chapel whole roof
is of wood, handfomely gilt and painted, but in a moft
ruinous condition. Beneath are feveral apartments..
The front next to the court was beautifully adorned
with ftatues, heads in bafs-relief, and elegant columns
not reducble to any order, but of fine proportion,
with cipitals approaching the Ionic fcroll. Beneath
fome of thefe pillars was inferibed I. R. M. G. 1537:
or Jacobus Rex } Maria de Cuife. — This place was alfo
F A L [ 101
Falkland, a favourite refidence of James VI. on account of the
fine pirk and plenty ot deer. The eaft fide was acci-
dentally burnt in the time of Charles II. and the park
ruined during Cromwell's ufurpation ; when the fine
oaks were cut down in order to build the fort at Perth.
— Tliis place gives title of vifcount to the Eugiith fa-
mily of Carey ; Sir Henry Carey being fo created by
James VI. 1620. His ion was the celebrated Lucius,
who facrifictd his life in a fit of loyal defpair at the
battle of Newbury, and from whom Luch;s Charles
the prcfcnc vifcount is the fifth it; lineal defcent.
Falkland (Lord). See Carey.
FALL, the defcent of a heavy body towards the
centre of the earth. It is alfo the name of a mcafure
of length ufed in Scotland, containing fix ells.
Fall of Man, iu facred hifiory, that teinble event
by which fin and death were introduced into the world.
SceADAJt. and Antediluvians, auc; Original Six.
The account which Motes gives of this tranfaction is
extremely brief and concife. The ferpent, he informs
us, bei.ig more fubtile than any beaft of the field, afked
the woman, whether it was true that God had not
graived her and her huiband leave to eat of every tree
in the garden ? fire anfwered, that God had allowed
them to eat of all, except only the fruit of the tree
in the midit of the garden ; which he commanded they
fhou'd not caff?, nor fo much as touch, left they fhould
die. The teipent replied, that they lhould not die ;
for God knew the virtue of the tree ; and that, fo foon
as they eat of it, their eyes would be opened, and they
wo..!d become like gods, knowing good and evil.
Eve, feeing the fruit tempting to the view, took of
the fruit and ate ; and gave alfo to her hufbandof it,
and he did eat. Immediately the eyes of both were
opened ; when perceiving they were naked, they lewed
fig-leaves together, and made themfelves aprons. A-
dam and Eve, hearing the voice of God walking in the
garden in the cool of the day, hid themfelves among
the trees ; but, on God's calling for Adam, he excu-
fedhimfelf for not appearing, becaufe he was naked.
God demanded of him, who it was that told him he
was naked ; and whether he had difobeyed his com-
mand, in eating the forbidden fruit f Adam cqnfefTed
that the woman had offered him the fruit, and he had
tafted it. She, being examined likewife, acknow-
ledged what fhe had done ; but faid, the ferpent had
feduced and deceived her. God then proceeded to
judgment ; he firfl curfed the ferpenr above all beafls,
and condemned him to go on his belly, and eat the
duft ; adding, that he would put enmity between him
and the woman, and their offspring; that the feed of
the woman fhould brnife the ferpeni'shead, who lhould
bruife the other's heel. The woman was fubjected to
the pains of childbirth, as well as to the dominion of
her hufband ; and as to the man, God curfed the
ground for his fake, declaring, that it fhould bring
forth thorns and thirties, and he fhould earn his bread
by the fweat of his brow, till he returned to the dnfl,
from whence he was taken. At laft, having clothed
them both with fkins, he turned them our of the gar-
den, left they fhould take of the tree of life, and
eat, and live for ever : then, to prevent any attempt
to return to their former habitation, he placed che-
rabims at the eaft of the garden, and a flaming fword,
i
F A L
which turned every way, to guard the paflage to the Fall.-
tree of life. *— -^ '
This concife account being, at firft view, incumber-
ed with Ionic difficulties, icveral learned and pious
men have been inclined to believe the whole ought to
be taken in an allegorical i'enfe, and not according to
the ltrktnefs of the letter : they alltdge, that the an-
cients, and particularly the eaftern nations, had two
different ways of delivering their divinity and philofa-
phy, one popular, and the other myfterious ; that the
lcripture ui'es both occalionally ; fomctimes accommoda-
ting itfelf to the capacities of the people, and at other
times to the real but more veiled truth ; and that, to
obviate the many difficulties which occur in the literal
hiilory of this fad cataftrophe, the fa left, way is to un-
derftand it as a parabolical ffory, under which the real
circumflances are diiguiled and concealed, as a myfUry
not fit to be more explicitly declared.
Though it cannot be denied that fome of the an-
cient philofophers affected fuch an allegorical way of
writing, to conceal their notions from the vulgar, and
keep their learning within the bounds of their own
fchool ; yet it is apparent Moles had no fuch defign ;
and as ht pretends only to relate matters of fact, juft
as they happened, without art or diiguife, it cannot
be fuppofed but that this hifiory of the tall is to be taken
in a luerjil i'enfe, as well as the rett of bis writings. In
is generally agreed, that the ferpent which tempted
Eve was the Devil, who envying the privileges of man
in his innocence, tempted him, and was the caufe of his
forfeiting ali thole advantages which he had received
from God at his creation ; and that to this end he af-
fumeil the form of a ferpent. Thtfe interpretations-
arc lupported by many palfages of Scrip ure, where
the Devil is called the. ferpent, and \\\t old ferpent, (See
John viii. 44. 2 Cor. xi. 3. and Rev. xii. 9.) Some be--
lieve that the ferpent had then tue ufe ot fpeech, and
converted familiarly with the woman, without her con-
ceiving any diftruft of him ; and that God, to punifli
the malice with which he had abufee Eve, deprived
him of the ufe of fpeech. Others maintain, that a,
real ferpent having eaten of the forbidden fruit, Eve
from thence concluded, that fhe 100 might eat of ic
• without' danger ; that in effect fhe did eat of it, and
incurred the difpleafure of God by her difobedience.
This, fay thefe laft authors, is the plain matter of fact
which Mofes would relate under the allegorical repre-
fentatioii of the ferpent converting with Eve.
The opinion of fuch as believe this was not a reab
ferpent, but only the Devil under that name, is no ]efs
liable to exception than any of the reft. For though-
the Devil is frequently ftyled in Scripture xhc ferpent,
and the old ferpent, yet why he lhould be called the
■mo}} ftbtie beaji of the field, we cannot conceive ; nei-
ther will the punifhiuent indicted on the ferpent fuffer
us to doubt, but that a ftrpent's body at leait was em-
ployed in the tranfaction.
The nature of the forbidden fruit is another circum-
ftance in this relation that has occafioned no lefs va-
riety of conjectures. The Rabbins believe it was the
vine ; others that it was wheat ; and others, from the
circnm fiance of Adam and Eve's covering themfelves
with fig-leaves immediately after their tranfgreflion,
tell us, that this fruit mult have been the fig ; fome
think
Fallacy
II '
Pailopius.
F A L [ j
think it was the cherry; and the generality of the
Latius will have it to be the apple.
Thofe who admire allegorical interpretations, will
have tne forbidden fruit to have, been no other than the
ienfual act. of generation, for which the punifhment in-
flicted on the woman was the pain of cnild-bearing.
But this opinion has not the leaf!: foundation in the
words of Mofes, efpecially if we conlider that Adani
knew not his wife till after their expulfion out of Pa-
ra dife.
Many have been the fuppofitions and conjectures
upon this fubjecr. in general ; and fome have fo far in-
dulged their fancy in the circuinftances of the fall,
that they have perverted the whole narration of Mofes
into a fable full of the moll fhameful extravagancies.
FALLACY, a deception, fraud, or fa lie appear-
ance.
The Epicureans deny that there is any fuch thing as
a fallacy of the fenfes; for, according to them, all our
fenfations and perceptions, both of fenfe and phanta-
fy, are true ; whence they make fenfe the primary cri-
terion of truth.
The Cartefians, on the other hand, maintain, that
we fhould fufpeet. as falfe, or at moft as dubious, every
thing that prefcnts itfelf to us by means only of the
external fenfes, becaufe they frequently deceive us.
They add, that our fenfes, as being fallacious, were
never given us by nature for the difcovery of truth, or
the contemplation of the principles of things ; but only
for pointing out to us what things are convenient or
hurtful to our bodies.
The Peripatetics keep a middle courfe. They fay,
that if a feniible object be taken in its common or ge-
neral view, the fenfe cannot be deceived about it ; but
that if the object, be taken under its fpecific view, the
fenfe may be miftaken about it, from the want of the
difpofitions necefTary to a juft fenfation, as a difor-
der in the organ, or any thing uncommon in the me-
dium : thus, in fome diforders of the eye, all objects
appear yellow ; a flick in water appears broken or
crooked, &c.
FALLING-sickness, or Epilepsy. See Medi-
ClUE-hidex.
Falling-Stars. See Star.
P FALLOPIAN tubes, in anatomy, two ducts arif-
ing from the womb, one on each fide of the fundus,
and thence extended to the ovaries, having a confider-
able fhare in conception. They are called tuba, from
their form, which bears fome refemblaace to a trum-
pet ; and their denomination, Fallopian*, they take
from Gabriel Fallopius, mentioned in the next article.
See Anatomy, p. 740. col. 2.
FALLOPIUS (Gabriel), a moft celebrated phyfi-
e-ian and anatornift, was born at Modena in Italy, in
the year 1523, and defcended of a noble family. He
made feveral difcoveries ift anatomy, one of which was
that of the tubes, called from him the Fallopian tubes.
He travelled through the greateft part of Europe, and
obtained the character of being one of the ableft phy-
ficians of his age. He was made profeffor of anatomy
at Pifa in the year 1548, and at Padua in the year
1 551 : here he died in 1562, aged 39. His writings,
Which are numerous, were firft printed feparately, and
afterwards collected under the title of " Opera genui-
na omnia, tarn practica quam theoretica, in tres to-
ll
oft ] F A L
mos diftribata." They were printed at Venice in 1585,
and in 1606 ; at Francfort in 1600, sum operum ap-
peudice ; and in 1606, in folio.
FALLOW, a pale red-colour, like that of brick
half-burnt ; fuch is that of a fallow-deer.
Fallow- Field, or Fallow-ground ; land laid up, or
that lias been untilled for a confid<erable time.
FALLOWING u/ land, a particular method of
improving land. SceAGRicuLTURE, n° 14, 15, 185.
FALMOUTH^ a port-town of Cornwall in Eng-
land, fituated in W. Long. 5. 30. N. Lat. 50. 15. on
a fine bay of the Englifli channel. It is the richelt and
moft trading town of the county, and larger than any
three of its boroughs that fend members to parliament.
It is fo commodious a harbour, that fhips of the preat-
eft burden come up to its quay. It is guarded by the
caftle of St Mawes and Pendennis, on a high reck a£
the entrance ; and there is fuch inciter in the many
creeks belonging to it, that the whole royal navy may
ride fafe here in any wind, it being next to Plymouth
and Milford-Haven, the beft road for fhippingin Great
Britain. It is well-built ; and its trade is conlider-
ably increafed fince the eftabliihment of the packet-
boats here for Spain, Portugal, and the Weft-Indies,
which not only bring vaft quantities of gold in fpecie
and in bars, on account of the merchants in London j
but the Falmouth merchants trade with the Portuguefe
in fhips of their owri, and they have a great fhare alio
in the gainful pilchard trade. The cuftom-houfe for
moft of the Corniih towns, as well as the head collec-
tor, is fettled here, where the duties, including thofe of
the other ports, are very confiderable. It is a corpo-
ration, governed by a mayor and aldermen. Here is a
market onThurfday, and fairs July 27, and October 30.
FALSE, in general, fomething contrary to truth,
or not what it ought to be : thus we fay a falfe ac-
tion, falfe weights, falfe claim, &c.
False Action, if brought againft one whereby he is
caft into prifon, and dies pending the fuit, the law
gives no remedy in this cafe, becaufe the truth or false-
hood of the matter cannot appear before it is tried :
and if the plaintiff is barred, or non-Anted at com-
mon law, regularly all the punifhment is amercement.
False Imprifonment, is a trefpafs committed againft
a perfon, by arrefling and imprifoning him without
juft caufe, contrary to law ; or where a man is un-
lawfully detained without legal piocefs : and it is al-
fo ufed for a writ which is brought for this trefpafs. If
a perfon be anyway unlawfully detained, iris falfe
imprifonment ; and confiderable damages are recover-
able in thofe actions.
False News, fpread'wg of, in order to make difcord
between the king and nobility, or concerning any great
man of the realm, is punifhable by common law with
fine and imprifonment ; which is confirmed by ftatutes
Weftm. 1. 3 Edw. I. cap. 34. 2 Ric. II. fiat. 1. cap.
5. & 12 Ric. II. cap. 11.
False Oath. See Perjury.
False Prophecy. See Prophecy.
False Quarter, in farriery. See Quarters.
False Bay, a bay lying to the eafhvard of the Cspe
of Good Hope ; frequented by vefitls during the pre-
valence of the north-wefterly winds, which begin to
exert their influence in May, and render it dangerous
to remain in Table Bay. It is terminated to the east-
ward
Fallot*
II
Falfe.
F A M
[ ™3 1
F A M
Falfi ward by Falfe Cape, and to the weftward by the Cape
II of Good Hope. Icis 18 miles wide at its entrance,
Fama. ailc J t he two capes bear due eaft and well from each
other.
FALSI crimen, in the civil law, is fraudulent
fubornation or concealment, with delign to darken or
hide the truth, and make things appear otherwife than
they are. The crimen falfi is committed, 1. By words,
as when a witnefs fwears faifely. 2. By writing, as
when a man aatedates a contract, or the like. 3. By
deed, as when he fells by falfe weights and meafures.
FALSIFY, in law, is .11 fed for proving any thing
to be falfe. Hence we find
Falsifying a record, for mowing it to be errone-
ous. Thus lawyers teach, that a perfon purchasing
land of another, who is afterwards outlawed of felony,
&c. may falfify the record, not only as to the time
wherein the felony isfuppofed to have been committed,
but alfo as to the point of the offence. But where a man
is found guilty by verdict, a parchafer cannot falfify as
10 the offence ; though he may for the time where the
party is found guilty generally in the indictment, be-
caufe the time is not material upon evidence.
EALSTAFF. See Fastolff.
FALX, in anatomy, a part of the dura mater, de-
fending between the two hemifpheres of the brain, and
feparating the fore-pm from the hinder. It is called
falx. i. e. "fickle," becaufeof its curvature, occafioned
by the convexity of the brain. It divides the brain as
low as the corpus callofum.
FAMA clamosa, in the judicial procedure of the
church of Scotland, a ground of action before a pref-
bytery againft one of its members, independant of any
regular complaint by a particular accufer. See Pres-
bytery.
Any perfon who is of a good character, may give
to the prelbytery a complaint againfl one of their
members ; but the prefbytery is not to proceed to the
citation of the perfon accufed, until the accufer under
his hand gives in the complaint, with fome account of
its probability, and undertakes to make out the libel,
under the pain of being confidered as a Slanderer. When
fuch an accufation is brought before them, they are
obliged candidly to examine the affair. But, befides
this, the prefbytery considers itfelf obliged to proceed
againft any of its members, if a fama ciamofa of the
fcandal is fo great that they cannot be vindicated un-
lefs they begin the procefs. This they can do with-
out any particular accufer, after they have inquired in-
to the rife, occafion, and authors, of this report. It
is a maxim in the kirk of Scotland, that religion mult
fuffer if the fcandalous or immoral actions of a mini-
fter are not corrected. And wherever a minifter is re-
puted guilty of any immortality (although before the
moft popular preacher in the kingdom), none almolt
will attend upon his miniftry. Therefore the prefby-
tery, for the fake of religion, is obliged to proceed againft
a minifter in cafe of a fama ciamofa. This, however
is generally done with great tendernefs. After they
have confidered the report raifed againft him, then
they order him to be cited, draw oat a full copy of
what is reported, with a lit of the witneffes names to
be led for proving this allegation. He is now to be
formally fummoned to appear before them; and he
has warning given him, at leaft ten days before the
time of his compearance, to give in his anfwers to
what is termed the libel; and the names of the wimef-
fes ought aifo to be fent him. If at the time appoint-
ed the minifter appear, the libel is to be read to him,
and his anfwers are alfo to be read. If the libel be
found relevant, then the prefbytery is to endeavour to
bring him to a confeflion. If the matter confelfed be
of a fcandalous nature, fnch as uncleannefs, the pref-
bytery generally depofe him from his office, and ap-
point him in due time to appear before the congrega-
tion where the fcandal was given, and to make pub-
lic confeffiun of his crime and repentance. If a mi-
nifter abfent himfelf by leaving the place, and be con-
tumacious, without making any relevant excufe, a new
citation is given him, and intimation is made at his
own church when the congregation is met, that he is
to be holden as confelfed, fince he refufed to appear
before them ; and accordingly he is depofed from his
office.
FAME, a heathen goddefs, celebrated chiefly by
the poets. She is feigned to have been the laft of the
race of Titans produced by the eanh, to have her pa-
lace in the air, and to have avaft number of eyes, ears,
and tongues. She is mentioned by Hefiod, and parti-
cularly defcribed by Ovid and Virgil.
FAMES canina, the fame with Bulimy.
FAMIA, or Afamia, the modern name of one of
the ancient Apameas. See Atamea.
FAMILIARS of the Inquisition, perfons who
affilt in apprehending fuch as are accufed, and carry-
ing them to prilbn. They are afliftants to the inquifi-
tor, and called familiars, becaufe they belong to his
family. In fome provinces of Italy they are called
crofs-bearers, and in others the fcholars of St Peter the
martyr ; and they wore a crofs before them on the out-
fide garment. They are properly bailiffs of the inqui-
fition ; and the vile office is efteemed fo honourable,
that noblemen in the kingdom of Portugal have been
ambitious of belonging to it. Nor is this furprifing,
when it is confidered that Innocent III. granted very
large indulgences and privileges to thefe familiars; and
that the fame plenary indulgence is granted by the
pope to every lingle exercife of this office, as was
granted by the Lateran counil to thofe who fuccour-
ed the Holy Land. When feveral perfons are to be
taken up at the fame time, thefe familiars are com-
manded to order matters that they may know nothing
of one another's being apprehended ; and it is related,
that a father and his three fons, and three daughters,
who lived together in the fame houfe, were carried pri-
foners to the inquisition without knowing any thing of
one another's being there till feven years afterwards,
when they that were alive were releafed by an act of
faith.
•FAMILY, denotes the perfons that live together
in one houfe, under the direction of one head or chief
manager. It alfo Signifies the kindred or lineage of 3
perfon ; and is ufed by old writers for a hide or por-
tion of land fufficient to maintain one family. Sec
Hide.
Family, in natural hiftory, a term ufed by authors
to exprefs any order of animals, or other natural pro*
ductions of the fame clafc. See Class and Osdex.
FA-
FAN
[ 104 3
FAN
Famine,
FanJ
FAMINE, dearth, or fcarcity of food. For pre-
fervatives agaittft hunger in times of famine, i'ct the
article Hunger.
FAN, a- machine ufed to raife wind, and cool the
air by agitating it.
That the nfe of the fan was known to the ancients
is very evident from what Terence fays,
Cape hoc fiabellum, et ve/itulum buk Jic facito ;
and fro v. Ovid, An. Amanri. i. 161.
Trofuit et tenuis ventos vwvijfc flabello.
Tlic fans of me ancients were made of different
materials. ; but the moil elegant weie computed of
peacock's feathers, or perhaps painted, fo as to re-
prefent a pe.tcock's tail.
The cutlum which now prevails among the ladies of
wearing fans, was borrowed fiom the eait, v\ here the
hot climate renders the nfe of fans and umbrellas al-
jnoit indifpenfable.
In the call they chiefly ufe large fans made of fea-
thers, to keep off the fun and the flies. In Italy and
Spain they liave a large fort of fquare fans, fufpended
in the middle of their apartments, and particularly o-
ver the tables ; thefe, by a motion at firlt given ihcm,
which they retain a long time on account of their per-
pendicular fufpenfion, help to cool the air and drive
off flies.
In the Greek church, a fan is pot into the hands of
the deacons in the ceremony of thtir ordina:ion, in al-
lufion to a part of the deacon's office in that church,
which is to keep the flies off the prieits daring the ce-
lebration of the facrament.
What is called a fan amongft us and throughout the
chief parts of Europe', is a thin fkin, or piece of pa-
per, taffe:y, or other light fluff, cut femicircularly,
aid mounted on feveral little flicks of wood, ivory,
tortoife-fhell, or the like. If the paper be tingle, the
fticks of the mounting are pafted on the leaft ornamen-
tal fide : if double, the fticks are placed bet'.\ix r them.
B fore they proceed to plice the fticks, which they
call mounting the fan, the paper is to be plaited in
fuch manner, as that the plaits may be alternately
inward and outward.
I: is in the middle of eich plait, which is ufually
about half an inch broad, that the flhks are to be
pafted; and thefe again are to be all joined and ri-
vetted together at the other end ; they are very thin,
and fcarce exceed one-third of an inch in breadth ; and
where they are parted to the paper, are ftill narrower,
continuing thus to the extremity of the paper. The
two outer ones are bigger and ftrongcr than the others.
The numberof fticks rarely exceeds 22. The fticks
are ufually provided by the cabinet makers or toy-
men ; the fan-painters plait the papers, paint, and
mount them.
The common painting is either in colours or gold-
leaf, applied on a filvered ground, both prepared by
the gold-beaters- Sometimes they paint on a gold
ground, but it is rarely ; true gold being too dear,
and falfe too paltry. To apply the filver leaveson the
paper, they nfe a compofuion, which they pretend is
a great fecret, but which appears to be no other than
gum Arabic, fugar-candy, and a little honey melted
in common water, and mixed with a little brandy.
This compofuion is laid on with a fponge ; then lay-
ing the filver leaves thereon, and puffing them gently Fan I
d< '• n with a linen bill ftafted witu cotton, they catch II
hold, and adhere together. When, inftead of filver, Fanfl uw.
gold ground is laid, the fame method is obferved. The
ground being well dried, a number of the papers are
well beaten together on a block, and by this means
the iilver or gold get 'a Uutre as if they had been bur-
nished.
can is alfo an inflrument to winnow corn — The
machine tiled tor this purpofe by the ancients items to
have been ol a form iimilar to ours. The fan, which
Virgil calls myjlica vannus lacchi } was ultdat initalions
into the my; eritsor the ancients : For as the perfons
who were initiated into any of myltcries, w ere to
be particularly good, this inftrurnttn, which ftpa.ates
the wheat from the chaff, was the fittelt emblem that
could be ot feiting apart the good and virtuous Irom
the vicious and u elels part of mankind. It is figu-
ratively applied in a fimilar manner in Luke in. 1 7.
FANATICS, wild, emhuiiaitic, vifionary perfons,
who pretend to revelation and infpiiation.
Ihe ancients called ihoiejanattci who parted their
time in temples (Jaim), and being often feezed with.
a kind of enibufk'tm, as> if iufpired by the divinity,
fhowed wild and antic geftnres. Prudentius reprelents
them as cutting and flaming their arms wi.h knives.
Shaking the head was alfo common among the fana-
tici ; for Lar..p.ii;ius informs us, that ihe emperor
Htliogabulus was arrived to that pitch of madnefs, as
to ihdke his he^d with the gained fanatics. Hence the
word was applied among ns to the Anabaptilts, Qua-
kers, &c. at their fiift rile, and is now an epithet gi-
ven to the modern prophets, muggletouians, &c.
FANCY, or imagination. Se Imagin atio-n.
FaNIONS, 111 the military art, fmall nags carried
along with the baggage.
FANSHAW (Sir Richard), famous for his cm-
baflies and writings, wis the tenth aid yonngert fon
of Sir Henry Faufliaw if Waie Pa.k in Hen ordfhire,
where it is fuppi fed he was born abom the year 1607.
He diftingui'hed himtelf fo early by his abilities, that
in i6;5 he was taken into government-employments
by King Charles I. and lent refident to the court of
Spam ; whence, being recalled in the beginning of the
troubles in 1041, he adhered to the royal mtcrefl, and
was employed in feveral important matters of Hate.
During his vacant hours he wrote divers poems, and
made feveral tranflaiions. At the reiteration it was
expected he would have been made one of \hi fecreta-
ries of itate : however, he was made mailer of the Te-
quefts ; a rtation in thofe times of considerable profit.
Afterwards, on account of his fkill in the Latin lan-
guage, he was made fecretary for that tongue. In
1661, he was lent envoy to the king of Portugal. In
1662, he was again fent to that court with the title of
aubaffarior, and negociated the marriage of his matter
king Charles II. with the infata Donna Catherina.
Upon bis return ne was made one ot the privy coun-
cil. I"? 1664, he was ftnt amballador to both the
courts of Spain and Portug?l ; at which time the foun-
dation of peace betwixt thofe crowns and England was
laid by him. His conducl during his former employ-
ments in thofe courts gained him fuch high efteem
there, that his reception was magnificent, exceeding
all that were before, which thofe kings declared was
nor
Fare.
FAR [ i
Fantafia not to be a precedent to fucceeding ambiffadors. He
died at Madrid in 1666, on the very day he had fix-
ed for fetting out on his return to England. Befides
fome original poems, and other tranflations, he pub-
liQied a tranflation of" Bathifla Guarini's Paftor Fido,
and anoth er of "the Lufiad of Camoen's. Among hispofl-
humous pablications are, " Letters during his embaf-
fiesin Spain and Portugal ; with his life prefixed."
FANTASIA, in the Italian mufic, fignifies fancy ;
and is ufed for a competition, wherein the compofer
ties himfelf to no particular time, but ranges accord-
ing as his fancy leads, amidft various movements, dif-
ferent airs, &c. This is otherwife called the capricious
flyle : before fonatas were ufed, there were many of
this kind, fome of which remain even now.
FANUM, among the Romans, a temple or place
confecrated to fome deity. The deified men and wo-
men among the heathens had likewife their fana ; even
the great philofopher Cicero erected one to his daugh-
ter Tullia.
Faxum Vacuna, (anc. geog.), a village of the Sa-
bines, fituated between Cures and Mandela ; where flood
the temple of Vacuna, goddefs of the idle or unem-
ployed, in an old decayed ftate ; and hence the epithet
f utre, ufed by Horace Now called Voeone in the Ec-
clefiaflic State.
FARANDMAN, a traveller, or merchant Gran-
ger, to whom, by the laws of Scotland, juftice ought
to be done with all expedition, that his bufinefs or
journey be not hindered.
FARCE, was originally a droll, petty fhow, or en-
tertainment, exhibted by charlatans, and ihcir buf-
foons, in the open ftreet to gather the crowd together.
— The word is French, and fignifies literally, " force-
meat or fluffing." It was applied on this occafion, no
doubt, on account of the variety of jefls, gibes, tricks,
&c. wherewith the entertainmeut was interlarded.
Some authors derive farce from the Latin facetia ; o-
thers from the Ct\\\c farce, " Mockery ;" others from
the Latin farcire, <e to fluff."
At prefent it is removed from the ftreet to the
theatre ; and inftead of being performed by merry-
andrews to amufe the rabble, is acted by comedian^
and becomes the entertainment of a polite audience.
Poets have reformed the wildnefs of the primitive far-
ces, and brought them to the tafle and manner of co-
medy. The difference between the two on our flage
is, that comedy keeps to nature and probability, and
therefore is confined to certain laws prefcribed by an-
cient critics ; whereas farce difallows of all laws, or ra-
ther fets them afide on occafion. Its end is purely to
make merry; and it flicks at nothing which may con-
tribute thereto, however wild and extravagant. Hence
the dialogue is ufually low, the perfons of inferior
rank, the fable or action trivial or ridiculous, and na-
ture and truth every where heightened and exaggera-
ted to afford the more palpable ridicule.
FARCIN, or Farcy, a difeafe in horfes, and fome-
times in oxen, &c. fomewhat of the nature of a fca-
bieso^ mange. See Farriery, fed. xxiv.
FAB-DING-deal, the fourth part of an acre of
land. See Acre.
FARE, mofl commonly fignifies the money paid
for a voyage, or paflage by water ; but, in London, it
Vcl. VII.
°S ]
FAR
is what perfons pay for being conveyed from on: part
of the town to another in a coach or chair.
FAP\.EWELL-cape, the mofl foutherly promon-
tory of Greenland, in W. Long. 50 , and N. Lat. 6o?.
FARIN, or Farm. See Farm.
FARINA, a Latin term fignifying meal, or the
flour of corn. See Corn.
Farina Fxcundans, among botanifls, the fuppofed
impregnating meal or dufl on the apices or anthera: of
flowers. See Pollen.
The manner of gathering the farina of plants for
microfcopical obferrations is this : Gather the flowers
iu the midft of a ury funfhiny day when the dew i3
perfectly off", then gently fhakeoff the farina, or light-
ly brufh it off with a foft hair-pencil, upon a piece of
white paper ; then take a fingle talc or ifinglafs be-
tween the nippers, and, breathing on it, apply it in-
ftantly to the farina, and the moiflure of the breath
will make that light powder flick to it. If too great
a quantity be found adhering to the talc, blow a little
of it off ; and, if there is too little, breathe upon it a-
gain, and take up more. When this is done, put the
talc into the hole of a Aider, and, applying it to the
microfcope, fee whether the little grains are laid as you
defire ; and if they are, cover them up with another
talc, and fix the ring ; but be careful that the talcs do
not prefs upon the farina in fuch a manner as to alter
its form.
FARLEU, money paid by the tenants in the weft
of England, in lieu of a heriot. In fome manors of
Devonfhire, farleu is often diftinguifhed to be the be ft
goods, as heriot is the beft beafl, payable at the death
of a tenant.
FARM, farin, or Ferni, (Ftrma), in law, fignifies
a little country mefluage or diflrict ; containing houfe
and land, with other conveniencies ; hired, or taken by
leafe, either in writing, or parole under a certain year-
ly rent. See Lease.
This in divers parts is differently termed : in the
north, it is a tack ; in Lancafhire, a jermeholt ; in Ef-
fex, a W ike, &c.
In the corrupted Latin, firma fignified a place in-
clofed or fhut in : whence, in fome provinces, Menage
obferves, they call cloferie, or clofure, what in otheri
they call a farm. Add, that we find locare ad firman,
to fignify to let to fann ; probably on account of the
fure hold the tenant here has in comparifon of tenants
at will.
Spelman and Skinner, however, choofe to derive the
word farm from the Saxon fearme, or feorme, that is,
vittus, i( provifion ;" by reafon the country people
and tenants anciently paid their rents in victuals and
other neceffaries, which were afterwards converted in-
to the payment of a fum of money. Whence a farm
was originally a place that fiirnifhed its landlord with
provifions. And among the Normans they ftill dif-
tinguifh between farms that pay in kind, i. e. provi-
fions, and thofe which pay in money ; calling the for-
mer {\my>\y fermes, and the latter blanch? ferine , "white
ferm."
Spelman fhows, that the word firma, anciently fig
nified not only what we now call a farm, but alfo a
feafl or entertainment, which the farmer gave the pro-
prietor or landlord, for a certain number of days, and
O at
Farewell-
t'rpc
II
Farm.
FAR
[ 1 06 ]
FAR
at a certain race, for the lands he held of him. Thns
' fear 7; j 1 in the laws of king Canute is rendered by Mr.
Lambard, viElus : and thus we read of teddere firmam
unius noElh, and reddebat unnm diem de firma ; which
denote provifion for a night and day, the rents about
the time of the conqueft being all paid in provifions ;
which cuftom is faid to have been fir it altered under
king Henry I. We alio fay to farm duties, imports,
&c.
Culture of a Farm. See Agricu lture.
Farm, as connected with gardening, and fufceptible
of embellifliment. See Gardening.
In {"peculation, it might have been expected that the
firit eilays ojf improvement fhould have been on a farm,
to make it both advantageous and delightful; but the
fact was othervvife : a fin all plot was appropriated to
pkafure ; the reft was referved for profit only. And
this may, perhaps, have been a principle caufe of the
vicious ta'te which long prevailed in gardens. It
was imagined that a fpot fct apart from the reft Ihould
not be like them : the conceit introduced deviations
from nature, which were after vvards carried to fuch an
excefs, that hardly any objects truly rural were left
within an inclofure, and the view of thofe without
was generally excluded. The firfl ftep, therefore, to-
wards a reformation, was by opening the garden to
the country, and that immediately led to affimilating
them ; but ftill the idea of a fpot appropriated to plea-
fure only prevailed,, and one of the latelt improve-
ments has been to blend the ufeful with the agreeable ;
even the ornamental farm was prior in time to the
more rural ; and we have at laft returned to fimplicity
by force of refinement.
Gf a paf- I. The ideas of paftoral poetry feem now to be the
toral farm, ftandard of that fimplicity ; and a place conformable
to them is deemed a farm in its utmoft purity. An al-
lufion to them evidently enters into the deiign of the
Leafowes (a), where they appear fo lovely as to en-
dear the memory of their author ; and juftify the re-
putation of Mr. Shenftone, who inhabited, made and
celebrated the place : it is a perfect picture of his
mind, fimple, elegant, and amiable ; and will always
fugged a doubt, whether the fpot infpircd his verfe, or
whether, in the fcenes which he formed, he only rea-
lized the paftoral images which abound in his longs.
The whole is in the fame tafte,yet full of variety ; and,
except in two or three trifles, evey part is rural and
natural. It is literally a grazing farm lying round the
houfe ; and a walk, as unaffected and as unadorned
as a common field-path, is conducted through the fe-
veral enclofures. But for a detail of the plan and
fcenery, as illuftrative of the prefent fubject, the read-
er is referred to the particular defcription of the Lea-
fowes publiflied by the late Mr. Dodfley. We fhall only
take notice of one or two circumffances independent on
the general delineation.
The art with which the divifions between the fields
are diverfified is one of them. Even the hedges are
diftinguilhed from each other ; a common quickfet
fence is in one place the feparation ; in another, it is a
lofty hedge-row, thick from the top to the bottom ;
in a third) it is a continued range of trees, with all their Farm.
Hems clear, and the light appearing in the intervals ' — ">
between their boughs, and the bullies beneath them ;
in others, thefe l.nes of trees are broken, a few groupes
only being left ar different diftances ; and fometitnts a
wood, a grove, a coppice, or a thicket, is the apparent
boundary, and by them both the fhape and the ftyle
of the enclofures are varied.
The inferiptions, which abound in the place, are an-
other ftriking peculiarity : they are v ell known and
jnftly admired ; and the elegance of the poetry, and
the aptnefs of the quotations, atone for their length
and their number. But, in general, inferiptions pltafe
no more than once : the utmoft they can pretend to,
except when their allulions are emblematical, is to
point out the beauties, or defcribe the effecls, of the
fpots they belong to; but thofe beauties and thofe ef-
fects muft be very faint, which (land in need of the af-
iiliance. Inferiptions, however, to commemorate a de-
parted friend, are evidently exempt from the cenfure ;
the monuments would be unintelligible without them ;
and an urn, in a lonely grove, or in the midft of a field,
is a favourite embellifhment at the Leafowes : they are
indeed among the principal ornaments of the place ;
for the buildings are mollly mere feats, or little root-
houfes ; a ruin of a priory is the largeft, and that has
no peculiar beauty to recommend it : but a -multiplici-
ty of objects are unneceflary in a farm ; the country
it commands is full of them ; and every natural advan-
tage of the place within itfelf has been discovered, ap-
plied, contraftcd, and carried to the utmoft perfection,
in thepureft tafte, and with inexhauftible fancy.
Among the ideas of paftoral poetry which are here
introduced, its mythology is not omitted : but the al-
ltifions are both to ancient and 10 modern fables ;
fometimes to the fairies ; and ibmetimes to the naiads
and mufes. The objects alfo are borrowed partly
from the fcenes which this country exhibited fome
centuries ago, and partly from thofe of Arcadia : the
priory, and a Gothic feat, ftill more particularly cha-
racterifed by an infeription in obfolete language and
the black letter, belong to the one ; the urns, Virgil's
obelilk, and a ruitic temple of Pan, to the other. All
thefe allufions and objects are. indeed equally rural :
but the images in an Engl i In and a claflical eclogue are
not the fame ; each fpecies is a diflinct imitative cha-
racter. Either is proper ; either will raife the farm it
is applied to above the ordinary level ; and within the
compafs of the fame place both may be introduced :
but theyfhould be feparate : when they are mixed, they
counteract one another ; and no reprefentation is pro-
duced of the times and the countries they refer to. A
certain diftrict fliould therefore be allotttd to each, that
all the fields which belong to the respective characters
may lie together, and the correfponding ideas be pre-
lerved for a continuance.
2. In fuch an afiortment, the more open and polifhed Of an an-
fcenes will generally be given to the Arcadian fhep- cient farm,
herd ; and thofe in a lower degree of cultivation, will
be thought more conformable to the manners of the
ancient Britifh yeomanry. We do not conceive that
the
(a) In Shropfhire, between Birmingham and Stourbridge..
*
FAR
[ 107 ]
FAR
Tarm. the country in their time was entirely cleared, cr di-
ftin&ly divided ; the fields were furroanded by woods,
not by hedges ; and if a coulideraule. tract of improved
land lay together, it ltill was not feparated into a num-
ber of inclofires. The fut j rets, therefore, proper to re-
ceive this character, are th^ie in which cultivation ieems
to have encroached on the wild, noc to have fubdued
it ; as the bottom ot a valley in corn, while the fides
are ftill overgrown with wood i and the outline of that
wood indented by the tiilage creeping more orkfs up
the hill. But a glade of grafs, thus circumftanced,
does not peculiarly belong to the fpecies : that may
occur in a park or pa floral far in ; in this, the paftures
fhould rather border on a waile or a common : if large,
they may be broken by ftraggling bufhes, thickets, or
coppices; and the fcattered trees fhoidd be beet with
brambles and briars. Ail thtfe are circum fiances
which improve the beauty of the pi jce ; yet appear to
be only remains of the wild, not intended forembcllifti-
ment. Such interruptions inuft, however, be lefs fre-
quent in the arable parts of the farm ; but there the
opening may be divided into feveral lands, difiiiiguilh-
ed, as in common fields, only by different forts of
grain. Thefe will fufficiently break the famenefs of
the fpace % and tillage does not furnifli a more pleafing
fcene, than fuch a fpace fo broken, if the extent be mo-
derate, and the boundary beautiful.
Ab much wood is effential to the character, a fpot
may eafily be found, where turrets riling above the co-
verr, or fome arches feen within it, may have the re-
femblance of a caft'eor an abbey. The partial conceal-
ment is almoft necefTary to both : for to accord with
the age, the buildings muff fcem to be entire; the
ruins of them belong to laer days : the difguife is,
however, advantageous to them as objects ■, none can
be imagined more picturefque, than a tower bofomed
in trees, or a cinder appearing between the Items and
the branches. But the fiperftitions of the t'mes fur-
nifh other objects which are more within compafs :
hermiiajr.es were then real : folirary chapels were com-
mon , many of the fprings of the country being deem-
ed holy wells, were diftinguimed by little Gothic domes
hu'ltover them ; and every hamlet had its crofs ; even
this, when perfect, feton a little ruftic pillar, and that
raifed upon a bafe of circular fteps, may in fome fcenes
be confiJerable : if a filiation can be found for a May-
pole, whence it would not obtrude itfelf on every view,
thatalfo might not be improper ; and an ancient church,
however unwelcome it may be when it breaks into the
delign of a park or a garden, in fuch a farm as this
would be a fortunate accident : nor would the old yew
in the church yard he indifferent; it would be a me-
morial of the times when it was itfeful.
Many other objects, fignificant of the manners of our
anceftors, might perhaps, upon recollection, occur ; but
thefe are amply fifficient for a pla'e of confiderable
extent; and cottages m nit abound in eery age and
every country ; and may therefore be introduced in
different forms and pofition. Large pieces of water
are alfo particularly proper ; and all the varieties of
rills are confident with every fpecies of farm. From
the concurrence of fo nianv agreeable circumitances in
this, be the force or the effect of the character what it
may, a number of plcalng fcenes may beexhibited ei-
«her in a walk or riding, to be contra/ted to thofe
which in another prt ofthe place may be firmed on ftirm.
Arcadian ideas ; or tun to be fubftituted in their Head ' f
if they arc omitted.
3. A part may alfo be free from either of thefe imita- ofafifeile
tive characters, and laid out in a common firrple farm. farm. -
Some of the greateft beauties of nature are to be found
in the fields, and attend an ordinary flate of cultiva-
tion : wood and water may there be exhibited in feve-
ral forms and difpofions ; we may enlaige or divide
the inclofures ; and give them fuch fhapcs'and bounda-
ries as we pieafe ; every one may be an agreeable fppt ;
together, they may compofe beautiful views ; die arable
the pafhire, and the mead, may fucceed one another ;
and now and then a litile wild may be intermixed with-
out impropriety ; every beauty, in ihort, which is not
unufual in an inclofed country, whether it arife from
neglect or improvement, is here in its place.
The buildings, alfo, which are frequent in fuch a
country, are often beautiful objects ; the church and
themanfion are confideralle ; the farm-yard itfelf, if
an advantageous fituation be chofen for it ; if the
ricks, and the barns, and the out-houfes, are ranged
with any dtfign to form them intogroi pes, and if they
are properly blended with trees ; maybe made a pictu-
refque compofition. Mary of them may be detached
from the groupe, and dilperftd about the grounds :
the dove-cote ; or the diary, may be feparated from
the reft ; they may be elegant in their form.-, and pla-
ced wherever they will have the belt effect. A com- 1
mon barn, accompanied by a clump, is fometimes
pleafing at a diftar.ee ; A dutch barn is fb when near ;
and an hay-flack is generally an agreeable circum-
ftance in aiy polition. Each of thefe may be tingle ;
and befiies thefe, all kinds of cottages are proper.
Among fo many buildings, fome may be converted to
other purpofes than their conflrnction denotes; and,
whatever be their exterior, may w ithin be made agree-
able retreats, for refrefhment, indulgence, or fhelter.
With fuch opportunities of improvement, even to
decoration within itfelf, and with advantages of pro-
fpect into the country about it, afimple farm may un-
doubtedly be delightful. It will be particularly ac-
ceptable to the owner, if it he clofe to his paik or his
garden :- the objects which conftanily remind him of
his rank, impoie a kind of conftraint ; and he feels
himfelf relieved, by retiring fometimes from the fplen-
dor of a feat into the fimplicity of a farm: it is more
than a variety of fcene ; it is a temporary change of
fituation in life, which has all the charms of novelty,
eafe, and tranquillity, to recommend it. A place,
therefore, can hardly be deemed perfect, which is noc
provided with fuch a retreat. But if it be the whole
of the place it feems inadequate to the manfion : a vi-
fitor is difappointed ; the mailer is diffatis-fied, lie is
not fuffieientiy dillinguifhed from his tenants ; be
miffes the appendages incidental to his feat and his
fortune; and is hurt at the fnnilari.y of 1. is grounds
with the country about them. A paltoral or an an-
cient farm is a little above the common level ; but e-
ven hefe, if brought clofe up at the dcor, fet the
houfe in a field, where it always appears to be neglec-
ted and naked. Some degree of poliih and ornament
is expected in its immediate environs ; and a garden,
though it be b !i t a fnull one, (h'>u]d be interpofed be-
tween themanfion and any fpecies of farm.
O 2 4- A
FAR
I 10
Farm. 4. A fenfe of the propriety of fuch improvements
~ f ~~^~ — about a feat, joined to a tafte for the more fimple de-
aamented ^S^ cs or " r ^ e country, probably fuggefted the idea of
farm. ail ornamented farm, as the means of bringing every ru-
ral circumftance within the verge of a garden. This
iiisa has been partially executed very often ; but no
where, perhaps, fo completely, and tofuchan extent, as
at Woburn farm, (near Weybridge in Surry.) Theplace
contains 1 50 acres : of which near 35 are adorned to the
higheft degree ; of the reft, about two thirds are in pa-
fture, and the remainder is in tillage. The decorations
are, however, communicated toeverypart: for they are
difpofed along the fides of a walk, which, with its ap-
pendages, forms a broad belt round the grazing-
grounds ; and it is continued, though on a more con-
tracted fcale, through the arable. This walk is pro-
perly garden ; all within it is farm ; the whole lies
on the two fides of a hill, and on a flat at the foot of
it : the flat is divided into corn-fields ; the paftures
occupy the hill ; they are furrounded by the walk,
and croffed by a communication carried along the
brow, which is alfo richly dreffed, and which divides
them into two lawns, each completely encompaffed
with garden.
Thtfc are in themfelves delightful ; the ground in
both lies beautifully ; they are diverfitied with clumps
and finale trees ; and the buildings in the walk feem
to belong to them. On the top of the hill is a large
octagon ftructure ; and, not far from it, the ruin of a
chapel. To one of the lawns the ruin appears, on the
brow of a gentle afcent, backed and grouped with
wood ; from the other is feen the octagon, upon the
edge of a fteep fall, and by the fide of a pretty grove,
which hangs down the declivity. This lawn is further
embcllifhed by a neat Gothic building ; the former by
the houfe, and the lodge at the entrance ; and in both,
other objects of lefs confequence, little feats, alcoves,
and bridges, continually occur.
The buildings are not, however, the only orna-
ments of the walk ; it is (hut out from the country,
for a confiderable length of the way, by a thick and
lofty hedge-row, which is enriched with woodbine, jef-
famine. and every odoriferous plant whofe tendrils will
entwine with the thicket. A path, generally of fand
or gravel, is conducted in a waving line, fometimes
clofe under the hedge, fometimes at a little diflance
from it ; and the turf on either hand is diverfified with
little groupes, of (hrubs, of firs, or the fmalleff, trees,
and often with beds of flowers : thefe are rather too
profufely ftrewed, and hurt the eye by their little-
neffes ; but then they replenifh the air with their per-
fumes, and every gale is full of fragancy. In fome
parts, however, the decoration is more chafte ; and the
walk is carried between larger clumps of evergreens,
thickets of deciduous fhrubs, or ftill more confiderably
open plantations. In one place it is entirely fimple,
without any appendages, any gravel, or any funk fence
to feparate it from the lawn ; and is diftinguifhed on-
ly by the richnefs of its verdure, and the nicety of its
prefervation. In the arable part it is alfe of green
fward, following the direction of the hedges about the
fevcral inclofures : thefe hedges are fometimes thicken-
ed with flowering fhrubs ; and in every corner or va-
cant fpace, is a rofary, a clofe or an open clump, or a
8 J FAR
bed of flowers: but if the parterre has been rifled for Farm
the embellifhment of the fields, the country has on the II
other hand been fearched for plants new in a garden ; F * r H>
and the fhrubs and the flowers which ufed to be deem-
ed peculiar to the one, have been liberally transferred
to the other; while their number feems multiplied by
their arrangement in fo many and fuch different difpe-
fitions. A more moderate nfe of them would, how*
ever, have been better ; and the variety more pleafing,
had it been lefs licentious.
But the excefs is only in the borders of the walk ;
thefcenes through which it lesds are truly elegant, every
where rich, and always agreeable. A peculiar checr-
fulnefs overfpreads both the lawns, arifing from the
number and the fplendor of the objects with which
they abound, the lightnefs of the buildings, the ine-
qualities of the ground, and the varieties of the plan-
tations. The clumps and the groves, though feparate-
ly fmall, are often maffed by the perspective, and ga-
thered into confiderable groups,which are beautiful in
their forms, their tints, and their pofitions. The brow
of the hill eommands two lovely profpects : the one
gay and extenfive, over a fertile plain, watered by the
Thames, and broken by St Anne's Hill and Windfor
Caflle ; a large mead, of the moft luxuriant verdure,
lies juft below the eye, fpreading to the banks of the
river ; and beyond it the country is full of farms, vil-
las, and villages, and every mark of opulence and cul-
tivation. The other view is more wooded : the fleeple
of a church, or the turrets of a feat, fometimes rife
above the trees ; and the bold arch of Walton Bridge
is there a confpicuous object, equally fingular and
noble. The inclofures on the flat are more retired
and quiet ; each is confined within itfelf ; and all toge-
ther they form an agreeable contrail to the open ex-
pofure above them.
With the beauties which enliven a garden are every
where intermixed many properties of a farm : both the
lawns are paftured ; and the lowings of the herds, the
bleating of the fheep, and the tinklingsofthe bell-wed--
der, refound through all the plantations : even the
clucking of poultry is not omitted ; for a menagerie of
a very fimple defign is placed near the Gothic building ;
a fmall terpentine river is provided for the water-fowl ;
while the others flray among the flowering fhrabs on the
banks, or flraggle about the neighbouring lawn : and
the corn-fields are the fubjects of every rural employ-
ment which arable land from feed-time to harveft can
furnifh. But though fo many of the circumftances
occur, the fimplicity of a farm is wanting; that idea
is loft in fuch a profufion of ornament ; a rufticity of
character cannot be preferved amidft all the elegant
decorations which may belavifhed on a garden.
FARMER, he that tenants a farm, or is lefTee
thereof. Alfo generally every lefTee for life, years, or
at will, is caMed farmer. As this word implies no my-
ftery, except it be that of hufbandry, hufbandman is
the proper addition for a farmer.
Farmer, in mining, is the lord of the field, or one
that farms the lot and cope of the king.
FARN islands, two groups of little iflands and
rocks, T7 in number, lying oppofite to Bamborough
caflle in Northumberland. At low water the points
of fevcral others are Yifible beildes the njufl. mentiorr-
edj,
FAR
C i
fara eJ. The neareft ifland to the ihore is called the Hon ft
H ifland, and lies exadly one mile and 68 chains from ihe
Farnham. coa ^ t The mod diftant is about teven or eight miles.
' * Their produce is kelp, feathers, and a few teals, which
the tenant watches and moots for the fake of the oil
and (kins. Some of them yield a little grafs that may
ferve to feed a cow or two ; which the people tranf-
port over in their little boats. The largeft or Houfe
ifland is aboat one mile in compafs, and has a fort and
a lighthoufe. It contains about fix or ftveu acres of
rich pafture ; and the fhore abounds with good coals
which are dug at the ebb of tide. St Cuthbert is faid
to have panted the two laft years of his life on this
ifland. A priory of Benedictines was afterwards efta-
blifhed here, for fix or eight monks, fubordinate to
Durham. A fquare tower, the remains of a church,
and fome other buildings, are (till to be fee a on this
ifland ; and a ftone coffin, which is pretended to be
that of St Cuthbert. At the north end of the ille is
a deep cbafm, from the top to the bottom of the
rock, communicating with the tea ; through which,
in tempeftuous weather, the water is forced with
great violence and noife, and forms a fine jet d'eau of
60 feet high. It is called by the inhabitants of the
oppofitc coaft, the Churn. One of the iflands in the
mod diftant groupe is called the Pinnacles, from
fome vaft columnar rocks at the fouth end, even at
their fides, flat at the tops, and entirely covered with
guillemots and (hags. The fowlers pafs from one to
the other of thete columns by means of a board, which
they place from top to top, forming a narrow bridge
over fuch a dreadful gap that the very fight of it ftrikes
one with horror.
FARNABIE (Thomas), ten of a carpenter at
London, born in 1575, ftaid a fhort while at Oxford ;
where being enticed to abandon his religion, he went
to Spain, and was there educated in a college belong-
ing to the Jefuits. Being weary of their tevere difci-
pline, he went with Sir John Hawkins and Sir Francis
Drake in their laft voyage in 1595. He was after-
wards a foldier in the Low Countnes : but being redu-
ced to great want, returned to England, where wan-
dering about for fome time under the name of Thomas
Bainrafe, the anagram of his name, he fettled at Mat-
tock in Somertetfhire, and taught a grammar-tehool
with good reputation. He removed to London, and
opened a fchool with large accommodations for young
gentlemen. While he taught this fchool, he was made
mafter of arts at Cambridge, and incorporated into the
univerfity of Oxford. Thence he removed, in 1636,
to Seven-oaks in Kent ; and taught the fons of feveral
noblemen and gentlemen, who boarded with him, with
great fuccefs, and grew rich. His works gained him
reputation. Upon the breaking out of the civil com-
motions in 1641, he was caft into prifon. It was de-
bated in the houteof commons, whether he fhould be
tent to America ; but this morion being rejected, he
was removed to Ely-honfe in Holborn, and there he
died in 1647. Mr Farnabie was a very eminent gram-
marian ; and many writers have fpoken with great ap-
probation of his labours. M. Bayle in particular fays,
" His notes upon moft of the ancient Latin poets have
been of very great ute to yonng beginners ; being fhort,
learned, and defigned chiefly to clear up the text."
FARNHAM, or Fernham ; a town of Surry, and
09 1 FAR
capital of the hamlet of its own name, 41 miles from Farnham
London on the Winchefter road. It is a large popu- ||
Ions place, fituaied on the river Wey, and teppoted to Farquhar.
have its name from the fern which abounded here. It ' N/ ~~
was given by the Weft Saxon king Eihelbald to the
tee 01 Winchefter • the bilhops of which have general-
ly refided in the cafile here, in the fummer time, ever
lince the reign of king Stephen, whofe brether, i f s then
bifhop, firft built it. It was a magnificent ftructure,
with deep moats, ftrong walls ard towers at proper
diftances, and a fine park ; but it is much decayed.
The town, which has many handfome houfes, and well
paved ftreets, is governed by 12 mafters or burgeffes,
of whom two are bailiffs, (choten annually). They
have the profit of the fairs and markets, and the affize
of bread and beer ; and hold a court every three weeks,
which has power of trying and determining all actions-
under 40s. From Michaelmas to Chriftmas here is a.
good market for oats; and one of the greateft wheat
markets in England, efpecially between All-Saints day
and midfummer. The toll-difh here was once reckon-
ed worth 200 1. a year ; but it is much diminifhed,
fince the people about Chichefter and Southampton be-
gan to tend thtir meal to London by tea. But this lofs
is amply made up by the vaft growth of hops here, of
which there are 300 or 400 acres of plantations about
this town, and they are faid to outdo the Kentifh hop-
yards both in quantity and quality. This town tent
members to parliament in the reign of Edward II.
but never fince. The magiftrates have their privileges
from the biihop of Winchefter, to whom they pay an.
acknowledgment of I2d. a-year. The market is on
Thurfday : fairs, Holy Thurfday, June 24. and Novem-
ber 2. Here are a free fchool, and a great market for
Welfh hofe.
FARNOVIANS, in ecclefiaftical hiftory, a tect of
Socinians, fo called from Sraniflaus Farnovius, who te-
paratcd from the other Unitarians in the year 1568,
and was followed by feveral perfons eminent for their
learning. This feet did not laft long ; for having
loft their chief, who died in 161 5, it was teattered
abroad and reduced to nothing. Farnovius was enga-
ged by Gonefius to prefer the Arian fy ftem to that of
the Socinians, and confequently afferted, that Chi ill
had been produced out of nothing by the Supreme Be-
ing before the creation of this terreftrial globe. His
fentiments concerning the Holy Ghoft are not certain-
ly known ; however, it appears ihathe warned his dif-
ciples againft paying the tribute of religicus worfhip to
the Divine Spirit.
FARQJUHAR (George), an ingenious poet and
dramatic writer, the fon pf a clergyman in Ireland,
was born at Londonderry in 1678. He was tent to
Trinity College, Dublin ; but his volatile difpolition not
relifhing a college life, he betook himfclf to the ftage ;
where, having dangeroufly wounded a brother-actor in
a tragic fcene, by forgetting to change his fword for
a foil, it fhocked him te much that he left the Dublin
theatre and went to London. Here he procured a lieu-
tenant's commiffion by the intereft of the earl of Or-
rery ; which he held feveral years, and gave many
proofs both of courage and conduct. In 1698, he wrote
his firft comedy called Love and a Bottle ; which, for
its fprightly dialogue and bufy fcenes, was well recei-
ved, In the beginning of the year 1700, which was
the
FAR
[ no ]
FAR
Farquhar. the jubilee year at Rome, he brought oat his ConJIant
Couple, or a Trip to the Jubilee ; and Hiked Mr Wilks's
talents fo well in the character of Sir Harry Wildair,
that the" player gained almoft as much reputation as
the poet. This tempted him to continue it in another
comedy called Sir harry Wildair, or The fequel <f the
Trip to the Jubilee ; in which Mrs Oldfield acquired
great applaulie. In 1702, he publifhed his M i'cella-
nies, which contain a variety of humorous (allies of
fancy. In 1703, appeared the lnconJlant,vx the Way
to win him; in 1704, a farce called the Stage-coacb ;
in 1705, The Twin Rivals; and in 1706, the Re-
cruiting Officer, founded on his own observations while
on a recruiting party at Shrewfbury. His lad comedy
was the Beaux Stratagem, of which he did not live to
enjoy the full fuccefs. Mr Farquhar married in 1 703.
Before that time his manner of life had been rather ciil-
hpated. The lady, therefore, who afterwards became
his wife, having fallen violently in love with him, but
judging that a gentleman of his humour would not ea-
iily be drawn into the trammels of matrimony, contri-
ved to have it given out that the was pofTeiTed of a large
fortune ; and finding means afterwards to let Mr Far-
quhar know her attachment to him, intereft and vanity
got the better of his paflion for liberty, and the lady and
he were united in the hymenial bands. But how greu
washisdifappointment, when he fo L nd all his proipe&s
overclouded fo early in life (for he was then no more
than 24), by a marriage ftom which he had nothing to
expect but an annual increafe of family, and an enlarge-
ment of expence in confequence of it far beyond what
his income would fupport. Yet, to his honour be it told,
though he found himielf thus deceived in a mofteffen-
tial particular, he never was known once to upbraid his
wife with it ; butgeneroufly forgave an jmpcfition winch Farrier,
love for him alone had urged her to, and even behaved to
her with all the tendernefs and delicacy of ;he moll in-
dulgent hufband. Mrs Farquhar, however, did not very
long ei joy the happir.efs She hadpurcbaSed by this ftra-
tagem ; tor the circumftances chat attended this union
were in fome reSpect perhaps the means of fhnrtening
the period ot the captain's life. For, finding binifelt con-
fiderably involvecin debtincouiequenceof their increa-
fiug family, he was induced to make application to a cer-
tain noble courtier, who had frequently profefTed the
gieateft friendllnp fcr him, and given him the ftrongeft
alfurances of his intended Services. This pretended pa-
tron repeated his lormer declarations ; but, expreffing
much concern that he had nothing at prefent immediate-
ly in his power, advifed him to convert his com million
into money to aniwer his prefent cccificm, and allured
him that in a fhort time he would procure another for
him. Farquhar, who could not bear the thoughts of
his wife and family being in diflrefs, followed this ad-
vice, and fold his commilliored ; but, to his great morti-
fication and difappoimment, fouud, on a renewal of his
application to this inhuman nobleman, that he bad ei-
ihcr entirely forgotten, or had never intended toper-
form, the promife he had made him. This diffracting
fruftration of all his hopes fixed itfelf fo flrongly on our
author's mind, that it Soon brought on him a lure, tho'
not a very Sudden, declenlion of nature, which at length
carried him eff ihe Stage of life in 17C7, befi.re he ar-
rived at 30 yearsof a$»e. — His comedicsare fodivening,
and the characters fo natural, that his plays Hill con-
tinue to be represented to full houSes.
FARRIER, one whofe employment is to fhoe hor-
fes, and cure them when diStaSed or lame.
FARRIERY,
THE art of preventing, curing, or palliating, the
difeaSes of horSes.
The practice of this ufeful art has been hitherto
almoft entirely confined to a Set of men who are totally
ignorant of anatomy and the general principles of me-
dicine. It is not therefore Surprising, that their pre-
scriptions Should be equally abSurd as the reaSons they
give for administering them. It cannot indeed be ex-
pected thatSarriers, who are almoft univerSally illiterate
men, mould make any real progrefs in their profeffion.
They preScribe draughts, they rowel, cauterife, &c.
without be-ing able to give ary other reaSon for their
practice, but becaufe their fathers did fo before them.
How can Such men deduce thecauSe of a difeaSe from
its Symptoms, or form a rational method of cure, when
they are equally ignorant of the caufes of difeafes and
the operation of medicines ?
The miSerabte ftate of this ufeful art has determined
us to Select, from the beft authors, Such a Syftem of
praflice as Seems to be formed on rational principles ;
this, we hope, will be a Sufficient apology for being fo
full upon this article.
Sect. I. General Direflions with regard to the Ma-
nagement of Horfes.
i. It ought to be laid down as a general rule, to
give horfes as few medicines as poffible ; and by no
means to comply with the ridiculous cuftom of fome,
who are frequently bleeding, purging, and giving balls,
though their horfes be in perfect health, and have no
indication that requires fuch treatment.
2. Proper management in their feeding, exercife,and
dreffing, will alone cure many diforders, and prevent
moft j for the fimplicity of a horfe's diet, which chiefly
confiflsof grain and herbage, when good in kind, and
difpenSed with judgment, Secures him from rhele com-
plicated diforders which are the general effects of in-
temperance in the human body.
3. In France, Germany, and Denmark, horfes are
Seldom purged; there they depend much on alteratives;
the ufe of the liver of antimony we have from the
French, which is in general a good medicine for that
purpofe, and may, in many cafes, be Substituted in the
room of purging.
4. As hay is fo material an article in a horfe's diet,
great care fhould be taken to procure the beft : when
it is not extraordinary, the duft Should be well ihook
out before it is put in the rack ; for fuch hay is very
apt to breed vermin.
$. Beans afford the ftrongeft nourishment of all grain ;
but are fitteft for laborious horfes, except on particu-
lar occafions. In fome SeaSons they breed a kind of
vermin called the red bugs, which is thought to be dan-
gerous ;
Se<ft. I.
A R R I
Manage- geroos ; the bed method in fach a cafe is to procure
ment of them well dried and fplit.
torfes. 6. Bran fcalded is a kind of panada to a lick horfe :
but nothing is worfe than a too frequent ufe of it, ci-
ther dry or fcalded ; for ic relaxes and weakens the
bowels too much. The baits in young horfes may be
owing to too moeh nmfty bran and chaff, given with
other foal food to nuke them up for fale ; particular
care therefore lhould be taken that the bran be always
fweet and new.
7. Oats, well ripened, make a more hearty and du-
rable diet than birley, and are much better fuiied to
the con ft i unions of Biiuih horfes. A proper quan-
tity of cut ftraw and nay mixed with them, is fome-
times very ufeful to horfes troubled with botts, indi-
geftion, &c.
8. Horfes who eat their litter, fliould particularly
have cut ftraw and powdered chalk given them with
their feed ; as it is a fign of a depraved ftomach, which
wants correcting.
9. The falt-marfhes are good paffire for horfes who
have been forfeited, and indeed for many other difor-
ders : they purge more by dung and urine than any
other pafture, and make afterwards a firmer flefh ; their
water is for the moft part brackifh, and of courfe, as
well as the grafs, faturated with falts from the fea-
water.
10. A fummer's grafs is often neceffary ; more par-
ticularly to horfes glutted with food, and which ufe
little exercife : but a month or two's running is pro-
per for moft ; thofe efpecially who have been worked
hard, and have ftiff limbs, fwelled legs, or wind-galls.
Horfes whofe feet have been impaired by quittors, bad
{hoeing, or any other accidents, are alfo beft repaired
at grafs. Thofe lameneffes particularly require turn-
ing out to grafs, where the mufcles or tendons are con-
tracted or fhrurik ; for by the continual gentle exercife
in the field, with the afliftance of a pattin-lhoe on the
oppofite foot, the {hortened limb is kept on the ftretch,
the wafted parts are reftored to their ordinary dimenfions,
and the limb again recovers its ufual lone and ftrength.
ir. The fields which lie near great towns and are
much dunged, are not proper pafture for horfes ; but
on obfervation appear very injurious to them, if they
feed thereon all the fummer. .
12. Horfes may be kept abroad all the year, where
they have a proper ftable or fhed to (helter them from
the weather, and hay at all times to come to. So
treated, they are feldom fick ; their limbs are always
clean and dry; and with the allowance of corn, will
hunt, and do more bufincfs than horfes kept conftanfly
within doors.
13. If horfes, when taken from grafs, fliould grow
hot and coftive, mix bran and chopt hay with their
corn ; and give them fometimes a feed of fcalded bran
for a fortnight, or longer : let their exercife and diet
be moderate for fome time, and increafe both by de-
grees.
14. When horfes are foiled in the ftable, care lhould
be taken that the herbage is yoong, tender, and full of
fap; whether it be green barley, tares, clover, or any
thing die the feafon produces ; and that it be cut frefh.
once every day at Ieaft, if not oftener.
J 5- When horfeslofe theirfleQi much in foiling, they
ihouJd in time be taken to a more folid diet : for it is
3
E R Y. in
not in foiling as in grazing ; where, though a horfe Blood-
lofes his flefh at firft, yet after the grafs has purged t lett ing,
him, he foon grows fat. v— ^— »
16. Young horfes, who have not done growing, muft
be indulged more in their feeding than thofe come to
their maturity; but if their exercife is fo little as to
make it ncccffiry to abridge their allowance of hay, a
little frefh itraw lhould conllanJy be put in their racks
to prevent their nibbling the manger, and turning crib-
biters ; they lhould alfo be fometimes {trapped back in
order to cure them of this habit.
17. It is obvious to every one, what care mould be
taken of a horfe after violent exercife, that he cool
not too faft, and drink no cold water, &c. for which
reafon we mail wave particular directions.
18. Moft horfes fed for fale have the interfaces of
their mufcles fo filled with fat, that their true Ihapes
are hardly known. For which reafon a horfe juft come
out of the dealer's hand fhonld at firft be gently ufed.
He ought to lofe blood, and have his diet lowered,
though not too much : walking exercife is moft proper
at firft, two hours in the day ; in a week or fortnight
two hours at a time, twice a-day ; after this ufuge for
a month, bleed him again, and give him two or turee
times a-week fcalded bran, which will prepare him for
purging phytic, that may now be given fafely, and re-
peated at the uftul intervals.
19. When a horfe comes out of a dealer's hands,
his cioathing muft be abated by degrees, and care
taken to put him in a moderately warm ftable ; o-
therwife the hidden tranfnion would be attended with
the w ; orft confequences.
Se c t . II. Of Blood-letting.
1. Horses who ftand much in ftable, and are full
fed, require bleeding now and then ; efpecially when
their eyes look heavy, dull, red, and inflamed ; as
alio when they feei hotter than ufual, and mangle
their hay.
Young horfes fliould be bled when they are {bed-
ding their teeth, as it takes off thofe feveriih heats
they are then fubject too. But the cafes that chiefly
require bleeding, are colds, fevers of moft kinds, falls,
bruifes; hurts of the eyes, {trains, and all inflamma-
tory diforders, &c.
It is right to bleed a horfe when he begins to grow
flefhy at grafs, or at any other time when he looks
heavy ; and it is generally proper to bleed before
purging.
Let your horfe always be bled by meafure, that
you may know what quantity you take away : two or
three quarts are always enough at one time ; when you
repeal it, allow for the diforder and the horfe's con-
ftitution.
Although the operation of blood-letting is gene-
rally thought to be pretty well known, yet there are
many ut toward accidents that frequently happen from
the unfk ilful and unexptrienced in performing it. The
following directions and cautions on this head are ex-
tracted from Mr Claris Trcatife on the Prevention of
Difeafes incidental to Horfes.
As horfes are naturally timorous and fearful, which
is too frequently increafed by bad ufage and improper
chaftifement, they require in fome cafes, particularly
in this of bleeding, to be taken unawares or by fur-
prife,
112
Blood-
letting.
F A R R I
R Y.
de<a. II.
Many perfons
reck, in order
ftrike the fleam
prife, anil the orifice made into the vein before their
fears are alarmed. For this reafon, the fleam and
blood -flick, as it is called, have been long in ufe, and
in fkilful hands are not improper inftruinents for the
purpofe ; although with many practitioners the fpring-
fleam would be much fafer, and on that account ought
to be preferred. When a lancet is ufed, the inflant
the horfe feels the point of it, he raifes and flukes his
head and neck, in order to fhun the inflrument before
the operator has time to make a proper orifice, which
frequently proves too fmall or too large ; for this rea-
fon, thofe who have tried the lancet have been obliged
to lay it afide.
tie a ligature or bandage round the
to raife the vein, and that they may
into it with the greater certainty ;
but a flight view of its effects in preventing this, and
its oiher confequences, will mew the impropriety of
the practice.
When a ligature is tied round the neck previous to
bleeding in the jugular veins, it is to be obferved, that
it flops the circulation in both veins at the fame time ;
hence they become turgid and. very full of blood, in-
fomuch that they feel under the finger like a tight
cord ; and as the parts around them are loofe and foft,
when the flroke is given to the fleam, the vein by its
hardnefsor tightnefs flips to one fide, of courfe it e-
Judes the flroke; hence a deep wound is made by the
fleam to no parpofe, and this is fometimes too fre-
quently repeated. Unfkilful people have likewife a
cuflom of waving or making the blood -flick before they
flrike the fleam in view of the horfe, whofe eye is fixed
on that inflrument ; and when they intend to give the
flroke, they make a greater exertion : hence the horfe
being alarmed by its motion, raifes his head and neck,
and a difappointment follows. The flruggle that enfues
by this means prolongs the operation ; the ligature at
the fame time being flill continued round the neck, a
total flagnation of the blood in the vefTels of the head
takes place ; and hence it frequently happens, that
the horfe falls down in an apopleclic fit. In fuch
cafes the operator being difconcerted, generally de-
fifls from any farther attempts to draw blood at that
time, under the idea that the horfe was vicious and
unruly, although {he very treatment the horfe had )ak
undergone rendered bleeding at this time the more ne-
cefTary, in order to make a fpeedy revulfion from the
veflels of the head. Therefore, a ligature or bandage
ought never to be ufed till fuch time as the opening is
made into the vein ; and even then it will not be ne-
ceflary at all times if the horfe can fland on his feet, as
a moderate prefTure with the finger on the vein will
make the blood flow freely; but if the horfe is lying
on the ground, a ligature will be necefTary.
But farther, the concuflion or fhock the horfe re-
ceives from his falling down in the above fituation,
which will always happen if the ligature is too long
continued, may caufe a blood-veflel within the head to
burfl, and death may be the confequence.
Another cuflom equally abfnrd is allowing the blood
to fall in a dunghill amongfl ftraw, in dry fand, or in
d:*y dud, by which means no didincl idea can be form-
edd of the quantity that is or ought to be taken away.
In fuch cafes liorfes have fallen down in a faint from
thelcfsof too much blood, before the operator thought
of flopping up the orifice. For this and a variety of
other reafous which might be mentioned, a meafure as
above obferved, ought always to be ufed, in order to
afcertain the quantity of blood that is taken away.
In pinning up the. orifice, force have a cuftom of
raifing or drawing out the fkin too far from the vein ;
hence the blood flows from the orifice in the vein into
the cellular fubllance between it and the fkin, which
caufes a large lump or fwelling to take place immedi-
ately : this frequently ends in what is called a /welled
neck; a fuppuration follows, which proves both tedious
and troubltfome to cure. In cafes where a horfe may
be tied up to the rack after bleeding in the neck, pin-
ning up the external orifice may be difpenfed with ; but
when a horfe is troubled with the gripes or any other
acute difeafe, in which he lies down and tumbles about,
it is neceflary that the orifice be pinned up with care,
in order to prevent the lofs of too much blood.
As the neck or jugular vein on the near fide is com-
monly opened for conveniency by thofe who are right-
handed, the young practitioner fhould learn to perform
on both fides of the neck. This he will find in prac-
tice to be not only nfeful but necefTary, as he may fre-
quently have occafion to draw blood from horfes in very
aukward fituations ; he will likewife find his account
in it in a variety of cafes, which it is necdlefs here to
particularife.
The proper place for making the opening in the
neck or jugular vein is likewife necefTary to be attend-
ed to : for when the orifice is made too low, or about
the middle of the neck, where the vein lies deep un-
der the mnfcular teguments, the wound becomes difficult
to heal, and frequently ends in a fuppuration, with a
jetting out of proud fiefh from the orifice ; which, un-
luckily, is as unfkil fully treated in the common method
of cure, viz. by introducing a large piece of corrofive
fublimate into the wound : this not only deftroys the
proud flefh in the lips of the wound, but a confiderable
portion of the flefh around it ; and in farriery it is
called coreing out the vein. It frequently happens, that
this corrofive application deftroys the vein likewife ;
and fometimes violent hemorrhagies follow, fo as to en-
danger the life of the animal.
The moft proper place for making the opening in
the jugular veins is where the teguments are thinneft,
which is about a hand-breadth from the head, and about
one inch below the branching or joining of the vein
which comes from the lower jaw, and which may
be diftinctly fcen when any prefTure is made on the
main branch of the vein.
In performing the operation with a fleam, the ope-
rator fhould hold the fleam between the fore-finger and
thumb of the left hand; with the fecond finger he is
to make a flight prefTure on the vein, and before it be-
comes too turgid or full make the opening ; the fame
degree of prefTure is to be continued on the vein, till
fuch time as the quantity of blood to be taken away is
received into a proper meafure.
Another great error, which generally prevails in o-
pening the veins with a fleam, is the applying too great
force, or giving too violent a flroke to it, by which it
is forced through the oppofite fide of the vein: hence
there is danger of wounding the coats of rfie arteries,
as they generally lie under the veins ; or, in fome parti-
cular places, of wounding the tendons, efpecially when
this
Blood-
letting.
— ~ v
A R R
E R Y.
Sea. n.
Blood- this operation is performed in the legs, thighs, &c. or quart or two pounds, is in fact, trifling with the dif-
tetting. in the veins, commonly called the plate veins, under the cafe; the horfe is faid to have been bloeded, and that
' v ' breaft, the confequences are frequently very trouble- fatisfies his owner and the farrier ; time is loft ; the
fome to remove, and in fome cafes prove fatal. Mr difeafe acquires ftrength ; it will then be beyond the
Gibfon, in his Treatife on the Difeafes of Horfes, power of art to mitigate or to conquer it : hence the
mentions a cafe of a fine horfe that was blooded in the horfe falls a facrifice to timidity and ignorance. It is
plate veins for a lamenefs of the moulder, which was to be remembered, that inflammatory difeafes, parti-
followed with a hard oval fwelling about the fize of a cularly when the bowels are affected, make a very ra-
goofe egg, which extended upwards on the bread, and pid progrefs in horfes ; and if they are not overcome
likewife down the leg, attended with excellive pain, at the beginning by bleeding plentifully, the horfe
fever, deadnefs in the horfe's looks, and all the other commonly dies in 24 or 30 hours of a gangrene and
fymptomsof a beginning mortification.
In order to avoid the confequences fometimes attend-
ing thefe local operations in the breaft, legs, &c. and
as horfes are more or lefs troublefome and reftlefs,
whereby accidents of this kind may happen, it will
perhaps be advifeable, in moft cafes of lamenefs, &c.
to draw blood from the larger veins in the neck only,
where there is lefs danger of accidents, more efpecial-
ly if a fpring fleam is ufed : for although it might be of ficacious
fome advantage in particular cafes to draw blood as
near the affected part as poflible, yet the bad confe-
quences frequently attending it ought to counterba-
lance any advantages that may be expected from it,
efpecially as the quantity of blood drawn from the
in
mortification in the imefiines.
Sect. III. Of Purging.
Purging is often neceflary in grofs full horfes
fome diforders of the ftomach, liver, &c. but fhould be
directed with caution. Before a purge is given to ray
horfe, it is neceflary fome preparation fhouid be made
for it, in order to render the operation more fafeand ef-
thus a horfe that is full of flefh ihonld firfl: be
bled, and at the fame time have his diet lowered for a
week, efpecially thofe that have been pampered far
fale ; feveral mafhes of fcalded bran fhould alfo pre-
v ion fly be given, in order to open the bowels, and un-
load them of any indurated excrement, which fome-
fmall veins is but inconfidcrable, and of courfe no great times proves an obftacle to the working of the phyfic,
benefit can be expected from it in horfes when they are by creating great ficknefs and griping.
difeafed.
The principal view in drawing blood is the leflening
of its quantity, by which the remaining mafs circulates
with more freedom in the veflels ; it likewife takes
off the inflammatory tendency of the blood, removes
fpaftns, &c. and prevents other bad confequences that
may follow, efpecially in plethoric habits : and it ought
always to be remembered, that when the flgns or
fymptoms of a difeafe are taken from the motion of
the blood, the diforders arifing from it depend upon its
circulation being either iucreafed or diminifhed : hence,
therefore, all the changes which take place in the tex-
ture, quantity, and quality of the blood, are attended
with a diminution or increafe of its velocity.
Although the cafes which may require bleeding are
numerous, yet one general camion is neceflary, namely,
never to take away blood but when it is abfolutely ne-
ceflary : for it is a fluid that may be eafily taken away,
but cannot be fo eafily replaced ; betides, the practice
of bleeding frequently, or at flated times, is exceeding-
ly improper, as it difpofes the body to become lax,
weak, and plethoric. In bleeding, therefore, a due
regard muft always be had to the conflitution, age,
ftrength, &c. of horfes, and the ftate or habit of body
they are in at the time.
Although we ought to be fparing of drawing blood
from horfes on trifling occalions when they may be
faid to be in health, yet when cafes occnr that do re-
quire it, it may not only fafely, but ufefnlly, be recom-
mended to take away a greater quantity at once than
is generally done ; that is, from fix to eight pounds,
which will be about three or four quarts Englifh mea-
fure, according to the urgency of the fymptoms, &c.
at the time, ftrength and age of the horfe coniidered.
For as horfes are very fubject to inflammatory difeafes
and thofe that are of the fpafmodic kind, and as bleed-
ing plentifully relaxes the whole fyftem in thefe cafes
lie taking away a fmall qaantitv of blood, about
. Vol. VII.
one
Let it be remembered, that a horfe is purged with,
difficulty ; that the phyflc generally lies 24 hours in the
guts before it works; and that the tract of bowels it
has to pafs through is above 30 yards, all lying hori-
zontally : confequently refinous and other improper
drugs may, and often do, by their violent irritation,
occaflon exeeflive gripings and cold fweats, (have
off the very mucus or lining of the guts, and bring on
inflammations, which often terminate in mortifications
and death. It is remarkable too, that the ftomach and
guts of a horfe are but thin, compared to fome other
animals of the fame bulk, and therefore muft be more
liable to inflammation and irritation.
Horfes kept much in the ftable, who have not the
proper benefit of air and exercife in proportion to
their food, fhould in fpring have a mild purge or two
after a previous preparation by bleeding, lowering
their diet, and fcalded ma flies.
Horfes that fall off in their ftomach, whether it
proceeds from too full feeding
ties and indigefted matter, fhould have
or two.
Horfes of a hot temperament will not bear the com-
mon aloetic purges '. their phyflc therefore fhould be
mild and cooling.
Purging is always found very beneficial in ftubborn
dry coughs: but mild mercurials joined with them
make them yet more efficacious.
Horfes of a watery conftiuuion, who are fubject to
fwelled legs that run a (harp briny ichor, cannot have
the caufes removed any way fo effectually as by purg-
ing.
The firft purge you give to a horfe fhould be mild,
in order to know his conftitution.
It is a miflaken notion, that if a proper prepared
purge does not work to expectation, the horfe will be
injured by it ; for though it does not pafs by flcol, its
, or ingendering crudi-
mild purge
operation may be more
ih
eflicaCi
P
live to
purify
ii4
Pars:
FAR
R
ng; purify the Wood, and it may pafs by urine or other
fjecretions.
Barging medicines are very fuccefsfully given in
fmall quantities, mixed with others ; and acl then as
alteratives.
If mercurial phyfic is given, care mould be taken
that it be well prepared; and warmer cloathing and
greater circmufpection are then required.
Purges fhould be given early in the morning upon
an empty ftomach : about three or four hours after the
horfe has taken it, he fhould have a feed of fcalded
bran ; and a lock or two of hay may then be put into
his rack. The fame day give him two or more mafhes ;
but mould he refufe warm meat, he may be allowed
raw bran.
All his water mould be milk-warm, and have a hand-
ful of bran fqueezed in it ; but if he refufes to drink
white water, give it him without bran.
Early the next morning give him another mafh ; but
if he refufes to eat it, give him as much warm water as
he will drink : let him be properly cloathed, and rode
gently about. This mould be done two or three times
arday, unlefs he purges violently ; once or twice will
then be fufficient : at night give him a feed of oats mix-
ed with bran.
During the working, a horfe mould drink plenti-
fully ; but if he will not drink warm water, he muft
be indulged with cold, rather than not drink at all.
We (hall here infert fome general forms of purges.
Take focotorine aloes ten drams, jalap and.falt of
tartar each two drams, grated ginger one dram,
oil of cloves 30 drops ; make them into a ball
with fyrup of buckthorn. Or,
Take aloes and cream of tartar each one ounce, ja-
lap two drams, cloves powdered one dram, fyrup
of buckthorn a fufHcient quantity.
Or the following, which has an eftablifhcd chanc-
ier among fportfmen :
Take aloes from ten drams to one ounce and an
half, myrrh and ginger powdered each half an
ounce, faffron and oil of anifeed each half a dram.
Mr. Gibfon recommends the following:
Take focotorine aloes ten drams, myrrh finely pow-
dered half an ounce, faffron and frefh jalap in
powder of each a dram ; make them into a ftiff
ball with fyrup of .rofes, then add a fmall fpoon-
ful of rectified oil of amber.
The focotorine aloes ihould always be preferred to
the Barbadoes or plantation aloes, though the latter
may be given to robuft ftrong horfes ; but even then
ihould always be prepared with the fait or cream of
tartar, which, by opening its parts, prevents its ad-
hefion to the coats of the ftomach and bowels ; from
whence horrid gripings, and even death itfelf, has often
enfued. This caution is well worth remarking, as ma-
ny a horfe hath fallen a facrifice to the neglect of it.
Half an ounce of Caftile foap, to a horfe of a grofs
conftitution, may be added to any of the above; and
the proportions may be increafed for ftrong horfes.
When mercurial phyfic is intended, give two drams
of calomel over night, mixed up with half an ounce of
diapente and a little honey, and the purging ball the
next morning.
The following, when it can be afforded, is a very
gentle and effe&ual purge, particularly for fine delicate
I E R Y. Sea. III.
horfes: and if prepared with the Indian rhubarb, will Purging,
not be expenfive. >— v— *
Take of the fineft focotorine aloes one ounce, rhu-
barb powdered half an ounce or fix drams, ginger
grated one dram; make into a bail with fyrup of
rofes.
The following purging drink may be given with
the utmoft fafety ; it may be quickened or made
ftronger, by adding an ounce more f'enna, or two drams
of jalap.
Take fenna two ounces ; infufe it in a pint of boil-
ing water two hours, with three drams of fait of
tartar ; pour off, and dilfolve in it four ounces
of Glauber's falts, and two or three of cream of
tartar.
This laff. phyfic is cooling, eafy, and quick in its -
operation; and greatly preferable in all inflammatory -'
cafes to any other purge, as it pailes into the blood,
and operates alfo by urine.
When horfes lol'e their appetite after purging, it is
neceffary to give them a warm flomach-drink made of
an infufion of camomile flowers, anifeeds, and faffron:
or the cordial-ball may be given for that purpofe.
Should the purging continue too long, give an ounce
of diafcordium in an Englifh pint of Port-wine ; and
repeat it once in 12 hours, if the purging continues.
Plenty of gum-arabic water fhould alfo be given ; and
in cafe of violent gripes, fat broth glyfters or tripe li-
quor fhould be often thrown up, with 100 drops of
laudanum in each.
The Arabic folution may be thus prepared.
Take of gum-arabic and tragacanth of each four
ounces, juniper-berries and carraway- feeds of
each an ounce, cloves bruifed half an ounce ; fim-
mer gently in a gallon of water till the gums are
diffolved : give a quart at a time in half a pail of
water ; but if he will not take it freely this way,
give it him often in a horn.
When a purge does not work, but makes the horfe '
fwell and refufe his food and water, which is fometimes
the effect of bad drugs or catching cold, warm diuretics
are the only remedy ; of which the following are re-
commended.
Take a pint of white wine, nitre one ounce; mix
with it a dram of camphire, diffolved in a little
rectified fpirit of wine; then add two drams of
oil of juniper, and the fame quantity of unrecti-
fied oil of amber, and four ounces of honey or
fyrup of marfhmallows.
When a horfe fwells with much phyfic, do not fuf-
fer him to be rode about till he has fome vent ; but
rather lead him gently in hand till fome evacuation is<
obtained.
As it is obferved, that horfes more willingly take
fweet and palatable things than thofe that are bitter
and of an ill tafte, care fhould be taken that the latter'
be given in balls, and that their drinks be always con-
trived to be as little naufeous as poffible, and fweetened
either with honey or liquorice. Thofe that are pre-
pared with grofs powders are by no means fo agreeable
to a horfe as thofe made by infufion ; as the former of-
ten clam the. mouth, irritate the membranes about the
palate and throat, and frequently occafion the cough
they are intended to prevent.
Balls fhould be of an oval fhape, and not exceed the-
fize
Sed. IV.
Clyflers
R R I E R Y.
* Stable
Directory,
36.
fize of a pallet's egg : when the dofe is larger, it fliould particular complaints in the bowels, dyfters giveal-
be divided into two ; and they fhould be dipt in oil, molt immediate; relief, as the remedies, when judici-
to make .hem flip down the eafier. oufly prefcribed, pafs immediately to the pars affect -
The following cathartic balls are recommended by ed, with little or no alteration from the powers of
Mr Taplin* ; nie ingredients of which are differently the body.
Nor is the ufe of clyflers confined to medicines only ;
food and nourifhment may be conveyed into the fy-
Item in this way, when a horfe is unable to [wallow
any thing by the mouth. Horfes have frequently
been fupported for feveral days together by noufifliing
clyfters, made of thick water-gruel, during violent in-
flammations or tumors in the throat, till fuch time as
they have been difcuffed or fuppurated.
Nor will thefe effects appear ftrange to thofe who
have an acquaintance with the anatomical ftmchire of
the body. For the fake of thofe who have not, it may
juft be fufficient to obferve, that certain vefftls called
lacteals, whofe mouths open into the inner cavity of
theinteltines, abforb or drink up the chyle or nourish-
ment that is produced from the food, and convey it
into the mafs of blood. The fame procefs takes place
when nouriihment is conveyed into the intefiines by
the anus or fundament : only the food requires to be
fo far prepared, broken down and diluted with water,
as to render it fit to be abforbed by the vefiels mention-
ed above.
In adminiflering clyfters, it ought always to be ob-
ferved, that the contents of the clyfter be neither
too hot nor too cold, as either of thefe extremes
115
Vlj&ees.
proportioned, fo as to fuit different circumftanccs in
refpect toltrength, age, fize, and conltitution.
1. Soco;orine aloes one ounce ; India rhubarb two
drachms ; jalap and cream of tartar each one
drachm ; ginger (in powder) two fcruples : eifen-
tial oil of cloves and anifeed each twenty drops ;
fyrup of buckthorn a fufficient quantity to form
the balls.
2. Socotorine aloes ten drams; rhubarb, jalap,
and ginger, each two drams ; cream of tartar
three drams, and fyrup of buckthorn to make
the ball.
J. B arbadoes aloes nine drams ; jalap, Caftile foap,
and cream of tartar, of each two drams ; dia-
grydium and ginger (in powder) each a dram ;
fyrup of backthorn fufficient to make the ball.
4. Barbadoes aloes ten drams ; Caltile foap and
jalap (in powder) of each half an ounce ; cream
of tartar and ginger each two drams ; oil of
anifeed forty drops; of cloves twenty drops;
which form into a ball with fyrup of rofes or
buckthorn.
Sect. IV. Of Clyfters f.
f From
Clark's
Obfervati-
ons,p. 387. importance in relieving tlum from many acute com-
plaints, than is generally imagined ; aiiu it were to be
wiihed, that, in place of the more expenlive cordial
drenches, &c. which, are but too frequently given in
moft of thefe cafes, a livnple cly iter of warm water, or
thin water-gruel, were fubftitutcd in their ftead ; tue
latter proving of great benefit, whilft the former too
frequently prove hurtful.
Clylters ferve not only to evacuate the contents of
theinteltines, but alfo to convey very powerful medi-
cines into the fyftem, when perhaps it is not practi-
cable to do it by the mouth : for although they are
only conveyed into the larger inteftines, and perhaps
hardly penetrate into the fmaller ; ftill they are ex-
tremely ufeful, by fomenting as it were the latter, and
at the fame time by fofteningthe hardened excrement
that is accumulated in the former, aud rendering it fo
foft as to be expelled out of the body, by which flatu-
lencies or other offending matters that may be pent
up in them are likewile expelled. Befides, by their
warmnefs and relaxing powers, they aft as a fomenta-
tion to the bowels; hence they may be of confider-
able fervice in removing fpafmodic conftrictions in the
bowels, carrying off flatulencies, and in preventing in-
flammation in the inteftines, &c. ; or, by conveying
opiatrs to the parts affected, give fpeedy relief in cho-
lics, &c. &c.
The ufe of emollient clyfters in fevers are co-fi:ler-
able. They act by revulfion, and relieve the head when
too much affected. Befides, by throwing in a quanti-
ty of diluting liquor into the iniellines, it not only re-
laxes and cleanfes them, but thty may be faid to cool the
body in ge.ieral ; at the fame time, a confiderable por-
tion-o the liquid. is abforbed and conveyed into the
xcafs of blood, by which means it is diluted; and, in
Clysters adminiflered to horfes, are of greater will furprife the horfe, and caufe him to eject or
throw it out before it has had time to have any ef-
fect:. Previous to introducing the clyftcr-pipe, the
opera'or, after anointing his hand and arm with, oil,
butter, or hog's lard (obferving, at the fame time,
that the nails of his fingers arc ihori), may introduce
it into the rectum, and draw out the hardened dung
gradually. This operation, in farriery, is termed back-
racking; and becomes the more neceffary, as it fre-
quently happens that great quantities of hardened
dung is, in fome cafes, collected in the rectum, and
which the horfe cannot, void eafity without affiltance
of this kind.
The compofition of clyfters fhould be extremely
fimple : on that account they will be eahly prepared,
and as cafi y adminiflered, provided the operator is
furaifhed with a fuitable inftrument for the purpofe.
The generality of clylter-pipes that are ufid, aie
by far too fmall and too fhort : although it may
appear a kind of paradox, yet it is a fact:, that a
clyfter-pipe of a larger fi/.e than the ordinary ones,
and of a proper thicknefs, is much eafier introduced
into the anus than one that is confiderably fmaller..
Itislikewife obvious, that when the pipe is too fhort,
it renders clyfters of no ufe, becaufe it cannot convey
the clyfters fo far up into the intefiines as is neceflary
for them to be retained : a fmall fhort pipe of fix or
eight inches long, is not capable of conveying the in-
jection to the end of the rectum, which, in a horfe of
a middling fize, is about 16 or 18 inches long.
But farther, after the hardened dung is taken out
of the rectum by the operation abovementioned, the
bladder being diftendtd and full of urine, it cannot ex-
ert its contracting po vder immediately, fo as to expel
its coiiients ; it therefore prefles up the empty rectum,
and forms as it waea kind nf uaior in it : if the pipe
P 2 is
Clyiters.
A R R I
R Y.
is too Short, it cannot reach beyond this riling in the
' rectum, which forms- as it were a declivity back to-
wards the anos ; and hence the liquor regurgitates or
ilows back at the anus as foon as it is discharged from
the pipe.
The imallnefs of the bag or bladder, which is gene-
rally proportioned to that of the pipe, is another
very material objection to thefe instruments, as it fel-
dom contains one quart of liquid ; from which cir-
cumiiance, very little benefit can be derived from the
ufe of them in fuch large inteftines as thofe of a horfe.
Doctor Bracken, in his fir 11 volume, page 203. has a
very judicious remark on the nfe of clyfters. He ob-
ferves, that " the colon of a horfe feems to be three
guts, by reafon of the two necks of about half a yard
each, is drawn up into many cells or purfes by means
of two ligaments, one of which runs along the upper
and the other the under (ide of it, which, with the af-
liftance of a valve or flap at its beginning, hinder the
excrements cither from returning back into the fmall
guts, or falling too foon downwards, before the chyle
or milky fubftance prepared from the food be lent in-
to its proper veffels. And, indeed, the eascum or
blind gut, which is the firlt of the three larger guts,
feems to be fo contrived in the manner of a valve, to
hinder the aliment and chyle from palling too foon into
the colon ; for, if the aliment and chylewerenot in fome
rneafure hindered in their pailage through thefe large
guts, the body could not be Sufficiently Supplied with
ncurilhment. The firlt of thefe colons is about a yard
and a half in length, the Second about a yard, and the
third, or that part which joins the rectum or arfe-gur,
near fix yards in length ; fo that the colon of a horfe
14 hands high, may be faid to be nearly eight yards
uid a half long; and, from it, along the rectum or
rraight gut to the anus, where th-e excrements are
o = fcharged, is not above half a yard ; fothat it is plain,
viyfters operate moltly in the colon ; though I mull
fay they are given in too fmall quantities ; for what
Signifies two quarts of liquor in a gut nine yards long,
and four or five inches diameter, in a natural ftatc ;
but in the colic, it is fo diftendetl with flatulencies,
chat. its diameter exceeds feven or eight inches, as I
Ii, tvs frequently obferved in thofe dying of that di-
stemper."
Large fyringes are frequently ufed for fhe purpofe
of giving clyiters ; but of ali the inftruments ever
invented, they feem the moil improper for horfes.
The fhortnefs and fmallnefs of their ivory pipes,
are not on;y a material objection againft the ufe
tf them, but they are apt to tear and wound the gut ;
for if a horfe ihould prove rcftlefs, either from pain,
as in cafes of the gripes, or from vicioufnefs, the Sy-
ringe and pipe being quite inflexible, in the ftruggle
ro throw up the injection the gut may be wounded
or hurt, by which a difcharge of blood and other bad
tonfequences may follow. But although there was
not the teaft chance of their hurting the horfe or
wounding the gut, yet the force with which they
throw up the liquor, always canfes a furprifc, of courle
a refinance, attended with a vigorous effort to throw
it out ; which indeed frequently happens before the
pipe of the fyringe is withdrawn, and frequently upon
the operator.
i-, The moll proper inftrument for the giving of cly-
fters, is a fimple bag or ox-bladder, which will hold
two or three quarts, tied to the end of a wooden pipe
about 1 4 or 15 inches long, one inch and a half dia-
meter where the bag is tied, and of a gradual taper
to the extremity, where the thicknefs fhould fuddenly
increafe, and be rounded off at the point, and made
as fmooth as poffible ; the perforation or hole through
the pipe may be made fufficiently large, fo as to ad-
mit the end of a common funnel, for pouring in the
liquor into the bag. By the flexibility of the blad-
der at the end of this inftrument, no danger can hap-
happen to the horfe ; the clyfter is conveyed fo far up
into the inteftines that it will be retained ; it caufes no
furprife (providing the liquor be neither too hot nor
too cold, but milk warm), as no other force is requir-
ed to throw it up than the holding the bag a little
higher than the level of the pipe ; by which means
the liquor flows gently into the gut, without any fur-
prife to the horfe. After ufing the bag, it may be
blown full of wind, a cork put into the pipe, and hung
up in fome dry place to prevent it from rotting ; by
which means it will laft a confiderable time.
Clyfters are diftinguifhed by different names, which
denote the quality of the ingredients of which they
are compofed, as emollient, laxative, diuretic, ano-
dyne, &c. As the more general ufe of clyfters, in
the practice of farriery, would be attended with the
moft falutary effects, elpecially in acute difeafes, where
the fpeediell alfiftance is neceffary, we fhall here fub-
joia fome forms of recipes for compofing them, toge-
ther with the cafes in which they may be administered
with advantage.
I. Emollient clyfter. Two or three quarts of thin
water-gruel, fa lad oil and coarfe fugar, of each
fix ounces. Dilfolve the fugar in the water-gruel,
then add the falad oil — Give it milk warm.
3. Laxative clyfter. Two or three quarts of thin
water-gruel, Glauber's falls eight ounces, falad
oil fix ounces.
When Glauber's falts are not at hand, common fait
may be ufed in its Head.
A great variety of recipes might be added for ma-
king clyiters, compofed of the infufion of different
herbs, feeds, &c. But the above ingredients are always
eafilygot; and they will be found to anfwer all the
intentions required under this head, which is to Soften
the hardened excrements, to lubricate the inteftines,
and, by exciting a gentle Stimulus, promote a free dif-
charge of their contents ; which, when once obtained,
Seldom fails of giving relief in inflammatory cafes,
lpafms, &c.
3. Purging clyfter. Infufe two ounces oS Senna in
two quarts of boiling water ; ftrain it off; then
add fyrnpof buckthorn and common oil, of each
four ounces.
This clyfter will operate more brifkly than the for-
mer, and, on that account, maybe preferred when an
immediate or lpeedy difcharge is neceffary.
4. j4nody?ie clyfter. The jelly of Starch, or infufion
of limfeed, one pint ; liquid laudanum, one ounce
or about two table Spoonfuls.
When there is reafon to apprehend inflammation in
the bowels, opium may be given in place of laudanum,
from 20 to 30 grains, in proportion to the urgency of
the Symptoms ; it ought to be well triturated or rub-
bed
Sett. IV.
Clyfters.
Sect. IV. F A K R I
Clyfters. bed in a mortar, with a little of the liquid, till it has
thoroughly diffolvcd. The fmallncfs of the quantity
of liquid here recommended, gives it the better chance
of being the longer retained, as the good effects to be
derived from the opium depend entirely on this cir-
cumstance. This clyfter is proper to be given in vio-
lent gripings, attended with purging, in order to blunt
the flurpnel'sof the corroding humours, and to allay
the pain ufually attending in Inch cafes. The ftarch
will in fome msahire Supply the deficiency of the natu-
ral mucus, or covering of the inteltines, which has
been carried off by violent purging. It may be re-
peated, if the fymptoms continue violent, only dimi-
nishing the quantity of laudanum or of the opium.
S.NonriJbing clyjler. Thick water-gruel three quarts.
When clyfters of this kind are found neceffury, they
may be given four or five times in the day, according
as circumftances may require ; they are of confiderable
fervice in cafes where the horfe cannot eat Sufficiently
to fupporc him, or f wallow any thing, from inflamma-
tion of the throat, jaws, &c. or in convullions, attend-
ed with a locked jaw, &c.
6. Diuretic clyjler. Venice turpentine two ounces ;
Caftile foap one ojnee. DiiTolve the foap in
two quarts of warm water ; then add the turpen-
tine, after it has been well beat up with the yoiks
of two eggs.
This diuretic clyfter is of great ufe in the Stran-
gury, and obstructions in the urinary parages ; and
as it is immediately applied to the pans affected, itfel-
dom fails of giving relief, and has a much better effect
when prefcribed in this manner than when given by
the mouth : by this lift way it mixes with the whole
mafs of fluids, and may lefe a considerable portion of
its diuretic quality before it reaches the kindeys ; but,
by being administered in the form of a clyfter, it is
readily abforbed by the neighbouring veuels, and pro-
motes a free difcharge of urine.
It would be needlefs to add more forms of clyfters,
as thofe abovementioned will anfwer molt cafes, with-
out any material alteration, but what may be. eafily
fupplied by the judicious practitioner.
There are a variety of cafes where clyfters may
be adminiftered with great fuccefs, befules thofe al-
ready hinted at ; asin inflammatory fevers, fpafmodic
conftricf ions, and cholicky complaints in the bowels ;
in recent coughs, apoplexy, convulsions, paralytic com-
plaints, or fweliing of the belly whether from air pent
up in the bowels or from hardened eicrements ; in
cafes where horfes are troubled with worms, as the
afcarides which lodge in the lower parts of the ia-
teftines, or when bott- worms are obftrved flicking in
the anus, or voided with the dung : in very coitive
habits, before laxative or opening medicines are given
by the mouth ; in wounds, which penetrate deep into
the mufcular or tendinous parts, or in the belly, &c.
in inflammations of the eyes, or when the head feems
particularly affected ; in inflammatory fwellings on
any part of the body, when a horfe cannot f\V2llow
any food, &c. whether it proceeds from fpafm in the
mufeles of the throat, inrianiinaiions, or fwellings.
Clyfters compofed of mucilaginous f.ibilances,as ftarch,
linefeed, &c. are of great benefit in violent diarrhoeas
or loofenefs, whether it proceeds from a natural dif-
charge, or from too Strong purging medicines.
E
Y,
JI 7
It ougnt always to be remembered, that clyflers Rowels and
mould be repeated frequently, till fuch time as the Setoiis.
diforder for which they are given is either removed ' ^— — '
or greatly abated. This injunction may be the more
readily complied with, as the adminiftering clyfters
to horfes is not attended either with much trouble or
diiiurbance to them.
Sect. V
Rowel and Setons* » From tBp
r. Pvowels for horfes, anfwer the fame purpofe as ^ ame '
iffues in the human body. The method of introducing
them is by making an incifion through the fkin, aboiic
three-eighths of an inch long, and then feparating the
fkin from the flefh with the finger, or with a blunt
horn, all round the orifice, as far as the finger will ea-
fily reach ; then introducing a piece of Lather, very
thin, ihaped round, about the fize of a crown piece,
having a large round hole in the middle of it. Previ-
ous to introducing the leather, it fhould be covered
with lint or tow, and dipped into fome digeftive oint-
ment ; a pledget of tow, dipped in the fame ointment,
fhould likewife be put into the orifice, in order to keep
out the cold air : the parts around it foon fwell, which
is followed with a plentiful difcharge, from the orifice,
of yellow ferum or lymph ; and, in two or three days
at moil, the difcharge turns into thick grofs white
matter : the rowel is then faid to Suppurate.
Thefe artificial vents act by revuliiou or derivation ;
and hence they become of great ufe in many cafes, as
they empty the furrounding veflcls by a regular flow
difcharge of their contents, and are even of great fer-
vice when there is a redundancy or fulnefs of humours
in genera], which may require a gradual difcharge, in
preference to greater evacuations by purging medi-
cines, &c. Rowels fhould be placed (efpecially in
fome particular cafes) as near the affected part as pof-
Gble ; and, at all times, they ought to have a depending
orifice, in order to admit of a free difcharge of the
matter that may be contained in them.
The parts where they ought to be inferted, and
where they are found to anfwer belt, are the belly, in-
fide of the thighs, thebreaft, and ontfide of the fhoul-
ders and hips ; they are fomeiimes, but very injudici-
ouiiy, put in between the jaw-bones under the root of
the tengue, where they never come to a proper fuppu-
ration, en account of the conftant motion of the parts
in eating, &c. neither do they anfwer any good pur-
pofe from being placed fn that Situation. In fome dif-
orders it is found neceffary to put in Several of them
at once, in order to make a fudden revulhon from the
parts affected : but this fhould be determined by the
horfe's age, ftrength, and circumftances that require
them.
But though rowels are fonnd very beneficial in
Some cafes, yet, like a number of other operations
common to horfes, they foinetimcs, by the improper
ufe of them, become hurtful to the constitution ; and,
in fome difeafes, they frequently, inftead of fuppura-
ting, turn gangrenous. Thus, in violent fevers,
where they are frequently very improperly appli-
ed, they never fuppurate properly : whether this
proceeds from the quicknefs of the pulfe, together
with the violent rapidity with which the fluids in
general are then carried tbrottgh the veSfels, or from
the violent agitation in which the whole fyftem is
thrown,
1 1 S 'PARR
RoweWand thrown, it is difficult to determine j but experience con-
Sctons. tirms the obfervation, when properly attended to. In
* u ' fuch cafes, the furrounding parts where the rowel is
placed, feldom or never {well (as in the ordinary
courfe, when they fuppurate properly), but appear
dry, or much in the fame (late as when they were tint
put in ; there is iittle or no dtfeharge from the orifice ;
. and the little that does come is thin, ichorous, and
bloody. In inch cafes, they ought to be taken out im-
mediately, and the parts well fomented wf.h a ftrong
infulion of camomile, or an emollient poultice applied,
if it can be properly fixed, and frequently repeated ;
at intervals, the parts ought likewife to be bathed with
ardent fpirirs, asthatof wine, turpentine, &e. covering
the parts from the external air ; and provided there is
no fever at the time, two or three ounces of Peruvian
bark may be given through the day, either made into
balls or given in a liquid ; and this continued till the
threatening fymptoms are removed.
Rowels are of gieat ufe in carrying off rheums or
deflucTnons from the eyes ; in great fwellings of the
glands, &c. about the throat and jaws, which threaten
a fufFocation ; or when the head feems particularly
affected, as in the vertigo or ttaggers, apoplexy, &c.
&c. ; in recent lamerefs ; fwellings of the legs and
heels, attended with a difcharge of thin ichorous mat-
ter, &c. ; in large and fudden fwellings in any part of
the body ; or when extravafations of the fluids have
taken place, from blows, brnifes, &c. or when a horfe
has had a fevere fall, &c. and in a variety of other
cafes, which will occur to the judicious practitioner.
2. .Setons are of great ufe in carrying off" matter
from deep feated tumours or abfcefTes in different parts
of the body. They ought all times to be nfed in
preference to making deep incifions into the mufcular
parts, which not only disfigure horfes, but fuch deep
incifions are very difficult to heal up in them, on
account of the lituation of fome of thefe tumours, and
the horizontal poiition of the body, which is unfa-
vourable in many cafes for procuring a depending
opening in order to carry off the matter, as in tumors
on the back, withers, and upper part of the neck im-
mediately behind the ears, which are very common.
Betides the horizontal pofnion of the body, the natu-
ral reftletihefs and impatience of horfes renders it im-
practicable to fix proper bandages on thofe elevated
parts ; the fituation of them likewife will not admit of
proper dreffings being fixed on them with any degree
of certainty of their remaining for any length of time;
by which means the openings made into fuch tumors
or abfcefTes are frequently left bare, and expofed to the
cold air, &c. : hence fuch openings degenerate into
very foul ulcers, and produce a great deal of proud
flelh, and which require to be repeatedly cut away
with the knife, as the ftrongeft cauftics that can be
applied are not fufficient to keep it under.
Setons -are introduced by long, thin, fharp-pointed
inftruments or needles, (h ped like a dart at the point,
and having at the other extremity an eye to receive
the end of the cord, which is to be left in the tumor.
The lize of the inltrument may be determined by that
of the tumor, and the thicknefs of the cord which is
to follow it, and which at all times ought to be fmaller
than the perforation made by the point of the needle.
.Every practitioner in farriery mould always have a
r e r ' y. Sea. vi.
number of thefe needles by him, of different fizes, Alterative
that is, from 6 to 14 or 15 inches long, a little bended Medicines,
on the flat or under fide. The following is the me- * s/ '
thod of applying them in cafes of tumors, &c. When
the matter is found to fluctuate in the tumor, the
needle, armed with a cord at the other end, is to be
introduced at the upper part of it, and the iharp point
of the inltrument directed to, and brought out at the
under or lowermoft part of the tumor, including the
whole length of it ; or, it needful, through the found
miifcular iiefh on the nnder part, in order to make a
depending orifice for the matter to run freely off ; the
cord ihould be dipped in fome digeflive ointment,
and then tied together at both ends with a thread, in
order to prevent its flipping out. But if, from the
length of the perforation, the cord fhould not admit
of being tied together at the ends, a fmal! button of
wood, or fome fuch fubftance, may be fixed at each
end~; only, from this circumftance, the cord will re-
quire, when (hifted, occaiionally to be drawn upwards
and downwards ; whereas, when the ends of it are
tied together, it forms a circle, and may always be
fhifted downwards to the lower orifice. W hen the mat-
ter in the rumor appears to be wholly difcharged or
dried up, and no thicknefs appearing but where the
cord is, it may then be cutout, and the orifices fuf-
fered to heal up.
When the needle for introducing the feton is to
pafs near any large blood- vefTcls or nerves ; in order
to prevent the chance of their being wounded, it may
be concealed in a canula or cafe, open at both ends ;
and after an opening is made at the upper part of the
tumor fufficient to admit the needle with its cafe, it
may then be directed with fafety to pafs the blood-
vefl'els, &c. it may then be pufhed forward through the
canula and the oppofite fide of the tumor, and hav-
ing only the common teguments to perforate, all danger
will be avoided.
Sect. VI. Of Alterative Medicines.
By alteratives, or altering medicines, are to be un-
derltood fuch as, having no immediate fenfible opera-
tion, gradually gain upon the conflitution, by changing
the humours or juices from a ftate of diftemperature
to health. This intention in fome cafes may perhaps
be effected by correcting the acrimony of the juices,
and accelerating the blood's motion ; and in others by
attenuating or breaking its particles, and dividing
thofe cohefions which obltruct the capillaries or finer
vefPls, and fo promote the duefecretions of the various
fluids. It is certain, that many have but an indifferent
opinion of a medicine that does not operate externally,
and gratify their fenics with a quantity of imagined
humours ejected from the body : but let fuch people re-
member, that there are good humours as well as bad
which are thrown off together ; that no evacuatirg me-
dicine has a power of felecting or fi paming the bad
from the good ; and confequemly that they are thrt.wn.
out onlv in a proportionate quantity. Thefe few hints
may be fufficient to convince the j idicious reader of the
great advantages arifing from alteratives, and the pre-
ference due to them in molt cafes over purgatives ; un-
lefs it could be proved, as already nientoned, that the
latter could cull out and feparate from the blood the
bad humours fclely, leaving the good behind ; but
this
Se<a. VI. F A R R
Alterative this felective power has long been juftly exploded as
Medicines ridiculous and uncertain ; fincc it is plain, that all kinds
' <r ~ ""* of purging medicines differ only in degree of ftrength,
and operate no otherWife upon different humours than
as they (timulate more or lefs.
We (hall therefore take this opportunity of recom-
mending fome alterative medicines which are not fo
generally known as they ought to be ; and that too on
the fure ft grounds, a proper experience of their good
effects in repeated trials. The firlt, then, is nitre or
purified fak-petre ; which has long been in great efteem,
and perhaps is more to be depended on in all inflamma-
tory fevers than any ether medicine whatever : but be-
fides thisextenfive power of allaying inflammatory dis-
orders, it is now offered as an alterative remedy, taken
in proper quantities lor furfeits, molten greafe, hide-
bound, greafe-heels, &c And as it has been known
to fucceed even in the cure of the farcy ; what other
diftempers in horfes, arifing from vitiated fluids, may
it not be tried on, with a ftrong probability of fuc-
cefs ? This great advantage will arife from the ufe of
this medicine over moll others, that, as its operation
is chiefly by urine, it requires no confinement orcloath-
ing ; but the horfe may be worked moderately through-
out the whole courfe. This medicine has been found
equally efficacious (by many trials made in one of our
hofpitals) in correcting rheacrimony of the juices, and
difpolingthc moft obftinate and inveterate fores to heal
up ; and hence probably it came recommended as an
alterative to our horfes.
The quantity of nitre given at a time mould be from
two to three ounces a-day ; let it be finely powdered,
and then mix with it by little at a time as much honey as
will form it into a ball : give it every morning fafting
for a month ; or it may be given at firit for a fortnight
only, intermitting a fortnight, and then repeat it. If
it be obferved that the horfe fhows an unealinefs at the
ffomach after taking it, a horn or two of any liquor-
ihould be given after it, or it may be diflblved at firft
in his water, or mixed with his corn ; though the balL/
where it agrees, is the eafieft method of giving.
When horfes take drinks with great reludance, pow-
ders muft be given in their feeds : thus crude antimony,
or liver of antimony finely powdered, may be given to
the quantity of half an ounce, night and morning; but
in all furfeits, gum guaiacum mixed with antimony is
found more efficacious. Thus,-.
Take of crudeantimony finely powdered, or, where
it can be afforded, cinnabar of antimony, and gum
guaiacum, of each a pound : mix together with
an oily peftle to prevent the gum's caking : divide
the whole into 32 dofes, viz. an ounce each dofe :
let one be given every day in the evening- feed.
Or, Take of cinnabar of antimony, gum guaiacum,
and Caftile or Venice foap, of each half a pound ;
fait of tartar, four ounces : beat them up into a
mafs, and give an ounce every day, To thefe may
be added very advantageoufly an ounce and an
half of camphor.
iEthiops mineral, given to the quantity of half an
ounce a-day, is a very good fweetener and corrector of
the blood and juices ; but it has been ubferved, after
having been taken a week or ten days, to make fome
horfes flabber, and unable to chew their hay and oats ;
3
I E R Y. 1, 9
and the fame fymptoms have arifen, where only two Colds.
drams of crude mercury has been given, and continued * * '
about the fame fpace of time.
Diet-drinks — 1. A decoction of logwood, prepared
like that of guaiacum, is alfo fuccefsfully given in fur-
feits.
2. Lime-water prepared with fhavings of fafTafras
and liquorice, is a good diet-drink to fweeten and cor-
rect a horfe's blood ; and may be given with the nitre-
balls for that pnrpofe.
3. Tar-water alfo, may in many cafes be well worth
trial : but let it be remembered, that all medicines of
this kind fhould be continued a confiderable time ia
obftinate cafes.
Sect. VII. Of Colds.
By taking cold, we mean that the pores and outlets
of the flcin (which in a natural healthy ftate of body
are continually breathing out a fine fluid, like the fleam .
arifing from hot water, or fmoke from fire) are fo far
fhut up, that thefe fleams, or perfpirable matter, net
having a free paflage through them, are hindered from
going offin the ufual manner; the confequence of which
is, their recoiling on the blood, vitiating its quality,
overfilling the vefiels, and affecting the head, glands or
kernels of the neck and throat, the lungs, and other
principal parts. ■
To enumerate the various caufes of colds would be
endlefs : the moft ufual are, riding horfes till they are
hot, and fuffering them to ftand in that condition where
the air is cold and piercing ; removing a horfe from a
hot ftable to a cold one, and too fuddenly changing his >
cloathing ; whence it is that horfes often catch fuch fe-
vere colds after Lhey come out of dealers hands, and by
not being carefully rubbed down when they come in
hot off journies, .
Where there is a conftant attention and care, the
effects of cold are not only foon difcovered, but an
obfervation may be very early made to what part it
more immediately directs its attack. For inftanct , if
the nervous fyftem be the moft irritable, the affection
is qukkly perceived in the eyes ; if the glandular, upon
the neck, throat, under the ears, or in the head : or-
if more, particularly the fyftem of circulation has been
affected, the confequeuces are foon apparent i.pon the
lungs : and will be exerted more or lefs in a cough,
or difficulty of breathing, according to the feverity of
attack, from the repulfion of perfpirable matte '-, and
its confequent abforptiou into the circulation. As
foon as the horfe is in this ftate, a fympton-atic fever
attends ; which is to be underflood as no ;v,'ire than a
degree of febrile heat or irritability dependant on the
original caufe, which gradually ceafes as the primary .
difeafe is found to decline.
From an affection of the different paris above fpeci-
fied, various diforders^enfue, which are treated 1 1 an er
their proper heads. Here we have only to c'onlider
that kind of cold fixed on the lungs, wmch produces
cough ; and which, if taken in its firft ftage, generally
yields to very Ample remedies.
As foon as the attack has been obferved, bleeding-
fhould be inftamly performed, according to fymptoms,
fize, ftate, and condition ; and the bloo<' preferved a
few hours to afceruin its ftate : if livid or black,
Willi
120
A R R I
Colds, with a coat of fize upon its furface, there is no doubt
*-- -v ' of its vifcidity, and of the obftructed circulation of
that fluid through the finer veflels of the lungs. In
three or four hours after bleeding, gi\e a malh prepa-
lod as follows :
Take of bran and oats, equal parts. Pour on boil-
ing water a fufficient quantity : then ftir in anifecd
and liquorice powders, each one ounce; honey,
four ounces. In two hours after the mafti give a
gallon or fix quarts of foft water moderately warm,
* in which has been diflblved two ounces of nitre.
Thefe mailles Mr Taplin directs to be " continued
every night and morning, giving a moderate feed of
dry oats in the middle of the day, good Tweet hay in
finall quantities, and the fame proportion of nitre to be
repeated in the water after each mam. To thefe muft
be added the neceffary regulations of good drefiing
and gentle exercife, which in general foon effect the
cure of fuch colds as are counteracted upon the firft
attack."
To humour thofe who are not Satisfied without
fome formal compofitions, the following may be ex-
hibited when the fever does not run high.
Pe floral Horfe-ball. Take of the frefh powders of
anifeed, elecampane, carraway, liquorice, tur-
mcrick, and flour of brimftone, each threeounces ;
juice of liquorice four ounces, diflblved in a fuffi-
Cient quantity of mountain ; faffron powdered half
an ounce, falad-c-il and honey half a pound, oil
of anifeed one ounce ; mix them together with
wheat-flour enough to make them into a pafte.
Or the following from Dr Bracken.
Take anifeed, carraway feed, and greater carda-
moms, finely powdered, of each one ounce, flour
of brimftone two ounces., turmerick in fine powder
one ounce and a half, faffron two grains, Spaniih
juice diffolved in water two ounces, oil of anifeed
half an ounce, liquorice powder one ounce and a
half, wheat-flower a fufficient quaniity to make
into a ftiffpafLe by beating all the ingredients
well in a mortar.
Thefe balls confift of warm opening ingredients:
and, given in fmall quantities, about the fize of a pul-
let's egg, will encourage a free perfpiration.
To a horfe loaded with flefh, a rowel may fometimes
be neceflary, as may alfo a gentle purge or two to fome
when the diftemper is gone off.
When the diforder has been neglected, and made a
rapid progrefs, mould the cough be violent and con-
ftant, the horfe very dull and refufing his food, and
the fymptomatic fever run high, the blood will confe-
quently prove as before defcribed. Iu this cafe the
fymptoms will not perhaps yield to the above plan fo
foon as may be wiflied. It will therefore be neceflary
to repeat the bleeding in two or three days at farthefi,
according to circumftances. The mafhes may at the
fame time be altered to equal parts of malt and bran,
fcalded with boiling water ; into which, when nearly
cool, enough for the manger, ftir elecampane, anifeed
and liquorice powders, each one ounce : this mafh to
be repeated every night and morning : continuing alfo
the noon-feed dry, and the nitre two ounces in the wa-
ter, as before directed. By a due attention to thefe
meafures, relief will foon be obtained, and a cure ge-
nerally effected in the courfe of a few days: Whereas,
E R Y. Sea. VII L
by delay or neglect, a confirmed cough, afthma, bro- Fevers m
ken- wind, or confumption, may be the confequence. ^ general.
Sect. VIII. Of Fevers in general.
r. The fymptoms of a- fever are, Great rcftlefs-
nefs ; the hoi ie ranging from one end of his rack to
the other ; his flanks beat ; his eyes are red and in-
flamed ; his tongue parched and dry ; his breath is
hot, and fmells itrong ; he lofes his appetite, and
nibbles his hay, but does not chew it, and is fre-
quently fmeliing to the ground ; the whole body is
hotter than ordinary (though not parched, as in fome
inflammatory diforders) ; he dungs often, little at a
time, ufually hard, and in fmall bits ; he fometimes
ilales with difficulty, and his urine is high-coloured - T
and he feems to thirft, but drinks little at a time and
often ; his puife beats full and hard, to 50 firokes and
upwards in a minute.
The firft intention of cure is bleeding, to the quan-
tity of two or three quarts, if the horfe is ftrong and ill
good condition : then give him a pint of the following
drink, four times a-day ; or an ounce of nitre, mixed
up into a ball with honey, may be given thrice a-day.
inftead of the drink, and warned down with three or
four horns of any fmall liquor.
Take of baum, fage, and camomile-flowers, each a
handful, liquorice-root fliced half an ounce, fait
prunel or nitre three ounces ; irifufe in two quarts
of boiling water; when cold, ftrainoff, andfqueeze
into it the juice of two or three lemons, and
fweeten with honey.
As the chief ingredient to be depended on in this,
drink is the nitre, it may perhaps be as v/ell given in
water alone ; but as a horfe's ftomach is foon palled,
and he requires palatable medicines, the other ingre-
dients may in that refpect have their ufe. Soleyfel for
this purpofe advifes two ounces of fait of tartar, and
one of fal ammoniac, to be diflblved in two quarts of
water, and mixed with a pail of common water, add- .
ing a handful of bran or barley-flour to qualify the nn-
pleafant tafix : this may be given every day, and is a
ufeful medicine.
His diet fhould be fcalded bran, given in fmall quan-
tities ; which if he refufes, let him have dry bran
fprinkled with water: put a handful of pickled hay
into the rack, which a horfe will often eat when he
will touch nothing elfe ; his water need not be much
warmed, but fhould be given often and in fmall quan-
tities : his cloathing fhould be moderate ; too much
heat and weight on a horfe being improper in a fever,
which fcarce ever goes off in critical fweats (as thofe
in the human body terminate), but by ftrong perfpi-
ration.
If in a day or two he begins to eat his bran and
pick a little hay, this method with good nnrfing will «
anfwer ; but if he refufes to feed, more blood ihould
be taken away, and the drinks continued ; to which
may be added two or three drams of faffron, avoiding
at this time all hotter medicines: the following. giyftfr
mould be given, which may be repeated every cay,
efpecially if his dung is knotty or dry.
Take two handfnlsof marlhmallows, and one of ca-
momile flowers ; fennel-feed an ounce ; boil in
three quarts of water ro two; ftrainoff, and add
four
Sc6t. VIII.
A R R I K R Y.
Fevers ia four ounces of treacle, and a pint of linfeed oil
general. or a!1 y common oil.
Two quarts of \?aler-grucl,.fat broth, or pot-liquor,
with the treacle and oil, will anfvver this purpofe ; to
Which may be added a handful of fait. Thefe forts of
glyfters are more proper than thofe with purging in-
gredients.
The following opening drink is very effectual in
thofc fevers ; and may be given every other day, when
the glyfters fhould be omitted ; but the nitre-balls or
drink may be continued, except on thofe days thefe
are taken.
Take of cream of tartar and Glauber's faks, each
four ounces ; diflblve in barley-water, or any Mo-
ther liquor : an ounce or two of lenitive electuary
may be added, or a dram or two of powder of ja-
lap, to quicken the operation in fome horfes.
Four ounces of Glauber's falts, or cream of tartar,
with the fame quantity of lenitive electuary, may be
given for the fame purpofe, if the former mould not
open the body fufficiently.
In four or five days the horfe generally begins to
pick his hay, and has a feeming relifli for food ; tho'
his flanks will heave pretty much for a fortnight : yet
the temper of his body and return of appetite fhow,
that nothing more is requifitc to complete his reco-
very than walking him abroad in the air, and allow-
ing plenty of clean litter to reft him in the ftable.
This method of treating a fever is fimple, accord-
ing to the laws of nature; and is confirmed by long
experience to be infinitely preferable to the hot method.
The intention here is to leflcn the quantky of blood,
promote the fecretion of urine and perfpiration, and
cool and dilute the fluids in general.
2. There is another fort of fever that horfes are Sub-
ject to, of a more complicated and irregular nature
than the former ; which, if not properly treated, often
proves fatal.
The figns are, A (low fever, with languifhing, and
great depreflions: the horfe is fometimes inwardly hot,
and outwardly cold ; at other times hot all over, but
not to any extreme ; his eyes look moift and languid :
he has a continual moifture in his mouth, which is the
reafon he feldom cares to drink, and when he does, it
is but Utile at a time. He feeds but little, and leaves
ofTas foon as he has eat a mouthful or two ; he moves
his jaws in a feeble loofe manner, with an unpleafant
grating of his teeth ; his body is commonly open ; his
dung loft and moift, but feldom greafy ; his ftaling is
often irregular, fometimes little, at other times pro-
fufe, feldom high-coloured, but rather pale, with little
or no fediment.
When a horfe's appetite declines daily, till he refu-
fes all meat, it is a bad fign. When the fever doth
not diminifh. or keep at a ftand, but increafes, the
cafe is then dangerous. But when it fenfibly abates,
and his mouth grows drier, the grating of his teeth
ceafes, his appetite mends, and he takes to lie down
(which perhaps he has not done for a fortnight), thefe
are prom King figns. A horfe in thefe fevers always
runs at the nofe, but not the kindly white difcharge,
as in the breaking of a cold, but of a reddifh or greenifh
dufky colour, and of a confiftence like glue, and flicks
like turpentine to the hair on the infide of the noftrils :
If this turns to a gleet of clear thin water, the horfe's
Vol. VII.
121
hide keeps open, andheraends in his appetite j thefe Fevers in
arc certain figns of recovery. gene
The various and irregular fymptoms that attend this
flow fever, require great (kill to direct the cure, arid
more knowledge of the fymptoms of horfes drfcafes
than the generality of gentlemen arcs acquainted with.
The experienced farrier fhould therefore be confultecl
and attended to, in regard to the fymptoms ; but very
feldom as to the application of the remedy, which is
generally above their comprehenfion ; though it may
be readily felected, by duly attending to the observa-
tions here inculcated.
Firft, then, a moderate quantity of blood, not ex-
ceeding three pints, may be taken away, and repeated
in proportion to his Strength, fullnefs, inward forenefs,
cough, or any tendency to inflammation. After this,
the fever-drink firft abovememioned may be given,
with the addition of an ounce of fnake-root, and three
drams of Saffron and camphor diflblved firft in a little
fpint of wine ; the quantity of the nitre may be lefieii-
cd, and thefe increafed as the fymptoms indicate.
The diet fhould be regular ; no oats given, but Scald-
ed or raw bran fprinkled; the belt flavoured hay lhould
be given by handfuls, and often by hand, as the horfe
fometimes cannot lift up his head to the rack.
As drinking is fo ablolutely neceflary to dilute the
blood, if the horfe refufes to drink freely of warm wa-
ter or gruel, he mult be indulged with having the chill
only taken ofFby Standing in the liable : nor will any
inconvenience en fit e, but oftener an advantage ; for the
naufeous warmth of water, forced on horfes for a time,
palls their Stomachs, and takes away their appetites,
which the cold water generally reftores.
Should the fever after this treatment increale, the
horfe feed little, ftale often, his urine being thin and
pale, and his dung fometimes loofe, and at other times
hard; (hould the moifture in his mouth continue, his
fkin being fometimes dry and at others moift, with his
coat looking Starting and forfeited : upon thefe irre-
gular fymptoms, which denote great danger, give the
following balls, or drink ; for in thefe cafes there is no
time to be loft.
Take of contrayerva-root, myrrh, and fnake-root,
powdered, each two drams; faffron one dram, mi-
thridate or Venice treacle half an ounce ; make
into a ball with honey, which fhould be given
twice or thrice a-dny, with two or three horns of
an infufion of fnake-root fweetened with honey ;
to a pint and a half of which may be added half
a pint of treacle-water or vinegar, which latter
is a medicine of excellent ufeinall kinds of in-
flammatory and putrid diforders, either external
or internal.
Should thefe balls not prove fuccefsful, add to each
a dram of camphor, and, where it can be afforded, to
a horfe of value, the fame quantity of caflor. Or the
following drink may be fubflituted in their ftcad for
fome days.
Take contrayerva and fnake-root of each two
ounces, liquorice-root one ounce, faffron two
drams ; infufe in two quarts of boiling water clofe
covered for two hours ; flrain off, an acki half a
pint of diftilled vinegar, four ounces of Spirit of
wine, wherein half an ounce of camphor is diflbl-
ved, and two ounces of mithridate or venicc
Q^ treacle ;
122
Fevers in
General.
F A R R
E R
Sea. VIII.
treacle ; give a pint of this drink every four, fix,
or eight hours.
Should the horfe becoftive, recourfe muft be had to
glyfters, or the opening drink : fhould he purge, take
care not to fupprefs it, if moderate ; but if, by con-
tinuance, the horfe grows feeble, add diafcordium to
bis drinks, inftead of the mithridate ; if it increafes,
give more potent remedies.
Let it be remembered, that camphor is a very power-
ful and effectual medicine in thefe kinds of putrid fe-
vers ; being both active and attenuating, and particu-
larly calculated to promote the fecretions of urine and
perforation.
Regard Ahould alfo be had to his ftaling ; which if
in too great quantities, fo as manifeftly to deprefs his
ipirits, mould be controlled by proper reftrigents, or
by preparing; his drinks with lime-water. If, on the
contrary, it happens that he is too rem-ifs this way, and
flaics lo liitJe as to occalion a fulnefs and fwelling of
the body and legs, recourfe may be had to the follow-
ing drink :
Take of fait prunella, or nitre, one ounce ; juniper-
berries, and Venice turpentine, of each half an
ounce: make into a ball with oil of amber.
Give him two or three ofthele bails, at proper in-
tervals, with a decoction of marlh-mallows fweetened
with honey.
But if, notwithftanding the method we have laid
down a greeniih or reddilh gleet is difcharged from his
noftrils, with a frequent freezing ; if he continues to
lofe his flefh, and becomes hide-bound ; if he altoge-
ther forfakes his meat, and daily grows weaker ; if he
fwells about the joints, and his eyes looked fixed and.
dead; if the kernels under his jaws fwell, and feel
loofe : if his tail is raifed, and quivers; if his breath
fmells ftrong, and a purging enfues with a difcharge
of fetid dark-coloured matter ; his cafe may then be
looked on as defperate, and all future attempts to fave
him will be fruitlefs.
The fignsofa horfe's recovery are known by his hide
keeping open, and hisikin feeling kindly ; his ears and
feet will be of a moderate warmth, and his eyes brifk
and lively; his nofe grows clean and dry ; his appetite
mends, he lies down well, and both Hales and dungs
regularly.
Be careful not to overfeed him on his recovery : let
his diet be light, feeds fmall, and increafed by decrees
as he gets ftrengih ; for, by overfeeding, horfes have
frequent relapfes or great furfeits, which are always
difficult of cure.
If this fever mould be brought to intermit, or prove
of the intermitting kind, immediately after the fit is
over give an ounce of Jefttit's bark, and repeat it every
fix hours till the horfe has taken four or fix ounces :
fhoul i eruptions or fweliings appear, rhey ought to be
encouraged ; for they are good fyniptoms at the decline
of a fever, denote a termination of the diftemper, and
that no further medicines are wanted.
The true reafons, perhaps, why fo many horfes mif-
carry in fevers, are, that their mafters, or doctors, will
not wail with patience, snd let nature have fair play ;
that they generally neglect bleedingfufficiently atfirft ;
and are constantly forcing down fugar-fops, or other
foo ', in a horn, as if a horfe muft be fiarved in a few
days if he did not eat: then they ply him twice or
thrice a-day with hot medicines and fpirituous drinks, Fevers m
which (excepting a very few cafes) muft be extremely general,
pernicious to a horfe, whofe diet,is naturally fimple, " ~ >/—
and whofe ftomach and blood, unaccuftomed to fuch
heating medicines, muft be greatly injured, and with-
out doubt are often inflamed by fuch treatment.
Dilute the blood with plenty of' water, or white
drink : let his diet be warm bran-malhes, and his hay
fprinkled. Should the fever rife, which will be known
by the fymptoms above defcribed, give him an ounce
of nitre thrice a-day in his water, or made up in a ball
with honey. Let his body be kept cool and open, with
the opening drink, given twice or thrice a-week ; or
an ounce of fait of tartar may be given every day,
dilfolved in his water, for that purpofe, omitting
then the nitre. Afier a week's treatment in this
manner, the cordial ball may be given once or twice
a-day, with an infufion of liquorice-root fweetened
with honey ; to which may be added, when the phlegm
is tough, or cough dry and bulky, a quarter of a pint
of linfeed or ialiad oil, and the fame quantity of oxy-
mel fquills.
This following cooling purge is very proper to give
at the decline of the diftemper, and may be repeated
three or four times.
Take two ounces of fenna, anifeed and fennelbrui,
led each halt an ounce ; fait of tartar three drams ;
let them infuie twohonrsin a pint of boiling wa-
ter,- itrain off, and dilfoive in it three ounces of
Ghu-er's fait, and two of cream of tartar ; give
for a dofe in the morning.
The purge generally works before night very gen*
tly } and in fevers, and all inflammatory diforders, is
infinitely preferable to any other phyfic.
Before we clofe this fection on fevers, it may be no
improper hint to the curious, to take notice, that a
horfe's pulfe fhould more particularly be attended to
than is cuftomary, as a proper eftimate may thereby be
made both of the degree and violence of the fever pre-
fent, by obferving the rapidity of the blood's motion,
and the force that the heart and arteries labour with
to propel it round. The higheft calculation that has
been made of the quicknefs of the pulfe in a healthy
horfe, is, that it beats about 40 ftrokes in a minute;
fo that in proportion to the incrcafr above this num-
ber, the fever isrifing, and if fartheriacreafed to above
jo the fever is very high.
How often the pulfe beats in a minute may cafily
be difcovered by meafitring the time with a flop-
watch or minute fand-glafs, while your hand is laid
on the horfe's near fide, or your fingers on any artery
thofe which run up on each fide the neck are gene-
rally to be feen beating, as well as felt a little above
the cheft ; and one withinfide each leg may be traced
with the finger.
A due attention to the pulfe is fo imporrant an ar-
ticle, in order to form a proper judgment in fevers,
that it would appear amazing; it has fo much been ne-
glected, if one did not recollect, that the generality of
farriers are fo egregioufly ignorant, that they have no
manner of conception of the blood's circulation, nor in
general have they ability enough to difiinguifh the dif-
ference between an artery and a vein. — With fuch
pretty guardians do we inrruft the healths and lives of
the moll valuable of animals 1
Sect*
Se&. IX.
R R
E R Y.
123
Pleurify, Sect. IX. Of a Pleurify, and an Inflammation of the
Icflamma- Lungs, &c.
tion of the
Lungs.&c It These diforders havcfcarce been mentioned by
" any writer on farriery before Mr Gibfon ; who, by fre-
quently examining the carcafes of dead horfes, found
them fubject to the different kinds of inflammations
here defcribed.
In order to diflinguifh thefe diforders from others,
we fhall defcribe the fymptoms in Mr Gibfon's own
words.
" A pleurify, then, which is an inflammation of the
pleura ; and a peripneumony, which is an inflamma-
tion of the lungs ; have fymptoms very much alike;
with this difference only, that in a pleurify a horfe
fhows great uneafinefs, and fnifts about from place to
place ; the fever, which at firft is moderate, rifes fud-
denly very high ; in the beginning he often ftrives to
lie down,' but ftarts up again immediately, and fre
nefs, oris old, you muft bleed him in lefs quantities, Pleurify,
and oftener. Mr Gibfon recommends rowels on each Inflamma-
fide the bread, and one on the belly ; and a bliftering * ion of * he
oitment to be rubbed all over his brifket upon the r ung *' c '
foremoft ribs.
The diet and medicines fhould be both cooling, at-
tenuating, relaxing, and diluting. After the opera-
tion of bleeding, therefore, Mr Taplin * directs t( to * Cmth-
have ready fome bran and very fweet hay cut fmall, and mans Sta-
fcalded together ; which place hot in the manger, that bleDireSo*
the fumes may be imbibed as an internal fomentation r y> P* aI 5*
to relax the rigidity of the glands, and excite a dif-
charge from the noftrils fo foon as poflible. The very
nature of this cafe, and the danger to which the horfe
is expofed, fufficiently point out the propriety and con-
fiftency of exerting all poflible alacrity to obtain relief,
or counteract the difeafe in its firft ftage : therefore let
the fumigation of fcalded bran and hay be repeated
every four or five hours, and the following decoction
quently turns his head towards the affected fide, which prepared without delay
has caufed many to millake a pleuritic diforcier for the << Pearl barley, raifins fp'it, and Turkey figs diced,
gripes, this fign being common to both, though with
this difference : in the gripes, a horfe frequently lies
down and rolls ; and, when they are violent, he will
alfo haveconvulfive twitches, his eyes being turned up,
and his limbs fcretched out, as if he were dying ; his
ears andfeet are fometimesoccafionally hot, and fome-
times as cold as ice ; he falls into profufe fweats, and
then into cold damps ; ftrives often to flak and dung,
but with great pain and difficulty ; which fymptoms
each fix ounces; flick liquorice bruifed, two oun-
ces. Boil thefe in a gallon of water till reduced
to three quarts; ftrain off ; and, while hot, ftir in
one pound of honey, and, when cold, a pint of
diftilled vinegar ; giving an cunce of nitre in a
pint of this decoction every four, five, or fix
hours, according to theftate and inveteracy of the
difeafe.
" If relief is nor obtained fo foon as expected, and
generally continue till he has fume relief: bur, in a the horfe is coflive, give a glyfter, with
pleurify, a horfe's ears and feet are always burning
hot, his mouth parched and dry, his pulfe hard and
quick : even fometimes, when he is nigh dying, his
fever is continued and increafmg ; and though in the
beginning he makes many motions to lie down, yet af-
terwards he reins back as far as his collar will permit,
and makes not the leaft offer to change hispofture, but
Hands panting with fliort flops, and a difpofition to
cough, till he has fome relief, or drops down.
** Two quarts of common gruel ; coarfe fugsr fix
ounces : Glauber falts four ounces ; tincture of
jalap two ounces ; and a quarter of a pint of olive
oil. This muft be repeated every 24 hours, or
oftener, if necelTary.
" Should the fymtoms ftill continue violent, with-
out difcovering any ligns of abatement ; after waiting
a proper time for the effect of previous adminiftrations,
let the bleeding be repeated, in quantity proportioned
" In an inflammation of the lungs, feveral of the to the urgency of fymptoms, continuing the decoction
fymptoms are the fame ; only in the beginning he is and nitre every three or four hours, and repeating the
lefs active, and never offers fo lie down during the glyfter if plentiful evacuations have not been obtained
whole time of hisficknefs ; his fever is flrong, breath-
ing difficult, and attended with a fliort cough : and
whereas, in a pleurify, a horfe's mouth is generally
parched and dry ; in an inflammation of the lungs,
when a horfe's mouth is open, a ropy flime will run
out in abundance ; he gleets alfo at the nofe a reddifh
by the former injection.
" The diluting drink, before prefcribed, isintrodu>
ced here in preference to a ball, that its medicinal effi-
cacy may be expeditiously conveyed to the feat of dif-
eafe. So foon as the wifhed-for advantages are obfer-
ved, and the predominant and dangerous fymptoms be-
or yellowiih water, which flicks like glue to the infidc gin to fubfide, when he labours lefs in refpiration, is
of his noftrils.
" In a pleurify, a horfe heaves and works violently
at his flanks, with great reftleflhefs, and for the mofl
part his belly is tucked up : but in an inflammation of
the lungs, he always fhows fulnefs ; the working of
brifker in appearance, heaves lefs in the flank, dungs
frequently, ftales freely, runs at the nofe, eats his warm
maihes of fcalded bran, with four ounces of honey to
each, and will drink thin gruel for his common drink
(in each draught of which mould be diffolved two oun-
his flanks is regular, except after drinking and lhifting ces of cream of tartar) ; in fhort, fofoon as every ap-
his pofture ; and his ears and feet are for the mofl part pearance of danger is difpelled, the management may
cold, and often in damp fweats." be the fame as in a common cold ; giving one of the
2. The cure of both thefe diforders is the fame. In following balls every morning for a fortnight, leaving
the beginning a ftrong horfe may lofe three quarts of off the mafhes and diluting drink by degrees, and vary-
blood, the next day two quarts more; and, if fymp- ingthe modeof treatment as circumftances may dictate.
toms do not abate, the bleedings muft be repeated, a
quart at a time ; for jt isfpeedy, large, and quick-re-
peated bleedings that are in thefe cafes chiefly to be de-
pended on. But if a horfe has had any previous weak-
" Castile foap, fix ounces; gumammoniacum, two
ounces ; anife and cummin feeds (in powder),
each four ounces ; honey fufficient to form the
mafs, which divide into a dozen balls.
a 2 " T °
124 F A R R
Pleurify, <l To prevent any 111 effects that may arife from the
Inflamma- bad condition of the matter that has fo long overloaded
tion of the t j ie vcu - e i s „f t \ ]t lungs, luch as the formation of ul-
u"g»> ^ eers. knots, or tubercles, the beft method will be, fo
foon as the herfe (with great care, gentle exercife, mo-
derate and regular feeding) has recovered in a tolerable
degree his natural ftrength, to put him upon the fol-
lowing gentle courfe of phyfic ; and it will become
more immediately necefiary, where the horfe bears a-
bout him remnants of the diftemper, either in a gleet
from the nofe, rattling in his throat, difficulty of
breathing, or heaving in the flanks.
'• Socotorine aloes nine drams ; rhubarb and jalap
each a dram and a half ; gum ammoniacum,
calomel, and ginger, each a dram ; oil of juni-
per iixty drops ; fyrnp of buckthorn fufficient to
make a ball.
* l Six clear days or more, if the horfe is weak, mould
be allowed between each dofe."
There is alfo an external pleurify, or inflammation
ef the mufclcs between the ribs, which, when not pro-
perly treated, proves the foundation of that diforder
called the cheft-jounder ; for if the inflammation is not
difperfed in time, and the vifcid blood and juices fo
attenuated by internal medicines that a free circula-
tion is obtained, fnch a Itiffhefs and inactivity will re-
main on thefe parts, as will not eafily be removed,
and which is generally known by the name of chejt-
founder.
The figns of this inflammation, or external pleurify,
are a itiffhefs of the body, moulders, and fore-legs ;
attended fometimes with a fhort dry cough, and a
fhrinking when handled in thofe parts.
Blccdingjfoft pectorals, attenuants, and gentle purges,
are the internal remedies ; and, externally, the parts
affected may be bathed with equal parts of fpirit of fal
ammoniac and ointment of marfhmallows or oil of ca-
momile.
Thefe outward inflammations frequently fall into the
iniide of the fore-leg, and fometimes near the fhoulder;
forming abfceiles, which terminate the diforder.
E R Y.
Se&. X.'
Sect. X. Of a Cough, a?id Afthma.
The confequencesof colds neglected or injudicioufly
treated, are fettled habitual coughs, afthmas, broken-
wind, and confumption.
Of coughs two are chiefly diftinguilhed. The one
is loofe, almoft continual, and increafing to violence
upon the leaft motion : the other is a fhort dry cough,
preceded by a bulky hollow kind of wheezing, as if
refpiration was obftructed by fragments of hay or corn
retained in the paflage. This lafl is the kind of
cough called afthma by moft writers, and for which
mercurial purges have been recommended. Thefe,
however, Mr Taplin obferves, may perhaps be exhibi-
ted with more propriety after the adminiftration of a
courfe of the following balls, fhould they fail in the de-
fired effect. Bleeding muft be firft performed, and oc-
cafionally repeated in fmall quantities, till the glandular
inflammation and irritability are allayed, and the blood
ib attenuated by the conftant ufe of nitre, as to ren-
der the circulation free through the finer vefTels of
?.he lungs, from the obftructions in which all the diffi-
••.-itjii.es. proceed. Bleeding having taken place with the
neceflary circumfpection as to quantity, let the two Cough and
ounces of nitre be given punctually every night and Aftfema.
morning in the water, as particularized under the ar- x "~" v '
tick Colds, continuing one of the following balls every
morning for a fortnight or three weeks, that a fair and
decifive trial may be obtained.
Detergent Pettoral Balls — Take of Caftile foap, ani-
feed, and liquorice powders, each five ounces ;
Barbadoes tar, fix ounces ; gum ammoniacum,
three ounces ; balfam of Tolu, one ounce ; honey
(if required) to make a mafs ; which divide into a
dozen balls.
If there mould appear no abatement of the fymp-
toms after the above trial, -bleeding muft be repeated,
and mercurials had recourfe to. Mr Taplin advifes
" two dofes of mercurial phyfic to be given eight days
apart, and prepared by the addition of a dram and a
half of calomel to either of the purging balls (under the
articles of purging) beft calculated for the horfe's
ftrength and condition. After which repeat the above
pectoral balls, with the addition of gum myrrh, Ben-
jamin and Venice turpentine, each two ounces ; divi-
ding the mafs into balls of two ounces each, repeating
them every morning till the above proportion (with
thefe additions) are totally confumed."
The other kind, or that long loud hollow cotigh.
which is almoft incefTant, and continually increafing
upon the leaft hurry in exercife, proceeds equally from
irritability and the action of the flimy mucus upon the
glands in refpiration, as well as the vifcidity and flug-
gi'fh motion of the blood through the finer paflages ;
but yields to remedies with much lefs difficulty than the
afthmatic. In this cafe, as in the other, bleeding muft
be premifed, and followed by a mafh compounded of e-
qual parts of bran and oats, into which muft be ftirred
and difTolved, while hot, honey four ounces. This mafh.
muft be repeated, with two ounces of nitre in the wa-
ter, without intcrmiffion, every night and morning ; gi-
ving alfo every morning the following ball, being an
improvement by Mr. Taplin upon the cordial ball of
Braken.
Take Turkey figs, Spanifh liquorice, anifeed, and
liquorice powders, each four ounces ; carraway
feeds, elecampane, and anifated balfam, each two
ounces ; faffron, ginger (in powder), and oil of
anifeed, each fix drachms ; honey fufficient to
form the mafs ; and divide into twelve balls ; of
which let one be given every morning.
The figs and faffron are to be beat to a pafte in the
mortar previous to their incorporation with the other
articles, the Spani/h liquoiice is to be foftened over
the fire by boiling in a fmall quantity of fpring- water,
and the whole of the ingredients mixed in a proper
manner. " Thefe balls (fays our author) are power-
fully cordial and reftorative ; they promote glandular
excretion, warm and ftimulate theftomach to the ex-
pulfion of wind, enliven the circulation, aKd invigorate
the whole frame, as has been fufficiently afcertained by
their inftantancous effect in the chafe, where their ex-
cellence has been repeatedly eftablifbed ; but more par-
ticular in deep fwampy countries, when, after a fevere
burft, or a repetition of ftrongleaps, ihe horfe has been
fo off his wind, or in fact, nature fo exhaufted, as not
to be able to proceed a ftroke farther ; the immediate
adminiftration of a fingle ball has not only afforded in-
ftant
Sea. xi.
A R R
Stolen
Wind.
ftant relief, but the horfe gone through the day with
his ufual alacrity."
Before doling this feclion, it may be neceffary to
obferve, that young horfes are fubject to coughs on
cutting their teeth ; their eyes alio are affected from
the fame cough. In thefe cafes always bleed ; and if
the cough is obftinate, repeat it, and give warm maihes;
which, in general, are alone fufficient to remove this
complaint.
Sect. XI. Of a Broken Wind.
This diforder, Mr Gibfon is inclined to think, fre-
quently originates from injudicious or hafly feeding of
youno- horfes for fale ; by which means the growth of
ilie lungs, and all the contents within the cheft, are fo
increafed, and in a few years fo preternaturally enlar-
ged, that the cavity of the cheft is not capacious enough
for them to expand themfelves in and perform their
functions.
A narrow contracted cheft with large lungs may
fometimes naturally be the caufe of this diforder: and
it has been obferved, that horfes riling eight years old
are as liable to this diftemper, as, at a certain period
of life, men are to fall into afthmas, confumptions, and
chronic difeafes.
The reafon why it becomes more apparent at this
age, may be, that a horfe comes to his full ftrength
and maturity at this time ; at fix, he commonly finifh-
es his growth in height ; after that time he lets down
his-belly and fpreads, and all his parts are grown to
their full extent ; fo that the preifureon the lungs and
midriff is new more increafed.
But how little weight foever thefe reafons may have,
repeated directions have given ocular proofs of a pre-
ternatural largenefs, not only of the lungs of broken-
winded horfes, but of their heart and its bag, and of
the membrane which divides the cheft ; as well as of
a remarkable thinners in the diaphragm or midriff.
This difproportion has been obferved to be fo great,
that the heart and lungs have been almoft of twice
their natural fize, perfectly found, and without any
ulceration whatever, or any defect in the wind-pipe or
its glands. Hence it appears, that this enormous fize
of the lungs, and the fpace they occupy, by hindering
the free action of the midriff, is the chief caufe of this
diforder : and as the fubftance of the lungs was found
laore fleflyy than ufual, they of courfe muft lofe a great
deal of their fpring and tone.
Whoever confidtrs a broken-wind in this light, muft
own that it may be reckoned among the incurable dif-
tempers of horfes; and that all the boafted pretenfions
to cure are vain and frivolous, fmce the utmoft fkill can
amount to no more than now and then palliating the
fymptoms, anoViRJtigating their violence.
We (hall therefore only lay down fuch methods as
may probably prevent this diforder, when purfued in
time. But if they fhould not fucceed, we fhall offer
fonie remedies and rules to mitigate its force, and make
a horfe as ufeful as poffible under this malady.
It is ufual, before a broken- wind appears, for a horfe
to have a dry obftinate cough, without any vifiblcfick-
nefs or lofs of appetite ; but, on the contrary, a difpo-
fition to foul feeding, eating the litter, and drinking
much water.
In order then to prevent, as much as poffible, this.
I £ R Y. I25
diforder, bleed him, and give hki the mercurial phy fie firokca
above prefcribed, whkh fhould be repeated two or Wind.
three times. "— — v— ♦
The following balls are then to be taken for fome
time, which have been found extremely efficacious in
removing obftinate coughs.
Take aururamofaicum, finely powdered, eight oun-
ces ; myrrh and elecampane, powdered, each
four ounces ; anifeeds and bay-berries, each an
ounce ; faffron, half an ounce ; make into balls
with oxymel fquills.
The auruin mofaicumis made of equal parts of quick-
filver, tin, fal ammoniac, and fulphir. We give this
medicine as ftrongly recommended by Mr Gibfon; but
how far the auruin mofaicum may contribute to its ef.
ficacy, may perhaps juftiy be difputed : as a fubftittue
in its room, therefore, for this purpofe, we recommend
the fame quantity of powdered fquills, or gum amino-
niacum, or equal parts of each.
Broken. winded horfes fhould cat fparingly of hay r
which as well as their com may be wetted with cham-
ber-lye, or fair water ; as this will make them lefs cra-
ving after water.
The volatile falts in the urine may make it prefer-
able to water, and may be the reafon why garlic is
found fo efficacious in thefe cafes ; two or three cloves
given at a time in a feed, or three ounces of garlic
bruifed, and boiled in a quart of milk and water, an<»
given every other morning for a fortnight, having been
found very ferviceable; for by warming and ftimula-
ting thefolids, and diffolving the tenacious juices which
choke up the vcfTels of the lungs, thefe complaints are
greatly relieved.
Careful feeding and moderate exercife has greatly
relieved broken-winded horfes.
Horfes fent to grafs in order to be cured of an ob-
ftinate cough, have often returned completely broken-
winded, where the pafture has been rich and fuccu-
lent, fo that they have had thtir bellies conftantly fi:13.
As the ill conftquences therefore are obvious, where
you have not the conveniency of turning out your
horfe for a conftancy. you may foil him for a month
or two with young green barley, tares, or any other
young herbage.
To puriive thick-winded horfes, Baibadoes and
common tar have often been given with fuccefs, to the
quantity of two Spoonfuls, mixed with the yolk of an
egg, diffolved in warm ale, and given falling two or
three times a week, eipecially thofe days you hunt or
travel.
But in order to make all thefe forts of horfes of apy
real fervice to you, the grand point is to have a parti-
cular regard to their diet, obferving a jnft economy
both in that and their exercife ; giving but a moderate
quantity of hay, corn- or water, at a time, and moift-
cning the former, to prevent their requiring too much
of the latter, and never txercifing them but with mo-
deration, as has before been obferved. The following
alterative ball may be given once a fortnight or three
weeks, and as it operates very gently, and requires no
confinement but on thofe days it is given when warm
meat and water are necellary, it may be continued for*
two cr three months.
Take focotorine aloes fix drams; myrrh, galbanum,
and ammeniacum, of etch two drams ;. bay-ber-
ries.
t •
I ken-
Wind.
FARRIER Y. Sett. Xlf.
rieshalf an ounce : make into a ball with a Spoon- flammation. After bleeding, the horfe rauft go thro' Confump.
fulof oil of amber, and a fufficient quantity of (y- a regular courfe of the mild purging balls prcfcribed
rup of buckthorn. after recovery from pleurify. They are (lightly iin-
Mr Taplin i>. es the idea of overgrown lungs, pregnated with mercurial particles, and blended with
tlOtt.
and Suggelts the following as grounds of a more ra
tional opinion concerning the Source of this difeafe.
<< Wb ether horfes who have been in the habit of
full or foul feeding, with a very trifling portion of ex-
crcife, and without any internal cleanfing from evacu-
ations, Gompulliyely obtained by purgatives or diure-
tics, may not conftantly engender a quantity of vifcid, relief likely to be obtained
the gams form a rooft excellent medicine for the pur-
pofe. In three days after the operation of the third
dole, Mr Taplin directs to begin upon the following
detergent balSamics, and continue to give one ball eve-
ry morning, fo long as may be thought neceffary to
form a fair opinion whether the advantage is gained or
tough, phlegmatic, matter; which accumulating by
(low degrees, may fo clog and fill up fome of that in-
finity of minute paffages with which the lungs are
known to abound, as probably to obstruct the air vef-
fels in their neceffary expanfion for the office of refpi-
ration ? And whether this very probable obstruction or
partial fuppreffion may not in hidden, hafty, and long
continued exertions, rupture others, and by fuch
local deficiency affect the elafticity of the whole ? The
probability, and indeed great appearance of this pro-
gress, has ever influenced me forcibly to believe, that
fuch obftructions once formed, the evil accumulates,
till a multiplicity of the v effete become impervious,
and render the lungs, by their conffant accumulation
and diftention, too rigid for the great and neceffary
purpofe of refpiration."
That fuch a defect may fometime, occur, as a cheft
too narrow for lungs of an uncommon extenfion, that
constitute naturally what are called thick-winded horfes,
our author does not deny : in which cafes it is agreed,
there is no hope of a cure, nor fcarcely of any allevia-
tion. But he will by no means admit the above defor-
mity to be a cafe of common occurrence, far lefs that
it is the univerfal sr even molt ordinary caufe of bro-
ken wind.
'* It cannot but be obferved (fays he) what an anx-
ious defire a broken-winded horfe always difplays to ob-
tain water ; a felf-evident conviction he is rendered un-
eafy by fome glutinous adhefive internal fubftance, that
instinct alone prompts the animal to expect drinking
may wafi-i away: on the contrary, if, as Bartlet and
Gibfon fuppofe, < the lungs are too large for the cheft,'
every thing that increafes the bulk of the abdomen or
vifcera (and confequenfly the preffure upon the dia-
phragm) muft increafe the difquietude, which is na-
tural to believe from the fagacity of animals in other
instances, they would in this molt carefully avoid."
Mr Taplin therefore concludes, that if his hypothe-
cs is founded in fact (which circumftances will not al-
low him the lead reafon to doubt), a cure may certain-
ly be expected, provided the attempt is made upon the
firft appearance of the difeafe; though he does not
hold out the probability where the original caufe has the fait marfhes are to be preferred, and to be more
Take of the bell white foap eight ounces; gum
guaiacum and ammoniacum, each three ounces ;
myrrh and Benjamin, anifeed and liquorice, each
two ounces ; balfam of Pern, Tolu, and oil of a-
nifeed, each half an ounce ; Barbadoes tar fuffi-
cient to make a mafs, which divide into twenty
balls.
It is neceffary to be Strictly obferved, that during
this courfe, hay and water are to be difpenfed with a
very fparing hand, fo as to prevent too great an accu-
mulation in the Stomach or inteftines, that an observa-
tion may be made with thegreateft certainty, whether
any hopes of fuccefs from medicine may be juftly en-
tertained ; if not, farther expence will be unadvifable,
as it will appear after fuch trial, an incurable malady
at all events, and only fufceptible of palliation.
Sect. XII. Of a Conjumption.
When a confumption proceeds from a defect in a
horfe's lungs or any principal bowel, the eyes look
dull ; the ears and feet are moftly hot ; he coughs fharply
by fits; fueezes much, and frequently groans with it;
his flanks have a quick motion : he gleets often at the
nofe, and fometimes throws out a yellow ilh curdled
matter ; and he has little appetite to hay, but will eat
corn, after which he generally grows hot.
As to the cure, one of the principal things is bleed-
ing in fmall quantities (a pint, or pint and half, from
fome horfes is fufficient), which (hould be repeated as
often as the breath is more than ordinarily oppreffed.
Pectorals may be given to palliate prefent Symptoms ;
but as diffections have difcovered both the glands of
the lungs and mefentery to be Swelled, and often indu-
rated, the whole ftrefs lies on mercurial purges, and
the following ponderous alteratives, given interme-
diately.
Take native cinnabar, or cinnabar of antimony, on,e
pound, powdered very fine, and add the fame
quantity of gum guaiacum and nitre ; give the horfe
an ounce of this powder twice a-day, wetting his
feeds.
The fpring grafs is often extremely Serviceable ; but
been of long (landing, and no attempts made to re-
lieve.
In attempting the cure, the natural and obvious in-
dications are, To promote the neceffary evacuations in
the firft inflance, to attenuate the vifcidiry of the
glutinous obstructed matter, and to deterge the paffages
by a Stimulation of the Solids. Bleeding is therefore
the firft meafure ; and it ought to be repeated at pro-
per intervals in moderate quantities, till diverted of the
depended on than medicines ; for great alterations are
thereby made in the blood and juices, and no fmall be-
nefit arifes from open air and proper exerciSe.
Sect. XIII. Of apoplexy or Staggers, Lethargy,
Epilepfy andPalJy.
Farriers generally include all diftempers of the
head under twodenominations, viz. fiaggers and convul-
coat of fize and livid appearance that are certain Signs [ions, wherein they always fuppoSe the head primarily
of the lungs being obftrncted either by vifcid ity or in- affected. But in treating theSe disorders, we will di-
stinguish
Sett. XIII.
R
R I
R Y.
Apopl<-xv, ftinguifli between thofe that are peculiar to the. head,
Lethargy, as having their fource originally thence ; and thofs
&c that are o.ily concomitants or fome other difeafe.
" In an apoplexy a horfe drops down fuddenly, with-
out other fenfe or motion than a working at his flanks.
The previous fymptoms are, drowiinefs ; watery
eyes, fomewhat full and inflamed ; a difpolition to reel ;
feeblenefs ; a bad appetite ; the head almoft conftantly
hanging, or reding on the manger ; fometimes with
little or no fever, and fcarceany alteration in the dung
or urine ; the horfe is fometimes diipofed to rear up,
and apt to fall back when handled about the head ;
which is often the cafe with young horfes, to which it
does not fuddenly prove mortal, but with proper help
they may fometimes recover. If the apoplexy pro-
ceeds from wounds or blows on the head, or matter on
the brain ; befides the above fymptoms, the horfe will
be frantic by fits, efpecially after his feeds, fo as to
ftart and Ay at every thing. Thefe cafes feldom ad-
mit of a pe. fe<5t recovery ; and when horfes fall down
fuddenly, and work violently at the flanks, without
any ability to rile after a plentiful bleeding, they fel-
dom recover.
All that can be done is to empty the veffels asfpee-
dily as poffible, by finking the veins in feveral parts at
once, bleeding to four or five quarts ; and to raife up
the horfe's head and (houlders, fupporting them with
plenty of ftraw. If he furvives the fir, cut feveral
rowels : give him night and morning glyfters prepared
with a ftrong decoction of fenna and fait, or the pur-
ging glyfter mentioned in the directions ; blow once
a day up his noftrils a dram of powder of afarabacca,
which will promote a great dlfchargc ; afterwards two
or three aloetic purges mould be given ; and to fecur.e
him from a rekpfe, by attenuating and thinning his
blood, give him an ounce of equal parts of antimony
and crocus metallorum for a month ; or, which is pre-
ferable, the fame quantity of cinnabar of ant-ins ony and
gum guaiacum.
If the fit proceeds only from fulnefs of blood, high
feeding, and want of fufficient exercife.ora fizy blood
(which is often thecafewith young horfes, who though
they reel, ftagger, and fometimes fuddenly fail down,
yet are eafily cured by the above method), 2n opening
diet with fcalded bran and barley will be neceffary for
fome time ; and the bleeding may be repeated in lmall
quantities.
As to the oth P r diforders of the head, fuch as le-
thargy or fleeping evil, epikpfy or falling-licknefs, ver-
tigo, frenzy, and madnefs, convulfions, and paralytical
diforders, as they are moft of them to be treated as the
apoplexy and ep-ilepfy, by bleeding and evacuations,
with the alteratives there directed, we (nail wave treat-
ing of them feparatcly ; but mention fome particular
rules to diftinguhh them, according to the plan we laid
down ; and then offer fome general remedies for the
feveral purpofes.
In an epilepfy, or falling ficknefs, the horfe reels and
ftaggers, his eyes are fixed in his head, he has no fenfe
of what he is doing, he ftales and dungs iufenfibly, he
runs round and falls fuddenly ; fometime« he is immove-
able, with his legs ftretched out as if he was dead,
except only a quick motion of his heart and lungs,
which caufes a violent workingof his flanks ; fometimes
he has involuntary motions, and ihaking of his limbs,
fo ftrong, that he has not only beat and fpurned his
litter, but the pavement with it ; and with thefe alter-
nate fymptoms a horfe has continued more than three
hours, and then has as furprifingly recovered : at the
going off of the fit, he generally h-ams at the mouth,
the foam being white and dry, like what comes from a
healthful horfe when he champs on the bit.
But in all kinds of gripes, whether they proceed from
diforders in the guts, or retention of urine, a horfe is
often up and down, rolls and tumbles about ; and when
he goes to lie down, generally makes feveral motions
with great feeming carefulnefs, which fhows he has a
fenfe of his pain ; and if he lies ftretched out for any
time, it is generally but for a fliort fpace.
Epilepfies and convulfions may arife from blows on
the head, too violent exercife, and hard (training , and
from a fulnefs of blood, or impoverished blood ; and
furfeits ; which are fome of the caufes that denote the
original diforder.
In lethargic diforders, the horfe generally refts his
head with his mouth in the manger, and his pole often
reclined to one fide ; he will fhow an inclination to ear,
but generally falls afleep with his food in his irouth,
and he frequently fwallowsit whole without chewing:
emollient glyfters are extremely neceffary in this caie,
with the nervous balls recommended for the ftaggers
and convulfions ; ftrong purges are not requifire, nor
mult you bleed in too large quantities, unlcfs the horfe
be young and lufty. In old horfes, rowels and large
evacuations are improper ; but vohtiks of all kinds arc
of ufe when they can be afforded ; the alterative purge
mentioned at the end of this lection may be given and
repeated on amendment.
This diftemper is to be cured by thefe means, if the
horfe is not old and paft his vigour. It is a good fign
if he has a tolerable appetite, and drinks freely with-
out flabbering, and if lit lies down and rifes up care-
fully, though it be but ftldom.
But if a lethargic horfe does not lie down ; if he is
altogether ftupid andcarelefs, and takes no notice of
any thing that comes near him ; if he dungs and ftales
feldom, and even while he lleeps and dozes, it is a bad
fign : if he runs at the nofe thick white matter, it may
relieve him ; but if a vifcid gleet, that fucks to his
noftrils like gb.e, turn to a profufe running of ropy,
reudiin, and greenifh matter, it is an infallible fign of
a great -decay of nature, and that it will prove deadly.
Young horfes from four to fix years, are very fub-
ject to convulfions, from butts in the fpring ; and the
large coach breed more than the fadtlle. They are
ftized without any previous notice; and if botts and
worms are difcovered in their dung, the caufe feenis to
be out of doubt, more efpecially if they have lately
come out of a dealer's hands.
When this convnlfion proceeds from a diftemp-ra-
tnre of the midriff or any of the principal bowels, r is
robe diflinguiftud from botts and vermin by previous
fymptoms ; the horfe falls off his fiomuch, and grows
gradually weak, leelk, ^nd difpirited, in rework, and
turns fhorc- breathed with the leaft pxercjfe.
Thclively defcription of that univerfal cramp or con-
vullion, called by fome the Jlag- evil, which feu< s -.11 tl
mufcJes of the body ai ence, and lo. ks up the j-:v. •
that it is impoflible almoft to force them < ^n. we il I
give in Mr Gibfon's own words, \<bo fays ; Asf
127
Apoplexy,
Lethargy;
&c.
ia8 F A R R
Apoplexy, the horfe is feiz?d, liis- heaJ is mifed with hisnofe to-
l.^thargy, wards the rack, his ears pricked up, and his tail cocked,
looking with eagernefsas an hungry horfe when hay is
put down to hiui, or like a high-fpirited horfe when he
is put upon his mettle ; info much, that thofc who are
I E R Y.
Seel. XIII.
&c.
quarts of boiling water ; pour off from the ingre- Apoplexy,
dicnts as wanted. Lethargy,.
. If the caflor is omitted, add an ounce of afafetida. &c -
The following ointment may be rubbed into the v ~~ >/ ~ "~
cheeks, temples, neck, fhoulders, fpine of the back, and
ftrangers to fuch things, when they fee a horfe Hand ia loins, and wherever there is the greateft contractions
this manner, will fcarce believe any thing of confe- and itiffnefs.
quence ails him ; but they are foon convinced, when
they fee other fymptoms come on apace, and that his
neck grows ft iff, cramped, and almoft immoveable: and
if a horfe in this condition lives a few days, feveral knots
will arife on the tendinous parrs thereof, and all the
Take nerve and marfhmallow ointment of each four
ounces, oil of amber two ounces, with a fufRcient
quantity of camphorate fpirit of wine ; make a li-
niment.
When the jaws are fo locked up that medicines can-
mufcles, both before and behind, will be fo much pulled not be given by the mouth, it is more eligible to give
and cramped, and fo ftrerched, that he looks as if he them by way of glyfter : for forcing open the jaws by
was nailed to the pavement, with his legs fliff, wide, violence often puts a horfe inio fuch agonies, that the
andftraddling; his fkin is drawn fo tight on all parts of fymptoms are thereby increafed.
the body, that it is almoft impoffible to move it ; and if In this cafe alfo he mult be fupported by noarifhing
trial be made to make him walk, he is ready to fall at glyfters, made of milk-pottage, broths, &c. which mull
every ftep, unlefs he be carefully fupported ; his eyes
are fo fixed with the inaction of the mnfcles, as give
him a deadnefs in his looks ; he fnorts and fneezes of-
ten, pants continually with fhortnefs of breath ; and this
be given to the quantity of three or four quarts a-day
glyfters of this kind will be retained, and abforbed into
the blood ; and there have been inftances ofhorfes thus
fupported for three weeks together, who muft other-
fymptom increafes continually till he drops down dead ; wife have periflied
which generally happens in a few days, unlefs fome Mr Gibfon mentions fome extraordinary inftances of
fudden and very effectual turn can be given to the dif- fuccefs in cafes of this fort by thefe methods, and re-
peated frictions, which are extremely ferviceable in all
convulfive diforders, and often prevent their being jaw-
fet ; they mould be applied with unwearied diligence
temper.
In all thefe cafes the horfe fhould firft be bled
plentifully, unlefs he is low in flefli, old, or lately
come off any hard continued duty ; then you muft be
more fparing of his blood ; afterwards give the fol-
lowing ball :
Take afafetidahalf an ounce, Ruffia caflor powdered
two drams, valerian root powdered one ounce ;
make into a ball with honey and oil of amber.
This ball may be given twice a-day at firft ; and then
once, waihed down with a decoction of mifletoe or va-
lerian fweetened with liquorice or honey : an ounce of
afafetida may be tied up in a piece of ftrong coarfe
linen rag, and put behind his grinders to champ on.
The laxative purges and emollient glyfters fhould be
given intermediately to keep the body open ; but when
the former balls have been taken a week or ten days,
the following may be given once a-day with the vale-
rian decoction.
Take cinnabar of antimony fix drams ; afafetida
half an ounce ; ariftolochia, myrrh, and bay-ber-
ries, of each two drams ; make into a ball with
treacle and oil of amber.
This is the mod effectual method of treating thefe
diforders; but when they arc fnfpected to arife from
botrs and worms, which is generally the cafe, mercurial
medicines may lead the way, thus :
Take mercuriusdulcis and phiionium, of each half
an ounce ; make into a ball with conferves of rofes,
and give the horfe immediately : half the quantity
may be repeated in four or five days.
The following infulion fhould then be given, to the
quantity of three or four horns, three or four times a-
day, till the fymptoms abate ; when the above nervous
balls may be continued till they are removed.
Take penny-royal and rue of each two large hand-
fuls, camomile flowers one handful, afafetida and
caflor o£each half an ounce, faffron and liquorice-
root fliced of each two drams; infufe in two
i
every two or three hours, wherever any ftiffnefs or con-
tractions in the mufcles appear ; for a horfe in this
condition never lies down till they are in fome me'afure
removed.
The ufe of rowels in thefe cafes is generally unfuc-
cefsful, the fkin being fo tenfe and tight, that they fel-
doin digeft kindly, and fometimes mortify: fo that if
they are applied, they fhould be put under the jaws,
and in the breaft.
The red- hot iron fo frequently run through the fore-
top and mane, near the occipital bone, for thispurpofe,
has often been found to have dellroyed the cervical li-
gament.
In paralytic diforders, where the ufe of a limb or
limbs is taken away, the internals above recommended
fhould be given, in order to warm, invigorate, and at-
tenuate the blood ; and the following ftimulating em-
brocation fhould be rubbed into the parts affected.
Take oil of turpentime four ounces, nerve ointment
and oil of bays of each two ounces, camphor rub-
bed fine one ounce, rectified oil of amber three
ounces, tincture of cantharides one ounce.
With this liniment the parts affected fhould be well
bathed for a confiderable time, to make it penetrate :
and when the hind parts chiefly are lame, the back and
loins would be well rubbed with the fame. To the
nervous medicines above recommended may be added
fnake-root,contrayerva,muftard-feed, horfe-radifh root,
fleeped in ftrong beer, or wine where it can be afford,
ed. Take the following for an example, which may
be given to the quantity of three pints a-day alone, or
two horns full may be taken after the nervous balls.
Ta k e fnake-root, contrayerva, and valerian, of each
half an ounce ; muftard-feed and horfe-radifh root
fcraped, of each two ounces ; long pepper two
drams : infufe in three pints of ftrong wine.
When
F A R R
Strangles
and Vives
Sea. XIV.
When thehorfe is recovering from any of theabove
disorders, the following alterative purge may be repeat-
ed two or three times, as it operates very gently.
Take focotorine aloes one ounce, myrrh half an
ounce, afafetida and gum ammoniacum of each
rvvo drams, Saffron one dram ; make into a ball
with any fyrup.
Where a retention of dung is the caufe of this dis-
order, the great gut ihotild fir ft be raked thoroughly
with a fmail hand, after which plenty of emollient oily
glyfters fhould be thrown up, and the opening drink
given, till the bowels are thoroughly emptied of their
imprisoned dung. Their diet mould for fome days be
opening, and confift chiefly of Scalded bran, with flour
of brimllone, Scalded barley, 2cc.
Sect. XIV. Of the Strangles, and Vives.
i. The Strangles is a diftemper to which colts and
young horfts are very Subject. The fymptoms and
progrefs of this diSeaSe are as follows: A dull heavi-
nefs and inactivity, lofs of appetite, and a hollow hufky
cough, occalioned by the irritability of the inflamed
glandular parts in the throat and about the root of the
tongue. To excite a degree of moiflure in the mouth
that may allay this difagreeable ScnSation, the horfe is
often picking his hay, but eats little or none ; a degree
of Symptomatic heat comes on, and a conScquent clam-
minefs and thirft is perceptible. As .the diltemper ad-
vances, he becomes proportionally languid and inatten-
tive ; a Swelling (with Sometimes two or three Smaller
Surrounding it) is now discovered to have formed itfelf
between the jaw-bones, which is at firft very hard,
exceeding painful, and vifiblyincreafing; he now Swal-
lows with difficulty, heaves in theiianks, and his whole
appearance gives Signs oS the greateft diftreSs.
The firft object for consideration is the ftate of the
Subject: if the evacuations are regular (as they ge-
nerally are), and the feverifh Symptoms moderate,
let the Swelling be examined, and its Suppuration
promoted. For this purpoSe (firft clipping away all
the long or Superfluous hairs that cover or Surround
the part, foment with Small double flannels, dipt in
a ftrong decoction of camomile, marfh- mallows, or
rofemary, for ten minutes, as hot as can be conve-
niently Submitted to; and then apply a poultice pre-
pared as follows.
Take of coarSe bread, barley meal, and camomile
or elder flowers, each a handful ; boil over the
fire in a Sufficient quantity of milk, or in the de-
coction for the fomentation ; into which ftir a-
bout a third (of the whole quantity) of white-
liiy root, warned clean and pounded to a pafte ;
addinglinfeed and fenugreek (in powder) of each
an ounce ; flirring in, while hot, of turpentine
two ounces, and of lard four, laying it on mo-
derately warm, and bandaging firm. To Serve
for two poultices.
Both the fomentation and poultice muft be re-
peated every night and morning till an opening in
the Swelling is effected, which generally happens in
the courSe of five or fix days. Upon the appearance
of difcharge, the aperture may be a little enlarged with
a biftory or the point of any Sharp inftrument adequate
to the purpoSe, though this will be nnneceffary if the
difcharge is made freely and eaftly of itfelf. The
Vol. VJI.
I E R Y. I29
part fhould then be dreffed with the following oint- Straps
merit Spread on tow, ftill continuing the poultice over a»d Vives.
it to promote the digeftion, and prevent any remaining
hardneSs.
Take roSin and Burgundy pitch of each a pound
and a half, honey and common turpentine each
eight ounces, yellow wax four ounces, hog's-lard
one pound, verdigris finely powdered one ounce ;
melt the ingredients together, but do not put in
the verdigris till removed from the fire ; and it
fhould be Stirred in by degrees till the whole is
grown Stiff and cool.
If the fever and inflammation run high, and the
Swelling be So Situated as to endanger Suffocation, a mo-
derate quantity of blood muft be taken away.
In this diSorder, mafhes muft be the conftant food,
In Small proportions, to prevent wade: in each of
which Mr Taplin directs to put oS liquorice and ani-
feed powders half an ounce, and about two ounces of
honey, or in lieu of this laft a quart of malt: The
drink, confifting of warm water impregnated with a
portion of fcalded bran or water-gruel, fhould be given
in fmall quantities and often. The head muft be kept
well covered with flannel, as the warmth will greatly
tend to aflift in promoting the neceffary difcharge :
tho', unlefs circumstances and weather forbid, the
horSe need not be confined, but fhould have the advan-
tage of air and fliort gentle exercife. Nor fhould re-
gular dreffing, and the accuftomed courSe of Stable disci-
pline, be omitted, but only uSed in a leSs degree than
formerly when in health.
This diftemper is Seldom dangerous, unlefs from ne-
glect, ignorant treatment, or cruel triage. It gene-
rally terminates with a running at the nofc, in a great-
er or leSs degree ; which fhould be frequently cleanied
from the infide of the noftrils, by means of a Sponge
Sufficiently moiftened in warm water, to prevent its
acquiring an adhefion to thofe patts, or a foulnefs and
fetor that would Shortly become acrimonious.
If a hardneSs remains after the Sores are healed up,
they may be anointed with the following mercurial
ointment.
Take of crude mercury or quickSilver o:.e ounce,
Venice turpentine half an ounce ; rub together in
a mortar till the globules of the quickSilver are no
longer vifible ; then add, by little and little, two
ounces of hog's-lard, juft warm and liquefied ;
and let the whole be kept clofe covered for uSe.
When the harSe has recovered his ftrength, pur-
ging will be neceflary.
If a copious and offenfivc discharge from the noitrils
Should continue after the abfeeSs is healed up, there
will be reaSon to SuSpect the difeafe called glanders t
treared of in a Subsequent Section.
.2. The Vives or Ives differ from the Strangles only
in this ; that the Swellings of the kernels Seldom ga-
ther or come to matter, but by degrees perlpire off and
difperfe by means of warm cloathing, anointing with
the marfhrrialldw ointment, a moderate bleeding, and
a dofe or two of phyfic. But fhould thi i nmation
continue notwithstanding thofe means, a Suppuration
muft be promoted by the methods recommended in the
Strangles.
When thefe Swellings appear in an old or full -aged
horfe, they are Signs of great malignity, and often of
R
aa
J 3 S
F A R R
Diieafes cf aa inward decay, as well as forerunners of the glan-
the Eyes. ders.
« — V — '
Sect. XV. Of the Difeafes of the Eyes.
1. The cafes that mod frequently occur, requiring
medical aid, or admitting of cure, are generally the ef-
fects either of cold, or of blows, bites, or other external
injuries. In thofe proceeding immediately from cold,
there is perceived an inflammation upon the globe of the
eye, and internal furrounding parts, as the edges of the
eye-lids, &c. Inftead of its former tranfparency, the
eye has a thick cloudy appearance upon its outer cover-
ing, and isconllautly difchargingan acrid ferum, which
in a fhort time almoft excoriates the parts in its paffage.
The horfe drops his ears, becomes dull and fluggilh,
is frequently fhaking his head as if to (bake off the
ears, and in every action dilcovers pain and difquie-
tude. In this cafe, after bleeding, the treatment pre-
ferred in the Section of Colds muft be adopted and per-
fevered in ; and to cool the parts, and allay the irrita-
tion occafioned by the fcalding ferum, let the eyes and
furrounding parts be gently walhed twice or thrice eve-
ry day with a fponge or tow impregnated with the fol-
lowing folution:
Sugar of lead one dram, white vitriol two
fcruples, fpring water half a pint, brandy or cam-
phorated fpirits one ounce or two table-fpoonfuls.
If the inflammation fhould not feem likely to abate,
but to wear a threatening appearance, the following
wiiuretic medicine muft be adminiftered.
Cas tile Soap twelve ounces, yellow rofin and ni-
tre (in powder) each eight ounces, powdered cam-
phire one ounce, and oil of juniper fix drams ;
mixed with a fiifficient quantity of fyrup or ho-
ney. The mafs is to be divided into 12 balls,
rolled up in liquorice or anifeed powder ; one of
which is to be given every morning, ufing alfo
gentle work or moderate exercife.
2. The effects arifing from blows or bites form diffe-
rent appearances, according to the feverity of the injury
fuftained. Should inflammation and fwelling proceed
from either caufe, bleeding will be neceffary without
delay, and may be repeated at proper intervals till the
fymptoms appear to abate ; and let the parts be plen-
tifully embrocated four times a-day with the following
preparation of Goulard's cerate.
Extract of Saturn three drams: camphorated
fpirits one ounce ; river or pond water one-pint.
The extract to be firft mixed with the fpirits, and
then the water to be added.
If a large fwelling, laceration, or wound, attends ;
after warning with the above, apply a warm poulticeof
bread, milk, and a little of the lotion, foftened with a
finall portion of hog's-lard or olive oil. In cafes of lefs
danger, or in remote fitnations where medicines are
not eafily procured, the following may be ufed as a
fjabfiitnte.
Best white-wine vinegar half a pint, fpringwater
a quarter of a pint, and beft brandy a wine glafs
or half a gill.
3. As to the gutta ferena, cataract, film, &c. thefe
are cafes in which relief is very feldom obtained.
The gutta ferena is a partial or univerfal lofs of fight,
where no palpable defect or fault appears in the eye,
except that the pupil is a little more enlarged or con-
res.
I E R Y. Seft. XV.
tracted. The appearances of this blemifh are various, Difeafes of
as well as the caufes and effects, fome of its fubjects the ^7 e
being totally blind, and others barely enabled to diitin- *~~" "*
guifh between light and darknefs. The figns are a
blacknefs of the pupil, an alteration of the fize of the
eye, and its not contracting or dilating upon a Hid-
den expofure to any degree of light. In order to the
cure, it is neceffary to attend to the caufe, and to ap-
ply fuch remedies as that may indicate : though in
truth it is a diforder in which, from whatever caufe ori-
ginating, no great expectation can be formed from
medicine either internally or externally : more particu-
larly from the former, the feat of diieafe being fo
far out of the reach of medicinal action. If the defect
mould be owing to a contraction of or con.prtffion up-
on the opric nerve, very little can be done with any ex-
pectation of fuccefs : and much lefs if it arifes from a
palfy of that or any neighbouring part.
A cataract is a defect in the cry italline humour of the
eye, which, becoming opaque, prevents thcadmiffion of
thofe rays upon the retina that conftitute vilion. The
diforder called moon-eye s, arc only cataracts forming.
Thefe generally make their appearance when a hoife
is turned five coming fix ; at which time one eye be-
comes clouded, the eye-lids being fwelled, and very often
fhut up ; and a thin water generally runs from the dif-
eafed eye down the cheek, fo fharp as fometimes to
excoriate the fkin ; the veins of the temple, under
the eye, and along the nofe, are turgid and full : though,
fometimes it happens that the eye runs but little.
This diforder comes and goes till the cataract is ripe ;
then all pain and running difappears, and the horfe be-
comes totally blind, which is generally in about two
years. During this time fome horfts have more fre-
quent returns than others ; which continue in fome a
week or more, in others three or four ; returning
once in two or three months, and they are feldom fo
long as five without a relapfe. There is another kind
of moon bl'md?iefs which is alfo the forerunner of cata-
racts, where no humour or weeping attends. The eye
is never fhut up or clofed here, but will now and then,
look thick and troubled, at which time the horfe fees
nothing diftinctly : when the eyes appear funk and pe-
rifhing, the cataracts are lor ger of coming to maturity ;
and it is not unufual in this cafe for one tye to efcape.
Thefe cafes generally end in blindnefs of one if not
of both eyes. The moft promifing figns of recovery are
when the attacks come more feldom, and their conti-
nuance grows fhorter, and that they leave the cornea
clear and tranlparent, and the globe plump and full.
In all blcmifhes or defects, where a thickening of
fome one of the coats, membranes, or humours, of the
eye, has formed an appearance of cataract or film, it
has been an eftablifhed cuftom among moft farriers to
beftow a plentiful application of corrofive powders, un-
guents, and folutions, for the purpofes of obliteration ;
without reflecting (as Mr Taplin obferves) upon the
abfurdky of endeavouring to deftroy by corrofion, \\ hat
is abfolutely feparated from the furface by a variety of
membranous coverings, according to the diftinct feat
of difeafe ; with which it is impoffible to bring the in-
tended remedy into contact, without firft deftroying
the intervening or furrounding parts by which the in-
ner delicate ftructure is fo numeroufly guarded. Bat
in all diforclers of this fort, whether moon-eyes or con-
firmed
.""
Sed. xvr. F A R R
Glanders, firmed cataracts with a weeping, general evacuations
>— v— ' wich internal alteratives can only take place. Indeed
the attempts to cure cataracts have hitherto generally
produced only a palliation of the fymptoms, and fome-
times have proved entirely deftructive. Yet early care,
it is faid, has in fome inftances proved fuccefsful. To
this end rowellingis prefcribed, with bleeding at pro-
per intervals, except where the eyes appear funk and
perifhing. It is alfo directed, during the violence of
the fymptoms, to obferve a cooling treatment ; giving
the horfe two ounces of nitre every day mixed into a
ball with honey ; and bathing the parts above the eye
with verjuice or vinegar wherein rofe-leaves are infu-
fed, to four ounces of which half a drachm of higar of
lead may be added. The fwellingon the lid may af-
terwards be bathed with a fponge dipt in equal parts of
lime and Hungary water mixed together; and the fol-
lowing cooling phyficfhould be given every fourth day,
till the eye becomes clear.
Lenitive electuary and cream of tartar of each four
ounces, Glauber's falts three ounces, fyrup of buck-
thorn two ounces.
When the weeping is by thefe means removed, the al-
terative powders (fee the Section Of Alterative Me-
dicines) lhould be given every day, till two or three
pounds are taken, and after an interval of three months
the fame courfe (hould be repeated. This method, it
is affirmed, has often been attended with good fuccefs,
where the eyes have been full and no way periihed.
4. The haws is a fwelling and fponginefs that grows
in the inner corner of the eye, fo large foraetimes as to
cover a part of the eye. The operation here is eafily
performed by cutting part of it away ; but the farriers
are apt to cut away too much : the wound may be
dreffed with honey of rofes ; and if a fungus or fpongy
flelh arifes, it mould be fpiinkled with burnt alum, or
touched with blue vitriol.
Sect. XVI. Of the glanders.
M. de la Fosse has diftingaifhed feven different
kinds of glanders, four of which are incurable.
The firft proceeds from ulcerated lungs, the purulent
matter of which comes up the trachea, and is dis-
charged through the noftrils, like a whitifh liquor,
fometimes appearing in the lumps and grumes : in this
diforder, though the matter is difcharged from the no-
ftrils, yet the malady is folely in the lungs.
The fecond is a wafting humour, which ufually feizes
horfes at the decline of a difeafe, caufed by too hard
labour ; this dcfluxion alfo proceeds from the lungs.
The third is a malignant difcharge, which attends
the ftrangles fometimes, and falls upon the lungs, which
runs off by the noftrils.
The fourth is, when an acrimonious humour in the
farcy feizes thefe parts, where it foon makes terrible
havock.
The fifth kind wefhall defcribe by and by, as arifing
from taking cold.
The iixth kind is a difcharge from the Strangles,
which fometimes vents itfelf at the noftrils.
In the feventh fort, which he calls the real glanders,
the difcharge is either white, yellow, or grcenifh, fome-
times ftreaked or tinged with blood : when the dif-
eafe is of long (landing, and the bones are fouled, the
mattter turns blackiih, and becomes very fetid ;and is
R Y.
x 3i
always attended with a fwelling of the kernels or glands Glanders,
under the jaws ; in every other refpect the horfe isge- *" — " v "~ "■'
nerally healthy and found, till the diftemper has been
of fome continuance.
It is always a bad fign when the matter flicks to the
infide of the noftrils like glue or ftiff pafte ; when the
infideof the nofe is raw, and looks of a livid or lead
colour ; when the matter becomes bloody, and ftinks ;
and when it looks of an afh-colour. But when only a
limpid fluid is firft difcharged, and afterwards a whitifh
matter, the gland under the jaw not incrcafing, and
the diforder of no long continuance, we may expect a-
fpeedy cure ; for in this cafe, which arifes from taking
cold after a horfe has been overheated, the pituitary
membrane is but flightly inflamed, the lymph in the
fmall veflVis condenfed, and the glands overloaded, but
not yet ulcerated.
Our author affirms this difeafe to be altogether lo-
cal ; and that the true feat of it is in the pituitary mem-
brane which lines the partition along the infide of the
nofe, the maxillary finufes or cavities of the cheek-
bones on each fide the nofe, and the frontal finufes or
cavities above theorbits of the eyes: that the vifcera,
as liver, lungs, &c. of glandered horfes, are in general
exceeding found ; and coufequently that the feat of
this diforder is not in thofe parts, as has been afTerted
by moft authors. But on nicely examining by dif-
fection the heads of fucb horfes, he found the cavities
abovementioned more or lefs filled with a vifcous
flimy matter ; and the membrane which lines both
them and the noftrils inflamed, thickened, and cor-
roded with fordid ulcers, which in fome cafes had eat
into the bones.
It is a curiousTemark of our author, that the Sub-
lingual glands, or the kernels fituated under the jaw-
bone, which are alw r ays fwelled in this diftemper, do
not difcharge their lymph into the mouth, as in man,
but into the noftrils ; and that he conftantly found their
obftruction agreed with the difcharge : if one gland
only was affected, then the horfe difcharged from one
noftril only ; but if both were, then the difcharge was
from both.
The feat of this diforder thus difeovered, the mode
of cure he had recourfe to was by trepanning thefe
cavities, and taking out a piece of bone, by which
means the parts affected may be waflied with a proper
injection, and in fine the ulcers deterged, healed, and
dried up : "and his fuccefs, by his own account, was
very great.
But as, from the obfervations fir.ee made by this gen-
tleman, there are different fpecies of the glanders : fo
the cure of the milder kinds may firft be attempted by
injections and fumigations. " Thus, after taking cold
fhould a horfe for 15 or 20 days difcharge a limpid fluid
or whitifh matter from one or both noftrils, the glands
under the jaw rather growing harder than diminifhing,
we may expect it will degenerate into a true glanders.
To prevent which, after firft bleeding, and treating
him as we have directed for a cold, let an emollient in-
jection, prepared with a decoction of lintfeed, marfh-
mallows, elder camomile flowers, and honey of rofes,
or fuch like, be thrown up as far as poffible with a
ftrong fyringe, and repeated three times a-day : should
the running not leflen or be removed in a fortnight by
the ufe of this injection, a reftringentone may now be
R 2 pre-
13a F A R
Glanders, prepared with tincture of rofes, lime-water, &c. and
v— ' the noftrils fumigated with the powders of frankincenfe,
maftich, amber, and cinnabar, burnt on an iron heated
for that pufpofe ; the fume of which may ealily be con-
veyed through a tubs into the noftrils." Such is the
method recommended by Barrier, which he fays has
been found fuccefsful when ufed in time. But a more
particular eourfe of precedure will be afterwards de-
scribed, that the reader may have the fulleil informa-
tion concerning thismoft difficult difeafe.
When the diforder is inveterate, recourfe muft be
R I E R Y. Setf. XVI.
root of the tongue, let every poffible method be taken Glanders.
to produce a Suppuration and difcharge of matter ; ' v — '
for, in moft cafes, an external evacuation becomes the
criiis, and isgreatiy preferable to the chance of mif.
chiefs that may be produced by the morbid matter be-
ing abforbed into the Syftem.
Should cough, difficulty of breathing, or a greater
degree of inflammatory heat, attend, draw blood from
a remote vein in moderate quantity, to mitigate either
of thofe fymptoms ; and when the fwellings about the
parts have acquired an evident prominence, foment
had to the operation above defcribed, according to them twice a -day, for two or three ds:/s, with flannels
the doctrine of M. la Foffe
The pretentions of that gentleman, however, have
been lately expofed with feeming jultice by Mr Tap-
liti : and the following circumstances quoted from the
French farrier's work feem Sufficient of themfelves to
throw fufpicion upon the whole. We are told of three
hcrfes he trepamied, each in two places : the internal
parts were conftantly fyringed, and they were perfect-
ly recovered ; " the wound and perforation filling up
dipped in the following decoction
Camomile, wormwood, marlhmallows, and elder
flowers, of each a large handful, boiled in three
quarts of water for a quarter of an hour, and then
Strained off. Let the liquor be ufed hot, and ap-
ply the herbs warm by way of poultice to the
parts.
In two or three days ?. judgment may be formed
whether a fuppttration is likely to take place. If fo
in 26 days, the horfes Suffering no inconvenience from the tumors will increafe in Size, and feel foft and yield-
the operation, though after this experiment they were ing in the middle when prefied ; in which caie apply
put to death." W e are at laft confidently allured,
that fuch operations being performed, "after opening
the cavities, fhotild it by probing be difcovered that
the bones are carious (or, in other words, rotten), the
bell way then will be to difpatch the horfe, to fave un-
necelTary trouble and expence. Which Mr Taplin
interprets in plain Englilh thus: " Deprive the horfe
of half his head, in compliment to the pecuniary feel-
ings of the farrier ; and if you find the remaining half
will not anfwer the purpofe of the whole, cut his
throat, or flioot him through the head, to fave the
operator's credit."
Mr Taplin alfo condemns the distinction of the dif-
order into different fpecies ; and the various fymptoms
that appear, he confiders as only marking different Sta-
ges of the fame difeafe. The fad according to him
appears to be, " that any corrolive matter discharged
from the noftrils, and Suffered to continue for a length
of time, fo as to conftitute ulcerations and corrode the
bones, will inevitably degenerate into and conftitute
the poultice, and proceed as directed above for the
Strangles. If, on the contrary, the fwellings continue.
hard and immoveable, a running coming on at the
nofe ; obferve whether the matter is of a white colour
and without fmell ; or is of different tinges, and Streak-
ed with blood. The former is a favourable fign ; and
in that cafe the treatment may be as directed under
the Sections of Cold and Cough. But if the matter
mould prove of the latter description, every precaution
ought to be inftantly ufed, to prevent in its infancy
what would foon become a cale of much trouble. In.
ihefirft place, therefore, in order to foften the vifcid
matter in the pallages, and relax the inflammatory
Stricture of the glands, prepare a vapour bath of rofe-
mary, lavender flowers, Southernwood and marjoram
(each a handful), boiled in two or three quarts of
water. Put this into a pail, and Jet the horfe's head
be fixed over it as near as can be borne, aud So Ions*
as the fumes palling up the noftrils can be fuppofed
to take effect as an internal fomentation. This ope-
the difeafe generally underftood by the appellation of ration fnould be repeated twice every day: and much
glanders; every Stagnant, acrimonious, or putrid mat- of the treatment recommended under coughs and
ter, ispofleffed of this property, and more particularly Strangles with glandular difcharges from the noftrils,
when lodged (or by finufes confined) upon any parti- will at the fame time appear proper to be obferved, as
cular part. Diverted of profeffional trick, chicanery, being applicable to many of the prefent fymptoms.
and deception, this is the incontrovertible explanation, Let it be particularly remembered, that during, the
whether proceeding from an ulceration of the lungs, whole eourfe of management, the head of the horfe is
or the inveterate glandular difcharges from the head
(where the cafe is of long Standing, and the bone ca-
rious) they are equally incurable." In this view, there-
fore, prevention, rather than cure, being the rational
object of attention, it remains only to point out fuch
to be kept as warm as poifible, and in proportion
much more fo than the body, either in a double ker-
fey hood, or a tingle external, and a flannel one un-
derneath ; as nothing can contribute more to a folu-
tionof the humours and promotion of their difcharge,
methods as feem likely to obviate the diforder upon the than a critical relaxation of the pores, particularly up-
flighte (I appearance of its approach, or upon the at
tack of any other difeafe that may be likely to termi-
nate in it.
Where the lungs, then, are the feat of difeafe, as in
e fir ft attack of coughs, &c. no better treatment
can be purfned than that laid down under the Sections
of Colds and Coughs. But where a Swelling fhows that
th
on the very feat of difeafe.
In cafe the difcharge mould continue to increafe in
qu unity and virulence, become ft ill more difcoiour-
ed, and its Smell very offentive ; betides continuing the
fumigation, let half a gill of the following injection
(milk warm) be thrown up either noftril (or both if
the matter ihould be fo difcharged) with a Strong for-
matter is forming under the ears, jaws, or about the cible Syringe, three or four times a-day.
Linseed,
Sea. XVII. FAR
Glanders. LfN^EEDJ - ait ounce ; camomile and elder flowers,
' * ' each half ail ounce; water, three pints. Boil fcr
a few minutes ; then ftrain off, and add to the
liquor four ounces oivielJEgyptiacuw, mixing well
together at each time of uiing.
If the matter flioul'd notwithstanding grow Co malig-
nantas to threaten a corrofionand rottenuefsof the bones;
befides a diligent ufe of both fumigation and injection,
a cotirfe of mercurial unction muft be immediately enter-
ed upon. Mr Taplin directs to " Let two, or at meff
three drams of the ftrong mercurial ointment (pre-
pared as directed under Strangle?) be very well rubbed
into rhe glandular tumors, under the throat or ears,
every night for a fortnight ; firit taking away with
the fciilars all fuperfluous or long hairs, that the mer-
curial particles may be with more certainty abforbed
by the veiTels, and taken into the circulation. If the
owner of a horfe labouring under this difficulty wifties,
like a drowning man, to avail himfelf of another twig,
he may call in the aid of mercurial phyfic, or altera-
tive medicines."
Upon the whole of this fnbject : As long as the at-
tack continues in its early and iimple ftate, let unre-
mitting attention be paid to the treatment recommend-
ed under the different heads of thofe fymptoms that
are then moft predominant : but Ihould that treat-
ment, after a fair trial, prove infufficient to refift the
progrefs of the difeafe, the glands under the jaw-bone
taplins u continuing during the whole courie inflexible, the
StabU Di- matter firft tinged with blood, then becoming deep in
reftory, p. colour and moft offenfive in fmell, the carcafe ema-
306. ciated, and the whole frame finking under univerfal de-
preflion, the firft lofs (fays Mr Taplin) will be ulti-
mately beft, in a refignation of his hide to r he collar-
maker, and his remains to the hounds. As to the
epcraMon of trepanning, fo plaulibly held forth with
all its fpecious advantages, I mail openly and fairly
enter my proteft againft it. For what does the whole
1 ' P'3°5 - amount to more than this ? — If the horfe ihould abso-
lutely recover, and (what is ftill more unlikely) become
adequate to the very purpofes he was deftiiied to before
the attack ; when the long illnefs, fupport, attend-
ance, and farrier's bill, are balanced againft his va-
lue, he mu ft be a moft excellent horfe, and very much
above the line of mediocrity, to have the credit-account
in his favour. In fact, the moft probable conjecture
is, his inevitable diilblution : but Ihould he miracu-
lonfly efcape from both the diftemper and operator,
ranking under the denomination of a cured horfe, he
may, perhaps, be then qualified to linger out a wretch-
ed exiftence in fome park or pafture, but never enabled
to encounter labour or fatigue."
Sect. XVII. Of the Colic or Cr^es, and Fain
the Bowels, from Judaea Accidents.
in
There feemsto be no diftemper fo little underftood
by the common farrier as the colic or gripes in horfes,
one general remedy or method ferving ihem in all
cafes : bat as this diforder may be produced by very
diftr-reut cmfes, the method of cure muft.alfo vary;
otherwife the intended remedy, injuclicioufly applied,
will not only aggravate the complaint, but make it fa-
tal. We fha]l divide this diforder into three different
R I E R Y. 133
matory, and the dry gripes ; each of which we fhall di- Colic or
ft:, gt (h by their different fymptoms, and then point Gripesj&e-
out the proper remedies.
1. The flatulent or windy colic may in general be
readily diftinguifhed by the rumbling of the confined
air through the inteftiues : The horfe is often lying
down, and as fuddciily riling again with a fpring ; he
flrikes his belly with his hinder feet, ftamps with his
fore-feet, and refufes his meat ; when the gripes are
violent, he will have convulfive twitches, his eyes be
turned up and his limbs (rreccbed out as if dying, his
ears and feet being alternately very hot and cold ; be
falls into profufe fweats, and then into cold damps ;
flrives often to ftale, and turns his head frequently to
his flanks ; he then falls down, roils about, and often
turns on his back ; this laft fymptom proceeds from a
iloppage of urine, that almoft always attends this fort
of colic, which may be increafed by a load of dung
preffing on the neck of the bladder.
Thefe are the general fymptoms of colic and gripes
from wind, drinking cold water when hot, and when
the perfpinble matter is retained, or thrown on the
bowels by catching cold ; in all which cafes they are
violently diftended. Cribbing horfes are more parti-
cularly fubject to this complaint, by reafon they are
conftantly fnckingin great quantities of air.
The firft intention is to empty the ftrait gut with a
fmall hand dipped in oil, which frequently makes way .
for the confined wind to difcharge itfelf , and by eafing
the nec*is of the bladder, the fuppreffion of urine is ta-
ken off, and the horfe ftales anei gets eafe.
The following ball and glyfter feldom fail of giving
relief in thefe cafes.
Take Srrafburgh or Venice turpentine, and juniper-
berries pounded, of each half an ounce ; falr-pru-
nella or faltpetre, an ounce ; oil of juniper, one
dram ; fait of tartar, two drams : Make into a ball
with any lyrup ; it may be given whole, and want-
ed down with a decoction of juniper berries, or a
horn or two of ale.
If the horfe does not break wind, or ftale plenti-
fully, he will find no relief : therefore in an hour or
two give him another ball, and add to it a dram of
fait of amber ; which may be repeated a third time, if
found neceiTary. During the fit the horfe may be
walked and trotted gently ; but Ihould by no means
be harafled beyond his ability, or dragged about till he
is jaded.
The following glyfter may be given between the
balls, or alone, and repeated occafionally.
Take camomile flowers two handfuls ; anife, co-
riander, and fennel feeds, of each an ounce ; long
pepper half an ounce ; boil in three quarts of wai-
ter to two ; and add Daffy's elixir, or gin, half
a pint ; oil o' amber half an ounce, and oil of ca-
momile eight ounces.
The figns of a horfe's recovery, are his lying quiet,
without ftartin£ or tumbling, and his gathering up
his legs, and ceaiing to lafli out ; and if he continues
an hour in this quiet poftnre, you may conclude all-
danger over.
2. The next fpecies of colic is the bilious or in-
flammatory. This, befides moft of the preceding
fymptoms, is attended with a fever, great heat, pant-
fpecies: the flatulent or windy, the bilious or inflam- ing, and drynefs of the mouth : the horfe alfo gene-
rally
134
A R R I
R Y.
Sea. XVIII.
Colic or rally throws out a little loofe dung, with a hot fcald-
Gripes.&c. ing wi:cr which, when it appears blackilh, or of a
redd i In. colour, and fend fmell, denotes an approach-
ing mortification.
In this cafe the horfe fliould immediately be bled to
the quantity of three quarts ; and it fliould be repeat-
ed, if the i'y mptoins do not abate in a few hours. The
emollient giyfter, with two ounces of nitre diflblved in
it, fliould be thrown up twice a-day, to cool the in-
flamed bowels ; plenty of gum arabic water fliould be
taken ; and a pint of the following drink given every
two or three hours till feverat loofe flools are procured,
and then it fliould be given only night and morning till
the diforder is removed.
Take fenna three ounces, fait of tartar half an
ounce; infufc in a quart of boiling water an
hour or two ; then {train off, and add two oun-
ces of lenitive elecluary, and four of Glauber's
falts.
If this diforder is not removed by thefe means, but
the inflammation and fever increafe, attended with a
difcharge of the flefli-coloured water above defcribed,
the event will molt probably be fatal ; and the chief
thing to be depended on now, mu ft be a ftrong decoc-
tion of Jufuit's bark, given to the quantity of a pint
every three hours, with a gill of red port-wine,
A quart of the fame may be ufed for a giyfter, with
two ounces of Venice turpentine, difTolved with the
yolks of two eggs, an ounce of diafcordium, and a pint
of red wine, and given twice a-day : if the horfe reco-
vers, give tvvo or three mild rhubarb purges.
3. The dry gripes, or colic which arifes often from
eoftivenefs, is difcovered by the horfe's frequent and
^rnitlefs motion to dung, the blacknefs and hardnefs
pf the dung, the frequent and quick motion of his
tail , the high colour of his urine, and his great refl-
jeflhefs and uneafinefs.
In this cafe the ftrait gut fhould be examined and
emptied with a fmall hand oiled properly for that pur-
pofe ; the emollient oily giyfter (p. 1 r6. col. 2. par. 3.)
fliould be thrown up twice a-day ; and the above pur-
ging drink given, till the bowels are unloaded, and
the fymptoms removed.
The diet for a horfe in the gripes fliould be fcalded
bran, warm water-gruel, or white water, made by dif-
folving four ounces of gum-arabic in a quart of water,
and mixing it with his other water.
4. From this hiftory and divilion of gripes and co-
lics, with their different treatment, it appears how ab-
folutely neceflary it is they fliould be well underftood,
in order to be managed fkilfuily : it is plain, too, that
violent hot medicines fhould in every fpecies of this
diforder be guarded againft, and given with great
caution and difcretion, even in the firft kind of flatu-
lent colic, where indeed they can only be wanted ; yet
too often, when prepared by the farriers with oil of
turpentine, geneva, pepper, and brine, &c. they even
increafe that diforder, by ftimulating the neck of the
bladder, too forcibly heating the blood, and inflaming
the bowels, till a mortification is brought on them.
Thefe are, in general, the conftant appearances of hor-
fes that die of this diforder ; whofe bowels being exa-
mined for that purpofe, have been found inflamed, full
of red and livid fpots, fometimes quite black, crifped.
with extreme heat, and rotten,
Sect. XVIII. Of the Lax and Scouring, with ether Dif- Lax and
orders of the Stovtach and Bowels. Scouring,
&c.
It is fometimes a nice matter to form a proper judg- "~ v v
ment when to controul or encourage a loofenefs ; but
thefe general rules may be a direction : If a healthy
full horfe, on taking cold, or upon hard riding, over-
feeding, eating unwholefome food, or with a flight
fever, fhould have a moderate purging, by no means
think of flopping it ; but rather encourage it with an
open diet, and plenty of warm gruel : but if it conti-
nues long, with gripings, the mucus of the bowels co-
ming away, and the horfe lofing his appetite and flefh,
recourfe muft be had to proper medicines. If he voids
great quantities of flime and greafy matter, give him
the following drench, and repeat it every other day for
three times.
Take lenitive electuary and cream of tartar of each
four ounces, yellow rofin finely powdered one
ounce, and four ounces of fweet oil ; mix with a
pint of water-gruel.
The following alterative ball alone has been found
fuccefsful for this purpofe when given twice a- week, .
with fcalded bran and warm gruel.
Take focotorine aloes half an ounce, diapente one
ounce ; make into a bail with the juice of Spa-
nifli liquorice diflblved in water, and a fpoonful
of oil of amber. To this may be added two
drams of myrrh, and a dram of faffroti, and
(where it can be afforded) half an ounce of rhu-
barb.
When the purging is attended with a fever, rhu-
barb fhould firft be given to the quantity of half an
ounce, with an ounce and half of lenitive electuary ; at
night, after the working, give half an ounce or more
of diafcordium in a pint of red wine mulled with cin-
namon; and repeat it every day, and the rhubarb-ball
once in two or three.
But if the diftemper increafes, the horfe's flanks
and belly look full and diftended, and he appears gri-
ped and in pain, let this giyfter be given, and the
quantity of diafcordium increafed an ounce in his
night-drink.
Take camomile flowers one handful, red rofes half
a handful, pomegranate and balanflines of each
an ounce ; boil in two quarts of water to one ;
ftrain off, and diflblve it in two or three ounces
of diafcordium and one of mithridate; to which
may be added a pint of port wine. Repeat it once
a-day.
• If the flux continues violent, give an ounce of rock-
alum, with an ounce and a half of bole, twice a-day ;
or, diflblve double this quantity with two ounctt, cf
diafcordium, and the cordial ball, in two quarts of
hartfhorn drink ; to which may be added a pint of
port ; and give the horfe, three or four times a-day,
a pint of this drink. For this purpofe alfo a ftrong
decection of oak-bark may be given, with either of
the above remedies, and to the fame quantity ; even
by itfelf, it will be found on trial no inconfiderable re-
medy.
When the difcharge is attended with an acrid mu-
cus or flime, the griping and pains are very fevere, the
common lining of the bowels being wailed away ; in
this
Sea. XIX. FAR
tax and this cafe the following glyfter mould frequently be in-
Scouring, jected warm.
&c- Take of tripe-liquor or thin ftarch two quarts, oil
of olives half a pint, the yolk of fix eggs well
broke, and two or three ounces of coarle fugar.
Some hoiks, having naturally weak flomachs and
bowels, throw out their aliment undigeiled ; their
dung is habitually foft and of a pale colour; they
feed poorly, and get no fleth : to remedy this com-
plaint, give the following purge two or three times ;
and then the infulion to the quantity of a pint every
morning.
Take focotorine aloes fix drams, rhubarb powdered
three drams, myrrh and faffron each a dram ;
make into a ball with fyrup of ginger.
Iujufion. — TAKEzedoary, gentian, winter's-bark,
and orange-peel, of each two ounces ; pomegra-
nate-bark and balauftines of each an ounce ; ca-
lnomile-flowers and centaury, each a handful ;
cinnamon and cloves, each an ounce ; infufe in a
gallon of port or ftrong beer.
The bloody- flux is a diftempcr horfes are not very
fubjecf to ; however, as it iometimes does occuiywhen-
ever blood is difcharged, attended with gripings and
great pain in the bowels, if the flux is not fpeedily re-
flrained the horfe probably may be foon loft : we re-
commend therefore the following glyfter and drink for
that purpofe.
Take oak-bark four, ounces, tormentil-root two
ounces, burnt bartfhorn three ounces ; boil in
three quarts of forge- water to two; ftrainoff, and
add two ounces of diafco dium, four ounces of
ftarch, and half a dram of opium.
A glyfter may alfo be prepared with the fame quan-
tity of fat broth, ftarch, and opium, in order to plaller
over the coats of the bowels, and abate their violent
irritations. Alfo,
Take foft chalk two ounces, mithridate or diafcor-
dium one ounce, powder of Indian-root half a
dram, liquid laudinum 50 or 60 drops ; diflblve
in a pint of hartlhorn drink, and add to it four
ounces of cinnamon-water and red wine ; give it
twice a- day.
Gum-arabic dilTolved in hartfhorn drink, or in com-
mon water, fhould be the horfe's ufual drink.
When horfes are apt to be coftive, from whatever
caufe it arifes, gentle openers fhould be given ; fuch
as cream of tartar, Glauber's falts, and lenitive elec-
tuary ; four ounces of any two of thefe diffolved in
warm ale, whey, or water, given every other morning
for two or three times, will anfwer this purpofe ; espe-
cially if aflifted by an oily emollient glyfter, prepared
with a handful of fait. Scalded bran or barley, with
an ounce of fenugreek and linfeed, occafionally given,
will prevent this complaint : but where it is conftitu-
tional, and proceeds from the power and force of di-
geftion in the ftomach and guts, asfometimes happens,
and the horfe is in perfect health, no inconvenience
will arife from it ; and it is obferved that fuch horfes
are able to indure great fatigue and labour.
Sect. XIX. Of Worms and Botts.
Authors have defcribed three different forts of
worms that affecf horfes, viz. Botts, which young hor-
fes are cfien troubled with in the fpring ; the Rotundi,
4
R I E R Y.
135
or thofe refcmbling earth-worms ; and the Jfcarides, or Worms
thofe about the fize of the largeft fewing uecdle, with and Botes,
fiat heads.
The botts which breed in the ftomachs of horfes,
and are fometimes the caufe of couvuifions, appear to
be very large maggots, compoled of circular rings,
with little (harp prickly feet along the ficies of their
bellies (like the feet of hog-lice), which by their
fharpncls (like the points of the fmeft needles) fecm to
be of ufe to faften them to the part v. litre they breed
and draw their nourifhment, and to prevent their be-
iugloofened from fuch adhefion before tliey come to
maturity. The eggs from whence thofe botts arc pro-
duced, are difperled into clutters all round the lower
orifice of the ftomach, and are laid under the inner coat
or thin membrane of the ftomach; fo that when the
animals come to form and life, they burft through this
inner coat with their breech and tail ftraight outwards,
and their trunks fo fixed into the nuifcular or flefliy
coat of the ftomach, that it fometimes requires a good
pull to difengage them : from the blood of this laft
coat they draw their nourifhment, which they fuck
like fo many leeches, every one ulcerating and purf-
ing up the part where it fixes like a honeycomb ; and
they often make fuch quick havock as to deilroy the
horfe.
The fymptoms of worms are various. The botts
that many horiesare troubled with in the beginning of
fummer, are always feen flicking on the ftrait gut,
and are often thruft out with the dung, with a yel-
lowifh coloured matter like melted fulphur : they are
noways dangerous there ; but are apt to make a horfe
reftlefs and uneafy, and rub his breech againft the
pofts. The feafon of their coming is ufnally in the
months of May and June ; after which they are fel-
dom to be feen, and rarely continue in any one horfe
above a fortnight or three weeks. Thofe that take
their lodgment in the ftomach, are extremely danger-
ous by cauling convulfions ; and are feldom difcover-
ed by any previous figns before they come to life,
when they throw a horfe into violent agonies. The
other kinds are more troublefome than dangerous; buc
are known by the following figns : the horfe looks
lean and jaded, his hair flares as if he was furfeited,and
nothing he eats makes him thrive; he often ftrikeshis
hind-feet againft his belly ; is fometimes griped, but
without the violent fymptoms that attend a cholic and
ftrangury ; for he never rolls and tumbles, but only
fnows uneafinefs, and generally lays himfelf down quiet-
ly on his belly for a little while, and then gets up and
falls a feeding ; but the fureft fign is when he voids
them with his dung.
For the cure of botts in the ftomach, calomel fhould
firft be given in large quantities, and repeated at pro-
per intervals ; iEthiop's mineral, or fom e of the under-
mentioned forms, many be given afterwards.
But botts in the ftrait gut may be cured by giving the
horfe a fpoonful of favin, cut very fmall, once or twice
a-day in his oats or bran, moiftened ; and three or four
cloves of garlic may be added to advantage. Give alfo
an aloetic purge between whiles ; the following ftands
recommended.
Take fine focotorine aloes, ten drams ; frefh jalap,
one drain ; ariftolochia, or birthwort, and myrrh
powdered, of each two drams ; oil of favin and
amber.
1 36 F
Yellows, or amber, of each one dram; fyrup of buckthorn
Jaundice. enough to form into a ball.
' s/ "*" — * Bit as the fource of worms in general proceeds from
a vitiated appetite and a weak digeftion, recourfe mail
firft be had to mercurials, and afterwards to fuch things
as are proper to ftrengthen the ftomach, promote di-
geftion, and by deftroying the fuppofed ova, prevent
the regeneration of thefe animals. Thus, two drams
of calomel may be given with half an ounce of dia-
pente, and mixed up with conferve of wormwood, over-
night ; and the next morning the above purge : thefe
may be repeated fix or eight days. Or the following
mercurial purge may be given, which will be lefs
troublefome, and no iefs efficacious.
Take crude quickfilver two drams, Venice turpen-
tine half an ounce; rub the quickfilver till no
gliftening appears ; then add an ounce of aloes, a
dram of grated ginger, 30 drops of oil of favin,
and a fufficient quantity of fyrup of buckthorn to
make a ball.
One of thefe balls may be given every fix days, with
the nfual precautions in regard to mercurial phyfic ;
and the following powder intermediately.
Take powdered tin and iEtbiop's mineral of each
half an ounce : give every night in a mafii, or a-
mong his corn.
The various preparations of antimony and mercury
mud be'given feveral weeks together, in order to get
entire riddance of thefe vermin. The iEthiop's mine-
ral may be given to the quantity of half an ounce a-day ;
the mercurius alkalifatus to two drams a-day, incor-
porated with a bit of cordial ball. The cinnabar pow-
ders, as directed in the farcy, are no lefs effectual : and
when worms are bred from high feeding, or unwhole-
fome food ; rue, garlic, tanfy, favin, box, and many
other fimples, may be given fuccefsfully ; being for
that purpofe mixed with their food ; as alfo cut to-
bacco, from half an ounce to an ounce a-day.
Sect. XX. Of the Ye/lows, or Jaundice.
Horses are frequently fubject to this diftemper ;
which is known by a dufky yellownefs of the eyes ; the
infide of the mouth and lips, the tongue, and bars
of the roof of the mouth, looking alfo yellow. The
horfe is dull, and refufes all manner of food ; the fever
is flow, yet both that and the yellownefs increafe to-
gether. The dung is often hard and dry, of a pale yel-
low, or light pale green. His urine is commonly of a
dark dirty brown colour ; and when it has fettled feme
time on the pavement, it looks red like blood. He
ftales with fome pain and difficulty ; and if the dif-
temper is not checked foon, grows delirious and fran-
tic. The oft-iide of the belly is fometimes hard and
diftended ; and in old hories, when the liver has been
long difeafed, the cure is not practicable, and ends fa-
tally with a wafting diarrhoea : but when, the diftem-
per is recent, and in young horfes, there is no fear of
a recovery, if the following directions are obferved.
Firft of all bleed plentifully ; pnd give the laxative
glyfter (p. 120. col. 2. laft par.) as horfes are apt to
be very coftive in this diftemper; and the next day
give him this purge :
Take of Indian rhubarb powdered one ounce and a
i half, faffron two drams, focotorine aloes fixdrams>
fyrup of buckthorn a fufficient quantity.
A R R I E R Y.
Sea. XXI.
If the rhubarb ihould be found too expenfive, omit Diforders
ir, and add the lame quantity of cream of tartar, and ofthe K'<*-
half an ounce of caftile foap, with four drams more ne y s ' &c *
of aloes. This may be repeated two or three times ~ sr ~
giving intermediately the following balls and drink.
Take of ^Ethiop's mineral half an ounce, millepedes
the fame quantity, caftile foap one ounce ; make
into a ball, and. give one every day, and walhit
down with a pint of the following decoction.
Take madder roof and turmtrick of each four oun-
ces, burdock-root diced half a pound, Monk's
rhubarb four ounces, liquorice fliced two ounces ;
boil in a gallon of forge-water to three quarts ;
ftrain oft, and fweeten with honey.
Balls of caftile foap and turmerick may be given al-
fo for this purpofe to the quantity of three or.fonr
ounces a-day, and will in moft recent cafes fucceed.
By thefe means the diftemper generally abates in
a week, which may be difcovered by an alteration in
the horfe's eyes and month; but the medicines mufl
be continued till the yellownefs is entirely removed.
Should the diftemper prove obftiiiate, and not fub-
mit to this treatment, you mnlt try more potent re-
medies, viz. mercurial phytic, repeated two or three
times at proper intervals ; and then the following balls.
Take fait of tartar two ounces, cinnabar of anti-
mony four ounces, live millepedes and filings of
fteel of each three ounces, faffron half an ounce,
Caftile or Venice foap half a pound ; make into
balls, the fize of a pullet's egg, with honey ; and
give one night and morning, with a pint of the
above drink.
It will be proper, on his recovery, to give two or
three mild purges ; and, if a fatfull horfe, to put in a
rowel.
Sect. XXI. Of the Diforders oj the Kidneys and
Bladder.
The fignsof the kidneys being hurt or affefled are,
a weaknefs of the back and loins, difficulty of ftaling,
fainrnefs, lofs of appetite, and deadnefs in the eyes;
the urine is thick, foul, and fometimes bloody, efpe-
cially after a violent ftrain. A horfe difeafed in his
kidneys can feldom back, that is, move ftraight back-
wards, without pain, which is vifible as often as he is
put to the trial ; the fame thing is obfervable indeed
in horfes whofe backs have been wrung and wrenched ;
but with this difference, that in the latter there is fel-
dom any defect or alteration in the urine, except that
it is higher coloured.
The confequences of a difordered ftate of the uri-
nary organs are principally two ; ftranguary and dia-
betes.
r. Strangury, or an obftruction of urine, may arife
from different caufes. When it is not owing to wind,
or hardened dung preffing upon the neck of the blad-
der (as was obferved in the fection on Chclics), it. may-
proceed from inflammation in the bladder or kidneys,
ulcerations there, or fpafms upon any particular part.
When owing to inflammation or fpafm, the general
indications of cure are, to leflen the ftricture upon the
parts ; to reduce the inflammation ; and to promote
the evacuation of urine : the firft of which intentions
rnay be anfwered by a moderate lofs of blood ; the fe-
cond,
Se&. XXI.
R R
R Y.
Diforders cond, by the ufe of internal emollients ; and the third,
of the Kid- t>y gentle ftimulants and mild diuretics.
In ftrangury from inflammation or fpafm in the
parrs, the horfe makes frequent motions to ilale, Hands
wide and (Iraddling, appears full in the flank, and
fomewhat dejected. The firfh mcafure, as already ob-
served, is bleeding ; and that more or lefs plentifully
according to the urgency of the fymptoms. In a
convenient time after this .operation, MrTaplin re-
commends to throw up the following emollient gly-
Iler :
Staile Dl- " Take of thin gruel three pints, nitre two ounces,
nfitry, gum arabic one ounce and an half, olive oil four
p. 363. ounces; let it be injected moderately warm, and
retained in the body as long as pollible.
" So foon after this glyfteras the horfe is inclined
by appetite to receive it, give a mafh of two parts
malt' and one bran, they having been fcalded together
and ftirrcd till of a moderate warmth ; after this, if
the fubject has not ftaled in confequence of bleeding,
glyfter, and math, have the following balls expediti-
ouily prepared to forward the evacuation :
t( Take caftile foap ten drains, fal prunella one
ounce, camphire two drams, annifeed powder fix
drams, oil of juniper one dram and an half, fyrnp
of marifimallows fufficient to make the maih ;
which divide into two equal parts, giving one in
fix hours after the other, if the former is not fuc-
cefsful.
11 Thefe are very fafe, mild, and efficacious, in ge-
neral producing the dcfired effect without any uneafy
fecfations. Where a drink is preferred, as coming in-
to a more applicable mode of adminiftration, the fol-
lowing will prove equally ferviceable :
" Take juniper berries (bruifed) two ounces ; boil
in a pint and a half of water for fome time, then
ft rain (to produce by fqueezing the berries three
quarters of a pint) ; to this add nitre and gum
Arabic (in powder) each an ounce.
" This drink, or the above ball, to be repeated at
di ftiucT periods of four hours each (if a repetition of
the firft at the end of fix hours does not effect the de-
fired purpofe), till relief is obtained by plentiful evacu-
ation."
As a fugpreflion of urine arifes fometimes from an
inflammation of the parts ; fo at others from a para-
lytic affection, particularly of the kidneys, difabling
them in their office of feparating the urine from the
blood : in this latter cafe, a general fuppreflion taking
place, the bladder is nfually empty, fo that a horfe will
make no motion to ftale ; and if he furvives a few days
in this condition, his body will fwell to a great degree,
break out in blotches all over, and death will foon clofe
the fcene.
Strangury fometimes alfo arifes from an ulceration
of the parts ; which is a cafe almoft as defperate as the
preceding. The fymptoms are : A vifible difquie-
tude ; the evacuation not totally fupprefied, being
only at times obftructed ; the urine frequently alter-
ing its appearance, being fometimes thick, depofiting
a turbid fediment as if impregnated with membra-
nous matter ; and at other times tinged with blood, the
evident effect of a corroded folution of the difeafed
part. In this inftance the following balls or drink
Vol. VII.
m
are recommended by Mr Taplin as the only probable Molten-
means of relief. greafe.
<* Take of myrrh one ounce, Caftile foap and Loca- ^T^~7?
telli's balfam each three ounces, nitre and ani- ' ' P 3 *
feed (in powder) each two ounces, balfam of
Peru fix drams. Mix together with fyrup of
marfhmallows, and divide into fix balls, giving
one every morning.
" In cafe lpafm of the parts be alfo fufpe&ed, the
following ball may be given, and repeated at fuch
times as the circumftances of the cafe may render
proper.
(< Take of Caftile foap half an ounce ; nitre, rofin, 7^^,369.
and compound powder of gum rragacanth, each
two drams ; opium (in powder) ten grains; oii
of juniper 30 drops. — Mix.
" The following drink may be fubftituted wuh e~
qual effect if a liquid form is preferred :
il Take thin gruel three quarters of a pint, gum A-
rabic and nitre (in powder) each one ounce, li-
quid laudanum three drams. — -Mix.
** This (as the ball above) may be occafionally re-
peated."
2. Horfes fubject to a diabetes, or profufe ftaling, if
old, or of a weak conftitution, are feldom cured ; they
foon lofe their flefh and appetite, grow feeble, their
coat flaring, and they die rotten. Of a young horfe
there are more hopes : but he muff not be indulged"
with too much water or moift food. Give him the fol-
lowing :
Take jefuits bark fourounces, biftort and tormen-
til-root of each two ounces ; boil in two gallons
of lime-water to the confumption of half, and
give a pint three times a-day.
As this diforder generally proceeds from too violent
exercife, over-flraining, &c. repeated bleedings in fniall
quantities are abfolutely neceffary, till the mouths of
the veflels clofe up.
Sect. XXII. Of IShlten-greafe.
By molten-greafe is meant a fat or oily difchargc
with the dung ; and it arifes from a colliquation or melt-
ing down of the fat of a horfe's body by violent exer-
cife in very hot weather. It is always attended with
a fever, heat, reftlefTnefs ftartingand tremblings, great
inward ficknefs, fhortnefs of breath, and fometimes with
the fymptoms of a pleurify. His dung will be ex-
tremely grcafy, and he will fall into a fconring ; his
blood will have a thick fkin or fat over it when cold,
of a white or yellow hue, but chkfly the latter; the
congealed part or fediment is commonly a mixture of
fize and greafe, which makes it fo extremely flippery,
that it will not adhere to the fingers, and the fmall
portion of ferum feels alfo flippery and clammy. The
horfe foon lofes his flefh and fat, which probably is dif-
folved and abforbed into the blood ; and thofe that
furvive this fhock commonly grow hide-bound for a
time, their legs fwelling both before and behind, and
continue in this ftate till the blood and juices are rec-
tified ; and if this is not done effectually, the farcy or
fome obftinate furfeit generally follows, very difficult
to remove.
In the firfl place bleed plentifully, and repeat it for
S two
*3*
Hide- two or three days fucceffively in fmaller quantities;
bound.Sur- two or three rowels ihould alio be immediately put in,
feits, &c. an j ^g cooling emollient glylters (p. 121. col. i. par.
* i, 2.) daily thrown up to abate the fever, and drain
off the greafy matter from the inteftines. By the
mouth give plenty of warm water or gruel, with cream
of tartar, or nitre, to dilute and attenuate the blood,
Which in this cafe is greatly difpofed to run into gru-
mes, and in danger a total ftagnation.
When the fever is quite gone off, and the horfc has
recovered his appetite, gentle aloetic purges mould be
given once a-week, for a month or fix weeks, in order
to bring down the fwelled legs. To this end give the
following ; which, repeated for fome time, will entire-
ly remove this diforder.
Take of focotorine aloes fix drams, of gum guaia-
cum powdered half an ounce, of' diaphoretic an-
timony and powder of myrrh each two drams ;
make into a ball with fyrup of buckthorn.
Thefe will feldom take a horfe from his bufinefs a-
bove two or three days in,a week ; neither will he lofe
his flcfh or appetite with them, but on the contrary
mend in both ; which cannot be obtained by any o-
ther method of purging
E R Y.
Se6t. XIII.
preference in many cafes.
Sect. XXIII.
F A R R I
cefTary, the cafe being no more than a temporary incon- Hide
venience, rather than a difeafe. Therefore, by way of bouud.Sur-
affording fome little change to the circulation, take a- f^ts, &c.
way a fmall quantity of blood ; and in three or four hours
after, increafe its impetus by a mam of malt, oats, and
bran, equal parts. Continue this mafh every night for a
fortnight, flirring in two ounces of flower of brimftone
every other night ; and for his other feeds (morning
and noon) give equal parts of oats and bran, with half
a pint of old beans In each, to prevent relaxing the
body too much by the mafhes. At the fame time, re-
gular and fubftantial drefling, air, exercife, found oats,
fweet hay, and good foft water, will greatly contri-
bute to promote the cure. And when by thefe means
he has vifibly improved in hide, coat, and condition,
let him have twice in a week a brufhing gallop, to
produce a moderate fweat and promote the circula-
tion ; taking great care not to let him ftand ftill till he
is perfectly cool ; when his dreffings Ihould be tho-
roughly gone through with attention, care, and per-
feverance, every night and morning. If this method
mould be unattended with fuccefs, there will be reafon
to fufpecr. fome unknown caufe lurking behind ; in
and gives -this greatly the which cafe go through a mild courfe of phyfic, feed-
ing well between the dofes.
2. Of Surfeits, according to Mr Taplin, there arc
two kinds, originating from different caufes : One be-
ing no more than a very advanced ftage of the cafe laft
defcribed ; which being long neglected, all its fymp-
toms increafe, till the entire mafs of blood being at laft
Of Hide-bound,
Mange.
Surfeits, and
T. The figns of Hide-bound are, "a want of flexi-
bility in the fkin, which is pervaded by a general fliff- affected, the virulence of the diforder difplays itfelf up-
nefs that feems to form an entire adhelion to the flefh, on the furface of the body.
Sialic Di-
rectory,
The other kind of furfeit, differing from the former
in caufe, but very little in effect, is that where, from
ignorance or inattention, a horfe is fufTered to drink
immoderately of cold water, when in a violent perfpi-
ration, and the blood confequently in the higheft de-
gree of circulation.
The circulating fluid being fo inflantaneoufly check-
ed by the influence of the frigid element and the fud-
den contraction of the folids, the craffainentum be-
comes immediately thickened and inflamed ; while the
ferum or watery part, feparating from the other, ex-
travafates itfelf; and, by an effort of nature, is pro-
pelled to the fkin for tranfpiration, where the pores
(having been inftantly collapfed at the time of the wa-
ter's taking effect) are fo clofely obftructed that its
complaint. Long lank grafs in low fwampy land in paflage to the furface is rendered impracticable. In
autumn, and mufty hay or bad oats at any feafon, may this fituation it becomes united with the perfpirable
in fome degree allay the hunger, but not gratify the matter already confined there; and is, in the courfe
appetite ; for, being in itfelf deftitue of the effect and of time, compelled by the progrefs of internal>inflamma-
quality of fuperipr food, no nutritve contribution can tiou to make its way through the fkin ; upon which it
without the leaft partial feparat ion or di ftinction. There
is a kind of dufty fcurff, plainly perceived underneath
the hair, that raifes it tip in different parts ; and, gi-
ving it another hue, the coat in many places forms an
appearance of two or three colours ; conveying, even
in this trifling circumftance, a very forcible idea of
poverty in both food and raiment. The horfe is ge-
nerally languid, dull, heavy, and weak : his excrement
is dark, foul, and orTenfive ; he fweats much upon very
moderate exertions ; then his coat flares, the hair
turns different ways (which in its effluvia is difagree-
able), and affords evident proof of weaknefs and de-
bilitation.
Bad food and want of liable care are, in general,
the only probable reafons that can be affigned for this
be conveyed for the generating of blood or formation
of flefh. The fources for the fupply of chyle being
thus obftructed, the lymphatics are deprived of their
due proportion of nutritive fluid that fhould pafs
through thefe fmaller veflels ; and they become not on-
ly in fome meafure contracted, but in a great degree
at laft appears in a variety of forms and different fymp-
toms, affuming diftinct degrees of malignancy, accord-
ing to the ftate, habit, and constitution of the fnbject
at the time of attack.
Such, in fubflance, is Mr Taplin's account of this
diforder. The indications of cure are, Torefolve the
inactive, which, with the want of proper external care inflammatory crudities, remove cutaneous obftruction,
and defining, contribute to an almoft univerfal obflruc- correct the acrimony of the blood, and gently quicken
tion of the cutaneous pores. Thefe, from the preter- the circulation. The better to effect thefe, he directs
natural debilitation of the general fyftem, are thrown to take away a moderate quantity of blood, that the
open by the molt moderate exercife. impetus may be encouraged ; to open the body with
In refpect to its cure very few directions will be ne- a few warm malhes ; and according to the mildnefs or
in-
Sed. XXIII.
FARRIERY. I39
Hide- inveteracy of its appearance, to give either two or contracted by low feeding and poverty of blood, the Hide-
bound.,Sur- three mercurial purges, compofed of the following in- diet muit be mended, and the horfe properly indulged bound, Sur-
feits, &c. gredients.
' l ^~" Barbadoes aloes one ounce, jalap (in powder) three
drams ; calomel, cream of tartar, Caftile foap,
and ginger (in powder) of each two drams ; with
fyrup of buckthorn fufficient to make a ball.
The dofes mull be given at proper intervals ; par-
ticular care being all the while taken to guard a-
gainll cold on account of the mercury contained in the
compofition. In three days after the laft dofe, a
courfeof alteratives mult be entered upon, the medi-
cine compofed as follows.
With hay and corn. With this view, there muft be a feit8 » &c *
conftant fupply of warm maGies, prepared with half *"
malt and half bran, or equal parts of oats and bran
with four ounces of honey diffolved in each : let thefe
be given night and morning, with a feed of dry corn
every day at noon. During this treatment (which
muft be continued a week, to fheathe the acrimony of
the fluids, and foften the rigidity of the fkin) give
one ounce of fulphur in each mafh, and one ounce of
nitre in water every night and morning. In a week or
ten days, when the frame becomes more invigorated,
Antimony levigated and fulphur each half apound, difcontinue the mafhes, and let the diet be changed to
good oats and fweet hay ; giving, in the morning and
evening feeds, one of the following powders, intermix-
ed with the corn firft fprinkled with water :
Sulphur and prepared antimony each a pound, rub-
bed well together in a mortar, and then divided
into 24 equal parts for as many dofes.
Or, Antimony levigated and fulphur of each 12
ounces, liver of antimony and cream of tartar
each half a pound. — Thefe to be mixed well to-
gether, and divided into the fame number of do-
fes as the former.
As to the external treatment ; previous to the com-
mencement of the mafnes, procure a pail of warm wa-
ter and a quarter of a pound of foft foap (tied up in a
linen rag), and with this forming a ftrong lather,
let every infected part be thoroughly wafhed and clean-
fed, fo that no fcurf or filth be left upon the furface ;
then rub tenderly, dry with a coarfe cloth or feparated
haybands; and on the following morning begin to rub
in upon every part affected a due portion of the follow-
ing ointment.
Weak mercurial ointment half a pound, qnickfilver
four ounces, white hellebore (in powder) three
ounces, black pepper (in powder) and oil of tar-
tar each one ounce; with olive oil fufKcient to
make it of a proper fofrnefs.
The unction muft be repeated for feven days, ten
days, or a fortnight, according to the urgency of the
fynrptoms ; and let the powders before mentioned, with
the nitre alfo, be continued for three weeks or a month.
Laftly, as foon as the horfe appears in a condition to
iEthiop's mineral and cream of tartar each four
ounces. Thefe are to be mixed well together,
and divided into twelve equal parts of two ounces
each, for twelve dofes ; one of which muft be
given every night with the feed of corn ; the
latter being firft fprinkled with water, the better
to retain the powders.
Thefe muft be continued with the utmoft punctua-
lity for a month ; during all which time let there
be alfo given two ounces of nitre every morning in
a pail of foft water. Should any trifling efchars,
fcabs, or excoriations, prove obftinate upon any part
of the body, they may be wafhed with equal pa ts ©f
lye (procured from the foap boilers) and lime-waters.
If in the courfe of a month no confiderable ad-
vantage mould be produced by the above prefcrip-
tions, the dofes muft be gradually increafed from
two ounces to two and an half, and in another week to
three ounces for each dofe, of both the compofition
and the nitre.
3. Mange is a diftemper fo univerfally known as to
render a particular defcription unnecefiary. It pro-
ceeds chiefly from poor feeding : hence it is very little
feen amongft horfes of any eftimation ; but is almoit
entirely confined to the lower clafs of {tables and pro-
prietors.
In a mangy horfe the fkin is generally tawny, thick,
and full of wrinkles, efpecially about the mane, the
loins, and tail; and the little hair that remains in
thofe parts ftands almoft always ftraight out or briftly ;
the ears are commonly naked and without hair, the eye
and eye-brows the fame ; and when it affects the limbs, bear it, take away a moderate quantity of blood, and
it gives them the fame afpect : yet the fkin is not raw, giveTiim afterwards two very mild dofes of phyfic.
nor peels off, as in the furfeit.
Where this diftemper is caught by infection, if ta-
ken in time it is very eafily cured : and a lulphur oint-
ment is recommended as molt effectual for thatpurpofe,
rubbed in every day. To purify and cleanfe the
Sect. XXIV. Of the Farcin or Farcy.
The true farcy is properly a diforder of the blood-
vefTels and their contained fluid ; by which, when in-
veterate, the coats and integuments are fo thickened
blood, give antimony and fulphur for fome weeks af- that they become like fo many cords,
ter. There are a great variety of external remedies for At firft, one or more fmall fwellings, or round buds
this purpofe, fuch as train-oil and gunpowder, to- like grapes or berries, fpring out over the veins, and
bacco fteeped in chamber lye, &c. molt of them evi- are often exquifitely painful to the touch ; in the be-
dently improper. Solcfeyl recommends the following, ginning they are hard, but foon turn into foft blifters,
which has been approved. which when broke difcharge an oily or bloody ichor,
Take burnt alum and borax in fine powder of each and turn into very foul and ill-difpofed ulcers. In
two ounces, white vitriol and verdigris powdered
of each four ounces ; put them into a clean pot,
"with two pounds of honey, ftirring till they are
incorporated ; when cold, add two ounces of
ftrong aquafortis.
But when this diforder, as is generally the cafe, is
fome horfes it appears on the head only ; in fome on
the external jugular ; in others on the plate- vein, and
runs downwards on the infide of the fore-arm to-
wards the knee, and very often upwards towards tho
brifket : in fome the farcy fhows itfelf on the hind-
parts, about the patterns, and along the large veins on
S 2 the
I4<
o F A R R
Farcjn or the infide of the thigh, riling upwards into the groin,
Farcy. anc ] towards the fheath ; and fometimes it makes its
appearance on the flanks, and fpreads by degrees to-
wards the lower belly, where it often becomes very
trouble force.
When the farcy appears on the head onjy, it is ealily
cured ; efpecially when it is feated in the cheeks and
fore-head, the blood- vefiels being here fmall : but it is
more difficult when it affects the lips, the noftrils, the
eyes, the kernels under the jaws, and other foft and
loofe parts, efpecially if the neck-vein becomes corded.
When it begins on the outfide of the fhouldtr or hips,
the cure is feldom difficult ; but when the farcy arifes
on the plate-vein, and that vein fwells nmcli, and turns
corded, and the glands or kernel under the arm-pit are
affected, it is hard to cure ; but more fo when the cru-
- ral veins within fide of the thigh are corded, and befet
With bods, which affects the kernels of the groin and
the cavernous body of the yard. When the farcy begins
on the pafterns or lower limbs, it often becomes very
uncertain, unlefs a timely flop is put to it ; for the dwell-
ing in thofe dependent parts grow fo exceffively large
in fome conftitutions, and the limbs fo much disfigured
thereby with foul fores and callous ulcerations, that
fuch a horfe is feldom fit for any thing afterwards but
the tneaneit drudgery ; but it isalwaysa promifingfign,
wherever the farcy happens to be fituated, if it fpreads
no further. It is nfual to affect only one fide at a
time ; bilt when it paffes over to the other, it fhows
great malignancy : when it arifes on the fpines, it is
then for the moft part dangerous ; and is always more
fo to horfes that are fat and full of blood, than to thofe
th.u are in a more moderate cafe. When the farcy is
epidemical, as fometimes happens, it rifes on feveral
parts of the body at once, forms nafly foul ulcers,
and makes a profufe running of grecnifh bloody mat-
ter from both noftrils; and foon ends in a miserable
rot.
When the farcy makes its firft appearance on the
head, it rifes on the cheeks and temples, and looks like
a net-work, or fmall creeping twigs full of berries.
Sometimes it inflames the eye, and fometimes little
blifters or buds run along the fide of the nofe. It
arifes often on the outfide of the fhoulder, running a-
long the fmall veins with heat and inflammation ; and
fometimes a few fmall buds appear near the withers,
and'on the outfide of the hips. In all thefe appearan-
ces^ the difeafe being fuperficial, and affecting only the
f mailer vefiels, is eafily conquered by the following me-
thod, when taken in time ; for the fimplefl farcy, if
neglected, may degenerate into the worfl fort.
This diftemper, then, being of an inflammatory na-
ture, and in a particular manner affecting the blood-
veifeis, mult neceflarily require large bleeding, particu-
larly where the horfe happens to be fat and full of
blood. This always checks the beginning of a farcy,
but is of fmall fervice afterwards ; and if a horfe is low
in ilefli, the lofs of too much blood fometimes proves
injurious^. After bleeding, let the horfe have four
ounces of cream of tartar and lenitive electuary ; which
may be given every other day for a week, to cool the
blood and the body ; and then give nitre three ounces
a-day for three weeks or a month, and anoint the buds
or fwelHngs with the following ointment twice a-day.
Take ointment of elder four ounces, oil of turpen-
E R Y.
Se£. XXIV.
tine two ounces, fugarof lead half an ounce, Tv'h Its Farcin or
vitriol powdered two drams ; mix together in a Farcy.
gally-pot. ' * '
The buds fometimes by this method are difperfed,
leaving only little bald fpots which the hair foon covers
again. When they break and run, if the matter be
thick and well digefled, they will foon be well : but. in
order to confirm the cure, and to difperfe fome little
lumps which often' remain for fome time on the Ikin
without hair, give the liver of antimony for a month ;
two ounces a-day for a fortnight, and then one ounce
a-day for the other fortnight : by following this me-
thod, a farcy which affects only the fmall vefiels may
be flopped in a week or ten days, and foon after totally
eradicated.
When the farcin affects the larger blood -vefiels, the
cure is more difficult ; but let it always be attempted
early ; therefore, on the plate, thigh, or neck-veins
appearing corded, bleed immediately on the oppofite
fide, and apply the following to the corded vein.
Take oil of turpentine in a pint-bottle fix ounces,,
oil of vitriol three ounces; drop the oil of vitriol
into the oil of turpentine by little at a time, other-
wife the bottle will burfl ; when it has done ftaoak-
ing, drop in more oil of vitriol, andfo on till all
is mixed.
This mixture is one of the beft univerfals in a be-
ginning farcy ; but where it is feated in loofe flefhy
parts, as flanks or belly, equal parts of the oil of vitriol
and turpentine are neccifary.
Rub the parts firft with a woollen cloth, and then
apply fome of the mixture over the buds, and where-
ever there is any fwelling, twice a-day. Give the
cooling phyfic every other day, and then three ounces
of nitre every day for fome time.
When the farcy begins on the flanks, or towards the
lower belly, it often takes its rile from a iingle puncture
of a fharp fpur. The pain and fmarting is one fure
fign to diflinguifli the farcy from common accidents ;
the flaring of the hair, which Itands up like a tuft all
round the buds or blifters, and the matter that iflues
from the buds, which is always purulent and of a clam-
my greafy confidence, are other certain iigns. After
bathing with the mixture abovementioneri till the ul-
cers are fmooth and healing, fhould the fwelling not
fubfide, to prevent the fpreading of the buds, and to
difperfe them, bathe with either of thefe mixtures as
far as the centre of the belly ; and at the fame time
give a conrfe of antimonials as will prefently be pre-
scribed.
Take fpirirs of wine four ounces, oil of vitriol and
turpentine of each two ounces, white-wine vine-
gar or verjuice fix ounces.
Or the following :
Take fpirits of wine rectified four ounces, camphor
half an ounce, vinegar or verjuice fix ounces,
white vitriol diffolved in four ounces of fpring- wa-
ter one ounce, mix together.
In the lower limbs the farcy lies fometimes conceal-
ed for a great while ; and makes fo flow a progrefs,
that it is often miflaken for greafe, or for a blow or
kick, and goes by the general appellation of a humour
fettled there. In order 10 diflinguifli the one from the
other, we fhall obferve, that a kick or bruife is gene-
rally attended with a hidden fwelling, or a contufed
wound,
Sea. XXIV.
R R
E R Y.
141
Farcin or wound,which for the moft part digefts eafily : the greafe
Farcy, is alfo a fmooth fwelling that breaks ou: above the
" " ' bending of the patterns backwards; but the farcy be-
gins on the pattern joint ufually with one bad, and
runs upwards like a knotty crab-tree.
Very ample means have fometimes ftopped it, before
it has begun to fpread ; a poultice with bran and ver-
juice bound round the part and renewed once a-day will
often alone fucceed ; and if proud flelh fhould arife,
touch it with oil of vitriol, or aquafortis, an hour be-
fore you apply the poultice ; for when the diftemper
is local, as we fuppofe it here, it is to be conquered by
outward applications.
The following balls are proper in every ftate of the
farcy; and when the diftemper has been ia its infancy,
before the fkin was much defaced, has often cured it in
a week or two, by giving them only once or twice a-
day : but in aa old farcy they fhould be given for two
or three months together.
Take of native cinnabar, or cinnabar of antimony,
eight ounces ; long bithwort and gum guaiacum
powdered, of each four ounces : make into a parte
with honey, and form into balls of the lize of
a large walnut, and roll them into liquorice- pow-
der.
The tedioufnefs of this courfe has encouraged the
giving of mercurials ; and indeed, where they are di-
rected with ikill, they mutt be attended with fuccefs :
ihe flronger preparations, as the red and white preci-
'pitates, and turbith, being combined with iharp faline
parts, may be hazardous and injurious; but the latter
given in fmall quantities have been found very fuccefs-
ful in fuch kind of inveterate diforders. Mr Gibfon
fays, he has given it to a dram at a dofe, where the
limbs have been greatly fwelled ; that in 48 hours the
fores were all dried up, and the limbs reduced : but
that it made the horfe fo violently fick for fcveral days,
and fcoured him to fuch a degree, that it could not be
repeated.
Mr Bartlet obferves, tltat the fuccefs attending this
medicine fo fuddenly ought to have encouraged Gib-
fon to have made further trials in fmaller quantities ;
which had he done, it is more than probable he would
not have been difappointed ; for the grand fecret in
giving mercurialsasalteratives, is the introducing them
into the blood, without operating on the ftomach and
bowels ; and to do this effectually, they mutt be given
in fmall quantities, and fo bridled as to controul their
force on the firtt paffages ; taken in this manner, they
will mix gradually with the blood and juices, and ope-
rate both effectually and fafely.
Dr Braken recommends the knots and cords to be
rubbed with the mercurial ointment before they break,
in order to difperfe them ; and after breaking, to drefs
the fores with equal parts of Venice turpentine and
quickfilver ; if by thefe means the mouth fhould be-
come fore, treat as above. This method feems to be
effectual, with proper care.
The following is alfo recommended by the fame gen-
tleman :
Take butter of antimony and bezoar mineral, of
each one ounce ; beat up with half a pound of
cordial ball ; and give the bignefs of a walnut, or
three quarters of an ounce, every day for two or
three weeks, fatting two or three hours after it.
The following mode of treatment and forms of ire- Farcin or
dicine are prescribed by Mr Tap] in f . Farcy.
Upon the very earlieft appearance of the difordtr, jTpTjTiT
blood is to be taken away in fufucitnt quantity. If
the horfe is in high condition and full cf rleih, give
him mafhes through the day of bleeding and the next
day; and on the following morning a purging ball
compofed of focotorine aloes ten drams, calomel and
jalap (in powder) each two drams and a half, rhubarb
and ginger of each a dram and a half, with fyrnpof
buckthorn or rofes fufHcient to form the ball. Let the
purge be carefully attended to, and duly worked
off. If the phyfic works favourably, and fets well,
let his feed (if his appetite is keen for four clear days
be plentiful, and on the fifth or fixth at farthett repeat
his purging ball. If the attack has been violent, or
the diforder makes rapid progrefs, a third dofe nmfl
be given in like manner. In two days after the courfe
is completed, it is directed to begin upon the following
antimoinal alteratives, afhfted by a regular adminillra-
tion of nitre; both to be continued a month without
the mod trifling intermiffion :
Prepared antimony one pound, common fulphur
twelve ounces, cream of tartar eight ounces, and
cinnabar of antimony fix ounces:
Which being incorporated well in a mortar, is to be
divided into twenty equal parts. Of thefe, one is to
be given every night in the corn, firtt fprinkling with
water to enfure its adhefion, and two ounces of nitre
are to be mixed with the water every morning, at
which time he will generally d\'ink it with the greater
avidity as being moil thirtty. The buds or fwelling
upon their firtt appearance may be well wafhed with
the following twice every day, with a loiion compofed
of extract of Saturn two ounces, camphorated fpirit
of wine eight ounces, and diftilied vinegar a pint ;
mixed well together, and kept clofe ftopt for ufe.
In a more advanced or inveterate ttage of the dif-
temper, moderate bleeding fhould be repeated at pro-
per intervals between the phyiic ; and upon the fcabs
or efchars peeling from the buds, wafh them well oc-
cafionally with the following:
To two drams of corrofive mercury diffolved in half
a pint of Britifh brandy, add a pint of white- wine
vinegar, half a pint of fpring water, and two
ounces of tincture of myrrh ; fhaking well to-
getlier.
Or, Sugar of lead and white vitrioleach an ounce,
diftilied vinegar and fpring water each one pint,
ftyptic tincture three ounces, well mixed together.
If the ulcers fhould continue foul, and their edges
become callous, very fmall quantities of the ftrong mer-
curial ointment mutt be gently rubbed into the centre
of the moft inveterate, once in three or four days,
cleanfing them occafionally with one of the wafhes be-
fore mentioned. In this cafe one of the following
balls mutt be given regularly every morning for a
month or longer if neceflary. The proportion of ni-
tre mutt be altered to three ounces, and given in the
water every evening, the ball being aftminiftered in
the morning.
Mercurial alterative Ball. Take iEthiops mineral
four ounces, milk of brimftone, prepared anti-
mony, cream of tartar, and cinnabar of antimony,
each five ounces ; honey fufhcierit to make a mafs ;
which
142
F
R R I E R Y.
Se&. XXV.
Farcin or which divide into a dozen equal balls, and roll
Farcy. U p j n liquorice or anifeed powder.
~ v II may not be improper now to add the fymptoms
of an rable farcy, that the owners of fuch horfes
may fave thenifelvcs naneceflary expenfe and trouble in
their endeavours to obtain a cure. When a farcy, by
improper applications, or by neglect, has fpread and
increafed, or after loug continuance refifted the medi-
cines above recommended; if frefh buds are continu-
ally fpouting forth, while the old ones remain foul and
ill-conditioned; if they rife on the fpines of the back
and loins ; if the horfegrowshide-bound, and runs at the
nole ; if abfcefTes are formed in the fleihy parts between
the interftices of the large mufcles; if his eyes look
dead and lifelefs ; if he forfakes his food, and fcours
often, and his excrements appear thin and of a
blackiih colour ; if the thigh or plate vein continues
large and corded after firing and other proper ap-
plications; thefe fymptoms denote the diftemper to
have penetrated internally, and that it will degenerate
into an incurable confumption : it is moft probable
alfo that the whole mafs of fluids are tainted, and be-
come irremediable by art.
Before clofing this fection, it is proper to take no-
tice of what is called the water farcy ; which has no
refemblance to a true farcy either in its caufe, fymp-
toms, or effects, but has only obtained this name thro*
cuftom and ignorance. — This water-farcy, then, is of
two kinds: one the product of a feverifh difpofition,
terminating on the fkin, as often happens in epide-
mical colds; the other is dropfical, where the water
is not confined to the belly and limbs, but fhows itfelf
in feveral pans of the body by foft fwtllings yielding to
the prefliire of the finger. This la ft kind ulually pro-
ceeds from foul feeding, or from the latter grafs and
fog that often comes up in grear plenty with continued
cold rains, and breeds a fluggifh vifcid blood. In the
former cafe, we have feen the limbs and whole body
enormoufly fwelled, and very hard, the belly and fheath
greatly diftended ; which were as furprifmgly reduced
in 24 hours, by flight fcarifications within-fide the leg
and thigh with a fharp penknife, and three or four
ftrokes on the fkin of the belly on each fide the fheath :
from thefe fcarifications there was a conftant and fur-
prifing large dripping of water, which foon relieved
the horfe ; when a few purges completed his recovery.
In the other fpecies of dropfy trie curative intentions
are todifcharge the water, recover thecrafis orftrength
of the blood, and brace up the relaxed fibres through-
out the whole body. To this end purge once a- week
or ten days ; and give intermediately either of the fol-
lowing.
Take black hellebore frefh gathered, two pounds ;
wafh, bruife, and boil in fix quarts of water to
four; and then ftrain out the liquor, and put
two quarts of white- wine on the remaining helle-
bore, and let it infufe warm 48 hours : then ftrain
off, mix both together, and give the horfe a pint
night and morning.
Take nitre twoounces, fquills powdered three drams
or half an ounce, camphor one dram, honey e-
nough to form into a ball, to be given once a-
day alone, or wafhed down with a horn or two
#f the .above drink,
Sect. XXV. Of Strains in Various Parts.
In all ftrains, the mufcular or tendinous fibres are
overftretched ; and fometimes ruptured or broke. To
form, therefore, a true idea of ihefe diforders, lee
us firft confider every mufcle and tendon as compofed
of fpringy elaftic fibres, which have a proper power of
their own to contract and extend themfelves; or, to
make their action more familiar, let us compare them
to a piece of catgut, that we may the better judge
with what propriety oily medicines are directed for
their cure. Thus, then, if, by a violent extenfion of
this catgut, you had fo overftretched it as to deftroy its
fpringinefs or elafticity, and was inclined to recover its
loft tone, would you for that purpofe think of foaking
it in oil ? And is not the method of treating ftrains,
or overftretched mufcles and tendons, full as prepofte-
rous, when you bathe or foak them in oily medicines,
at a time that they want reftringents to brace them up ?
Yet cuftom has fo eftabliihed this practice, and falla-
cious experience feeminglyfo confirmed it, thatitwould
be a difficult talk to convince the illiterate and preju-
diced of the abfurdity, who, by attributing effects to
wrong caufes, are led into this error, and the oils ufurp
the reputation that is due only to reft and quiet : they
feem, however, to be aware of the ill confequences, by
their adding the hot oils, as fpike, turpentine, and ori-
ganum ; which, though they in fome meafure guard
againft the too fuppling quality of the. other oils, yet
the treatment is ftill too relaxing to be of real fervice.
And indeed, in all violent ftrains of either ten-
dons or mufcles, whatever opinion we may entertain of
bathing and anointing with favourite noftrums, which
often fucceed in flight cafes, where perhaps bandage
alone would have done ; yet it is the latter, with pro-
per refting the relaxed fibres till they have thoroughly
recovered their tone, that are the chief things to be
depended on; and frequently fome months neceflary
for effecting the cure.
All violent ftrairts of the ligaments, which con-
nect the bonestogether, efpecially thofe of the thigh,
require time, and turning out to grafs, to a perfect re-
covery. External applications can avail but little here,
the parts affected lying to deep, and fo furrounded
with mufcles that medicine cannot penetrate to them.
The fooner, in thefe cafes, a horfe is turned out to
grafs, the better ; as the gentle motion in the field will
prevent the ligaments and joint oil from thickening,
and of courfe the joint itfelf from growing ftiff.
When a horfe's fhoulder is overftrained, he does
not put out that leg as the other ; but, to prevent pain,
fets the- found foot hardily on the ground to fave the
other ; even though he be turned fhort on the lame
fide, which motion tries him the moft. of any. When
trotted in hand, inftead of putting his leg forward in
a right line, he forms a circle with the lame leg ; and
when he ftands in the flable, that leg is advanced be-
fore the other.
In order to cure this lamenefs, firft bleed him,
and let the whole fhoulder be well bathed three times
a-day with hot verjuice or vinegar, in which maybe
diffolved a piece of foap ; but if the lamenefs continues
without fwelling or inflammation, after refting rwoor
three days, let the mufcles be well rubbed for a confi-
derable
Strains.
Scft. XXV.
R R
E R Y.
143
Strains, derable time, to make them penetrate, With good opo-
*~ « ' deldoc, or either of the following mixtures.
Take camphorated fpirit of wine two ounces, oil
of turpentine one ounce ; this proportion will
prevent the hair coming off.
Or, Take the belt vinegar half a pint, fpirit of
vitriol and camphorated fpirit of wine of each
two ounces.
When'the moulder is very much fwelled, it fhould
be fomented with woollen cloths (large enough to co-
ver the whole) wrung out of hot verjuice and fpirit of
wine ; or a fomentation prepared with a ftrong decoc-
tion of wormwood, bay-leaves, and rofemary, to a quart
of which may be added half a pint of fpirkof wine.
A rowel in the point of the lhouldcr in this cafe
often does great fervice ; efpecially if the ftrain has
been very violent, and the fwelling very large : but as
to boring up the (houlder with a hot iron, and after-
wards inflating it, is both a cruel and abfurd treat-
ment: and the pegging up the found foot, or fetting
on a patten fhoe, to bring the lame (houlder on a ftretch,
is a moft prepofterous practice, and directly calculated
to render a horfe incurably lame ; for it can only be
neceflary in cafes the very oppofite to this, where the
mufcles have been long contracted, and we want to
ftretch them out.
Where poultices can be applied, they are at firft
undoubtedly very effectual, after bathing with hot vi-
negar or verjuice ; and are to be preferred greatly to
cold charges, which, by drying fo foon on the part,
keep it ftiffand uneafy : let them be prepared with oat-
meal, rye-flour, or bran boiled up in vinegar, Arong-
beer or red-wine lees, with lard enough to prevent their
growing ftiif ; and when by thefe means the inflam-
mation and fwelling is brought down, bathe the part
twice a-day with either of the above mixtures, opodel-
doc, or camphorated fpirit of wine ; and roll the part
three or four inches, both above and below, with a
ftrong linen roller of about two fingers width ; which
contributes not a little to the recovery, by bracing up
the relaxed tendon ; and perhaps is more to be depend-
ed on than the applications themfelves.
In the ftrains of the coffin joint, that have not been
difcovered in time, there will grow fuch a ftiffnefs in
the joint, that the horfe will only touch the grennd
with his toe ; and the joint cannot be played with the
hand : the only method here is repeated bliftering, and
then firing fuperficially.
Strains of the back finews are very common ; and
are eafily discovered by the fwelling, which extends
fometimes from the back-fide of the knee down to the
heel, but for the moft part the horfe fets that foot be-
fore the other. The tendon fhould be well bathed three
or four times a-day with hot vinegar ; and if much
fwelled, apply the poultices above recommended ; and
when the fwelling is down, bathe with the mixtures
above, or with camphorated fpirit of wine and oil of
amber, in which is diffolvedas much camphor as the
fpirits will take up ; and roll up the tendon with a pro-
per bandage or laced flocking ; which laft, properly
fitted to the limb, might be wore to great advantage,
not only in thefe fort of injuries, but in moft others,
• where thereisadifpofitiontothegreafe, or other fw el-
lings of the limbs, from weak and relaxed fibres. Cur-
riers HiaYings wetted with vinegar have been found
4
ufefttl for this purpofe ; as has alfo tar and fpirit of Strains,
wine : but where the tendons have fuffered by re- —"" v —
peated injuries of this kind, the cafe will demand
bliftering, firing, and proper reft.
Strains of the knees and pajhrns arife frequently
from kicks or blows : if they arc much fwelled, apply
firft the poultices ; and when the fwelling is abated,
bathe with the above, or the following.
Take vinegar one pint, camphorated fpirit of
wine four ounces, white vitriol dilfolved in a
little water two drams.
Or, Take the white of three or four eggs, beat
them into a froth wiih a fpoon ; to which add an
ounce of rock alum finely powdered; fpirit of
turpentine and wine of each half an ounce ; mix
them well together.
As great weaknefs remains in the pafterns after
violent ltrains, the beft method is to turn the horfe out
to grafs till he is perfectly recovered ; when this can-
not be complied with, the general way is to blifler
and fire.
When a horfe is lame in the ftifie, he generally
treads on his toe, and cannot fet the heel to the ground.
Treat him at firft with the vinegar and cooling re-
ftringents : but if a large fwelling, With puffinefs,
enfues, foment it well with the difcutient fomentation
till it difperfes ; and then bathe the part with any of
the above medicines.
A lamenefs in the whirl-hone and hip, is difco-
veredby the horfe's dragging his legafterhim, and
dropping backward on his heel when he trots. If the
mufcles of the hip are only injured, this kind of lame-
nefs is cured eaii'y : but when the ligaments of the
joint are affected, the cure is often very difficult, tedi-
ous, and uncertain. In either cafe, at firft bathe the
parts well with the cooling medicines, four or five
times a-day in the mufcular ftrain, this method alone
may fucceed ; but in the ligamentous, it is reft and
time only can reftore the injured parts to their proper
tone.
Strains in the hock are to be treated by foaking
the parts with coolers and repcllers ; but when the li-
gaments are hurt, and they are attended with great
weaknefs and pain, ufe the fomentation. If a hardnefs
fhould remain on the ontfide, it may be removed by re-
peated bliftering ; if within, it may beout of the power
of any external applications to remove : however, the
joint fhould be fired gently with fmall razes or lines
pretty clofe together, and then covered with a mer-
curial plafter. To the difcutient fomentation above-
mentioned may be added crude fal ammoniac, with a
handful of wood-alhes boiled in it.
The bliftering ointment for the above purpofea
may be found in the Section of Bone fpavln ; but the
fubli mate fhould be omitted.
The firing, fo generally ufed for the ftrengthen-
ing relaxed finews or tendons, is made to act upon dif-
ferent parts according to the different notions of the
operator. Moft ufually it is intended to act only on
the fkin, which by contracting and hardening it all
round the finews, comprelfes them more firmly like a
bandage. The bowmen of old, it is alledged, fubmitted
to this operation, in order togiveftrengh to the muf-
cles and tendons of their arms. Upon this principle,
a proper degree of fkill is very requifite to perform it
effectually
144 F A R R I
Tumors effectually on a horfe, for a due medium fhould be ob- ger them
andlm- ferved, and the inftrument neither fo nightly applied
pofthumes. as to f car ify t ] le fl c j u on jy faperficially, nor fo deep as
to wound or cauterife the fmew or its fheath. The
lines mould be drawn pretty clofe together, ou each fide,
of the joint or finew, following the courfe of the hair ;
no crofs lines mould be made, as they but disfigure the
horfc afterwards, without any real ufe. The firing in-
flrument, or knife, ought to be a little rounded on the
edge, gradually thickening to the back, that it may re-
tain the heat for fome time, bnt ihould not be applied
till the inflaming rednefs is partly gone off. The caute-
rized parts may be bathed with fpirit of wine at firfl: ;
and anointed afterwards with bees-wax and oil, which
alone is fufllcient to complete the cure. But, in every
view, this operation deferves to be condemned, upon
the following judicious obfervations of Ofmer. " Be-
tween the tendon and the fkin of the leg, as nothing
intervenes but a thin membrane, what hand can deter-
mine betwixt the boundaries of thofe bodies, whofe ap-
pearance, by the heat of the iron, is made undiftinguifb*
able to the eye i Now mark the event of firing. If
the fire reaches no further than the fkin, little advan-
tage can accrue to the tendon, but the fibres of the
fkin will become contracted and lefs pliant ; if the fire
reaches the membrane or fheath of the tendon fome of
its glands are destroyed, and the tendon becomes more
or lefs rigid. If the tendon be burnt, the confequence
will be flill worfe ; and in either eafe the velocity of mo-
tion will be impeded : on all thefe occafions the horfe
E R Y. Sed.XXVI.
in this cafe the difcutient fomentation, Tumors
(p. 143. col. r.) fnould be applied three or four times and Im-
a-day, and a cloth or flannel frequently wrung out pofthumes.J
of the fame IhoHld be bound on, in order to keep the '~~~ v ~~ rf
joint continually breathing.
But all tumors tending to a certain maturation (from
whatever caufe they originated), fhould be expediti-
on fly affifted by fomentation as already directed ; and,
after each time of uling the fomentation, the ripening
encouraged by fuppurating poultices wherever they
can be applied : oatmeal boiled folt in milk, to which
a proper quantity of oil and lard is added, -may anfwer
this purpofe ; or the the poultice recommended in the
Section of Strangles. Thefe applications mufl be re-
gularly continued till the matter is perceived to fluc-
tuate under the fingers, when it ought to be let out j
for which purpofe, let the tumor be opened with a
knife or firoug lancet, the whole length of the fuell-
ing, if it can be done fafely ; for nothing contributes
fo much to a kind healing as the matter's having a free
difcharge, and the opening's being big enough to drefs
to the bottom.
Pledgets of tow or lint fpread with black or yel-
U w baiilicon (or the wound ointment), and dipped
in the fame, melted down with a fifth part of oil
of turpentine, fnould be applied to the bottom of
the fore, and filled up lightly with the fame, with-
out craming : it may be thus drefled once or twice
a-day, if the difcharge is great, till a proper digeflion
is procured ; when it. fliould be changed for pledgets
fhould be turned tografsand indulged wuh proper reft, fpread with the red precipitateointment, applied in the
that the difeafed parts may recover their former firm- fame manner.
nefs, tone, and flrength."
Sect. XXVI. Of Tumors and lmpoflhumes.
Tumors, or fwellings, arife either from external
injuries or internal caufes.
I. Swellings caufed by external accidents, as blows
and bruifes, fliould at firfl be treated with reftringents :
Thus, let the part be bathed frequently with hot vine-
gar or verjuice ; and, where it will admit of bandage,
Jet a flannel wetted with the fame be rolled on : if by
this method the fwelling does not fubfide, apply, efpe-
cially on the legs, a poultice with red wine lees, ftrong-
beer grounds, and oatmeal, or with vinegar, oil, and
oatmeal : either of thefe may be continued twice a-
day, after bathing, till the fwelling abates: when in
order to difperfe it entirely, the vinegar fliould be
changed for camphorated fpirit of wine, to four oun-
ces of which may be added one of fpirit of fal ammo-
niac ; or it may be bathed with a mixture of two
ounces of crude fal ammoniacboiled in a quart of cham-
ber-lye twice a-day, and rags dipped in the fame may
be rolled on.
Fomentation made by boiling wormwood, bay-
Should the fore not digeft kindly, but run a thin
water and look pale, foment, as often as you drefs,
with the above fomentation ; and apply over your
dreffing the flrong-beer poultice, and continue this me-
thod till the matter grows thick, and the fare florid.
The following ointments will generally anfwer your
expectations in all common cafes; and may be prepared
without, as well as with verdigreafe.
Take Venice turpentine and bees-wax of each a
pound, oil of olives one pound and a half, yellow
rofin 12 ounces ; when melted together, two or
three ounces of verdigreafe, finely powdered, may
be flirred in, and kept fo till cold, to prevent its
fubfiding.
Take of yellow bafilicon, or the above ointment,
without verdigreafe, four ounces ; red precipitate,
finely powdered, half an ounce : mix them toge-
ther cold with a knife or fpatula.
This lafl, applied early, will prevent a fungus, or
proud flefn, from fhooting out : for if you drefs too
long with the above digeitive, the fungus will rife
faft, and give fome trouble to fupprefs it ; when it
will be neceifary towafh the fore, asoftenasyour drefs,
leaves, and rofemary, and adding a proper quantity of with afolution of blue vitriol in water, or tofprinkle
fpirits, are often of great fervice to thin the juices, and it with burnt alum and precipitate. If thefe fhould
fit them for tranfpiration ; efpecially if the injury has not be powerful enough, touch with a cauftic, or wafh.
affected the joints.
But in bruifes, where the extra vafated blood will not
by thefe means be difperfed, the fhorteft way is to open
the fkin, and let out the grumes.
Critical tumors or fwellings, which terminate fe-
vers, fliould by no means be difperfed; except when
with the fublimate water made by diflblving half an
ounce of corrofive fublimate in a pint of lime-water.
But this trouble may in a great meafure be pre-
vented, if the fore is on a part where bandages can be
applied with comprefles of linen-cloth : for even, when
thefe excrefcences regerminate, as it were, under the
they fall on the pattern or coffin joint, fo as to endan- knife, and fpring up in fpite of the cauftics above
4 mentioned,
Setf. XXVI".
R R
E R
Y.
Tumors
and Im-
pofthumes
mentioned, they are to be fubducd by moderate corn-
prelfion made on the fprouting fibres by thefe means.
As foon as the wound is fkinned over, throwing
afide all greafy amplications, let the furface be harden-
ed firfl with equal parts of tin Sure of myrrh and vine-
gar, afterwards with tincture of myrrh alone. If any
efchar of confequence ihonld remain, and the hair not
follow kindly, rub the part gently every night with a
fmall quantity of camphorated fpermaceti ointment,
the beft article known to promote the return of the hair
upon the knees or any other parr.
Authors on farriery have given in general very pro-
per receipts to anfwer every intention of this kind by
medicines : but as they have not laid clown fufficient
rules for- their application in thofe cafes where they are
mod wanted, the following general directions will not
be unacceptable ; as the difficulty in healing fome
kinds of fores arifes frequently from the unfkilful man-
ner of dreffiiig them.
It may be neceflary then to obferve here, once for
all, that the cures of molt fores are effected by the
iimplefl methods ; and that it is often of much more
confequence to know how to drefs a fore, than what
to drefs it with. And in this confifts indeed the chief
art of this branch of fnrgery : for the moft eminent in
that pro feflion have long fince difcovered, that variety
of ointments and falves are unueceffary in the cure of
moft wounds and fores ; and they have accordingly dif-
carded the greateft part formerly in repute for that pur-
pofe ; repeated obfervations have taught them, that,
after the digeftion, nature is generally difpofed to heal
up the wound fall enough herfelf ; and that the fur-
geon's chief care is to prevent a luxriancy, commonly
called proud fiejb ; which all ointments, wherein lard
or oil enters, are bnt too prone to encourage, as they
keep the fibres too lax and fupple ; and which dry lint
alone, early applied, as ealily prevents, by its ab-
sorbing quality, and light compreflion on the fprout-
ing fibres.
Thus, if a hollow wound or fore is crammed with
rents, or the drefiingsare applied too hard, the tender
(hoots of fleih from the bottom are prevented pufhing
up ; and the fides nf the fore from this diftenlion may
in time grow horny and turn filtnlous ; nor has the
matter by this method afreedifcharge.
On the other hand, if fores of any depth are drefled
fuperficially, the external parts being more difpofed
to heal and come together than the internal, they will
fall into contact, or heal too foon ; and the fore, not fill-
ing up properly from the bottom, will break out afrefli.
Hence we may jui'tly conceive how little flrefs is to
be laid on famous ointments, or family falves, unfkil-
fnily applied, for unlefs this due medium isobferved,
or obtained in the drefling, no hollow fore can heal
up properly.
As foon then as a good digeftion is procured (which
is known by the thicknefs and whitenefs of the matter
difcharged, and the florid red colour at the bottom of
the fore), let the drefllngs be changed for the precipi-
tate medicine ; or the fore may be filled up with dry
lint alone, or dipped in lime-water, with a little ho-
ney and tincture of myrrh, or brandy, about a fifth
part of the latter to one of the former : a pledget of
lint, dipped in this mixture, ihould alfo be applied to
the bottom of the fore, which fhould be filled up with
Vol. VII.
others to the furface or edges, but not crammed in too
hard, as before obfeived, nor yet applied too loufely.
By this method the fore would incarnate, or he.il up
properly, and foft fpungy fleih would be prevented or
i'u pp re fled in time ; whereas when ointments or falves
are too long continued, a fungus, or proud rltih, is
thereby fo encouraged in its growth, that it requires
fome time to deltroy and eat it down again .- a proper
comprefsof cloth, and a linen roller, is abfolutely ne-
ceffary both for this purpofe and to fecure on the a roll-
ings, wherever they can conveniently be spplied.
2. Scrofulous tumors are fuch as originate in fcor-
butic or hereditary taints, and increafe or diminiih ac-
cording to the ftate or acrimony of the blood. For
thefe the principal application is the ftrongeit mercu-
rial unguent, thus prepared.
Quicksilver twoounces, lard fix ounces, balfam
of fulphurhalf an ounce. The quickfiiver to be
rubbed with the balfam in a metal mortar till the
globules difappear ; then the lard (firfl made warm )
to be added by degrees.
The ufe of this unguent muft be affified by a courfe
of mercurial and ann'monial alteratives.
3. The other tumors that may be here noticed are,
the (Edematous, fleatomatous, and encyfted. The
(Edematous and encyfted tumors are nearly fynony-
mous, originating in a cyfl or bag, containing a kind
of ichorous bloody fanies or gelatinous fluid ; which
being evacuated, the cyfl does not always fubmit to
digeftives or efchorotics, but muft be extirpated with
the knife, and cured as a common wound.
The fleatomatous are thofe tumors that form on dif-
ferent parts, and pafs in general under the denomina-
tion of wens, containing, when rpened or extracted, a
fubflance not unlike fuet when hardly cold.
Neitherof the above are expected to fubmit to any to-
pical application, unlefs upon the very firftobfervaiion ;
when an attempt may be made by the moft powerful re-
pellents, and a fmall portion of the above mercurial oint-
ment rubbed in every night, for a confiderable length
of time ; but no radical cure can be in general obtained
but by inftrumental extirpation ; and as this muft be un-
avoidably attended with lofs of time, and a proportional
fliare of danger, if feated upon or interfered by the
mufcular parts, perhaps it may be moft prudent to omit
the experiment and fubmit it to chance.
Sect. XXVII. Of Wounds in genera!.
In all frefh wounds made by cutting inftruments,
there is nothing more required than bringing the lips
of the wound inro contact by future or bandage, pro-
vided the part will allow of it; for on wounds ot the
hips, or other prominent parts, and actofs fome of the
large mufcles, the flitches are apt toburft en the horft's
lying down and rifing up in the flail. In fuch cafes,
the lips fhould not be brought clofe together: one
flitch is fufficient for a wound two inches iong ; bur in
large wounds, they fhould be at an inch or more dif-
tance ; and if the wound is deep in the mufcles, care
Ihould be taken to pafs the needles proportionably
deep, othervvife the wound will not unite properly
from the bottom.
Should the wound bleed much from an artery di-
vided, the firfl ftep fhould be to fecuie it, by psfling
a crooked needle underneath, ami tying it up with a
T waxed
Wounds in
G<.nernl.
1 46
F
R R
E R lu
Se<5t XXVII.
Wounds In waxed thread : if the artery cannot be got at this way,
ieneral. apply a button of lint or tow to the mouth of the
bleeding veffels, dipped in a flroug fblution of blue vi-
-trioj, ftyptic water, oil of vitriol, or hot oil of tur-
pentine, powdered vitriol, or colcothar, &c. and re-
member always to apply it clofe to the mouth of the
bleeding veffels, and take care that it .is kept there by.
proper comprefs and bandage till an efchar is formed ;
otherwife it will elude your expectations, and fre-
quently alarm you with freih bleedings.
In a memoir prefented to the Royal Academy of
Sciences by M. La Fofle, he gives an account of the
fuccefs he had met with in flopping the bleedings of
very confiderable arteries in horfcs, by the application
of the powder of puff-rballs, the arteries cicatrizing by
this means only, without any fucceeding haemorrhage.
The lycoperdon, or puff-ball, was made ufe of for this
purpofe in human fubjects, about 170 years ago, by
Felix Wurtz, a famous old furgeon in Germany ; but
he does not feem to have thought of trufting to it in
fuch confiderable arteries as M. La FojQTe mentions,
viz, thofe of the leg and thigh, the bleedings from
Which divided veffels he ftopt in a few minutes by the
ufe of this powder only. The agaric of the oak may
alfo be ufed for this purpofe, where it can be retained
by a proper bandage.
Thefe applications, as indeed all ftyptics, fecm to
aft by conftringing the extremity of the veflel, or
choaking it up, till a grume of blood is formed inter-
nally, which plugs up the orifice ; and has been found
ro adhere to it fo as to conftitute one body with th*e
vefleK
We avoid 'fining down any famous receipts- for
freih wounds, whether ointments, or Friar's" balfams,
being well affured, that, in a healthy found conititu-
tion, nature furnifhes the beft balfam, and performs
herfelf the cure^ which is - fo often attributed to the
medicine ; when it is otherwife, and the blood is de-
prived of its balfamic frate, as will appear from the
afpect of the wound and its manner of healing, it muft.
be rectified by proper internal medicines, before a good
foundation for healing can be laid by any external ap-
plication whatever,
The lips of the wound then being brought together
by the needle cr bandage, it needs only to be covered
with rags dipped in brandy, or a pledget of tow fpread
with the wound ointment, (fee page 144. col.. 2.) the
directions in the preceding factions being obferved,
and the wounded part kept as much as poflible from
motion.
Punctured wounds from thorns, or any other acci-
dent, fhonld be treated in the fame manner ; applying
the beer' or bread and milk poultice Over the dreffing,
till fome figns of digeftion appear ; and fomenting the
part well every day. This method is alfo very fuccefs-
fully ufed to thofe fwellings which often arife on the
neck from bleeding; the fores being fprinkled with
precipitate, and burnt alltim powdered, to fetch out
the core or fungus, which choaks up the orifice^ The
ttfual method is to introduce a piece of vitriol, or fub-
limate, which ofcen brings on a plentiful difebarge,
fetches out the core, and makes a cure ; but it is often
with the lofs of the vein, and it fometimes leaves a
large fwelling and impofthnmation.
In gun- fhot wounds, when the, ball has not pene-
trated too deep, it mould be extracted, if it can be Wounds in
fetched away without difturbance, together with any general,
extraneous bodies that might pafs in with.it; the v
wound fhould be drefftd-with the old digeftive of Ve-
nice or common turpentine, divided with the yolks of
eggs, to which may be added fome honey and tincture
of myrrh. The entrance of thefe wounds frequently
requires to be enlarged, and a depending orifice fhould
always be procured it- poffible ; and if the wound
fhould not digeft kindly, apply the beer poultice, and
foment with the difcutient fomentation before men-
tioned.
In fcalds, or burns from gunpowder, or any other
caufe, when the fkin remains entire, bathe the part
well, and keep it foaked with rags dipped in fpirit of
wine camphorated : fait bound thick on the part ha?
been found very effectual for this purpofe ; and indeed
all faline and fpirituous applications excel others, while
the fkin is yet unbroke ; but when the fkin is fepa-
rated, anoint the part, and keep it conftantly fupple
with linfeed or falad oil, and a plafter fpread with bees-
wax and oil ; if the fkin is fo fcorched, that floughs
muft be digefted out, drefs with the wound-ointment
and oil of turpentine, and finiih the cure with any dry-
ing ointment. Should the horfe be feverifh from the
pain, bleed him, give cooling glyfters, and treat him
as we have directed in fimple fevers.
There are certain wounds which occur much more
frequently than any other, and which from that cir-
cumtlance, though in themfelves net at all dangerous,
deferve particular notice. Among thefe are broken
knees, over-reaches, and lacerations between hair
and hoof. In refpect to the firlt, it is a misfortune
whenever it happens that not only reduces the horfe
very much in his value, but is coi^fidered as an indeli-
ble ftigmaof imperfection, that (with connoifieurs) ren-
ders him at firlt fight unworthy a fecond conlideration.
This misfortune may fometimes be occafioned by un-
avoidable accident ; but Mr Taplin is juftly of opi= -
nion that more horfes are thrown down and irremedi-
ably injured by the careleffnefs and fhameful inatten-
tion of bad riders on bad roads and over rolling ftones,
or when they are more cruelly exhaufled with labour
and- fatigue, than by any other means in the whole lift
of accidents.
In relieving this injury, the firfi ftep is towafh the
parts well with a fponge and warm water, thoroughly
cleanfing the lacerations from gravel or fand ; fdr thefe
will evidently irritate and inflame the tender parts, and
be productive of a difchaage which may often be en-
tirely prevented by gently wiping them dry after the .
ufe of the fponge, and plentifully embrocating them
with a mixture of camphorated fpirits and vintgar in
equal quantities, bandaging oyer a pledget of tow wet ■
with ihe fame, and repeating it once or twice if circum-
ftances mould render it necellary. This fhould be conti-
nued, that an efchar or cicatrix may be formed to render
unctuous or greafy applications unneceflary ; but fhould
the wound or laceration be fo violent as to produce great
inflammation, foppuration mult enfue, and ought to
be encouraged by the means already directed, and the
fore healed in the manner alfo above directed.
As to over-reaches and other injuries in the feet,
they are treated of in their order under Difeafes of the -
Feet,.-.
Sect.
Sed. XXVIII.
F A R R I
R Y.
*47
Ulcers in
General.
Sect. XXVIII. Of Ulan in General.
We (liall not here enter into a defcription of each
particular i'pecies of ulcers, but only lay down feme
directions for their general treatment ; by which means
we fhall avoid the ni'ual prolixity of authors on this fub-
ject, aud yet give fo general an idea of the nature of
ulcers, as we hope will be fufficicntly inftru&ive both
of the application aud of the proper remedy to each. ^
It may be neceflary to obferve, that we may often in
vain purfue the belt methods of cure by external
applications, unlefs we have recourfe to proper inter-
nal remedies; for as all ulcers, difficult to heal, pro-
ceed from a particular indifpolition of the blood and
juices, before the former can be brought into any or-
der, the latter muft be corrrected by alteratives and
f.veetening medicines.
The firft intention in the cure of ulcers is bringing
them to digeft or difcharge a thick matter; which
will, in general, be effected by the green ointment,
or that with precipitate ; but fhould the fore not digeft
kindly by thefe means, but difcharge agleety thin mat-
ter, and look pale, you muft then have recourfe to
warmer dreffings, fuch as balfaui, or oil of turpentine,
melted down with your common digeftive, and the
ftrong-beer poultice over them ; it is proper alfo in
thefe kind of fores, where the circulation is languid,
and the natural heat abated, to warm the part, and
quicken the motion of the blood, by fomenting it well
at the time of drelfing ; which method will thicken the
matter, and roufe the native heat of the part, and then
the former dreffings may be re-applied.
If the lips of the ulcer grow hard or callous, it will
beneceffary to foment ftrongly with a decoction of ca-
momile and mallows, as hot as can be conveniently ap-
plied ; then fcarify fuperficially the whole part, both
longitudinally and tranfverfely, with a fleam or ab-
fcefs lancet, fo as entirely to penetrate the callous fub-
flance upon the furface : after which it mufl be drelTed
with digeftive ointment twice every day ; the fomen-
tations and fcarifications to be repeated occafior.ally, if
neceffary, till the callofity is quite Houghed off, and
comes away with the dreffings. A proper ointment
for the above purpofe may be prepared as follows.
Take of yellow bafilicon two ounces, and black ba-
filicon one ounce, and melt them together over
the fire. When taken off, ftir in one ounce of
turpentine ; and when cool, add half an ounce of
red precipitate finely powdered, the whole to be
minutely incorporated upon a ftoneor marble flab.
As foou as the callofity is removed, and the dif-
charge comes to its proper confiftence, drefs in gene-
ral with a fmall portion of lint, thinly covered with
either of the bafilicons, placed under a pledget of tow
fpread with the following digeftive:
Yeliow wax and black rofm each four ouncee,
Burgundy pich two ounces ; melt thefe in a pint
of olive oil over a flow fire ; and when taken off,
ftir in two onnces of turpentine. For large
wounds, where a plentiful difcharge is required,
ftir into this quantity three ounces of the fpirits
of turpentine, that ic may incorporate in getting
cool.
Should the wound incarnate too fall, and fill with
f.tngous flefh, fiightly touch fuch parts with a piece
of unflacked lime, regulating the mode and application
by the neceflity, aud repeating it as occalion may re-
quire. When the cicatrix is nearly formed, the cure
may be completed by hardening the furface with a ii:-
tle tincture of myrrh.
All finufes or cavities, if no tendinous parts inter-
vene, fliould be inftantly laid open (with a biflory) to
its utmoft extent, and properly filled with a plccget
of lint, well impregnated with warm digeftive, and
plentifully covered with tow fpread with the fame.
After a fecond or third dreifing, mould the infide of
fuch cavity prove callous or hard in fubflance, it
muft be taken away by the knife, or deftroyed by the
means before defcribed. If it be fo fuuattd that the
parts forbid an entire feparation, found with the probe,
and at its extremity make a counter incifion through
the integuments to meet the probe, till by pafiing
through, it removes any lodgment that may have been
left for the matter to corrode, which it will very foot:
do, fo as in many cafes to affect the bone itfelf.
Where the cavity penetrates deep into the mufcles,
and a counter opening is impracticable or hazardous ;
where, by a continuance, the integuments of the
mufcles are conftantly dripping and melting down ; in
thefe cafes wafhes may be injected, and will frequently
be attended with fuccefs. The following is particu-
larly recommended by Mr Tap] in.
Take honey and vinegar each two ounces; lique-
fy over the fire ; and when cool add tincture of
myrrh and tincture of cantharides each one ounce.
— Mix.
When the ulcer is by thefe means divefled of its vi-
rulence and bad fmell, the callofity floughed off or ex-
tracted, and a favourable appearance of incarnation
comes on, the dreffings may be changed from the pre-
cipitate digeftive before prefcribed, to pledgets fpread
with Locatellus's balfam, or the following compound.
Take white diachylon two ounces, Locatellus's bal-
fam one ounce, and melt them over the fire in two
ounces of olive oil. Takeoff, and when nearly
cool, ftir in an ounce of balfam of capivi, a little
at a time, till it is all incorporated.
Thefe finufes, or cavities, frequently degenerate in-
to fiftula, that is grow P'pey, having the iniide thick-
ened, and lined as it were, with a horny callous fub-
flance. In order to their cure, they muft be laid open,
and thchard fubflance all cut awav ; where this is im-
practicable, fcarify them well, and truft to the preci-
pitate medicine made flrong, rubbing now and" then
with caultic, butter of antimony, or equal parts of
quickfilver and aquafortis.
When a rotten or foul bone is an attendant on an ul-
cer, the flefh is generally loofe and flabby ; the dif-
charge oily, thin, and {linking ; and the bone difco-
vered to be carious, by its feeling rough to the probe
palled through the ficfh for that purpofe. In order to
a cure the bone muft be laid bare, that the rotten
part of it be removed : for which purpofe, deflroy the
loofe flefli, and drefs with dry lint ; or the doffils may
be prefTed out of tincture of myrrh or euphorbium.
The throwing off the fcale is generally a work of na-
ture, which is effected in more or lefs time, and in pro-
portion to the depth the bone is affected ; though
burning the bone is thought by fomc to haften its
feparation,
T 2 Where
U':er? in
General.
74B
A R R I E R Y.
Sea. XXX,
Boiife-
Spavin.
Where (he cure does not properly fucceed, mercu-
rial phyfic i'hauld be given, and repeated at proper in-
tervals: and to correct and mend the blood and juices,
the antiinonial and alterative powders, with a decoc-
tion of guaiacum and lime-water, are proper for that
purpofe.
Sect. XXIX. Of a Bons-Spavln.
Without entering at all into the caufe of this dis-
order, which is a bony cxcrefcence, or hard fwelling,
growing on the iniide of the hock of a horfe's leg,
we fhail content ourfelves with defcribing the diffe-
rent kinds thereof by their fympcoms, and then enter
on their core.
A fpavin that begins on the lower part of the hock,
is not fo dangerous as that which puts out higher, be-
tween the two round procefles of the leg-bone ; and a
fpavin near the edge is not fo bad as that which is
more inward toward the middle, as it does not fo much
affect, the bending of the hock.
A (pavin, that comes by a kick or blow, is at firft
no true fpavin, but a bruife on the bone or membrane
which covers it, therefore not of that confequence as
when it proceeds from a natural caufe : and thofe
that put out on colts and young horfcs, are not fo bad as
thofe that happen to horfes in their full ftrength and
maturity ; but in very old horfes they are generally
incurable.
The ufual method of treating this diforder is by buf-
fers and firing ; without any regard to the Situation,
or caufe whence it proceeds. Thus, if a fullnefs on
the fore-part of the hock comes upon hard riding, or
any other violence which threatens a fpavin ; in that
cafe, fuch coolers and resellers are proper, as are re-
commended in (trains and bruifes. Thofe happening
10 colts and young horfes are generally fnperficial, and
require only the milder applications; for it is better to
wear them down by degrees, than to remove them at
once by fevere means. ?
Various are the prefcriptions for the bliftering oint-
ment ; but the following, on proper experience, ftands
well recommended by Mr Gib!on.
Take nerve and marfnmallow ointment, ..of each
two ounces ; quicklilvcr, one ounce, thoroughly
broke with an ounce of Venice turpentine ; Spa-
nifh flies powdered, a dram and a half: fublimate,
one dram ; oil of origanum, two drams.
The hair is io be cut as clofe as polfible, and then
the ointment applied pretty thick over the part ; this
ihould be done in the morning, and the horfe kept
tied up all day without any litter till night ; when he
may be untied, in order to lie down ; and a pitch or
any flicking plafter may be laid over it, and bound on
with a broad tape or bandage to keep all clofe.
After the blifter has done running, and the fcabs
begin to dry and peel off, it may be applied a fecond
time, in the fame manner as before; this fecond ap-
plication generally taking grearer effect than the firft,
and in colts and young horles makes a perfect cure.
When the fpavin has been of long Uanding, it will
require to be renewed, perhaps five or fix times : but
after the fecond application, a greater diftance of time
muft be allowed, otherwife it might leave a fear, or
caufe a baldnefs ; to prevent which, once a-fortnight
or three weeks is often enough ; and it may in this
manner be continued fix or ftven times, without the Curb and
leait biemim, and will generally be attended with King-bone,
fuccefs. '— — x --
But the fpavins that put out on older or full.sged
horfes are apt to be more obftinate, as being fcattd
more inward ; and when they run among the finuofi- -
ties of the joint, they are for the moft p3rt incurable,
as they then lie out of the reach of applications, and
are arrived to a degree of impenetrable hardnefs.
The ufual method in thefe cafes is to fire directly,
or to ufe the ftrongeft kind of caufhc blifttrt ; and
fo me times to fire and lay the blilter immediately over
the part : but this way feldom fucceeds farther than
putting a flop to the growth of the fpavin, and is apt
to leave both a blemifh and ftiffnefs behind ; befides
the great rifk run (by applications of thele fiery and
cauftic medicines to the nervous and tendinous parts a--
bout the joints) of exciting violent pain and auguifh, ,
and dcflroying the limb.
The belt and fafeft way, therefore, is to make trial '
of the bliilering ointment above, and to continue it ac- -
cording to the directions there laid down, for fiome-
months, if found neceflary ; the horfes in the inter-
vals working moderately : the hardnefs will thus be-
diffolved by degrees, and wear away infenlibly.
Where the fpavin lies deep, and runs fo far into the
hollow of the joint that no application can reach it,
neither firing nor medicines can avail, for the reafons
abovementioned ; though bold ignorant fellows have
fometimes fucceeded in cafes of this fort (by men of
judgment deemed incurable) by the application of
cauftic ointments with fublimate, which act very for-
cibly, enter deep, and make a large difcharge, and
by that means deltroy a great part of the fubftance, and
difTolve away the remainder : though, whoever is at
all acquainted with the nature of thefe medicines, muft- "*
know how dangerous in general their operation is on
thefe occafions ; and that a proper prepared cautery,
made like a fleam, under the direction of a fkilful .
hand, may be applied with lefs danger of injuring ei-
ther tendons or ligaments. After the fubftance of the ,:■
fwelling has been properly penetrated by the inftru-
ment, it muft be kept running by the precipitate me-
dicine, or mild bliftering ointment. Where the fpavin .
lies not deep in the joint, and the biiftering method ■
will not fucceed, the fwelling may be fafely fired with
a thin iron forced pretty deep into the fubftance^ and,-:
then ihould be dreffed as is above, directed.
Sect. XXX. Of a Curb and Ring-bone.
I. As a fpavin rifes among the bones on the fore-«*
part of the hocks fo a curb takes its origin from the
junctures of the fame bones, and rifes on the hind-part,
forming a pretty large tumor over the back part of .
the hind-leg, attended with ftiffnefs, and fometimes
with pain and lamenefs.
A curb proceeds from the fame canfes that produce •
fpavins ; viz. hard ridings, ftrains, blows, or kicks.
The cure at firft is generally eafy enough effected by
bliftering, repeated two or three times, or oftener. If
it docs not fubmit to this treatment, but grows excef-
fively hard, .the qaickeft and fureft way is to fire with
a thin iron, making a line down the middle from top
to bottom, and drawing, .fe venal lines in a penniform
manner pretty deep; and then to apply a mild blifter-
ing
Sett. XXXI.
R R I E R Y.
SpJeuts. ingplalter or ointment over it. — This method will cn-
l* - tirely remove it.
There is another fwelling taken notice of ontheout-
fide of the hock, which is called a jardm. This com-
monly proceeds from blows and kicks of other horfes ;
bat frequently happens to maneged horfes, by fetting
them on their haunches : it is feldom attended with
much lamenefs, unlefs it has been neglected, or fome
lirtle procefs of the bone be broke. It mould firft be
treated with the coolers and repellers in fed. xxxii.
art. 2 : but if any fwelling continues hard and infenfible,
the belt way is to blifter or fire ; but the mild blifters
alone generally fucceed.
2. The ring-boneh a hard fwelling on the lower part
of the pattern, which generally reaches halfway round
the fore-part thereof, and from its refemblance to a
ring has its denomination. It often arifes from ftrains,
&c. ; and, when behind from putting young horfes too
early upon their haunches ; for its that attitude a horfe
throws his whole weight as much, if not more, upon
his patterns, than on his hocks.
When it appears diftinctly round the pattern, and
does not run downwards towards the coronet, foasto
afFect the coffin-joint, it is eafily cured : but if it takes
its origin from fome ftrain or defect in the joint origi-
nally, or if a callofity is found under the round li-
gament that covers that joint, the cure is generally
dubious, and fometimes impracticable ; as it is apt to
turn to a quittor, and in the end to form an ulcer upon
the hoof.
The ring-bones that appear-on colts and young hor-
fes, will often infenfibly wear offthemfelves, with-
out the help of any application ; but when the fu-b-
ftance remains, there needs no other remedy befides
bliftering, unlefs when by long continuance it is grown
to an obftinate hardnefs, and then it may require both
bliftering and firing.
To fire a ring-bone fuccefsfully, let the operation
be performed with a thinner instrument than the com-
mon one, and let the lines or razes be made not above
a quarter of an inch diftant, eroding them obliquely,
famewhat like a chain: apply a mild blifter over all,
and, when quite dried up, the -rupture-plafter ; and
iben turn the horfe to grafs for fome time.
Sect. XXXI. Of Spjtnts.
These are hard cxcrefcences that grow on the
ihank-bone, and are of various ihapes and fizes. Some
horfes are more fubject to fplents than others ; but
young horfes arc maft liable tothefeanfirmities, which
often wear oifand diiappear of themfelves. Few horfes
put out fplents after they are feveri or eight years old,
unlefs they meet with blows or accidents.
A fplent that arifes in the middle of the thank-bone
is nowife danger.ms; but thofe that ariie on the
back part cf this bone, when they grow large and
ppefs again ft the back finew, always caufe lamenefs or
ftiffnefs, by rubbing againft it : the others, except
they are lituated near the joints, feldom occafion
lamenefs.
As to the cure of fplents, the bed way is not to
meddle wish them unlefs they are lb large as to dif-
figure a horfe, or are fo fitua-ed as to endanger his
49
ance, fhould be well bathed with vinegar, or old vei- Poll evil,
juice; which, by ftrengthening the fibres, often put aFtfMa.&c.
flop to their growth ; for the membrane covering the
bone, and not the bone itfelf, is here thickened j and
in fome conftitutions purging, and afterwards diuretic
drinks, will be a great means to remove the humidity
and moifture about the limbs, whichis what often gives
rifetofuch excrefcences.
Various are the remedies prefcribed for this diforder :
theufual way is to rub the fplent with a round (tick
or the handle of a hammer till it is almoft raw, and
then touch it with oil ofoiiganum. Others lay on
a pitch-plafter, with a little fublimate or arfenic, to
deftroy the fubftar.ee ; fome ufe oil of vitriol ; fome
tincture of cantharides : all which methods have ?i
times fucceeded ; only they are apt to leave a fear,
with the lofs of hair. Thofe applications that are of
a more cauftic nature often do more hurt than good,
efpecially when the fplent is grown very hard, as they
produce a rottennefs, which keeps running fevtral
months before the ulcer can be healed, and then leaves
an ugly fear.
According to Mr Taplin, the only expectation of
cure " without anxiety and difficulty, is to be careful
in obferving fuch appearances, in their earlieftftate ;
and then feeing that frequent friction is ufed for a con-
fiderable time, twice every day, with the utmoft force
of the operator's hands, letting the part be wellmoi-
ftened, after each time of rubbing, with a proportion
of the following liniment, leaving a pledget of tow
wet with the fame, bound on pretty firm with two
yards of wide tape as a roller :
" Take camphorated fpirits of wine, and fpirits of
turpentine of each four ounces (a quarter of a
pint), Mix together.
" Or, Oil of origanum and fpirits of turpentine, each
half an ounce ; camphorated fpirits of wine, two
ounces. — Mix.
u When this pkn has beenperfevered in for ten cays
or a fortnight, you will then be able to judge whether
any perceptible-aivamage has been obtained from the
force of tbefe powerful repellents : if not, procure two
ounces of the Itrongcft mercurial ointment, and let the -
fizs of a bazel-atut be well rubbed in upon the part
affected, every night and morning, till the whole is
confirmed, ufing the roller each night, aa-d taking it
off in the morning. It this dees not fucceed, the belt
and moft fpeedy method will- be the immediate ex-
tirpation, by making a longitudinal indium ('with-
out bruifing, hammering,' &c.) through the integu-
ments, difleeting and extracting the fubftance, com*
pleting the cure by taking i'p a couple.-of flitches, and
treating it as a uiperficial w 'cund ; for which directions ■
Will, be fojnd under that head. 5 ' 1
Sect. XXXII.
Bruifes on th
and Sitrfafis.
Of the Pott-evils Fiji til a, ar.d
Withers ; War bin on the Back,
g°J"g
lame.
Splents in their infancy, and on their firft appear-
1 . Th e poll-evii is an abfeefs near the poll of a horfe,
formed in the finnfes between the poii-bone and the
upper vertebrae cf the neck.
If it proceeds from blows, bruifts, cr sny external
violence, at firft bathe the fwelling often with hot vine-
gar j and if the hnir be it cued off with an Basing
through.
ijo
A R R I
Toll evil, through the (kin, make ufe of two parts of vinegar
Fiftubj&c and one of fpirit ot wine j but if there be an itching,
— u ""* with heat and inflammation, the fafeit way is to bleed,
and apply poultices with bread, miik, and elder flow-
ers.: this method, with the afliilance of phyfic, will
frequently dilperfe the fuelling and prevent this evil.
But when the tumour is critical, and has ail the
figns of matter, the belt method then is to forward it by
applying the ripening poultices already taken notice
of, till u comes to maturity, and burfls ofitfelf: or
if opened with a knife, great care mould be taken to
avoid the tendinous ligament that runs. along the neck
under the mane ; when matter is on both fides, the
opening muft be made on each lids, and the ligament
remain undivided.
If the matter flows in great quantities, refembles
melted glue, and is of an oily confiftence, it will re-
quire a lecond incilion, efpecially if any cavities are
difcovered by the finger or probe ; thefe mould be o-
pened by the knife, tne orilices made depending, and
the wound dreifed with the connnou digeftiv.e of tur-
pentine, honey, and the tincture cf myrrh, and, after
digeftion, with the precipitate ointment : or warn with
the following made hot, and fill up the cavity with
tow foaked into it :
Vinegar or fpirit of wine half a pint, white vitriol
diffolved in (bring- water half an ounce, tincture
of myrrh four ounces.
This may be made (harper by adding more vitriol ;
but if the flefh is very luxuriant, it fhould firft be pared
down with a knife before the application. With this
warn alone Mr Gibfon has cured this diforder without
any other formality of drefling, warning with it twice
z-day, and laying over the part a quantity of tow foak-
ed in vinegar and the white of eggs beat together.
But the mod compendious method of cure, is that
hyfcaldbig, as the farriers term it ; and which ufed to
be profecuted when the fore was foul, of a bad dif-
pofition, and attended with a profufion of matter. But
the cruelty, abfurdiry, and inutility of the practice
have become fo apparent, that it feems now to be
aimofi univerfally exploded ; fo that it would be fu-
perfluous to give any description of the operation.
2. Bruifes on the withers frequently impoflhumate,
and for want of care turn fifhilous. They arife often
from pinches of the faddle, and fhould be treated with
repellers : for this purpofe bathe the tumor well with
hot vinegar three or four times a-day ; if that does
jnot fucceed alone, an ounce of oil of vitriol may be put
to a quart of vinegar, or half an ounce of white vitriol
diffolved in a little water, and added to the fame quan-
tity. Thefe are generally held as very effectual re-
pellers for this purpofe in horfes, and will frequently
prevent impofthumation : when the fwelling is at-
tended with heat, fmarting, and little hot watery
pimples, the following mixture will then be more pro-
per to bathe with.
Take two ounces of crude fal ammoniac, boiled in
a quart of lime-water ; where that cannot be had,
a handful of pearl or wood alhes may be boiled in
common water : pour off the decoction when fet-
tled, and mix with it half a pint of fpirit of wine:
anoint the part afterwards with lintfeed oil, or
elder ointment, to foften and fmooth the (kin.
J3ut when ti e fwellings are critical, the confequence
E R Y. Sed. XXX1L
of the fever fettled on this part, you muft avoid the re- roll evil,
peliing method, and aflili in bringing the fwelling to Filtula.&o
matter, by means of fuppurating poultices : experienced *—--*—■—
farriers advife, never to open thofe tumors till they
break of themfelves : for if they are opened before they
are ripe, the whole fore will be fpongy, and discharge
a bloody ichor, which foon degenerates into a fordki
ulcer. But take care to enlarge the openings, and
pare away the lips, that your dreffmgs may be ap-
plied c-'.fily; and avoid the ligament which runs along
the neck to the withers : if a gathering forms on the
oppofite fide, open it in the fame manner ; but take
care they incline downwards, for the fake of depen-
ding orifices, and letting the matter flow off eafily.
For the method of drefling, we muft refer to the for-
mer part of this Section ; and if the bones mould be found
foul, they muft be dreiTed with tincture of myrrh till
they fcale off. If the fungus is very troublefome,
and the difcharge oily, yellow, and vifcid, pledgets
foaked in the following, made hot, have been found
very effectual, bathing the fwelling round with fpirit
of wine and vinegar :
Take half an ounce of blue vitriol diffolved in a pint
of water ; oil of turpentine, and rectified fpirit of
wine, of each four ounces ; white-wine vinegar,
fix ounces ; oil of vitriol and iEgyptiacum, of
each two ounces.
When the cavities are truly fiftulous, the callofities
muft be cut out, where it can be done, with a knife ;
and the remainder deftroyed by corrofives.
3. Warbles are fmall hard tumors under the faddle-
part of the horfe's back., occaiioiied by the heat of the
faddle in travelling, or its uneafy fituation. As foon
as the faddle is taken off after a fevere chafe or hard
journey, a good groom or hoftler will be very minute
in his examinations to difcover whether any injury has
been fuftained in this part or any other. He will in-
ftantly perceive, -by the horfe's wincing, whether
there is any defect from which a warble may fpeedily
enfue ; if, fo, upon the firft appearance, or earlieft dis-
covery, bathe three or four times a day with the fol-
lowing repellent :
Extract of Saturn half ail ounce, camphorated fpi-
rit of wine two ounces, foft water a quarter ot
a pint ; the extract and fpirit being well-mixed
by making, before adding the Water.
.4. A fit- fa jl proceeds generally from a warble, and is
the horfe's hide turned horny or callous. In fome little
time the hair comes off, and it bears the appearance of
a foreign folid fubftance, fixed in the centre of what
feems to be a fuperficial wound. Tor this Ample and
very trifling complaint there is but one certain and ex-
peditious cure, namely, extirpation; which may be
performed with a common penknife. But the moft
ready and leaft painful method of taking it off is by
juft raifing either edge till it can he taken hold of with
a pair of common pincers ; when, by leaning them to
any fide, you have an immediate fulcrum, or lever,
and feparate it inftantaneoufly without pain or incon-
venience. After the extirpation, it may be treated as
a Ample fuperficial laceration, and may in general be
healed by a frequent application of Friar's balfam,
tincture of myrrh, or even with a little common bran-
dy. Due care, however, fhould always be taken to
guard the cicatrix in its infancy, and prevent the
buckle
s e a. xxxir,
A R R I E R Y.
Poll-evil, buckle of the girth from coming into direct contaft
Fiftula,&e, with the injured part, not only till the furface is luffi-
— -v— ' ciently hardened to render a repetition unlikely, but
upon all future occaiions.
Some parts of the above treament of tumors, how-
ever, has been condemned, and a more fimple method
by means of fetons recommended, by that judicious prac-
titioner Mr Clark of Edinburgh. " The common me-
•f Treatlfe thod (fays hef) of treating thofe large tumors which
an the Pre- are feated on the upper part of the neck, immediately
•utntlon of behind the ears, generally known by the name of the
the Di/iafes p //. ev ;/ t an d thofe which are feated on the withers or
ef Horjis, U p per parts f t k e fhoulders, is exceedingly improper.
P • 2 45- They are either allowed to break of themfelves, or are
opened the whole length of the tumor on the upper part.
In this fituation, efpecially in the poll-evil, when ihe
head is always kept in an ered po fit ion, the macter
contained in the tumor cannot be difcharged from- it,
but is retained in the bottom of the wound, and ex-
pofed to the external air, &c. : it foon acquires a moft
ichorous corroding quality, and produces one of the
largeft and the molt fordid fiftulous ulcers that horfes
are infefted with : a great quantity of fungous or proud
flelh is foon produced ; this requires to be repearedly
extirpated with the knife, the lofs of which cannot be
again fupplied ; hence the horfe is greatly disfigured,
the cure becomes both tedious and uncertain, and is fel-
dom radical. Infome cafes, I have known the vertebrae
of the neck affected by the fharpnefs of the confined
matter, forming lodgments there, and, after great
trouble and expence, the horfes were put to death.
" All thefe kinds of tumors, &c. are eafily and
fpeedily difcuffed by the ufe of fetons, without any
lofs of fubftance, or disfiguring of the parts, and cured
with the greateft certainty when the operation is pro-
perly performed. Of a number of cafes, in my prac-
tice, where this operation has fheceeded with great ex-
pedition in curing thefe tumors, I lhall only mention
the following,
." About fix years ago, an Arabian horfe, belong-
ing to a gentleman in this place, had a large tumour
feated a little on one fide of the withers, or upper part
of the moulder; it was forwarded by applying emolli-
ent poultices ; and as foon as the matter was perceiv-
ed to fluctuate in the tumor, a large feton needle,
armed with a cord at the other end, was introduced at
the upper part of the fwelling, and brought out at the
under or lowermoft part of it ; the matter was dif-
charged at the lower orifice in a very fhort time, the
tumor was by that means foon difcuffed, and, in a few
weeks, it was entirely healed up, without any fear or
blemifh. remaining, farther than a littl- baldnefs about
the lower orifice, ocealioned by the (harpaefs of the
matter, which likewife foon disappeared, and not the
leaf! trace of the diforder remained. .
'■' The other cafe happened about feven years ago ;
a coach-horfe (belonging to a nobleman in the neigh-
bourhood) had a large tumor- a little behind the ears,
on the neck, which I have formerly obferved is called
the poll-evil ; the tumor extended to both fides of the
neck, and was divided in the middle by the mane ; the
tumor had been opened on one fide, in a very fuperfi-
cial manner, by a farrier in the country, before the
matter in it was fumciemly digellr.,5 ; after applying
*5*
a few emollient poultices, in order to ripen it, a ftrong Wind-gal!*
feton needle, was introduced at the upper part of it, Clood and
almoft clofe to the mane, and after pafling it through Bog- Spa-
the bottom of the tumor, which was very deep, the > Vin8,
needle was brough out through the found mufcular
parts below the tumor, in order to procure a Hoping
or depending orifice for the matter to run freely off.
The fame operation was likewife performed on the op-
pofite fide, beginning near the mane, and fuiilhed in the
fame manner. In a few weeks the cure was completed.
The horfe run for feveral years in the fame nobleman's
carriage, without the fmalleft veftige of his former
diforder.
" From this method of treating thefe tumors, to-
gether with the ufe of alterative medicines, &c. which
in cafes of this nature ought never to be omitted, they
were entirely difcuffed, and the perforations made by
the needle foon healed up, without the lead deformity
of the parts. I have therefore given the hiftory of
thefe cafes, to fhow with what facility and expedkion
fuch tumors may be carried off" by the ufe of fetons, in
preference to the common methods ufed, and even re-
commended by different authors ; fuch as, after open-
ing thefe tumors by deep incifions, and pouring into
them the meft corrofive mixtures, made fcalding hot,
together wuh a long tedious courfe cf hot irritating ap-
plications, by which the poor animals are kept in the
utmoft torture for a conliderable time, and in the end
are fo disfigured by the lofs of fubflance, occafioned
by the cutting away fo much of the fleih from the
parts, that fuch horfes are generally rendered unfit for
any thing but the meaneft drudgery.
" Deep-fcated abfeeffes are cured in the fame man-
ner by the ufe of fetons ; after tracing the iinufes or
cavities of the abfeefs with a long (lender blunt lead
probe (which yields eafily without forcing its way
through the cellular membrane, or taking a direction
between the interfaces of the mufcles), the needle,
armed with a cord, fhould follow the direction of the
fniews or pipes, as they are commonly called, to the
molt depending part ; and in cafe there mould- be two
or more finufes, which fometimes happens, each of
them fhould be treated in the lame manner, in order to
obtain a depending orifice for a free difcharge of the
matter, and which being once procured, feldom fails of .
completing a cure."
Sect. XXXIII. . Of Wind galls Blood and Bog. Spa* -
vins.
I. A Wind-gall is a flatulent fwelling, which
yields to the preffure of the finger, and recovers its
fhape on the removal thereof; the tumor is vifible to
the eye, and often leatcd on both fides of the back fi-
new, above the fetlocks, on the fore-legs, but moft fre« -
quently on the hind-legs ; though they are met with
in various parts of- the body, wherever membranes can ■
be fo feparated, that a quantity of air and ferofities may
be included within their duplicatures.
When they apptar near the joints and tendons, they
are generally caufed by ft rains or bruifes on the finews,
or the iheath that covers them ; which, by being over-
ilretched, have fome of their finres ruptured ; whence
probably may ouze cm that fluid which is commonly
found with the included air : though, where thefe fvvell-
VII) s.
152 FA R R
Wiad-galls ings fhow themfelvesin the interfticcsof large mnfdes,
Blood and which appear blown up like bladders, air alone is the
chief fluid ; and thefe may fafely be opened, and treat-
„ ed as a common wound.
On the firlf. appearance of wind-galls, their cure
fliould be attempted by reftrin gents and bandage : for
which purpofe, let the fwelling be bathed twice a-day
with vinegar, or verjuice alone ; or let the part be fo-
mented with a decotfion of oak-Hark, pomegranate,
and alum boiled in verjuice, binding over it, with a
roller, a woollen cloth {baked in the fame. Some, for
this purpofe, ufe red-wine lees, others curriers fhav-
ings, wetted with the fame, or vinegar, bracing the
part up with a firm bandage.
If this method, after a proper trial, fliould not be
found to fucceed, authors have advifed the fwelling to
be pierced with an awl, or opened with a knife : but
mild bliftering has in general the preference given to
thefe methods ; the included fluids being thereby
drawn off, the impacted air difperied, and the tumor
gradually diminifhed.
2. A blood-fpavin is a fwelling and dilatation of the
vein that runs along the infide of the hock, forming a
little foft fwelling in the hollow part, and is often at-
tended with a weaknefs and lamenefs of the hock.
The cure mould be fir ft attempted with the relit in-
gents and bandage above recommended, which will
contribute greatly to ftrengthen all weaknefles of the
joints, and frequently will remove this diforder if early
applied ; but if by thefe means the vein is not reduced
to its ufual dimenlions, the fkin fliould be opened, and
the vein tied with a crooked needle and wax-thread
pahed underneath it, both above and below the fwell-
ing, and the turgid part fuffered to digeft away with
the ligatures : for this purpofe, the wound may be daily
drefTed with turpentine, honey, and fpirit of wine, in-
corporated together.
3. A bog-fpavin is an eneyfted tumor on the infide
of the hough ; or, according to Dr Bracken, a collec-
tion of brownifh gelaiinous matrcr, contained in a bag
or cyft, which he thinks to be the lubricating matter
of the joint altered, the common membrane that inclo-
fes it forming the cyft. This cafe he has taken the
pains to illuftrate in a young colt of his own, where he
fays, When the fpavin was prefled hard on the infide
the hough, there was a fmall tumor on the outfide,
which convinced him the fluid was within-fide the
joint : he accordingly cut into it ; difcharged a large
quantityof this gelatinous matter ; drefTed the fore with
dofiils dipped in oil of turpentine ; putting into it, once
in three or four days, a powder made of calcined vi-
triol, alum, and bole : by this method of drelfing, the
bag floughed off, and came away, and the cure was
faecefsfully completed without any vifible fear.
This diforder, according ro the above description,
will fcarcely fubmit to any other method, except fi-
ring, when the cyft ought to be penetrated to make it
efFe&ud ; but in all obftinate cafes that have refifted
the above methods, both the cure of this and of the
fwellings called wind-galls (honld be attempted in this
manner. If, through the pain attending the opera-
tion or dreffings, the joint fliould fwell and inflame, fo-
ment it twice a-day, and apply a poultice over the
dreffings till it is reduced.
I
E R Y.
Setf. XXXIV,
Sect. XXXIV. Of Mails nders aud Sallenders. Mallenders
and Sallen-
Mallenders are cracks in the bend of the horfe's _^ r8 *
knee, that discharge a iharp indigefled matter ; they
are often the occaiion of lamenefs, ftiffhefs, and the
horfe's tumbling.
Sallenders are the fame diftemper, fituated on the
bending of the hough, and occafiona lamenefs behind.
They are both cured by wafliing the parts with a
lather of foap warmed, or old chamber-lye ; and then
applying over the cracks a flrong mercurial ointment
fpread on tow, with which they fliould be drefTed
night and morning, till all the fcabs fall off; if this
fliould not fucceed, anoint them night and morning
with a little of the following, and apply the above oint-
ment over it.
Take hog's lard two ounces, fublimate mercury two
drams.
Or, Take hog's lard two ounces, oil of vitriol twa
drams.
Take the next from Gibfon, which is to be depend-
ed on :
^Ethiop's mineral half an ounce, white vitriol one
dram, foft green foap fix ounces.
Anoint with this often ; but firft clip away the hair,
and clear the fcabs. On their drying up, it may be
proper to give a gentle purge or two ; or the nitre-balls
may be taken advantageoufly for a fortnight or three
weeks.
Sect. XXXV. Of Lampas, Barbs, and Wolves-
Teeth.
1. The lampas is an excrefcence in the roof of the
horfe's mouth, which is fometimes fo luxuriant, that
it grows above the teeth, and hinders his feeding. The
cure is in lightly cauterifing the flefh with a hot iron,
taking care that it does not penetrate too deep fo as
to fcale off the thin bone that lies under the upper
bars ; the part may be anointed with burnt alum and
honey, which is proper for mod fores in the mouth.
This operation is by fome thought to be entirely
unneceffary ; it being a general obfervation with them;,
that all young horfes have their mouths more or lefs
full of what are called lampas ; and that fometimes
they rife higher than the fore-teeth : but they further
obferve, in proportion as a horfe grows older, the roof
flattens of itfelf, and the teeth then appear to rife. We
are obliged to the ingenious M. L. Fofle for this re-
mark, and hope it will be the means of abolifhing this
cruel and unneceflary operation.
2. Barbs are fmall excrefcences under the tongue,
which may be difcovered by drawing it afide, and are
cured by cutting clofe off, and wafhing with brandy or
fait and water.
3. A horfe is faid to have -wolves-teeth, when the
teeth grow in fuch a manner, that their points prick
or wound either the tongue or gums in eating. Old
horfes are moft liable to this infirmity, ?.nd whofe up-
per ovcrfhoot the under teeth in a great degree.
To remedy this evil, you may either chop off the
fuperfluous parts of the teeth with a chiffeland mallet,
or file them down, which is the better way, till you
have fufnciently wafled them.
Sect.
Sea xxxvi.
A R R
Greafe.
— -v— -
Sect. XXXVI. Of the Greafe.
In order to treat this diforder with fome propriety,
we (hall confider it as ariiing from two different caufes ;
a fault or relaxation in the veflels, or a bad difpofition
in the blood and juices. We muft here obferve, that
the blood and juices (or humours, for there are al-
ways fome in the beft ftate of blood) are brought to
the'extremc parts by the arteries, and returned by the
veins j in which latter, the blood is to rife in perpen-
dicular columns, to return the circulating fluids from
the extremities : hence fwellings in the legs of horfes
may eafily be accounted for, from a partial ftagnation
of the blood and juices in the finer velfels, where the
circulation is molt languid ; and efpecially when there
is want of due cxercife, and a proper mufcular com-
predion on the veflels, to pufh forward the returning
blood, and propel the inert and half-ftagnating fluids
through their veflels; in flwt, the blood in fuch cafes
cannot fo readily afcend as defcend, or a greater quan-
tify is brought by the arteries than can be returned by
the veins.
The greafe then, conlidered in this light, mu.fl be
treated as a local complaint, where the parts affected
are alone concerned, the blood and juices being yet
untainted, and in good condition ; or as a diforder
where they are both complicated : but when it is an
attendant on fome other diftemper, as the farcy, yel-
lows, dropfy, Sec. fuch difeafes muft firft be cured be-
fore the greafe can be removed. In the former cafe,
moderate exercife, proper drefling, cleanlinefs, and ex-
ternal application, will anfwer the purpofe : in the lat-
ter, internals mult be called in to our afliftance, with
proper evacuations.
When a horfe's heels are firfl obferved to fwell in
the flable, and fublide or go down on exercife; let
care be taken to walh them very clean every time he
comes in, with foap-fuds, chamber lye, or vinegar
and water; which, with proper rubbing, will fre-
quently prevent or remove this complaint : or let them
be well bathed twice a-day with old verjuice, or the
following mixture, which will brace up the relaxed
veflels; and if rags dipped in the fame are rolled on,
with a proper bandage, for a few days, it is moft like-
ly the fwellings will be removed by this method only,
as the bandage will fupport the veflels till they have
recovered their tone. To anfwer this end alfo, a la-
ced flocking made of ftrong canvas or coarfe cloth,
neatly fitted to the part, would be found extremely
ferviceable, and might eafily be contrived by an inge-
nious mechanic.
Take rectified fpirit of wine four ounces ; diflblve
in it half an ounce of camphor; to which add
wine-vinegar or old verjuice fix ounces ; white
vitriol diflblvcd in a gill of water one ounce ; mix
together, and fhake the phial when ufed.
But if cracks or fcratches are obferved, which ooze
and run, let the hair be clipped away, as well to pre-
vent a lodgment (which becomes ftinking and offen-
five by its flay), as to give room for wanting out dirt or .
gravel, which if fuffered to remain there, would*'
greatly aggravate the diforder.
When this is the cafe, or the heels are full of hard
fcabs, it is neceffary to begin the cure with poultices,
»ade either of boiled turnips and lard, with a handful
Vol. VII.
I E R Y.
of linfeed powdered ; or oat-meal and rye flour, with a
little common turpentine and hog's lard, boiled up with
ftrong-beer grounds or red-wine lees. The digeflive
ointment being applied to the fores for two or three
days, with either of thefe poultices over it, will, by
foftening them, promote a difcharge, unload the vef-
fels, and take down the fwelling; when may be dri-
ed up with the following :
Take white vitriol and burnt alum, of each two
ounces ; iEgyptiacum one ounce ; lime-water a
quart or three pints : wafli the fores with a fponge
dipped in this three times a-day; and apply the
common white ointment fpread on tow, to an
ounce of which may be added two drams of fugar
of lead.
This method is generally very fuccefsful when the
diflemper is only local, and requires no internal me-
dicines ; but if the horfe be full and grofs, his legs
greatly gorged, fo that the hair flares up, and is what
fome term pen-f^aihered, and has a large ftinkirg dif-
charge from deep foul fores, you may expect to meet
with great tiouble, as thefe diforders are very ob-
ftinate to remove, being often occasioned by a poor
dropfical ftate of blood, or a general bad difpofition in
the blood and juices.
The cure in this cafe, if the horfe is full and flefhy,
muflbe begun by bleeding, rowels, and repeated pur-
ging; after which, diuretic medicines £re frequently
given with fuccefs. Thus,
Take four ounces of yellow rofin, one of fa! prunel-
lse ; grind them together with an oiled peflle;
add a dram of oil of amber ; and give a quart of
forge-water every morning, falling two hours be-
fore and after taking, and ride moderately.
As this drink is found very difagreeable to fome
horfes, we would recommend the nitre-balls in its (lead,
given to the quantity of two ounces a-day for a month
or fix weeks, mixed up with honey or in his feeds,.
Take the following alfo for that purpofe ; or the diure-
tic balls directed under Diforders of the Eyes.
Yellow rofin four ounces; fait of tartar, and fal
prunellse, of each two ounces ; Venice foap half
a pound ; oil of juniper, half an ounce ; make in-
to balls of two ounce weight, and give one every
morning.
The legs in this cafe fli ould be bathed or fomented,
in order to breathe out the ftagnant juices, or to thin
them, fo that they may be able to circulate freely in
the common current. For this purpofe, foment twice
a-day with the difctitient fomentation (p. 143. col 2.),
in which a handful or two of wood-aflies has been
boiled; apply then the above poultices, or the follow-
ing, til! the fwelling has fubiided, when the fores may
be drefled with the green ointment till they are pro-
perly digefted, and then dried up with the water and
ointment above recommended.
Take honey one pound ; turpentine fix ounces ; in-
corporate with a fpoon ; and add of the meal of
fenugreek and linfeed each four ounces ; boil in
three quarts of red-wine lees to the confidence of
a poultice; to which add, when taken from the
fire, two ounces of camphor in powder ; fpread it
on thick cloths, and apply warm to the legs, fe-
curing it on with a ftrong roller.
If the fores are very foul, drefs them with two parts
U of
*53
Greafe.
154
R R I E R Y.
Sed. XXXVII.
fcabs, &c.
Scratches, of the wound-ointment, and one of iEgyptiacum ; and
apply the following, fpread on thick cloths, and roll-
ed on.
Take of black foap, one pound; honey half a
pound; burnt alam four ounces; verdigreafe
powdered two ounces ; wheat flour a fufficient
quantity.
If the diuretic balls fhould not fucceed, they muftbe
changed lor the antimonial and mercurial alteratives,
already mentioned ; but turning a horfe out in a field,
where he his a hovel or fhed to run at pleafure,
would greatly contribute to quicken the cure, and in-
deed would in general effect it alone ; but if this can-
not be complied with, let him be turned out in the
day-time.
If the horfe is not turned out, a large and conve-
nient flail is abfolutely neceffary, with good dreffing
and care.
The lafl thing we (hall recommend, is a method to
oblige a horfe to lie down in the ftable. This un-
doubtedly is of the utmoft confequence, as it will not
a little contribute to the removal and cure of this dif-
order ; for by only changing the pofition of his legs, a
freer circulation would be obtained, and the fwelling
taken down ; whereas in general it is greatly aggra-
vated by the obftinacy of the horfe, who refufes to lie
down at all (probably from the pain it gives him to
bend his legs for that purpofe), by which means the
ftiffnefs and fwelling increafes, till the over-gorged
and diftended veffels are obliged to give way ; and by
burfting, difcharge the fluids, which fhould circulate
through them.
Sect. XXXVII. Of Scratches, Crown-fcabs, Rat-
tails, and Cape/lets.
1. Scratches in the heels have fo much affinity
with the greafe, and are fo often concomitants of that
diftempcr, that the method of treating them may be
felected chiefly from the preceding fection ; which at
firlt fhould be by the linfeed and turnip poultice, with
a little common turpentine, to foften them and relax
the veffels ; the green ointment may then be applied
for a few days to promote a difcharge, when they may
be dried up with the ointments and wafhes recom-
mended in the above fection. It is beft afterwards to
keep the heels nipple, and foftened with currier's
dubbing, which is made of oil and tallow. This will
keep the hide from cracking, and be as good a prefcr-
vative as it is to leather ; and, by ufing it often before
exercife, will prevent the fcratches, if care is taken
to wafh the heels with warm water when the horfe
comes in : When they prove obflinate, and the fores
are deep, ufc the following ; but if any cavities or hol-
low places are formed, they fhould firft be laid open ;
for no foundation can be laid for healing till yoa can
drefs to the bottom.
Take Venice turpentine four ounces; quickfilver
one ounce ; incorporate well together by rubbing
feme time; and then add honey and fheeps fuet
of each two ounces.
Anoint with this once or twice a-day ; and if the
horfe is full or flefhy, you muff bleed and purge; and
if the blood is in a bad ftate, the alteratives muft be
given to rectify it.
2. The crown feat is a humour that breaks out
round the coronet, which is very fharp and itching, Scratches,
and attended with a fcurfinefs : fharp waters prepared Crown-
with vitriol are generally ufed for the cure; but the { cabs ' &c -
fafeft way is firft to mix marfhmallow and yellow baft- ' v
Ikon, or the wound-ointment, equal parts, and to
fpread them on tow, and lay all round the coronet. A
dofe or two of phyfic may be very proper, with the di-
uretic medicines prefcribed in the preceding page, and
the alteratives above-recommended, in rebellious cafes.
Vide the Section on Alteratives.
3. Rat-tails are excrefcences which creep from the
pattern to the middle of the fhanks, and are fo called
from the refemblance they bear to the tail of a rat.
Some are moift, others dry ; the former may be treated
with the drying ointment and wafhes, p. 153. col. 2.
par. 1. the latter with the mercurial ointment prefcri-
bed in the Section of Strangles, p. 129. col. 2. If the
hardnefs does not fubmit to the laft medicine, it fhould
be pared off with a knife, and drefTed with turpentine,
tar, and honey, to which verdigreafe or white vitriol
may occafionally be added ; but before the ufe of the
knife, you may apply this ointment.
Take black fuap four ounces, quick lime two oun-
ces, vinegar enough to make an ointment.
4. There are particular fwellings which horfesarc
fubject to, of a wenny nature, which grow on the heel
of the hock, and on the point of the elbow, and are
called by the French and Italians capellets : they arife
often from bruifes and other accidents ; and when this
is the cafe, fhould be treated with vinegar and other
repellers. But when they grow gradually on both
heels or elbows, we may then fufpect the blood and
juices in fault, and that fome of the veffels are broke
and juices extravafated : in this cafe the fnppuration
fhould be promoted, by rubbing the part with marfh-
mallow ointment ; and when matter is formed, the fkin
fhould be opened with a lancet in fome dependent part
towards one fide, to avoid a fear ; the dreffings may be
turpentine, honey, and tincture of myrrh. The re-
laxed fkin may be bathed with equal parts of fpirit of
wine and vinegar, to which an eighth part of the oil
of vitriol may be added. The contents of thefe tu-
mors are various ; fometimes watery ; at others fuety,
or like thick parte ; which, if care be not taken to
digeft out properly with the cyft, will frequently col-
lect again. Was it not for the disfigurement, the
fhorteft method would be to extirpate them with a
knife, which if artfully executed, and the fkin pro-
perly preferved, would leave very little deformity.
Sect. XXXVIII. Of Ruptures, Jnticor Difeafes
of the Mouth, and Colt-evil or Gonorrhoea.
1. In regard to ruptures, though they are general-
ly divided into particular clafTes, we fhall only ob-
ferve, that by violent efforts of the horfe, or other
accidents, the guts or caul may be forced between the
mufcles of the belly at the navel, and through the rings
of the mufcles into the fcrotum or cod. The fwellings
are generally about the fize of a man's fift, fometimes
much larger, defcending to the very hock: they are
frequently foft, and yield to the prefTure of the hand,
when they will return into the cavity of the belly
with a rumbling noife.- and, in mofl, the vacuity may
be felt through which they paffed.
Qn their firft appearance, endeavours fhould be made ■
to
Setf:. XXXVIII.
R R
R Y.
155
Ruptures, to return them by the hand ; but if the fwelling fhould they degenerate into what are calle 
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