(JUJLiJI ulhSJI CjjLb
Uro/UVt YUTYUg^o
markazfekr@hotmail.com
www.al-fikr.com
^ ^WjH ~
"
W ^jUI ^Lk^il : JjVl J^l •
H ^jL^Jl ^^UJNI c^L~i - >
U SybOiiJ ^iUJl - X
TA jxJ\ JuJl ^b, - T
1 * ijj&Jl iJl jxJl j^JU - *
^UJI yxJ! a>u J^li •
jLJ>1 ik&j O)
°^ ^ j}\ ^ J> Sj'u^Jl yip (Y)
"It oljUa»Jl dj^Jl (D
V* Jl rj ^kJ ioUl S^L jbiMl (O
y^i/yxJi y^ («)
ao ^jt>u^Vij SjU-Ji jJL jldi (n)
o
*U ?SjU>Jl Ju^ j^^)fl (Y)
Uo o> (A)
\ r ^ cji>JLi ijjuJi -.jJuii j^t •
^n u O)
UV oli^UJl iujl (Y)
M» cjI^pjJI (V)
lsUpjjJi (t)
\A"\ ^UaJJI ^6 (o)
m ^ytii ^ui jjudi (i)
Y\1 OUi^L ^IJ^jJI JUi^l (V)
yyt ^^kJi r k*ji jjU (A)
YYV jikJl (JlJI ^j>I (*)
tro ^uji >^ 5 ^ 0 0
Y* ♦ 5jaJu. (>>)
Y"U jjA~J\ ^UM Ja OY)
Y1V iuUL^l j^t or)
YVV o-^UJl ij-J 00
YAV ^SM j>^\ -
YM Sjli* oUL£-i1 •
1
Y<U 2JxJ\ M\ aJIS^I -
ru yi£jj -
r* * iajJJl SL* £*U ytfLil -
TW ^^aiil S^ly aJISw-J -
fHj^t •
V
cJl^J Ji La
iJj^Jl oi^J i^ljjJl oJl& o-l^jj t l^:.l.t,.,*»L ^y^^^l ^JL^^
jJUil y> i-ijJL5l «Jl* j ^SJ jl «UJl Jj-w^l j t ^ US' i^ljjJl ol j&
iosakran@gmail.com
ol>Lfli^l j I jJ» I 4jL v^i^JlLa <^>-j> ol5j <• j^Jl Ipj ^r^J
^!>L«Nl jj-^l>JI iiJ^w4 JbJL>vJi ^jaJj tic ^iJl j^^^ ^^>w
■Lp^JiJl Lgj^lj^ Jii>J oLs-st>txi i]L* JljJ V <C\ ^>mp
t j^JiS" ^-fej - (J^U? J*>U»Ij fr^Jl 1^>UI t^L-Jl l^lt^Liu-lj
aAL UjI j-La ouu ^1 £»*aJI ^jL-iJi olilkJi dU; jJS
4^aJ!sl^> ^ C-iC^Jl j t i«UJl oL>Jl ^yaJl jjjJ ^UjJI -^r^' ^jUj j
Jaj^JL AxJ OJlC-j jJS> U JlS" Juis ^iij y-Z 4*-L> ^^^i O Jj>- J5
It
^jU^xll iojjSj V*^^ ^! p^pSl ^'jPJ !^ St^-^
^Jl^ jJL, N JSCjl, L**i»~o J* ^jjjVl ^jUl J v 1 ^ 1
iLwL- Jl . . iiJiiUJl ^*>LJl s jj^t ^ytH l> *^ £j jJUJl i^l
.ioiaji ^uiuJi j g ^Jij ^-pi ^r>j^i
jUf cl^>o t*w-Ajj^Jl ^Xiil ^L*^-*yi j^jJ-j ioiuJlj J!^Jlj ^JLL-Vl
Jjj&y\ JJ\ -U* ol£Jl y>U^ -wjg juJl>JI JaJI ^LU^Jl
Jl f-U^iJl o-LL* j ^ j^a^Jl iwiU^ L> ^jL^o jl ^ Jai-^wjj t JU>*~Jl
. L yLiL>J! UU^-lj 5jL*>-j tAi^-jj <1JU LuS*)Vp ^J^-
isL-jl J f^*J -la-^ ^Ua^- JuJbJl ^UajiJl |Jla jl *Vj
oL— *J*JI ajUs^j (Ja^oj t^^^iJl fj**^ tiJ^J 4aI^JI ^j^jJl
4 ^^jJl 5j!Ju aJl jX*JI oliil *V li">V>- IJ^JLo L yL>waJl
flol \ oUJ^ UJUilj aj^I J,L-jSfl ^ i^jJI JuftU Ijj>uj
<LjcJI ^ «d»Lljj co.si.AJl oUoj j^X~~*Jl 4j>oy>^j ^jUslsJI IjLfc <i?*>U«
oU:^ <uil y> <_>A*j 4jL^4 JijJisJI ^J-Ji i_jlia>Jl iJufc jl : ^iljjij
t4jL»jJlj 4*L/2S^lj iisjJiSh -ijj tAl-Jjij t^jslj^Jlj t^A^Jlj
. [a j>^>j tiJl^pUlj iAJiUi-jjJlj ^......rjlj
M
^^iJl *y*j ,j-JUl 4/^^ ^! jjW*^ (J J
IfcV 1^-5" IjjUj jL^Sl IJla calls' Ojlo <uU> oIjj-a?
1 jJl J ^J-UJl ^Ua^Jl iJl* 4i*iAi- ^-LJL' as j jjl cJi^i
hjjj*- SjIpI jl^JJ LitSj pJl t^jL*.* l-j^UJI ij\>-
j*** ^£3; jJl olJ^Jlj JLJL-^L UjjJj jl VI jj>
t(_pUi If^Jj^J UL1» 4jJuJlj lOJLa op-I^S .yi^L^I d^l^ ^j-^iij
14joLJ! 0jL<i>Jl iJjUx^uJ ^^jJl P-UajJl y ^ <CjJlo} <UjLj ©UxjVI
jl t _ s i>tJ (j-^j IdJJi ^ jji ^ J^JSj Lg-^- jiJ ^J^rri I^JUbILo
^jL^i j!5 lil pJUJLl lfraX£ jl ^1 A-i^isJl i^U^Jl ^ U
jj^-jU^ ^ ?iSi^|l ^iL*j L^JLp Jjj jl j' t jJ ^fa-aJI JlyS/l
J| JsUa^^JI ^jLi j» ejj-^ US'
l-jLoJI p-Nja 015" jl -Ujj
jjio ^-^l*u ^r -2 ^ ti^lnJl SL>Jl a^a>^1 4j^S" ^jjjj-jj t ._y»*>L*<^M
5 j^ltaU ~<L>juuj61\ (t)
oUL*J jl t ^.Ls*.! y jikxj v-jUs^- JS" jl <iJi>Jl j
y»j t^UJi UJLi ^ Sjj^JuJl ^.aUJI jb-1 : (paradigm) ^bijUl 0)
t^jVl i*JaJl t^d>Jl jb Jlp l^U^-y (.kS^UaJI oIjj^JI Jua*
l^itj ^ itf^yuJl" iJUjj iJ< J**Vl ^ ^ :(episteme) U.^o)fl (Y)
oUlSsJl" : J _ ?4 JLjl ^ <\At :o) jZy JUw« ^ij-JLii(
^Jj & — Jl j^waJl LlSJ! j»_JtUj! ^*s«* :<>*-^ L^Ju^uJ C~>- tSJuJi>-
YY
Jjaj U5 ^^o-Wl jLuJsV I j w-^U^Nl ^ ijiojUJf ^LJlj oU5l!l
(IT)
^L. US' tr ^L>J! JoUJl gSlsJl J^l ^>JL jl^JVl 2)1
Jjj ^ Ur~-jb tjjS' (^jliljL ^y^ju J5lii^j Ji 0)
1 Cjl-bjp jb t tc^J ^>-~^ ^-Sj^ - J> <■ ■ ^9 /^^i<Jl
.(f\A/W jjI (Y)
isytJl j-iUa* J <Jue 1^>Jl! ^^-J SyfcUaJl oJLa jl : ^^jJuj Jj
Olj-ii J* 2i5L-Ulo 4-J'^Up ^k^» ^J^J 0» Ji^>lj l^iycjl
. L^li'j ft ybUaJl oJU
uUwjl : {_^t tobljj ^L>w?i <JJJl j*-U J j^Ju^fcj! .y
* ^ #■ p
.^Ul 5UJ1 ^
i>^Jj*iM <Ls^aJiJl ^1 L^Jujpxjj t^^UJl L^ijjjCj L^JjJl iJ-UJlj ojLa>J|
ii^JjJl aJxJI oUjL ^iJb N 4^ ^^ji! ^-UjJI J^~-^i ^r^-d
llwiJ UJi>o <u^Ujj ioLJi aJJuJI j-L*Jl IAa
OljAJ f j£ j& jjj 1 t Lgjljjft^ jJ^J^! ^J^L* ^As* to^sUwJi
U, b -051 JISjpjJL
J^>tj ( ^J:> ^L-l 11^4 ; j*J j>>-Ml ia*>UJl jj^L-l ^- t -<gjj ^^^J^
La jJjL t aLAUI Jj jiJlj ^j>- j\\ oVlj^ <US La j-Uj I (J^JJ
>JI i IjjJI SjL^J li^iJLjl ^Jl jUi, JLp iL. 6ju
J^JtJ ^lio LiJ-J tiJJL<Jl AjLu*s>- j^xj ^9 ^ g d"J j t<CJjjJl ^>xJl ^JS"
tl^j lil^Jl ^ iU3> 01$ il^ - ^JLJl j^JI JJ ol^l
. (^jUI ^JuJl j^-aaJI ^ jjU ^bU - l^U^ LlUis^ ^1
£^>J ie^>ljc<Jl AIjJ^I (_£^pjJl ^ijyjl 4j>- jj ^ 0\ JjL^J
. l$J[ JJjJj L^xp j-U^j 4^iUJl L^fijyCu SjUapJIj
tof-ljlj iliSlyj tJbJLsJi i—jLk^Jl IJlA oULiaJ U*^u bl { J>^S
(^Ip tL>j i^iUJl UL^j iaJjlJI j* JUS't J5^j Ua^iwJ «.
jJU^I J-«Jlj ^iJl ^xL-i .Jip &JbJl o^Jl i5jjJlj j ^i3ij
ilajj^j oL^JjVl ^ jU ^^LoLjl L^jUjyCo 4./ag:Uj SjUjJIj SjUopJIj
aj'Ij^ .y i^yJi iiUiil jU ^ioUl AjjJjOI aJJUJI JLJtJ ^y* ^aJI ^JL*
bSji^l ^1 jjL- ^ SijS'jJl ^aJIj id^JjVl jl (^jj ^'
jLs ^^L^j Aj^U! ijjUJl oJuJl jlj t^J^r*"^! JJfc-^Jl JUmIj" j
. k-il^dlj i?Uap*jVl ^^r*-^ AaliiJl j 1*Lj t^v»Jij
jjuJi ^Uli £-uVu (r)
^L^i cUSLi ^wv-Jj ojji? I <c4u51 t^^jJi Jjv?l ^yijUcj
v^)" ^ J^ 1 ^r^ 1 J 5 ^ s ^
Jl ^%^y\ oUJ*yi ^y^" Cr* j^* iS>^\ s^lJ^I Jl*J
4:^*^ cu>c»-ljjj t ^^j-^j ajL^JI oJL>- i^j-i a-^JIp <wS'l>t^ 4J L>-
iJUJl ^JoSfl ^JaJI J^'Jcu-l 5JLJb>- <uU-£ i^jU^Jl
.Ijz+aS 0 ^is J lIjLtu^l L>-U*^S'I CJu>-j
jAk, ^^a* J-^ 1 4/ u?* (francophonie) <j > ^l J iiij
((^ji^jjj pljJH £~Jl ^ tlJ^'l UUL z^&LJl
T A
jj* li- jl? - "iJjjS&l^lj jjLdU w ^>^iJl ^j^l ,J ej-^ - j*>L-j^
jl i^ji^' £*i ^ Alalia Jj'^ ki^S- tAjlyJl Sj'lP
(. (sjTtla) t jJaL -jyi -Lp :^Jajl . «J^i>Jlyul J js» 5p jJ^a ajJuJ O^LU^J
.(^ t > \) fc J/Vl i*JJl LOyJI
oL-Iji it'oLiil^j oL-ljj :i*lJU>J)j t^UJl JuU -Uj»^ (X)
.(Y^r^) .U^^^) iiJl*Jl ^JJi t ^^5l sj»-jJ|
. 0> VjjJ*» J 1 ^ur>r-Jl ^! > LJ> .Up
J* JJI ^JUl ^X-Vl V UJI ^ jli . . il J*
-Lws^j t i-JaS -Uj>x^j t tk_Jai -L— j t^pjij^Jlj tjLJl
jISJLj tjLkL- JU^-j tJuil^l JuJ -u>*^j ls^j
Oij^Jl C-> ll»A-i/ LSC( ^ ^Ijil UtC'j tOjl^-ff- _L»»>t*J t (jjjbj-fc
a 1 jj\JuJ\ /iJjiS^ljijl ^jJuJJ jjjj^d ^■V" ^r-*-* 'j 5 **^' 'iJ'j^'j
.(y°\^)
lejy ^-vs?-j t^j^J ^w-Jfj t^j*-*L ilj^Jl JLPj tJjj jj! J-*l>- ^ajj
.p^jl^lj i^lj^jl ^Jj ^J*- J* J
li cJl5 ^Ju^Jl jl
<^jJlJ| jl SJasJJl o-lft J^>- UjI j^vJ ^^J^' ^>*j y jJ! oJLA
t J^ljjs-bAJ L^sjiJj t^jli_^iJ Lft jjflj jl~>l j ; Lfc]s>Uj *Ujji»J 1*
SaIpJj t*la*- , >LJlj ^ y ^Jgi l j S^lyJJ i**UJl l^lj^l ^L^ul J>U^
n
t^^jUJl JjU Jw«j>^ ^li ^ycjl ^SCidJ Ja«J1 5l~L*
Ja*J!»j ^UJl J2a)I»j tft^yjl Ja*J1 t'^yJl Jl*Jl
jjjjl ^ij^Jl la^Uij jU^^l ^JU dUi Jji US' todl iojJi
cJjL> tAjlyl <JlaJuJI ^^jUJI Sjia — j j£3j ljj&j ^^ojU
: J jl
jtf US' Jui N ^yJI Ji*)l jj^SS UJUsw Jl« ybAJt j|» : J ^aJL jJu^l cu*^- ^
jJUil ^ ^LiJl ,feL,jl J i^i, ^yJI _^J! yb ^UJD> : ^ J~Jl
1$x)Ip ^Jl iJU- ^Jl ^1 y>Jl y>-l ajjOj j aJJj ^LaJL
4jji5 tL^jLoj oLJUil 4 _^o ^r<aj o^SLJl <JU^I ^9 jlS" ^^UJU
i5L>Jl ^>w? i«oTj2il c5y.^ 1 ju^ !| ^Ji~Jl olj^j (Y)
4 ( r mr) ti~oUI A*Ja3l ^yJl ^UiJi ^jjl ii^ljdlj t^jiLjJl (n
rr
^jU-i. <W2jy^* L if.j*^\ o* jr« "aJUJuJI* jIO iU-i-l Sj^^voj
^^jUJl jl 4JUJUJ1 jU-tJ ^JlJ^ ^Jiil iJL» J^JL; lL>
^ Ij^i c (T) «f!>L-?l J ^^J! y fUai iiUA ^-J» : J^J
.(An - AT^) ,( f Y-o)
^jJWjj iJLJuJl £tLk^« jljiil J iJaiJUl APjIj^Jl eJtfcj
Li ^v^Ss^jj 4 ajujJJI |»*Ja*."j ^jj^JLJI ^ jjl iio J <L«t>t^Vl S
a315 U cilb j^i tyyJl ^JUJUJI ^rfL«J dJJi Jp f0£ 0'
iJ-sLf jXo ^ y^i t« : <jjU» aJU-^JI £jJoi LiAJ d
caJUI ju^I
c«J^ ^ydl iXjJbJl ^jj^l iJULJl oL! v o J i-jiUJl j*» L» :
oL-ljjJl ^ jjUl IIa Jp ^ ,yjL axWj ^^L-)fl ^Ulil oUil
. I -Up- L^fi.
olj jjyu oUjU j\ klytuJi* iJLJLp o*yuj U) i>jA>t^Jl
JijJlj ^u2. : .»^.>"Jlj * j^JL* Jio tiJL-UJl
tjl^ill ist^j £r~*^ ■j^'^J <-V > ^— 'N! ij-^S'i jj j V 1 j t J, J&**.<>J 1
4jj5o »U-UJjI oJl$J> Jj c ^ (_s*^J Jiij ^ J*^ .5
,r^>jJuJ\ (JjS j*S\ j!j-Jl (wJ^USI i^-Lvflj CJIS" *JlaJu
J£JLJ hjfii .y 6 ^^k? ^ U dUi ^ J^-hj <.^%*>y\
ioUj^I i4*ij£}\ ^S^j t^^UVl J>JI IJla
J^b '•'Sji^ J***^J fc <j*- j ^ ' -" ^ AJUJlj t£»I^Jl t^U^Jl JwojJIj
^i>i.». U j t^^L-^M aUoVlj it£j|^Jl ^L^Ux^ p t^pUJl Ulx«uw
^ iUi^ij ^L-i ^ ilupJi ^*Ji sjjjiii j
^i>Uo j*Ukj cr° jr* ^y^*^ 1 lt^ 1 ^ 'cA*^ 1
t^JwWsJl L^jUJLkuJ ^jLHl ^Ui>-lj t^y^jJl frl^oVl ^JUiJj
^XaiJlj ijj^i (*^J s^l^lj ^kJl ^ i^UJl ULljjJ ^*>L^Vb
rv
cJlS ^Ij t DjU«*Jl Jl>- SskUJI oLU-)l aL^S U>^J1 v.UJI
. i5>>^ 5jU J[ aj iiW.'.ri ^1 toU aAJLl* iUUJl
^ y„ ^>U-JI ^Ua^Jl Si :- US - ^ IJuj
0 &l>c$\ j ti-jS/l jjUJ ^v>*-o^ (i^yi .y^Ux^Ml a*J j^j <cJU
^^wJlj ^LU b!l LS LiU? c^v- ^UJ SiUJl jUN!
^UJJ J/VI ^U: v^Ip ^l^ls" 5-siyuJi oUb^ij
jjl>J S^JI J^iJj L^_jU^ ^ ^ <>d>jjs^\
tj! JUS tiJUiiil l^"liJU;j <Jj^J)ll I^jVUw-j v*^ 1
2u^Ail 2uII>U)! 03±& (*)
oVLUij ^jblJUJlj jl&Vl ^ jL iujuJl ^^^il ^Ik: ^
!?oyJI ^U5J! oJla Ji. JJ L^Uw?l Ju^ j ^-15 JjLJl iiJb^Li
iob^j ^jlj^J Jt—^JI *JLt£l^Nl jji ^ ^ jisu
,j>hjJcS\ Jl iJUJI •15>3I o^U~. LLS Jj
I La lijJ L$J| J^*^ <bi Js> U 0Lww> Jl JuA; J^*- <j (^jUc^i
oUl^^xJN (jkTV*\ : o) ^1 j»L»V I ^ t j~>- £L?^ Jj
^LJ ^jIjlII ^Jl yfcj to,„Ull oNUUJ tfliibo LUS ^ jl&Vl
tiiJL iio* - - JuJ jjl US' ijUlj o^UJI £pU
:
I JjU; ^ jJ5 lift JL.J
. O * Y /Y ) :^JLv iLij Ju>j^ : (j^i^J t « JiJl j J^*)l ^ jUj *ji B * ^1 (T)
. 0) nJUJI IJL* Jff ^
t i« j^oJLa *l<dj^ O^fL* l^J llS /j^o ^5^' 1 5 j <Lol_£l>-l
ii'^uulj 4iJJi>*Jl <CUL£*1 <^JJ yfcj JlJ J./?2,»j ajIjlJI ^ Ip
oJu Up ojJi ^Ui ^L-Vl j^U^J JilLi :J/Vl iSli
tLpjjJi OL^lalJJ ^LoJl ^ywJllJl ibU[ : t jiM.jy.Tj I Sbl
.(Uo/A) :«^UiJl ci^" ^1 (Y)
A3 \JsiS\S oJUlj a3Uj 4 aJ jui 6jUc^a.Ij 4 Uj ^y? \ J&\ 2 y?*-*^ L*jjj-s^2jj
■£^0 y J^y> ^yL^j 4 AJ U jJ I jl 4A\^jUJl jl 4<W»_y^Jl jl 4^^»^gJl
^UbU i^j^V jJLi-l :- jtfVl r*J " >^ <Mj*H ^
a^J 4((_j^UJi cjjjycJL) iJJUJl aj j5 jjbj 4^Ux/Vl oJla
jjJj J ^>J ^jaj 4 *>U^»I ojls^>*Jlj aJjuJI ajjJjI o b,^.^o ki^l ^Jlj
aj! ^1 j^Ij ^ jjl ^Li* J»-b ^>«^ -isS-ti 4^jI jdS ^yJuJl j. r -rJl
jil^j M lo JS" jLi ^ (JLJlj 4&ju>Ji Aj^UJl aJjuJI ^» jilj^ -uLL«
IJla Lg^-jU ^1 JjjWI oLp[ oLU* J5 :JL>JI A^Jajj
* 4£jJL>Jl AjpLjl aJJ^JI Ai^vs^l jiljXJl cJJ^j 4 ^"!>Ulj ^ _^aJ
j^wlJI ^JLj 4dUi JU- OjU IgJli ^J> \t>\ ^j>- yi\ a**J? <jU
•>La9 4A^jJ^JI olf! a-jLjJI ^5bJl ^^tiJ l^Jli ^^5*
<^Jc}\j 4JLo*yi ^jip J^i*r LgJ ^S" i^sij t LtL^ j>» ^^Ls^ljJi
^1 fj-^ oLl iLlsJl gjfcJl ^ ULU-
ti^^^aJi i^l^Jl ij-L>Ji JlSI^j t4jyfcUs» jip jli£Jl ^ jLic-Ij
t JbJ^Jl ^wUJl ^IkkJl 11a olj^k; Jl SjLiVi : LaU i_^aiJl j
t jj^sa-j l^-s<2-«j ^-o^ oUpL^» CJIS' <-jL^JI <ulil^>tjl j£\ j\j
^Aj ^vwv^ AjIJu CJlS" - <UJ blgJ. - L_->ll£Jl «-VjA j£S olJ-i
^Sl^-iJl &JlA JtS" J^^r JjUo t lA^>«jj tA****) I oljj-^alJlj
oJla ol-b I ii^Aj cojLsA>Jl olSJj j^jVl ojLa^ : *>U^1 ^yL^jJi b>o _^ajU
<UJ) ^j>t-s^J iiwis^Jl L$xJL~-j JlU J L^U-i ^^aillo i^Pj^Jl p^LUl
^ tojUi^Jl yfcj jLgjJl JlaS JJ 1^3.5»j p-SU^ ioLJl ioyJl aJjuJI
AS'yJl i^b^o Ji S^U.JI O^iJl sjUa^JL jLgjMl ^ y>\fl j^iaJ
Jl»o Ujj _^>J oUjNI SjJl>- oJu>-U t^jS'jJL JjifcJlj L)L*j\1
. LfcLjco <L.S j~*Jl »J^JU3 J -5Laj*y I J*JJ^J 4 ^»_4J
iSj^Jl fcUl J iKiJl jl Jl
. Jl JuJL-Jo liSUj
* • f a 98 "
tijLJl JuS"L" J ^JjJI iJ^^lj v^^ 1 ^ l J* v^^ 1
frlji^Vl Jl /^mspLuJI t ^JLyi]l ^A^j j^Vl Jl c^^L* *>Ljj iv^Lv*j
^.sU-L A^-Ut^'il U| 1 O llkj^« jij (.iJjl j-» A-PJb <uiU*j
t^-^Jl ^ J*l*Jl jl jU>)M JUS" Uilj laSJl> *yi ^> U 4jU
t t-^l y£> jlS" jU t <Us!Ap ^j>-l^jj (. 4JLP Ua>-t ,yj yijcU^jj
.^ui W j± ois" jij
.(trr/n) ^(jjUiii tv-; ^1 (Y)
SjU^- ^J-*^' gfr^ J i\J U-« p
•U^l
JjU>- ^i^iw-i Jp 01 JjU^j t Lr^ Jj-^h W^^j
.^UJ! J^iJl j^j* y»j
IV
ajjUJI 2ujju)I 4J>U
oLuV\ (\)
oLw~Jj jUUJl iJL&j - U^-il jl US' - Aj^&iJi oUUu"^1
: JI3JI Ijl* Jlp ^1^>J1
^-jJU t l$J aL*«j dUS (_$ U JSj ; ULi? ^pUl l^iiyCj tsjUjJl
tiJJuJlj SjUsjJIj SjUjJI JJi>^ JjI—j UJl CJbL<Jlj £>\ jJ*S\ j
5L>JI AilS" ^ ^LJNl L _ r ^>Jl oiU^j J
JjjJl jlfk'V ^Iv^J i ^Pn^o AJ^LJI U^^H J 6jU^>Jlj SjLjJli
IgJ j5j t aJJuJI aJL^-j cJ^Jnj U^o L^pJj pis «^Lp j-iJl i**L*Jl» ^bS* ^
iULdl i-jJL$\ & pU* oUjVI lJuft ******* J
^JuluJI p-L^J fc^LiS^l ^ ^J^Jl ^jiJl f^'J t*-Lfl3l
.dUi c^j^iji t^j^ljJl j^j-^j t^UJl
flS^fl J ^jJuJ U2^J\ JUpVi jj«^>- ^ ^dUJJj
^UIj J^yJIj iJUlj ^-JlS" t^tfjJl ^ ^jJcj 5jjJjJI
iLy jl>J Lfci aI^j <u*a5 Jl5o tiwiSlj^Jl ^J> \*j~S IjjUu
U5 j>» JixjU ^aJJlJIj ojL^>JL A T J2JLl\ oJlA ii>J ^>-Nl <Jj^I
. ^yl^Jl ewU^i^j cs^*- 4 ; 'jd^*
or
J>1>" <^Jl1Sj <.^j*o ^-^J (^r^d J 1 ^"-! U-*— *" 4
.[on roLjOH] <^<@ oj3u3
.[Y :dUUl] 4® jydti y0\ % ^jb ^P"
Jlp ^JUaJl oU-ZVl jjfc [aJ\!&j l>y\ e-U ^ J**3l Cr~*-j
I* ^JbJlj O-Uxilj 5jUA>JLj cr a>jS\ SjL-p cJl5 jJj t^Lp «GL>-ji
^Vi ^UJ jL; cuJl JL5 <$| aJLJI d\l *SU ci^Jl quUI ^ J-^i <13l
|t-*S/l jp JU iLJjJij Lf^JU- J-^j ^j^M SjU-p ^ !jL^>1
:^J\1 & CiJ&fr i^jlJI (^ip Jlij
(-J-L^j IflS" IgJlj 4 ^jIj-^JIj i)_jU.^Ji wiSUlj ol ^-kj tl^i jj-^ j
c^wJ j tOj-<JI Jbu ^JLfcwJ 1 sLxJJ ^1Jl«c^NIj 4<lUI oiLp JuS"U
^^'J 0^ 3^ ^ t ^^ J ^' 3jUi>Jlj iJJuJl JLJUJI ^LJLJl
.[n :>Ji]
J2J2G)> :H JUi LUJI s Ju jjfej ^Vl J1>JI M
^ 3« j53K if ^ #
.[o :<^Ji] M£] Ni fjjJ Ej^ i^iyJl $g Jlij
SjIp p*b>- JiLto c-jLJLS' ^1 ^^J 1 ^y. ^JS dite ^pj
60
^$JI pi* $ SjU^l 2ujI£ (Y)
oli^JI JUJ ij-JjJl <~>±*S\ pl*Jl ^ ^Jlj ^UJl jjcJL 5jUl>JI
t^tUJl 0~~Jj ty V J* °^ l** ti^r^
j£SI JjJujt i^frJ>^ J> tOO^ 1 ^1 ^ pip!
cJut t^^L-^ll ol>J JiiJuJl c-^Jl ^-ikUj <LJl >■ ^
«H ^Jl j oljiJl j p^^l ^Ul »U^1 jl <_*>o bJl
t«_jj^Jl Iji^J djul^J. (J^i^j ^t^Nl o^al! iL^/j -^^r^ UjLle-L
on
iJ*>Vlal ^ f-*^J *~i J*JJ\ A~ilU N La^J jl tLgjli Jb>- ^y AjU> C- J J
4j^y> JjU- ^y Sy^l 4*)Sy» cr*^^ J^-^ oTjiil JLaJ
jl LU^j JSC^u jl^Jl J £*s>lj y>Vl lift ctJjJl
^y -ouij tjljill Jlp ^i5d Lil liaJaJlj !^Uil j^^r*^' <L-»L»Sfl
. aJ ^JjJ oL j-°
(j-iUJ pU- 4Aj.sU I SjUJl Si^ljlj jl^l oL . . IjuI . . V
jl ^iJI *U- t LjjJI hjS j» JjU* J s J >- X i\ j* <• ^U dili
. aL~-j ^ ^>^» 4jU /ys Ujlll J _p%J
a;l ^ js\ aUi ^ ^ui ^ ljjJi ^kk) jT^Ji jL jl j,
^y Ajl^^i iXiXwJl oL>Jl Li y*J j! t jJl>o l^w Jj»UlJl
iSsSj^Jl ApJLaUl i Js- oJuj^Jl apJl^UI ^j-Uj" aJ*)U*J1 j^l jl
l&LaX^ aJu*JI Ai^i^Jl oJla J* JlSIJL jljdJl ciiJJJ ^5
.iajjl iJUJl LJjJl a*^> Jp SJujJl aJU! Sy^Vl SiU*-
J jfj^Jl p^S* (j*^ f jr-^ j*--»d <«Ul <*_^>tJl ^ jJS
UU^« L yji caIwmjJI cJla jjp jj-»Ul ^ij-Ao jl jj^l>o ^ LJjJl
<JJI 21* j ^LjJlj jU->Vl JjU^j 5^J\l fj-^ 1 y ^ Cx*^ 2 *
: '****J ^-^^ ^f^^ iJu* Uip ^^iJ
JLp '% jSy_ jj tcr J^I ^yLJl ^ikJ^ ^ l|Sl M i^-UI ObM
i^ilj ijiiii ^61 ^ j ^2 4 :fj^
.en :g»ji] ^© j_^t ^5 i^sj syJ-*^
da
: |H J jiJ t<JJl *UJ Alii»JL J*^^ l*^***^ 0 ^ ^ • ^ L5* W (*^*^
iliu ojs&L Jkj $ ]}> ^^."i jnr*"^ ^ J^j^
.[rv :j >Ji] 40
^UlS^NL t ^Ul v-^ 1 y^UiJL e~J «DI JU* 5J-2>Ji
^ j3$i( luj^ JUi tiil^^jOlj ^Ua^fl
^ i^UiSll j» La t *~UJ '^J^J 4 >f^J 1 v*-^ ^ 7^
(. Lf; jJbcJL ^JUJI pM^Ij L^JaXlj tioUl y*Uidl j^*^' >*j
^ U5 t LJjJl pJaju c^^> UJ| ^ >>*jl J' l$
js^-Sl ^JJ*J I j^JwJl ^ jl^iJl ^jlj^ o^S" i^iUJiij
0^
. [Y« :^j^Jt] ^> C-1S\ <SJ£- jl^j
■ bj^--^* >4^*-^ ^^=» ^-?13^ j-*^ y=j c^-^J Lf-V^
: ^JLJI ^Jbd! ^ J* V^ 1 ^
• 4 © *^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ii
t?^ : §g Jli US' 1 UJl w>Ul ve* 5 **^
. [T"\ <fy&\j ajS JJj* Cj Gl!l }j21 jtij J*
.[V :^^«JI]
UP, % Jtftfj ^ : tfej u <.UJ*}\
oLp! 1.1 tUp ^^jIjj" ^JJl iJ^lJl jOiilj ,y
CiljLastJl &a CjI^xUI (T)
JJjuJIj <jjUi=»Jl yjUdl ^ j~£JL JiU- ^j^Jl £L>txM «*-*5* i j'
JjlJI jlxVli L^jjl IfUJ ^UJl ^y*^ j^b ^^dj^ 1
<uU ^^LsullaS e*iy ^j^ 5 ** OljL^aJl ^jbJ bJs^iy CJlS *lj~*J
J^UJl <uLi£. JSd, tj^*>0 ^jbJl ^jJd l£^S JjLJI Jk~-
. U> j ^ j HjUjJIj OjiiJlj jj]ai<Jij aa«JLa3I L^J Lo Ijj^jj
aJVjUlJ <GlJu tjlS" yfcj tol^^jJl oJLp k_X~J j ^j^Jl IJlaj tS^UcJl
oliJlj t LjjjV ojoI JjVli tij^Jlj tJuJU^Jlj t^-jUjlj t^JUj^l
_uU* cJlSj tj^j^w (ui jU^-Vlj t^Vl JyJl ^ Sj-^U-
toN ^i-vJl jsIm J llJU IjLi cJJj ^JxJl ^ ^LJI 01
jj-jwj ti^Jc^Jl JSliij 4AkLJ^ iUv-J JlSwf tiJjjJl
t<Ju^jJl ^i^>-lj toj^Jl ^-'j- 0 ^i-^ j tiJCUJl oUL~Jl ^Lij
Aw jj LjyJl Zyjr ^ ^ 4^ ^ llJ ^ 4JUI * «K **JUi £*j
joi jJj tKl^Ul Ijpja ^ tU^pjj 4i«JU3ij jiUllj
f-^^dJ (H - ^i ^ M ^j^-b i}>. 'f-f~>^j ^j^j
- Lenberg & Numbers (cds.). The Cambridge History of Science, 8
vols., 2002.
- Bunch & Hellemans, The History of Science and Technology,
Houghton Miffli, 2004.
M
. 0) «dL Jilj d&Z Uil JUj cw-bSJl JaI ^ LIS, ^1 t( 4Upj
0% jJji cZli^ ^ j^f gSi ^1 iE*
j!j toLik .y LgJL JuJ elf f-£>«i
.[U SoiUl] ^-.iLli £l U>+iiJ jJ-tf
dr 4 ^jJl lift ir* lAt-J
. (YAlo) ifijjLw, ^^wp)) (>)
no
O)
^^JLJlj Qj^-lil 4jUw?1 J? <J t £ <ajLJI ^jJI ^ J-»k*
AjUws! <Cj t^^l OytJl J*>UJ A^jJL o^JwaJl oUJuJl
S^JLfr *Uj J> L^iivs t(fUAV) Jit >\y>r ^j>i]
44i«J! JJ <UUJl oJugJ jlysJl p. ; >o,o LgJjli j»j ;4~U*Jl <*£>J>\ j
jli i yJl jip t>» j^ - <ci-i5 U JS
^Jt » : Si JjSi U5 jjpjl J!>UJL ^yJl wLa, fg <Ui
ob C^ 1 ' p4^?J f>f^ pr^ "fe^ l**~0\ <i
^LJl JiU *U&>- ol£ Jj tSiL^JI tSpj^vJl oLiVij
.(Ai/Y) ^1 O)
W
. 0) «jtJI Ji ^ ^1 j^llll IaJ^L «1^j ^ ^Jl 0l iSjJ
j 4jjUi>JI olj^uJl Jlp ^ v JiJl ^t&Vl lift j
\jS l^U^I oSf UJjj tL^lJJ c^lj^uJI ^JU US j~J J^J
>*j .A^ 1 JJ { Ji (J» ljj>=ij
. 4jjJjJl <u*ill*Jl ^jfiuja** \ jl> t<Lpj~*Jl Vj^*
^jJ Uj ^UjVI j! JLZ Lo Jit ^ ^ jjjl ^jS j^Jl IIa ol : ia-S>Jij
p^Jl^t^L-l^j)) i^^JlJlij .(V\YV) Ju^ifUVUIjj O)
.(Y Y > /A) l/UJl jb
nv
. [YY :^JI] <£ij it jy<& j& fjjJ^ H ^ : |i J^s
i*LJ*Vl <dJl jus SaIS" dJJi i^J-J! oyi 0*4 eSjJJ^I
jlyili J oUaxJU J^jUJlj <>J^ Jj oUliaM ,y» pja y>- j>Jl
oU-UaJlj Jt>UaJl J j^jlj j^Ml jj-^j jl Uji JL&LL;
§g aJJI y <uU ^jJL 11a Old ^v 1 ^ 1 S^J^ 1 ^ ***UJI 4-JjuJI cJlS
jjjJJLj ^ ^ tAj^jlilij A-^al^Jl IjUaaIL s-LjNIj J-^j^I J^j^
J^l ^ik^l lJi ^UJi ^1 jl5 lii «!t r^iyij
s
. ^^JcJ 1 ^_gJ U-j jJLj* ^^Uc^J LJi Ui<J I
jij cwIjI y>jy>JA\v : L^J /yj ^ U^ll J IS US' tdJJi ,y> ^-SS" Jl j ^aa>«JI
^ /> 0 ifjLt ^Lij Ju^> :;J^j" (.'(JaJIj Ja*JI ^y> jUl ;LJ ^jI 0)
l^U- iJU >U^1 01 : J^J c^JjL ip^Jl jk£ IS1 f+.*n.i
01 ji t U^Uj <dJl 0 jiA~J> #-LjS/I 0[ ji t I^Jlp (J-LaII n
op-I^a! *V «0l J-! t^-^' *jr^' i^^tJ t-d^ji *-lJciMl
.[v : f ufti] ^14^ $ iiii^
<Ul JLJ - <*^iLj t^j^Ul ULf3 cM^i S-JJtdl £!>U .juiij^j
oJia JJ ol* Sj^-iJl 01 JI a^IjLp LLS J ^-JLi - L»UJt
a^j^Aj Js>Ua>Jlj ^JjL>Jj **>U» J IjjlS j^-Ul O'J (.Oj-^U^Jl SjU<a>Jl
S^^Jl oJla JJ ^xJLa-JI 01 j ; JljjaJI ^LJ^i j^Jl IJu JJ j
i^JUil jJUJl a3 JLS'b jt&^W oVUJI oJla Jltil [jib
J^jJl ft^hoa) 2u^Ui1 SjolU o^^' (*)
J&j *-$S jij* ij^U j ^>-1jj ^>buJl ^^—Nl J^»-*J1 ^lb»J
5^211 ^xsj ij^y^ fj*^ l/"^ Crt LL^»- j j5J jl ilSi
^y^tjijj t^jUl t^i>«j ipLJl o^aJL Jl^~/j tioUJl
V*
^l&j : AjiUi^lj-^ JS^^ujSJ JU^!>LJl JjVl J
. [yv : ,>] « £3 # c irf djtf ^ ^ii ^
JL>-I oL~Jl if-UJl iJ ^j> j t*L— Jl cu*iSi jl U j
\y\Sj cJU^Nl ifikx* ^y^l ^Lr?^' ^y^r L?j-*^
^j^LoJi Oj^~>Jl iljiiMlj (.SjUjJI jj^ij ^y^^jl k^i^Jl p-g^Lo
. [A-i : jjjuat] ^@ _uUi 4 #L jj* p ^ 0 illjf yll f-Sl © $j
^ ^ j,»tk>j tL»J^Ji ^LlJUj ^Ajj^ai Ol^l *. a HtfJj
■ <^y^S IjJ^r j^SSsj j>zSb Ijjj ^) ojoU«i ^vL»)
^Ul IjJ^U-J t ybjJl ijUiJu ^>y^ o^>*j>- AjiLJl yfelkJ^ oJla
I^JUi t^i^Jl jjyAl .JJz~J>\ JI>J! dUi ^XJl Up <I3l ^
it d3 i£ Jj* %i lit £ : cia <UI U5
?Sy L. xil ^ ^ J*U)l ap! . .dLU aUL
-Ltl t^jWI j^'li US" oU £ y iijiJI 4iJaJI cJlSj
Jl5j|& : j^j^Jl ajj-* <y ^p $6 JU U5 i^y-^Jl s^p-J ^wijU^Jl
^ TK u Gill vpi j <jM $k 3j§ sjft <^ ^ >; £ii
C~P^j -Xi AjjyJl JU-1 _/>*^ ^ jjSlJldl SjUis- CJlSj Ml
1 y^jlj <• ^ f ji Jiaj ^j^* ^y *i!A>Jl LaJ z y£ c-xuJ JiSi
>Ip Uj oJL>Li (*-*J^' yj^*~tJ t °j^ Jc ^j cu>tJl 0 j^i ^
oi *^ JUj^ ■ ^>p tfe Jij '^fv-^
VY
li. jTt p$ % \ "Gi C Cull ip-t 4 j33#J $g
.[VI 4© o&r^ ^ 4ir^j *H qpS b
it2t /iCi^. : jt-^Jj *•! ^tJl ojj^. ^ *|g JUj
.[*n 4^^a ^J^t) J?-H'\ 0* 2* $1 &■ & £ &
ii Jii
.[To itr r^Jtil] 4©
jjj^uJl jlS" Juii t^jjbJi O^JUj Vj^' ^ • -cflj
tAjiUJl y*U*<JI ^Uw?lj »l j>^LJl <uW qJU^ aUI <X>LJlJi
ajj— j'j^l Iaa U <dJl US' tj-bJl *U*-J> ojU^l olS'j
O^l* j^J ly^iL^l ufJJJ ll^=tL-\ *^JI Jli^ :^Jl^Nl
© ^Aji ^ JhJ ^ ^ OS d3 ft*
.[VI ,Vo ^@ c£>X^ ji^C t^Jl lit !i^=e£Lt c^if j\s
vr
: J ki-s* ^ U^i oj-JlU- ji\ ^jjlxll i»^UJ
^ (y ^Uo* J! VI .4^U ^1 J* JwJI pa .UjUJtj ajjjJl JUT
*LJl^ C"^' Osi ^ j^; £° i£>^ ^ a ~~* *^ *^ <_?^ ^J- 5 j" 1 ^ <-*s^
. m> .u*ji
iU (ij* ^.y^ 1 s ji>^l jl U . . JU- Ajf
j-^a »l ybl ^-j <lUI ^ jlSj i U^J y y&Uia JSC; i j
dUi US' ^JUJi c5J^A^' ^--^Ji J y ^.y^y
o j ^ 4ip ^ <JU L5 t^.L r Jl *u LjISCo^ lllLp j^p ji ^LJj
Vi
Jail aJ JJLj ^»JjiuJl (^gj.ya.aJl £*I^«-<Jl ^jJ] y ^JJl J^jl
v_L^ s_S->* lii^ JUiJj^ : f|g J 15 US' tp^JjUaj- w>LAis
: us - tSjL^»Ji ^ Uj i^ijiji jJlp fjJW
<^ ^ ivillll ti* ^U**j ci^y^ J* p&jjj '*y^J S^J X^.
. [U :UUil]
oliUiJIj oU^^Jl ^JfaJ ol^l toUUiii
J>- <dll (jl^J £j* ^JL~JI Oljv^j j.CjIJJlJIj oljUa>Jlj oLaHwJIj
jjJuv-UJi jl5 Jui t§| .u^ UJ Ijbjb^ JL»J1 ^ jjj
V6
°JJ~* ^ iciSUaJlj U-ftj jUt>Jl Jlwi ^
4® iSJK ^ & & i3i J-! $sj^
.[n :o>jin
'J\ j^=> Jl^& : j^i^i ^_$JL>-U*^I (j^u ^ Ju- US 4ojji-ij
.[A :j\*>Jl] J^^- ^J*. /3
t>^S j^Vi ^ cii t£u5 o* fit c2i <£t 4 2? jit iijcj^
c^lyjJU ^^xjjlxil j^jUlL 4~j ioLoUJL
% J IS US' t«J-Uj! yhUiJJ jUjVl ^JbJj lS^UIj ^1 j^aJl
$ *jt vJlri ^ ^ *ilUl»)* : Sjj^- ^
.[u 3j "2ji
jyf ^ JS^ 4^ H U5 t ^jJl J\ i^b uj|j t^U-j
vn
tfi C n tfl Si ^3 j>t % £2T £1 # ij> ^ ;$3
jA ja IJla jjSo jl jAj : dJUi c.-^pI j> U Jj <. ^j~&>*}\ lf>
j-L^Vlj obiUL jAU! ^ £>UjVI y>j t(H J ^1 jU^VI
V 4i jS" 4>*^ ^J*- jil ejJw* tJyJ^i VI il§ *J dJJJJ J ( ^J- j)S
^ j}\ hj^H $ ^l* <■ J^y^J Aj^^s ^^U* 0 j U-i I y& U
UJ olJl£j»Vl j 5 jijl y- ^jIp (Ills' jJ $§1 j^Jl jl : ^i>Jij
JS 0 Jlo ^/Vl J tibu r >UI U* jLJL- Ul ^ jli ID 'dJUJJj
j&Xf-! ^3\ fe U-/^ '^J* <y \*>*JaS\ UJ^JL A^Ual (jl O-^jlj
J^jb US' Sj( ^>JI ^ ^~Ul <b^Jl ^w^j ^»*>LJl Up jUJU Ul ^ La^jl*
. [rv : j^ji] ^ V ^ : r ^Ul Up
vv
^-r^J CJL-jS. -VT^1>* 02 - 1 A-^ J* Lf^L- C*iiij ««->J AlL-^ \Ji
.at iubit i £ ii-ij ^ <ilAi ^
^UUL ^Ul jl^l y*j S^UJI o^L^U ^ujliil O^UJl IJla
Lw i^r-UI *U*ws> VI ^-fi „ ^ ^ ij^3 <-i£*\>* i-W' - CJlp - ^ ^Jl
.<1W) :<yJL~» ^^r, c(V) :«^jUJl 0)
VA
jli* ^lS3lj ^JL^Jl ^w^J! ^ ^LoLJl oLJl5l*NI Jjli j^L. j! <oUw?1
ctUi oUtJ ^§^^1 fcO> ^Ji j>» j ^ L5 «ii C~J JisM^i
^ : JIS jj tCJU ^ji-ti i*Ui jjXx, N ^ £j
iJjjJl ilijlj oJl^Jlj 4jUi*SM O^^J ^J^'
IS y>- <-uytojlj tL-j^jJlj iuLJUJlj iJLiUJl ^jX«J!j *>ijU^Jl cj^ojJI
^jJcS\ jl5 ^5 ^SLJi p">L-Vl ^dj^ tSj^ 1 ^ fcliSUj
dJUl ^ CoU tu*; ^! ^l^i ^JLUU t^jbJI ili^j JjuJI
.SjJl ^ llu; _^si 3Juil ^1 Ai^UJl
ij^UjI eJL* jl L)JL?-j jlj^l ^_~->*j j^jjUI
J-L*-« ^j-i t_^~^" c/ 2 ^^ -^^^ t ULj ^yp^JiJl ol^oJl (j-*^*-* ^f>*jjbJl
jU S JlpL^o iJJuJi j-^uJ JUJI Ja>Jl iAj^JI JJU*j <J-l*Jl
. ^isblj 4j^>«J1 ^ ^Jv*J JlJl Ja>Jl
oU^ti J J^--^ J**-* <>*j^ Aj^>=-SI J J
'■cSjr^ "»l«jJL>Jlj Jjbl ^ ^ ^U-*^^
(( Jy js^ 8 : <-f*jfj J*jr~l\j Cf)j
A*
^luiU-Vl <1>LpI h*J*\ <ji^ Uj^-tuJl Uy di3i ^ -bj
. ^ ^ j j^?L>- t,fl/..^7i o^JljX^Jl
' (j* 1 t^-^r*^ 8 cs* (^-^ (iJj ^ a*-?
:Jli
J IS j .(To /Y) :OuJl «... ^_A)t ^ t^jt ^JJI ^ Lf+±
.(Y> • ^) ,:LJUJt
.(Yoro lyL^^^j icrioo I'^jUJt^^)) (y)
.(Yon) :yJL* (T)
.(Toov) :«^UJI (1)
dU. !4JI J^-j L :Ui 4 «VL*U U» : JUs .ULp t LJUj : Jtf
£*1>^J| ^j^aivi £»^>wJJ jUI ^»lw? °^^~J <ia>^ <_sr^ (J*^
: ^-gj JUJ t^Ul ^ |»Ui j»J i^J gjL* <-.^j6 : J>-*j
AT
O) ,
pXi jj-^sJ Jj^iail I^^AJ ni~#Jl C**-j i jUj ^UJl
^f^jiuu^i^j jl> y> ^ ojy J* ^c^ 1
JLJjlJI jl U c-Sl Ji i>*L>Ul oU^Jl j! US' dJUi JlaUJIj
^Lljl O J AjiLJl OJlJIj SjUa>Jl jl ^Jtl jJl pia*!
<_pUl Ul^w BjL^lsJI oJlS" it ^^Vij oU^^Jl i**^
oyojl ^JJl ^LxJl ^iJl jl£J *ouj^J ^L-Sl JUaiJi ^ ^UJi
aL>- l$J Cols' ^1 o^JI j-^aP jS- IfUaJj UjjJl <U9 Cjw y ^AJl
.(Yon) : «^JL-b t (riH) (>)
.(ton) :«yJL*. (Y)
UdZJ\ (.^S\ i-jjf c »U ULw SjJlJI j^j iui S*^*
t^ui i% ^Lji sJjj ^ n^i^
-X^jj ll* y^j 1 i^Vl ^ ^UJi j^Ua^ ^ jl*jJ!j tij^UJl SjUa>JI ^
^ 4 t^j-* g^j 5 ^ Jri jJ* crs 1 ^ c 5 ^ </J*
ikjyi oU ii^UJl iLo^Ly)|l bljj^iJ Ui? <ul y& U
.(At/Y) :«^jhiJl ilw ^10)
At
L^jj^cj - 3jL^>Jl ^jjij< ^ o^j A>eij t j 5 >- <LJjU1
36 LicU^ jS£J jlj^ : j$f$ ^ SjLUl ajT l^U <-p-fjjj
^ c0 & p& £ % A a j3 C S IjiSI
ioLLw cap < r ^JC .j* ^JiU JNj^^I IJl* ^y JJUJi j! ^St^Jlj
IjUi t^fe i£*^J^ ^y Aly jl O)
44ji^UL l$xLUL» <y>£*Ji Juj jS" iojti ! l5 JLp *L>- <j\ <us U
Ao
i ^ ^sjj ^1 4^ ^ : Si ^
.<jkS ^ L*^t>- <JiH ^Lp tfjl^j ^ISl ^JIp <illi iajoUI
opUt wjUI i/^ J SjU*Jl Ot 1: L,:1I J± 6\ (Y)
£1 dj> Jli US t jU,)fL ^jSM SjU* y> UJl ^Uk,
^Jp -oii j^j^ i^i-^o J o^ilii ^ : *H JL5 US to! ^Jl
.[w 4>jt&\ j^-il
ij! uH J t*— 'lj>»Jl LftJui> SjUjJI l)I 4>wi> jjj iJlA ^j^-j LL«j
t VUi ejUJt j c^bl ijjSfi jiJi ui ^> $g ail h\ or)
J^i^^ifl 4 -53^ : JU US ^U*?!
JL*ji jb lSi a* ^ s^u^i Jai jj Ji (t)
oUl JU> aJUJI oL^Jl oil- l^LUbj c^^jdl
U J5 jlj tSij^jJl SjLjJIj ^yiixJl jjJl ^ l^jlj t<LvAAJlj ^yaSl ^AJlj
^5 ^Jl IIa jj"! Jij t^j^l Sil jjj Si!>UJ! Jj3jIjll. ^^Nl
ii^UJl j! lift Jtfj; ^1 oLl^Jl oJuft ^ <.
^ sji^s *i> :3i ^ dui ji ft j>ji j Li I jij c*j^u
ji i^J- Vj ji -ji p ^ vi,>-u ii> :fg ju,
ol Or" 1 ^^ 1 ,y L*S t^J^dl ihjLJl Jlc dUi ^Ij t^U
AA
.[UY :oly>Sfl]
t (T) «^ ^ dUU US' J-sl^-J. >j :JU #1^1
■ Jj^» iitift Jbu V >T ^jui
(V) *
.(UiT) ^-^^ c(rioo) Mf^jUJl ^» (t)
,(\A<lo) : yJL- ^» (T)
y> jLJ^I jl N 4<u~p J jLJNl <-aUo ^Jlil SaJUJI y* «Jg aJJI ol
: ^1 fl*)M ^jj i-il>o ^ijl
f j^A» C^oJLit^-l tJj*- X ^\ olVl £fo eJLl-vu Aj^U p-fr*^ iJlfc j
U t^iSj tliu aJl«j jli^ 4JJI yt> ^JUl jI^aJI ij ^aaJUJI
t yM £-J> y J 4.u..^.U oVNjJI L^tiJ ^ ^» J iJUjs^Ji oN^jJI
J £jL£ <^-> Ua*» ^ fl ,^01 *-ib^j j-^i^l ^^JL?- j jS" y&j ^^-Jt I^aj
^J^Jj J J^2j <3li^> : *ly l^Lo y> J 4JJI ^liS"
.[m ^5jl^ Ju^=» <_^Vt Jj pO&Zi) ^k=>jJ^
iiiJi j^i tlfcip c_JUi!lj t&^UJI J^U? Jp oJi jdl oUVI
.[U ofj^'> 4 ^ :Si
.[m :^^] <^wjJi. jU-ui: ^ : Aita j
■ ^ ^ ^ *^ ji^ii i[ l^k^itj^ : A^y Aii*j
. 4^ A U \ £M;)> : flg <dy
t i , -
.[u« : f UiVl] ^ofjVf ^=^r ^it y^j^ :flg J 15 <UJi5j
.[IT ^feVf &SL Ji5j
lJ ~^>- 4J oUJ^l jlS L»U ia-Jbi- .^Jw lL* *5
.^oVl (i^l
a> d\ £* f^S J <^^l JiiUl Ol :^5l^lj
^ w ^rJy : J U5
jLil Jij t ja jj* ^ ii\ <)Uji1~»1 ijj^o L f>jL*\ ]a*j jA j
4 Suiif ji^ : jii ^ >i Uj §g aJji oI ^jus ajul
VI 4^>Ji ^ ^ a;! ^ V^i JNo^i jj^o t ^>J( 4j
. [W :ju^] ^ ^ ^pt Lpi ^ dy} dUij ^
^JLdl JU> (Y)
jls j^p iiJL>- :<_£l La>La SiJU- ^5^0 j! y^j /yj^— jUI
oJlA !j y^Jsj* \jb>*j J 'j-^ (Jd-^l (jij-**^^
! 4i*>UJl oJij» j y^Afi. \ jLl>- Jj i list- (j^jSll SjUp ^ i**}UJl
(Y \ II - " t
Ai^UJl ^* M Ubj^ i*Ulj 4J1 ylj! JuiJ ^ ^*>UJ(j
.^IVjJI oJla
.(T^ /o) :^JI a^J, t «jUl tt> k?.:> 4 Jl (\)
^Y
c^j^Ut^ : ^\ tjy^ ^^i*^ iL*i jjj : 5jLJL>- ol 1^1
iaSlis 4-31 t^jo US' t <U ^j^l I I liJL>- *—aJls^ Ji j j5li 1 <dJ
i^Ul S jUjJ( Sj^S" J _p- ^ iJxJl 5*>U> l$Jp aJj Lo Jjj
jUi ^ ^ hy \ jv^vi U (r)
^5 yis e £j3 ^ SjjJit sat :gg jis us
.[u ^(jj Sjil2 JCf ^liuj ^jVl 4
dJUi iLU! ^Jki\ -JJl ^JU U J—^l ^Vb ^JUaJl
US Liu! ^ ^-1 cjU a^-o ^i}Uu*-Vl iiJsj J ^,^01 IJlaj c If^i
^ [£K c$ Si : S| Jl* US 4 jLJ^I ii^U j i-i^Ui^Vl
.[« :j>J1] <0 <£gf
tej^jJt JS S-ij^x-Jl aJUjVI <s-j^\ Aiy^>Ji\ oJ^i
lOljjJl j^l> SjLl»**Vlj t^JUaJl J-»jJIj jUjVL; j j&
tol5t>UJlj ^-..JbJl ;Lw J^-ij A^Jiil ^1
. Ol3*>UJl iwjl 5 *>Uu2ij A^aiJl «JLgJ ^yC^j
*6jL*0k)1 Aub o^MwVt (Y)
L^Ij ojLi«j i^U^Jl aJT LgjjJ ajIj tAjj^a^j £j\£ j>~
Lgiib c L^l-b^ j~J- **>**\ J^Liil ^ UJlj 1 aUfJ^J
SJlp Jo> ^yJl ^r^' Uiij a^jS c->IjUJ> - iw-LJL - LgJ T tUiijj
iij5>- ^ LtL^l £jUaj c-JlSJl Ijla j j£j i aA& i ^Jlj aJsU-J -J ^JJl^j
.jS\ V ilSil) ^> ^UJl
ckJUVL
l^i^J jl£ V ^>Lo ^j^UJl ^^L-Vl ^U^J ^>^Ji oLLS3l
SjUa>Jl ^ j^jU^JI ^tsL-^l IJL^ ^jl-l ^^iil Ix^Jl
lgj!>»Lj <—^> jl L^w" OjJujJ (J-^ 0 «wJJa^ iJJLoJl o *>Lp JUp SjIm2^JIs
ij^^as^lil 4j ^=**J I Jjs> ^ ^yUJl ^ ^jj> Js»j jji % oU^I J5" ^ j^JJ
: ^ jj-^Jl ^ SjUa>J1 LI t ajUJI ^ ^^-^^ ^r 1 ^ ^j- 3
i jJl> ik^^Ji ojUa>Jl ^yb Sij^Ji 5jU^>JU j\ju!iS\j
j3» t[vri JT] ^aj&fi ^j 5 J^J
. <r) «Jiii)t
. ip^Ji ^ ^1 A^iJi^JI AjUJI J^>^ ^JL-j ^rf*-*
^fi <ul ^ jjjLUa^tJ 4 0jUXj N C^yl« (J**^ *->^J OJJ-^ J^^i
tiiSlLJl ^jjiijj a^juJIj c-J^cJl ^ U jJ Ljjj«Ujj tjLx>-*i/lj ^^a^tiJl
Ul tl^*U SilsJl If! o toUjj^jJlj ^jiU^Jl
. lf ^> o ^^iJlj jb>-^l <y p-ffiJjJj j^Ul jvf^flJ
.O'TT) HpJL* g^'j t (UW) :^jUJl gj^" (Y)
JL^jl flajj ^w2jj tA^x^J? ^J^J '^irfj^ ^l**^ 0
<U5^>- cJl^ t t§-*-i i»^w*>*j l^>- jj jl 5iL2i ^ ^ a -' m •* ^-*c >t ! ^ 2 ->^ a J^L-^J
oLLJt ^^^iJl o-j iUji; JS\ j& jl
yfcljkll ^aI (Outsourcing) ^jJdl t JL^3lj or^b
. OjiJl ^-^>IjjJ1 J c~~J S«bJj>- i^jj
N ^ ^ c«*JaJl «JJl jJl S^j! iJ^Jl ^i>Jl
. ijjjjl a^aUJI t^JS ojUs
oU-iail ^AjJz I jjLu* p_$iUs>l ^>^j ^-^'^^1 ji : ^Sl^lj
pLJl jsU>- jl ^1 \\ y i^&j J, ilfl ^UxiNi JI UtifiJl
Jp o^IjcJI p-^ *^ J"! '^/^ Jjli>- vcJ^M
.ijpjJtJl pjJUJl Jl* ajU^sI a^jl>- ^jJl jJUJI
U-LJl oLKJl ybU? jJ^Jl ^» ijjS'jl J^A, U5 t^L-lji
: >-T ^15 Jd^Jlii jkj ' «M*-J1 U^Vl otf^
oLtf ^U- J^L ^>uJlj ^^vo^Jl -jt £J . .SjAtfllj jSt^lj
.^OjsSCbJlj J,tsJI j*s«s SykUi 1^1 tfJ JU)l
t&Jj-b-j ftjjij jLj^/l «c5j toiL«^Jl j^aaj coL>JI SjLibx^ t^j^iCJl
tJ'iUVl Zj^^aj i<_£^Jl*Jl pJUJlj c L^jLs Jjo *ijr^\ (j^^J
\Uy^- <.4i\j*p JS\ jSUJI J*>U? *>-^\
1$JUj»*jj L^j ^jbo LgJ JL>6J il^j N jJLwJl t£jUJl b\
aJ j jSo £~>w> <£XJ&j <£\jj+al jl L _ r J oIa
l-jL^I pjfc! l^* J Jl^h p—**^ Jj^* ^ t-L^ljlj
. [Yi :sjl^JI] ^{Jj oj4>>_ ]y&=z>
oUljjJ! cJu ^ \yj*\ v-^ 1 5 ^ ^ i^AJJJj
U :Jji>Jl oI> i»j^UI v-^' ^L^Jt ol : SSi
jlfr ^yftj 43 ^ii^jl Oh&l ^ djjj jl t - J^Ul
.(tv/o :«jjbai ^*-» ti^- (\)
^j^Jl l^SL^ i(Lai'cite) iJ&J ^JiL. u-j^J ^ L^5^J! (Y)
ijUl»Jl j~>c\}t LJlSJI Lo 1^~Sj i^Ldl ^ULJl «wi*j^JI jJ£
SJLJWl ciaJj 1 ^iij tiJbUJl vUUJl V 'Oi^ 1 aU ^* V 1 ^ 1
ojtf ^1 o^^UJl J>U U^AVO J dLi S^-iUl
: Jz\ .«*JjVl ^jIjuJI ^ i^JJl ^JUJlj ^JJl Oc^^Jl
- Ford, Divided Houses: Religion And Gender In Modern France,
Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 6.
^Jlj ^ _ f\y Jrf two - JjJLJIj ^Jl -Ui jUSJl
pPjj tJa>«l«Jl 4_iUwJl ^^UaJl 4^jJl jA Jj 4 tA-MS>l Ojii^ EjUa>Jl ^
^pLsAjl SjjtU asU pJl s^^ 1 J^sJl : £fb^J
• <YV/<\) :i tfJ bttl g^Mii *JL>J ^1 O)
.(Wf ^) l^y 4^! : 4« t> Jik*JI »J\* 4^ ^1 (Y)
.(Y«V/<0 i^JU, ^Lij 4t<j2Jlj JiJl ^jbJ ^» 44-~ ^1 (T)
jl JUj (jUJl U^ILlpI JjUJ i»|Jb-bU J^N - Gji - ^ t6i>
^ 0~~J iivJiJl «1j ^jI fl*)M jlS" ^dJUJllj t^iycjl
LiiL*_> ia — Lail ^y-^ cJjU- ^1 cuU-jjtVl l)1 ^^JwJ ^ (t)
jjjjl (.^UVI oJufc» : <JU« ^ y» _uLLj ^ ^jjl ^jlJI jl^>
- B. Williams, On hating and Despising philosophy, LRB, p. 16.
frl^iJl jJU IfrfS le...\e\\ Jui) 2Lo5Uw« ^JlLj ^J 1 ^ ^
.Ofe^^l iji^j'Vl ijpU^Nl ^s?o ;<A~JUJl j*>\>L
dJJuJl St^U ^yiai* ^ \ jJS iL)I ^ 4jLJU!I i<Jip J^a- ^jfcjJi IJla
j^^JLJl ^jj^ J$\j <>4AJUil £*ai ^JLoJl cjL1^3U IjjSt
^jlxSl jlSj t^jjlxll j>» Lj? Ip U^*~li ^JLp ajwij jlsii
! s j~»t
obLiil jjJlS - i j^UJI j ^.pLJI apLs<3 ^ Ajy^j^Jl ^L^xjjtJl Jw*lj*Jl
jP SL^i t2LA-SJl im^IjjJIj oi^M JUpVIj frl^Jlj a^UJ!
c--a djLJLlll jiy^£ J$ iiiLJl i>-iLJ! a-^jJuJI <L) ^Jl oJl» Jj
.OoY/Y*)
Wo
^ l^JliJl ^ j~JL, j^JJl o*>UJl c (Chrysalis) ^> j l$J
tS y y»r.Jl LUJ1 Si US' cOljLa^Jl sJLa £*j*J oUi jlaVl cJl£"»
ji «.5^J Uj 'drt^l UJUpI tdJULJl
0) Hager; (ed), Encyclopedia of British Writers, 18th Century,
Infobase Publishing, p. 489.
.(nv^) ^i^it jb t ^jL5ji» (Y)
. (r) «i£UJ fly tA^i-jw ^ £>L^
L^li: iJLbJl* jl S^sUdl w»L>oS/l 4IaJLS U ysj
JijJl jT : i^JojJl ij^JaxJl 1 j ^Ujl ^^aU^JI ^kuj
Ujjj tijji oL-jUj \Jr j — ^ i^y*-^ i£ J&^\ <J*^M JljUi t^jjjJl
c^-S Jj\S ^UJSlI ^yUJI i^j^i ^ oL-ljjJl oJl* ^-il
t «2iJbw 4J**^ p-*U*» ^* ^jjJJ iL.Jj.JI iJkJl ^ V-^^ii j^aUJI JS"*
<.£J_jJL)I hjai £jjA"$}\ y> C-iiji lL-p- ^y^llJl Uj^k» Jaii ( _ r J j
tUjj-tiil aU-JJ iiUkJI SiLJl ^ AiJLkJl JaLJI - *)L - C^-^ti
.(WV) :«jj^Jl iLJjiKl)
.(Uoo/Y) i^ws^Jl dbluJI jb i^-SJl ^1 (Y)
W
.ijji ^bUJ iw^-L-Ji A^|JL>J1 OjUlo-l
jjj tUlLSj <>Ws p '" b " t *ri JL ^' 3jJ>JLi J^* JbJ y>
^jA^zhj <.ajj^s}\ L^J CUlSwJ AJJuJl ^jJ^Jt) ijlP jjl ^Li"
0) Schmitt, Political Theology, trans. Schwab, MIT Press, 1985,
p. 36.
^LcJl jk-.j1j» :iJUjJl ii-Juil ^ til iu*J jjl c'-*^' J^J
jU&Vlj J5yJl5 ^jiJL 4_U5! tf^j ^IjJl J SaUJl
.(YT./W) : kjjUJI gj^j) ti^-^lO)
jjuajl (Y)
J H Jli US' ^Ji^\ jiy^\ <J» J>^\ J^J t^l^aJlj
.[m : r u;^i]
ytj t^jiil SjLi>JJ ^^Lwil 4>-^JI :^JliJl Lolj -
SJli^v*} i^^l a^LaJI i^w-j^JU 4 i^KJl JSo ^Ji53l a>- jjl
iJ*>\j>-l ^>-lj^ 4j! L^>-^ ^r^J ' <_£ i p^>Vl ^y 2 ^ 4jjUxU*>I
4aJULiJ1 jdj^* <JjJ-»*Jl <_^*j
i^LS" 4 j-JwiJl l$J Uj iUlSCJl jjujl t_i^aij 4 iJLJl*>Ul ot>U^cJlj
^-^p ^Jls 4_jJJi sjla* ^ 5jLa>JI dJUa I^J
y\j ys\zii\ jfi-j Ao^Ji Jj- 1 ^ ^IjLpxjj U-Jij^Aj ^ii^'j
. pJl*Jl ^Iflut «b ^r^^
.(Ai/t) :«^jUa)I iUj jj! (^)
£LfcNl ^ >s^Jl» *
tjl^J^lj ^UjNI -^^a jl j y^yj i^LJl aJjlJI S^U
ly>%ju^\ ojLp ^4 tjAiaj sSSSSj 4<SjUJl ol^>cJl iJt$j ^^^Uij
t jjJL~Jl ^Lco yl£Jl ^Vl ^Jtilj ^jUJl JjUIIj t ajji
US (.^aL1jj& JJ j 4^j^Lp ^ US' <.<dU1^J UjL>- iiJlj t^Uljj
J*1 Jl jk'^db* : <^ ^Jl S>Jl jgj Jtf US'
O) * 6
jjjt jl cJjM 3* j^f gwl J^i :$f J^j
.[5 :juj*JI] ^jjit
SjUS' 5jUa>*Jl j;^*^! : L y*j i~>*^uJl cjI_j--*iJ1 oJla
<_a5 j^ij J\ ^bUJl ^ : jl^JVlj ^L&VI ^^^Ij tS^UjI
nr
£^Jl JU> c^^-l t L^jUjb 4j&Jl l»-4A-J»j to^JJl iiUlSI J~J>
^2^5 oyJi SjUi>Jl» :^>-Vl JU (^^-j l ' c yj 6 j^ j> .
U5 iiUiJl Jill ^Ull ^ij j3 i[ ^^JJl <*JU-Jl oLojjJ
oUjN! aJ^p ^ju i^^i j£Jd\ oU«^> iLjj ll)!>Up
(A)
. ijuJi yiiji s^^aJi ^j^g uy^Ji
|»t>uSfl Lgj jjia^ ^Jl iJLfllj t^yJl aaJ W I olj^Xo j^p Lfj Oj^jw
oljlj-a ^jal^J N J^jJl 5JbU AiL c ifjliLo ijjljji' UL*X>^ ojLxpL. *_>^*Jl
i—L-Jl l$J ^j^J aCj. jl c^U^-l ^-J L=»«J i j~~Aij
AiL ^>JI jS^l! oj^^J, toljLJlj J^-Vlj ^IUJIj
^KJl IJla
t4iai ^ ijUJl iJltJl Sjj-^il <-£ ji i>lJ^i ^ J>-l j-« ^ <cjo
jjt. i _ r Jj t^^oUJl (^jL^yi i^*-^^ JltoJl (JjUaj l*L>^ ^>»-<Jii
4jjZ*S\ k-JjUx^l <^S\j>uAJ ^LiJlj jj3^1~Z \**7j*
Up jo *i«>- j fc (imaginative geography) iL^iJI Li I ^>Jl
4ij>-j^Jl JUiJl Jj-liL iU^uJl aL^oJI aJjJLJI oU^Jl ^Lv-I :
. (Y) diUl -Up jy\ 3\ aiU ^ JJ 4JI ^Jl L y>j
(X) A. Abdel-Malek, Orientalism in crisis, Diogenes, 1963.
m
trfjjfci ^jJl J^^uJl «— i yJl JUait ^Vl jAj t
oJla ^ iJUJl ^o^JJl iil&Jl ^i^U^j ^-^laJl jjJl>- J^>^ buU5 jl
OsUJil JSj tioyJl (31 y^Vl oIjjLj cJ15 ijjjj^l iiUiJi
ijji oU-jj^w* Lg-^L-! Jp c^lij <-tSs$ Ug— 'L-I ^jip
UjL^L; AjjLJi SJjuJI 5*>U l$Jj ^1 6Ju>tiJl oUV^jlj
^JlS3l 11a C)U s<dS dUi £«j i^Ul oJla ^ tjtf Vj
4j! Jlp Jju U-» iJL^i t^^l U*US Uplj AiLaijl oJLa L*S"Uo
V tiuyJl ^Laa J^Ij ^L^V ^ ^^jJi
oLJl^l J! JUJI JJLd ^uJl hy^r J* ^U^Nl
a-**! j^j; oJis l^K ^^-Vi vj^" ^ ^dJUUj
t ( r Y« »V - j>UTA) : r U Jjl i^ljjjl ^ UL"^ J**^ li* jl5" 0)
1 l# Ju^Jl jp ^-iU ijytJl 4iUill Jui d\ i*_L^ Ji^i?
I^Vil c_~> UjUL. Ait ^>Jl «iUtiJ iJ^U UK*
JLij i^l>- 4-jL£j jjia^UJ S^jP CjUj^Lo 4*jjU l-j^L-j
j*j>» ^Jl JLp «d? .a ^cJI j-JLi £j
^ <LwVt iLJU3L> aj^SUJIj ijjLJLiJl ilS\JL<J1 }x>J> t^jjj-dl
2 ytiLt A~*ljjJ ^^^Jl w»L» ^Jl Jup . a £j j-^j 4 aJj-iUJI /a-^-jJI I^jj
t^^l jj-^l <^ 4j^UJI cyfcUij l^<wJ ^° tiULiJl aJLJLjJI
^yliiSl jji>- ^ 4 U . : ^ J l oil oLL>o JLa~> i jljil £j
j^j* t<b \l4>- 1 J t^>*^ JliJ aajj^I ^34^
V J^s <JJiii ^<>j i <LLL<Jl S^p ^* (jd^r^r*^^ cr* *i
J^>Jl ^ Ipy ^^-J ^yJl ^S^Jt JLaS jl ^ju Uj c <Cp ^ ^S^Jt J*>Ul«<Vl j
. ioUl iJJlJl SUo <j<a*i L»5 t <j
£*^Jl jl ^jj i^jy^l £id>Ji 5j>tj«-*j ^.Ajl^Jl *— >Lp
Lfe-^J fi-S**: ^J^iJ <'3*^^h JjbJl ^j^Uj jl J-Qal^l ^j^ 1 -^
fwai Jj^-i ^^i" j^t>L-Vl» : J jJLi t^yJl SjLisJl ^ j^*X^y\
. IpUl aJJlJI SUo -Up Z j£Jd\ eJl&j
^Ul jJj><J jl i ^3 ^>-J-J (j^Ul jkz^jj <. o ytUx* JUj>- ^ (j jl
Jp il>- ^7*^ SilSiJl jl : JjJi <J>j£j LLoj
jl Loi ^ ^^Jl ^JpI U t^y^l ^L-^l IJl*
^jlp i^jJ ^yJl ^JUili 4^aj^j>^ ^p iL>-^ iyjli UJLLP JjjJl ij^fli
?^ Jl»>^ a j^u ^iS" iwJ jjJl ^^x-ji- liU : jAj ^ yt> ^>Jl Jlj^Jl iJL^i
. *JlJ^}j ^JLwJl <jj&+$\ y* a* <Jlji U
Sj^Al ^U^UJI ciJUJl ^j^Jlj t^^JI *Uai)lj ^U'NI
^© s X^=>j iJ^> ooS Al>y» i^iM JLj^l ^ £st$^ : JUj
.tit
L^U Ip j-a=^ SiLJl ollkuJ ^>UJl £)LJ)ll jU aJU ULjj
^ 4juj-^J1 olS'l^o! ^_L~* ^ pAV 1 J*
i^3Vl ^jJ^II JjbjJlj tJuiUl SjU^jJl ^ oVU-Ji ^p ^JlJ
t^J^I ^jIaJIj jjjzSS <*jj~J\j <L-LJt «05>-l>-j ; £«i>«^Jl uiUj j
fjJL- t^JU §g UJI jls ^lUJiij t^UJl oU-y
.(YAAY) :«^jUJl ^>^» O)
m
ll% :$g J15 US' ^.j^t '*j*&> I4J o^JI ill Ul* ISUft l^^k
^ J^aJ W^** ^Ji* LjJ& ll^l il^
.[Ar t AT :ay»] -^@) s^UJi!! ^ <j£ l>j
iijl^j liiC li^i © ^jJZfy ■ LajI ^*^p J 15 j
ei;5i ipfaJl v^uil li> u^jij JLiiJl Syblfe cJl5 ISIS
^^iJl £*l=»t<jl ji t o^jjjs^a il^JL-a ojLlpL ^tf-j i j-**^ Jj^d
SyfcU? ^^aaUj j^Jj ! LfJ <3 j^*" Jaa*-j Uu^Jij l ^ Jj. ' J <Jll<JU ^Aj
jj^I IJlfc ^ ^jAJ La oUisI ijJuu jU tdJUS iCjl ^-Ji ^0
oUl£*Nl
iLpUl^^l OLJjjJl \j>J* 4+0 j*Z L$^J t LF , .>*^ ^U»I>«^Jl ^ Z*jj>t}\
(, juyl\j t<u->y>Jl cjMjow ; Jiu tix^j o!>LL>*jj oLsU-a^^j
4^4^5>wJl aiJJl ^Ij-^J t^^wJ^Jl i Z~JcS\ ^Ij^SMj
.£1 ... ° J^JJ!
^^xJL ^Jj-idlj tl^JUj
: ^kl t^jiJl £»*?~J1 ^-L-jV aJuOJI ^j^Ji Cr^A? ^1 i*JlkJ 0)
m
t^>Jl oU^vJl ^Ul «JUa31 JJl^JU) SytUi ^b" I4, ^jJl
AjUjIj <C*>\5\JLw Jl£>J1j t i« jJb y* ^J^» ^^"^J ^^^J
ojL^pL iolUl aJJlJI Slpi i^jlk^ J yyJl -IfiJ Jj
. Gjl ^p- ULt> J-oJ>*J A3l>waJl w>lzS ^Lxj
£Ua^ iwU^Jl isU^^aJl J ^Ij! Ui j <lLjJ» 0JL0 JUwO ^1 ! 4iJL>Ji
Jp ^jwJI ^y^-UJl jj-^axi^ J' Lf^> £^J* olilw Jl ^J*^ 0
oLU" wb-l ^aJU iJ A>^a}\ jy&$\ 1Jl» t a5j>L$J\ ^IjjJl
t ^£J 1 Aj jl^S" J^p 43 y& J^p ^jljXj oJJbw 4*5^ OjJbU* *b! kill c_i-l5\j
j^x> J o^jj ^Jl3( ^liJl Jlja>-Vl ^jUj ^jy^l o^p
.du&xJlj JLiJl J ^^LJl ipU^i j i( ^JbJI
Ho
t«iLJiJ^ i^ai» ^ ij^Jl i^jjujl :JjVt
^jJc}^ i}ycS\ |*~**J >
tj^l ^ Sjus iJL* t^tsUtj JlJ* i^UadVlj
.5y.JuJl alJGjMl j™-d ^ J^*"
•jSlUl ( JbL^ JtS Jj tp-SC^ jUa3l o! lit iiji^Jl S^UaJ! Ol
SJuJ ^jVI SijJL>tJ( Olj-UJl Ji<u (j^sx-i U^jA) jlS JL&^Vl
k->fc£Jl ^x^J t L^J^' ^-o^JI floNl^Jl
jj^Jl iJilj>- C*>\ jijSj *~5>\ ^yfcj <.4jj>*~JS SlpJm cJlS" l^SO t^J*^^
J^Utlaj AplJjl J^LaJ ^yi^.,^ dT.l I < v^» :: a11Ij t^jiJi £»I>t*JJ <U£- j^^Ji
^1 JOil SujJiaJt Spt ^aJI
^U^Ji JJL>JI J^ 3 *-* ^jSC; <^ l £iJ^' JT-^J j?* **^*
cJlS - dJLiJJ U5 - U,UI ijCiJl il^Ji
L*^P j iL^>J(j »^l>t>Jlj Ajuj^I (*J&j>C$ 'Lo'^'Nl C^ijj-^alJl
kjjLjl LiUi3l ^JxJl oJLfc frlJ> 4jJu>- A^LJtJl eApi^J jShjj tAjMvtf
.ijJl ^UJtj r t5L-jU
Ji ojjLjl 4JUi!l u T -icJl cJ_pJ Jus ^U^-Nl -LJl IJl^J a^Jj
iljUto U^Jj 4 t v C r*-^* f^**^J (.iJjclij ol$>J!j tc^UtjJlj
iJLJNl ^« oli^lp ^ ^»jJl ^JUJi Jl Uj^k; j
. Ja-N J^ai J yc^> o-Uj t^JjJ! 4jj4M J*- M tiS^lJUJl
^ilj^ aj! -U-XvJ tJsMjJl Lg5ljjs-j t5jyhj>Jl fU^ftLi* SiNjj
. JU- it Jp ,j jpjJI ^ oIa ^53
£Lo ^ Cjj^JI a^>L?j (_3 *>Us»i Alas^J A^jVt SyLtf (jiia^ liSCftj
L»j aJ&M Jai— J j t^»*>L^Ni jj^j aJjx« a-pL»j>-I oLiJL>-j a~moLa*
J y** J t Lftil^j ^L<Jl ^ £^" a: -l i^-jcJI Js ^ia^- ^ AjUx«-I
jij^sj ^ i»oL* oUJL* Jjli*Ji ^ iiL* ol t^UtJi a»j^jI*j -
J^U-Vlj ji^l aJIS^I j* Oy>j+i y/Jl j^JUJuJl
ajJj^p ^iljjj Uj^ U^5o^> ^tjlxll jjj^nj Jj 4^>jLdj IS"^*^ OLjNIj
^y^U-Vl j ^-^^ ^QasJl U! tUji jl tAjiL- jl 4AjiU ill ;A^a>^
. AJL£>Jl A^^CJI £3ijjJt i _ J A>J AlU^J AJ y AJo i^>w» U-gi
< 2 r ^»U* J ^» ^Jlc-j jUipj tO^iJI Jjj^J a3jU^<» ^ys ^JG^JJ
ilj jji ^a^L-)!l iS" ^>Ji *Uj t Li I yc>Jl -^><J^ j^U~< u^UjJl JUP ^
jji>u-j o jj-^»U^Ji sUuJl j tiialwJJ J y/> jJU jJt5la JSwj Oj^j
. A^LaiJi olj^ailj f^)M (y^ -jS,
l^^-^J A~-^gJl Aw^J! e^iajl ©Jl* jjUj jJlP a13 tjUJ.Nlj
^jJl j^Ul jLjNl oUj5la jLi OLJt Uj
lg^<2-wj u-wJJj j LJ")/ 1 o U aJL j Ui>ei**« la t^U-j^llj *y I J
i>-U«j J&J ^LfJ^ ^ i^^tJ ' 5 ^J^i cT* 11 p ^ 4
: §i Jij iaJuaaJI jjyJl ^jip JaJU aJU zJz+j a^U ^Jg>- J5
. y»l jlaJl y ajU-J. ^Ji^ <y ^IL. Ui>. <bU *4^}L^(
ol ^laj J<^j cjUpJI frlJGj! ^1 *5Jj3l 4?Uii £kb ^JJI
Jl J ZIZ ^Ju ^JJi Lo jSlti\ J ciU^-Nl
if
^JLH S j^c. ^Jt ^J* ^iJb ^jJl U ?jTy iaujJ- ^jjJ J I jkj— aj ipUaJ
jJai^ 5 0)LvJoi ^LJl JUjj t<bly I £Jb j! Jl (woulil j
^jUJl UJ dUij t^^UJl Jl cJlLj lil jU#l 4JiU- lit.
f-^^i ~ J^aJI /^SLw < ^** > * t^°L*JI L^jLa L>sJ I j j-,^" cjSs^j ^ Lp
t^Aij^Jl 4Jb-y» aj^-wsJI ^jiJuJl jj :- jy>^S\
. (T) ^jUJi au^j
«i Uxj ^^a^ ^xl» oLil>- ^ylp l$J j-S" jl^ : ^j^Jl iU- -
^ ^ j/^ 1 <^J ~
U>- j^JI oJL^j ^jJl y 1 Jtaj i^yixjjldi <JLJi ^lajJl ^^aju -CIS ^^aJl
^ S&j i< f ^\r :o) ^ ^Vl ^JUJI a>rj JI Jl
l^J jS'jj t<ulij juj ajIj^U^* ja t^JJij t^Uil oJLJI pip <uUS"
jjJl oJiiUl ^jjk^lj ^jj^JI ^^px^wJI j~*iJl IJLft Olio
.(WVT) :yJL«, ^j^Sj t (V) H^jUJI 0)
O^Uj i^jlsJl J| t*-iJ>Jl fct^JUdl U$) U-i^J Jail (Y)
- Bijay Das, Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, Atlantic
Publishers & Dist, 5th ed., 2005, p. 214.
oUUl jJp : JW! V UI) ^j-, viiUI JjM2 J (T)
^j^g* :J (^j/LjJI ^yljJi 6LJJI jjp litJlill ^UDj iC^j/JLJI
.(\VA (HA c t( r mv)
in
4 0) Aj-j^l iJ'asLiJt i-jJUJl oUlil ij^w t^j-Jl j^S^il! J£Jl
L l fJd\ JJU^xll ^ ((.HA^ :o) jlTX iiU- ^ lil^ aj/Nl
JLi^o ^ijytJl jl&Sfl ci^Jl ^ *~oL>-
(T)
SjjSUl L^l^>-!j oiS/l iwsJ( i~>1 ^yU- jS" y ^AY : o) jj-w^S'lj
•V*'*> 'JjVl jS>Jl tJ ^~ J^ 1 :i ^ry
t_->lk>- ljM j^»tJ jJ AlSl<w<Jl j^Jl jLajj^i tjJ? ( ^r > " ^ J*
w>^Jl Jl L^Sj ^iJUttl ^jJuJl ^il? jSS'Nl JLj^Jl ^ jlS"
t Ij^w iai <j1 jsi y 4 w> jiJi sJla lj> : ^/jjb
"<cJ^» jj-Vj^j I jits' p-frJij t tia^Jlj Laj^j ^jl> jjy^Uioj 4 Lg^P jiiU
^ylJ jAj L>- jj jj j^'S/ 1 fLjT ^jsvl j> t L^-j ojI-JL-J^I *L1p
4»jLS j ti^^jja]! ^jJ^I ^L»l iJLvJ^/l cJlS ^1 ^j^J^
.( r mA) t jjVi ^Jdi ji^ 4«aui ^» (^)
.(^^V\) tjr ^ ^ 4«^J1 SJLCi*i 4^*1^1 li/j (Y)
.(V^) 4^! ,UJ>I >^
aJLjNI p j^*S\ <3UJl5 ^JaJl jbJbJl cSj^l L^^uj c^LJiJUl cJU.it
• dy\ *^-*r > ' '*-i***J1 (.y f
^j^jJI ^J\l ^fuJl ^xJl ^^Ji j!>UNl 11* jl : UJbJIj
4jL>^ jl ^S"ij t^^jJl 0^ Ala»J clL t~J y J (^HtA jAa) t-j"}Ua]l
jip *y .^ikiji oNNi j c~>ji ^ isj\2i\ j\ c u^^i uj^-
0) Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, Basic Books, 1963, p.
70.
(Y) Dosse, History of Structuralism, University of Minnesota
Press, 1997, vol. 2, p. 105.
Aj^iaij jLiX**^l oUU^- C^IjCoIj I IJbji <£SJb - Jil i^jJb -
J>JLP {Jj\~*i t^^j (- ^aJ' ,) ■ (*-f-^J J 15 J~>- i jj^aJJ t£j^
^i^w-i caajLJi iJjjJi ijujiiii Sjjcji totu^-^ji
Oji JLuJl cJL?- fl>*j (^^jU tJjjy ti^iJ) jc^ ^......hil
^^jIp'VI ^JU^Jl t jJ^> JL-ij ; y (.K^pdkJl iJU*-» lyjL yl* : J&\ (\)
.( r mr) cji^Ji
t JjMl ^JaJl O^LII jb i^/t ^IJL^JI ^ cjSjJI* i^QaJI .J (Y)
j I ^Jai. -J j tSfrly JS" ^* iJuCjj ^^^i J*^ 11 :<-i3j^Jl Jja> ^L^- .(jfc^ i *V)
.(VT^) luJj i-oit 4^jl5
(V) Foucault, "Nietzsche, Freud, Marx", In: Ormiston & Schrift
(eds.) Transforming the Hermeneutic Context, State University
of New York Press, 1990, p. 59.
\ t •
5SjJl>JI Sj^j^JJI oLjfcJl j^S ja jl :aaJ>J\j
t JU3I iLL. /\ oUUjNI J US ikUl iAljJ jl S^UJI *kU
US' t^li^fl JsUjL iiLeuJl <mS\ ajJI jl t^pUaaVl a*J! j\
jji 4^-^ Aj^illl oUiJl oAa jl ^IgJI ^jUll ^^kj
o^l ^ U t jjljiJl l^*^ Lftj>^ t ^SU« J5^ U jJ-j
^ ; ^p £>j^ ^ 1^*JU ^Jj i^wUJl
\i\
^ (2u @ aJU JUjJl ui>w>i
. [Y^ lYA :«SUJI]
LJj jjJJ ^y*-* • j^-t- ^ jl^-lM oljj U-i ^ JUi tij^>Jl
dUi J^j t ^S' toUJl <kL>j ^Uw^'Vi SKLLa £kL«j tfrLVl
Ji; «5JNjlS\ l^^^J! ^
:^-.A>Jl l-U ^-jJ- ^* J jjjl A^SUJl <JL-j 4*Jlka ,j^J - eL>Jlj
.(YU/^) : j ^Jl U> .troUJl jb 1(t J»il ^! (Y)
UY
^JUl IJL* jiSl ^LJI 11* ^Jj Ojj^ «U r ^J ^ . < ,.,,. J I jjlp)) j^*,
Ujj (j^J i ^L^ij ^51 J^-^> UL>-lj i^l^iJl frUif ^ & j-p Juf ^
JU*fc &Jl>Jl L^villl oLlS^I fljlA. ^1 Ol : LftLft i yAA Jtj
: J^.j J* j^-^* J*^ J! c**^ 1
t jl>.j *i J^Uil Jjj*J - IpU - io^Jl ^^J' f j^"
^Jiii t^ycJaJl ^yJ^I ^^Jl ^j* ^-prjj^ cS-Ju<ail L^viJ Ja**^
.^5buJl <jUj JS" L4JI JjjJ t IfriS' oUj>Vl
SL*)N yJUj tLfcU gjsll ^ \jJS\j t^sldl dULr
oUJaS <S\ £>UJl fl$JL-t UJl ^yJl ^iyJl ^Jd
^^Jl^Jl Ul tii^^-ixJl oL^kJI dUxi SJb-b>- Js\J~£\ /\ ajb-b*-
: ^! ;olJJl ^ >>-^l ^pj" <>*^ «aJjjJlJI» obi d\ ^Jlj
iVUw Oji c^5lj J5^ ^^^1
4 jv—UJl J^UJl UjLipL. V tijS^ J-»l iSw y*Jf J^U LftjUpL
. l«Jl ^ JS ^ ^
^jUU^I J\ '^SjLJ\j ou^-iiil ^1 >J1 ^aU- JS" jj JjUJ -
. oljj^aJl dlkJ UL^o ol (j»
jl-Ui^l IjJl&Ij t«JSlj^l j i^Vl ol5 U Ijjj^
LSI cj\j~JA\ olfc (_$jl3 U o! *}Uo c-aJL& ojLlJl oJiaj
. J^liaJl JL>J - ljLj>4 — J-s<aj Jj t^_Jiili<JI i^-JjUla j~U<2^J ^ISUjl
^Ua>Ji3 iL^LvJl euLAiiJi ^^Jl i'fj^-^i* obi 1*1 j
i j2*c* CjLXplj JJ— ^ 4 AJ^-^jd! J A^LmJIj AjjJLJI ^5 I jJlilj oLiLkJl f jfi-
.Ajj^\\ oil*— >J ^yLjN! ^»}L-Jlj OjlH^Vi c-fiJ^L-J <uuJLs
lyL> l£ j^ SjL^>-j t LJUxijll I jil SjLa^- j j^o jl jjwaJ J^-oj
SjU jlp aJ\ ojUi-Vi cJ .,■.*» (j;iii - ^^-Jcil ^^iSbJl **-j! j^j
^ jl jp3>\j <.£j\j£\ ^UJl yw.^gJI jl j jjj p-fll : - aJJlJI
j^~~« j ^ j^ ^»lwJ 1 j ^ I j£ I J j-* j O UuL*s>
^LJl <y J j^° >^ : jrij^ 9 ^ 1 ^1^31 JuJ l»t 4 vrjJ yjJj*S \ oi j^bVJ
jjjiJl <x»j! oLJ ^I^jU tjjJLvill ^ U-p j jJJLH ^ Up *^ijj
ijc^'jj^b Oss^s*^' <-jUS^I ^Lfil L»l ; CLJp l^lk^ a). Aft J I
. dJUi ^Jtol ^23bJ ^li toLJl ^ J j>o j^i :.^~ ? *JI
^ 4 ^JaJl j jUj^L <bjJJ ^1 j 4 «4^$JuJ! ^oLJls pJLwJl <_jI£J!
f -6 o.Ip j j^p ^ il—aja^Jl jjjiJl J^r*"' Jptidl /^P
jj-V^Jl olxJU 4 4jjpjJl Ojf^ L^J^J ij^-^d lT** t (* J6,3 W : ^'J
dtt^Ull 2Q*Jl (Y)
J**^ ^1 ioUl aJ-uJ1 SUo -Up o^fjijl ^
I^j! j—^-! ^i^i c^^'
J^-Ullj pJLwJlj t y»$^\ <Ju£> j5 t LgJ ojliill UJs ol»!sUJl ^ Ojlij
l^^^Jl ^»!>LJlj AJLJ^t SiU^J d ^4>\ LJlU J y
. lfj» J l^P ejJi <J?~ 4_U I jJL4j (^JJi jjLw- Jl JO
UV
JaI j&j 4JI ^ ^ U^l* Ul*. t[V* ^ ^*J>
U5 J jikJl pJi^j ^lJL ou^tJl ob ^ dJUJijj iOUj)ll
jUj)H ^ 5 y* ^ iS\ ' J&\ oj, Jj lO^uJi a*>U p-^jk
.[IV 4^
^44 S£*$ ^
jl Jl>-J (.jUiNl ^ j£AA ijj ^1 ijTjAji yJH JAJ
.40 Jl J} l\ 0 j^<Jf : J15 U5
^jjt tojL^Jl oJla ,y> jU.Nl JaI L^rJI *5
. <t|([J| j>^J^ Vu^-j i^-'U
JaI ^yiuJ ^ ^JiJlj £j^J jUJ)M <dJl ^ij
££j iift 1435 p tS-j ll* S3 : JU US lOUiJII
UA
Xs^ ^ i^ 6 - 31 dJj*^ opj CJ5
cm£5\ sfr © luji Si? £i l^ij :M ^
iiytc 4JM jbj C^J^Mj OJHp^ t> Alii vi^J 9"r~4* LA^plJij O^JIj
^ <\£ d :$g il^"
^UaiJl J, JLil^Jl AjLUJL AiUl eJLA ^> UJ t dU Alj
^ J^J\ lift JaJ^I j^P jJLj ^JJl j <. ° ) <(4JL^ r - - *Ulj - J IS
-Oil
: J^A^tJ i«^»^iaAJl jy^jj" t^jif ^1 ^1 (^)
AjTjiJl oL.Nl ^kk; jjj t^Vl jljjJH ioLaJl L^LaJ Ij^.:;.
. jU.)M Jii lil jLJ^I ^ J
jl& 4ejJtS «^ ol^iJI Uj-o 4 jl*J)H Jua ^UJI \ b\
ia tr d^Jl J JLJ)|I c^JuJli <£U* Ul <Jj-^ JL~^
l$J jJi - JjjJl iJji t %^>\ Jb>-jj N SI i^JU- i^JUjj
i^6>\j^S\ y>S\ ^ ^jjt J-~»J i^-kSi (. ^j~~AJiid\
\<?J\&\j Ji Jl J;, *JLJ1 Jui:
;4i!l X* Oc^ ^0~J1 ^iJ jUj^l jl Vjui t J*UD
.^^^31
:-U>^ ^ *H <dy ^ixjj ^gJl jAj ^>*aJ1 *>A~*
t-^Ju <JlS cJjl t^V 1 iJl * ^> u ^ . Su*
■J £j£ ^ i^ii^Vi ^ ju us lf u;Vi v> <y ^
1«1
.[a 4# j£V? 4\
. [YY :JU;SM] 4© i
J^j>S\ Jj2" ^ p ^S£^ [^li- cy$^ :^^>^\ ijy* J* JUa
.[o :^J\] j^lf C4$\ j$\ fa JlL IjliJ
^QblL ij>lT jj£ ^ a£=J>£ jl <i4l> ^ j-J*
ijly oU \p-f* <-i ^1 - ~ oJl& ot ^L«j Ju*^ Jj ! ^^)^ j^*-*-^ ^
y yl£Jl oJlaj t<JJl ^jbS ^ yl£Jl 5jj-^ ^jA^j 11a
f>o- * CjUj^I ^Ul Jip jLJ^l ^ t3>d V ^Ul
<U1 JL- Ji ^ jjLc 4JU-Ijl31 ^w^U-Ij o t t/^' jL«-UJ
!4jLi 4JJI £*j ^gi^J j t Aii yj»
$ £± o-r o*j^- ; Jj^i tA ^' C^ 9 ^.<3
jj>j Cj*j\jus 4jj15\j p-bj^ tjc 3 *" * J"*^ jiaj ^ Jj^jJl jj-v^l
^ £~*^J c JJuJl (^J ^J> <aJ^- L^Xi tAlL*-« jS- 0
.o^-jji jU-^lj oL>Jl>- ^ UjUl jt&j <-i$j^\
^ ^ lil ojuJI ^ jl : ^Lj)! I jl^Jt lJu ^yjf U-a j
ji
. r ->UVl jUl J>.jb jl
^ 4*iUo jf^jL^JI _^P ^ jl jS"il jl oUaJ^t
JLp liU- Vj < ;> ~>Jl ^ Ci Jj^j
^ i^>^> ^JJJ ^> ^L? t Jd^^l f I ^r 5 *"^ QJ» V j 4^^!
CJlS" jlj u ~i^\ jJa*- Si ^>«lJl iSiJl oJlaj 5 JasA\ LUj
LJJLS) JS" liL. Ait VI tJUJl <*Ja> fj^l SjiJP Sij-X^
cJl* ISI LJjlS\ J Up! J5 jLJ^ I ^ liU ! ?$|g JU^ S^Jj » ylS* L^I UJUs
jl£ JlSJ Jj t j a] u_ikb j <. ^ U-J aj^j> A? j£>± ^ 5§ aDI J^-^J
Al*^*/ ^jA A*U»- J*kj <■ (j* 1 -U->«->5 j~>- p-Uj A*~dj
aDI JuaJ Jj 4jU £-Ui>«^ yt> villi £*j iv_JU? ^jI oL«
.^^Jl ^L^l ^ ^jp! a?s! Ml Uj t*J Ja~J
aJLJ^I JUpVu oyJl Sy„>>^l bU jUJt>- ^ aJUI jLp 11* j
aJ V % <JjJjs A*i^ pJ <iiii 4.1*, /?\\ frijilj /^i j^JUJl 5j L^i A-^tJi
: cJU aJLsIp £jf> as^^w* ^ |J^w ^LoNl (jjj L5 1 aUI ^Ju I^jj j—i^j
^jJa^j f^j^ J-^d iJLaUJl jlS" jlpJL^ ^j! aUI Jj-^j b cJl3
.^U**- J ^Atl yj U^j Jii jj 4I1 4 iiL& V» : JUi ?A*iU iili J^i 4^X~wJ1
JJujj 4aU-U S^j^p- ^ jL-^M JJL>Cj jlS" ^^ai' pJt*-
^ vilii ajJcj ^ villi t^jUJl j~£jj £^ <_^^' ^
Ail ^^Jl o^Uwsi (^jj Jii t^jJL ^ a;V M[ *^l3 N 1 aUI
ji a)ji J j*-^ oJUj ^yiiaii ^-j^*- c-iij ^^^^ o-L^j uj
jtJj ^L^J^^ J~^iJ t^l>Jl ^r*iJ 4 ty^^ *^iJ tjUiJI ^y^J-o ijlS^I
«JiA SjjU- U 1^ aUI J jUi a^I Ul ; Jai A5J-I5- v^Jll? ijj
,(tU) :«j*JL~4 (>)
JjJu^» JUp^I e 1ft J^i jjj aJU-p^ ^-Ji
44^2 #\ M ft fit ^ ^ : lij Jlij
.[A* -.i^l]
4 JjVl UJaJl 4 jl Ji j\a Ja^Jl JL* c«3^Jl JS^» 4 (\)
.(TtM/o) :UU.A)
40WI UJaJl 1 jSUM jb 4jlk^l :jJ»j l>U|4Ij iil-M 1 " 1 jr* ^ (*)
.(W/T) :UUU)
.U*U/f) :<j»UJI ^ 4^y^jJl (T)
JUpU
clliUc^ol ^U*dU Jy! aJW* :jjg JJC JLp ^ A^l J IS
^»l£j>-1 ^ iLji oLJ^M jr^*^ tl)l i >>^-> JUpSM iau>^ ^JaS J^>1; Jj
p ll^S : ijj^ ^ JU US' couyJl
.[A :ju~] 4® f ^ £ iAX 0
iAJu oli ol^" jUS^Ji J Up I J* <dil ji j
jli ^ ^* di &^J^ lOUjiJl Sjj-- J JU US' tfrL^JL «jU
*L& u-JtJu ^jJl UJlj j.*La ^jtJj N j yl£Jl jjIp jli
Lt^ ^
^ i \\ & &u$ft 3% fV £T gS*, aMfy
ioUl iJ-uJl sUo JL>J dAjl Ajjr^ 6Jl^j aJUaJI lL*j
.[\U : f U^I]
4© SssJ^ St ^> t)**^ A-^i lAQ : Jlij
. [T * :U]
.[•n :jpji] o- Ij t jJL 51 juJj? j)j)>
.[U : >ti] « ^v4^
/^«4-1p jj^Ujj «u!p j^Jl^i V (.l^^r »js* j^" ol?
L? 3ftjjlj Jun^ i Cd$£jJt jij^a^ (T)
^ ^U^Jl ^jIjJI jdj^ Jl <wUl aJjlJI SIpj> ^
J^US" i^i-dl git-tfl 0 jJjUoj <njj& ciS^-l a ^* ejUpL
^Lol ^^Ip j jJJLsjj l)jJL*A> ejl*l~*« AaI&I C~>*j ^j-^"!)^^]
ij^ojL *J*>b>-^l IJla 4315" l Js- jj^adl oJl* e r ^» Ji?LH l ^p ^jS^j
^jJi fS->L3 t> . : ,..-:.JI ^li&U >^ jl aJI dJUi I^j U-j
/^jdl ^y aaaIIj <_£ jiJL lij tjl5 p\ y* tAjVl ^ c^-j pt>L«!>U s^^Ji
jSfl ^ iUi)M p^i^S" jllil c^>^j ^j&JI JJ^Jl
:JlS US' t^^jjU! jy^l IJL» p-o^l ol^Sl cjLiS" jSj caJj^-jj
*** IjJUj ilSi V ^ugJ^S oljpjJJ jjSU^Jl p-A^Ji *NjJ»j
ij^T) ^iJ id) $ j ^US5> : <JU US' c^jVl ^
iwaiJl jL^pI jyr^i ^* fc £ij^ UjSIj t^y>- jJl LfJ^ oyfcUs» aJL^i
4 O ji- 4^J»lJu jjj* ^a." . s,.a Lg^vAnj iSiJuC* <ij ^>v3 ol a.'../?T ^ jjl 4>-UJl
t K jlk«» ^j^fS^J ^Aa Ifclp jJUi V 4 }L>1 ^
<UI ^JUjSlL jAkJl f^b £-uJl Ulj
*U~ <Vt iwjLb ^ 4<>ia,:< J^»U? ^ iplS^SM 1$Jp ^^-jj
tU^j JiLJlj yl&lj iij-UJlj yrliJlj ^y* ^ j^UJlj
ojs^jj OUj^M (^r*^ ^ *H ^-^» J^j
. <ui J! 4 jU jl I*? ^juJi ^-^j f^rJis ^y-i f ^is^Sf 1
S&SE cA,P % $X i$ : JU JiiiJj i^*JI
.4jL1^i^4 jy Up u^faJL V 44j1jU1
US' SJb-1 j JU- ^ (-^ j}\ j\ ' a! <UXJ1 ^yul* LL»j
^lvw*Jl ^ U ^^*-j>o cjj\JcJ» toUy-ji ( j ~»l~*».U ^N^l Jj * jJUw«
0^5" ^JaJ j>j 44JLAUJI Oj^Jlj t/^y* S^t^J ^-JU-aJ) J^Jlj oU/^l
\1Y
. Uj>^j SiU^j <*JLw« y» yl£Ji ^ U t*j— *?tj> OjUo SbUvJlj *l jJl
J j i« ^-p j |J — J I L$-i J^*--^ cjU dJUS ^Jlp cJb Ji j t ajUwj!
U gJuJL; Ills' oIj <J~«UJl j ^yJ-Jl «uUw>m <JJl JLoi t ylSJL k+ai^
o& j>lii^ : J Is US' t5JLp-l j jU^j \ l*4^J tjUj^l
.i\A :Lb*Jl] ^ ti-S t&
. [y > ^c^'
j il^iJ^ c^>tLU*ll |>L^fr} ijL^U £j05i jllc : ^y? ojj-,- ^y JUj
,[ya :^] <^&]T .SwllJl jl£ 'J% : Ujlw JU ^ t^^Vf
^y jL-i^llj ioL — )! tj^aJl jlk* ol ^jl»uJ( y>j
Jj t^^L-yi ^ tl^ilk-a j jtJ — JI £>J V LgAS t jj>JA\j i^jSfl
^y j~*xJI li^3 ULiU- Liu! ^yiJ ^»UJ1 jUjN! >U M
tjLw^M (wJUa^ J^ishJ ^y IjJ^if-l ^ yjj <JJi _Up 4jliC<Jlj il^Jl
jlfl dUUj tSy*UiJl ijJjJI JU^uJl OjU £y ^ j}\ OjUJj
l&lij Seil oi> : JLSi 4^>JI pVjJI ojU <UI
itljl ij^>j ijju ^jftj *ii ^ fCf^iti -h&V 'j^iw
^ ^ tii r6i !j ' ^ ^ ^ liJtC pi o?*J
•CYA :^
Jl> OjUlil ^J^> W ^JlS' ^JaiU
to^Uin jjjJi ^sU-ij oLi iw-v*>^ pJi~Ji sVij-o ^ Jbjj <uU ^oj-vop
. <dJl ^! ^9 j-Uj ^_L^JL3 ^ c^^ij
^>-J O^LajC-vj JjiJI ^v^^'j *Lwl Alalia Js^vJl
.(YVW iBjJL*. £^>»j 4 <«U) :«^UJI O)
.(o^r/v) :UU»v)
^^Jail jljJl tj^L Ju^l ^lir^* t«^>*^Jlj yr>Jl» <.Jt>j~J\ (T)
ij&kS jb j * Vfs> oiUiji <*--*wjkj l j< a A>j fc^Luij ^l^jl ^JL^Jl
^ f**l* %M </t ^js*^ ty* s : ^ <y^
: <u«-J ^^L-^M ^J. cJj-5j £*l>- ^Ju^is ^^tJ
lil 1 l!>- oj ^s*a US' iL* 'JSrti jr*^ 1 J«*^ i/riJ <-***rb j£> y>
> H fly US' t <ijU>. ^ io-j^ji ^ 4j\s*V is* dU* ^ (3LS-
j) JUi i^UlcjUdbljl i^j^^s^ JJ US> ^l/^ 1 Ja! Ji>-1j j-p
^1 iSjJ jSj i^ui! JjUS' j^SU <u^ J» Jp ^Ut 4jS( i «u!p 3-^1 oU
. o jjrfJI 4* j^t ^1 1^ t( ^Jp ^JL3l t^li v^^ 1
Ji* 4 L$la,.,vj Jl>s^ (JLa ^j^J "UjJL JJLp j JsjI ^3 j 3 ^^aJl 11a ^yj
.(Yoe/Y) :UUm tiJliJl i*JJi tjfi >Jl jb i«j**J1pjI* »L*lJ t JI>Jl (\)
.(A) «jJLm (Y)
.(Y>V/YA) .uJ ^1 (T)
lLl. oU jS'S ^AjM <yjcJl j^pJo ^^jUJI ^aJI lift y ^1 j*JI UJjj t Lp- j-i
liU ca^PjJLII a>Jla*JL Lai! ^ y* j-*J ib«-bs-j ^j^J ^ jjJj
^ ^j>JJ jU s tLf! ^^-^ 1^ j 4^jjjJi a^a!
. (>> it >>^1 L^Jl>-1 J-*a4L» *il jUj^JU jLLtj itXyO^ .j-aiu Sjj j^ojli
^Lp <u^a*J1 <jU tiJji*Jl Ojlij <^~~>o OjLiJ LllSoulj
t ^-J>Ul« i j^i 4 L/2jI p_$JjL<a OjUj 4»^**>sj CjjUCj ^j^JwOj^JJ f jJ> yC}\
cl-jJbJl ^ *L>- dJUJJj il^-li HL~« ^j^S" iJ ~J <U ill j ^iU j-oi
.(Yor/X) :UU>T) ^-r^ 1 J b tlt jd jJ1 fj^» ' J 1 ^ 1 <^
£y U* sbU^Jl cjjUIj oNl^Jl OjUi j^j . . JU~ Jul
.[to :jujbJl]
.[ro ^^£3" ^U^X :<Jyj
J£) ULJ J\ oTjiil jUl ^1 JlloSfl ^ t j*Jl OL
(1) jjiSCnJ OjSj^Zj ojwL^ jUSUJ jlSj t^j^^tJ aSC« ^^"J^ Ijj^
3H «d)1 J j jt-f! 01 <jU^J1 ^f^Aj aJJ* ^jUI iJLfi jjl oli
^Jl ^-aL^J Jus i yw>Sfl il jJJl j> Lf» j S j>*J>
: (^r^ iSj M <UI Jj~-j jUi i ^Vl li^UI ^ cJ> JJO^I j
lT tjjj, U j^Lt^ : J-Slj-J >j cJIS US' 6 ju ^JUlj piAS t ^ a!3I»
4ULj ^A/J=Ji [y&_ £j^> : JU 1 4ijJj>- AP^JU aUjC^j
\j^> jSi t [T Y :5yUIJ ! ^ .4 L*lJ£
J 4 j aBUU U : ^a-UaJ J^jJlJ^ : l^u I ^j^^J
tij^ajJl «L^Jl t^JaJl :j;i!^J i b^JmJI jTyLlI t^l>- ^1 (Y)
.(YW/V) :UUtO 4 «dWl i.JJl
.Cvt/\) :^L. jju^ tft^^kJl jT^J! jy-i;* t^'U ^1 (T)
Jjcu-li t (Y) [*Y :*uVri 44^^ & ^ x$ &4p& : SI *Jy 'j*
G3jf 4 © $£3 s^SS^ p$ j* <>>
- <dJl - JJUS j t ijjj ^>Jl jJLk, jl JJ cJy hS\ OjS
0 ^ ^Ij ^JtjbJlj 4;Uw>lj Jjjt Jio <JjC«Jl AjyVl j~-UJ\ ^JU*
. JNJLU-Ni J* ^J^jJl lift L4J U
^Li ^JJI r l Ji J«-a N jUS^I jUi! ^ l^J -031 jJ^ ^1 oLNl
. (A* /T) ;(VA/n) :UUYT) totJl ^Wl ^
.(T^'^AY) -.((L^Ji u^i*i (Y)
.(Y*Y/o) Hj&jA j~J& (t)
ili^ lijj t . , . i^-j^aJ JLc^ilj lift ^ f *%Jy I j-J «ul ^ dlk
. 0> «>*i
J>[* ^L*^j| JUP ^ JUJ>^» iJL>^J| jl £W?ljJl
:<Jl5Uj jl^I ^ Sy. JU dJlilS tjT^l obi
0»o/\.) i^U^I ^1 0)
.(VA/"0 : JjL- jJUh ^jl^I ^US"'! 4^U^3I Jup ^ (t)
IJu JIS y ^j^JL^Jl I* & 'SI ^Lj&l .a* Si ^>Ti ^ ^1
: U>j juij ^1)1 Jy dJJi jaj <.*$y\M aJufc iiN ^ij
^ cJ> ^1 *i*L5ll Ubcr ^jJIj pUJI »Lu1 ^ Up /it UU*»
^ j^UU- ^at^Jl U^jtf^ j-SyL OUiJflj f*->l J*V iUU«jU5UI
Jl* OjJ^jj t^yJl ^Jk^Jl \1a jUt>^l jj^CLwj
OUJy ^J*** ^jj^ ^>^" t ttS y^fcj Jt JSUjJI» ti^lftjJl JuP JU»«* 0)
.OH/*) :U^HV) ^v^ 1 ^U*JI jb t «jUil cUj JL-ij (t)
.a)*>U Jj»- JJl ^ikJ 45jil UjJJ 4<c£UU
e Ji : JU*ii JliJl ^ ^ JU tgg ^1 Si tijli-JI ^jj dUJU j
. ^(JjU; V*"* 1 t *~*^ *i ^-k*** f^j 4 >*e J-*" • sHi
b^Zf\ : §ig JU U5 t JUJi ^ r j«-£ (j^u ^ ^S"! ^uil L-^
.(OA) Mi^JL^ ^^"J t(r *) :«^jUJl (Y)
.0<U •) : ft^J — o 2fw»» (V)
ig JU US' toLOUJlj oLVIj Jl^Sllj oljl-Vl
.[r- : .wi ^J^ff J ii^rl ^ ij>
J jUj^l v-^J o 1 ^ 1 oljU jti'j
^ Sl>jl ^aUj ^ 4^0 dUU ^JJj cdUJb jLfu
.(TAA/n) iffjJS" j*l jgjji (0
.(VO :yJL- i(W) :k^jUJ) ^» (Y)
wr
dH* Js^l i^i^ ^t>3 SSjJj tiiJJLJl JUJI ^ i^aJi ^
. <j>UJl t-ibiw ^-glS"
■ «JJ^J Jo-* 451 Jji o^l ^ U» : <5LL ^1 ^1
Jv* p-^js •' US' 4<d3L iUJlj dL/>M jji
v-fcL^* <^ift :JUi tij^Jl <J> ^*-J>\ Uu* ^Jis <-U-j
^ Lli-j (5r*$ s_>j^
.C\'V^) t Jj^l ^kJI ^J^JI jb
OjjiJl tj^jJ^ AjX^-j^j f^Jl ij^l ^ia^l
L^^-i ^ t ^.JlaJI frMialj jU£5l ^Ju ^JJl j t ^Uai*Ji
J ^ v^ 1 <j^>^ a*
tijJJl jjiw ^ -OLSl p-ia^ oLJl dLij Ja !?JUJl
> t^ff 4 jxJufc fJLg C$ jl? jf^> <JJ1
.[YA 4@ jCilT ^£St
iyj=g=J <^Vl ^kd fjlij^ jU£ Jy f^UjU «>LJl
.[o : jl5 >3l] ' C^-r sL $2 ij^i
^ y, iy-U oT>3l j! Ij^j j*. j*J jU5 ^ oli
jS'i US' <, ^ j*y JLp yfc j LL^Jl JClp ^-j (1)15
.[VV :*UJl] ^'tii- liS i ^ iP®
. ( * ^^Uj tjt^jU I ja^j ^ Lw ^ j*\ >■! <y j
;*uUw?lj «^w-j j^j^l A^sJ* ^y^l ^ . . .a rJ U > A i t .^ tJ 1 j
' r 1 ^ i^it ^ Jit zjjt : J 15
(T) *
^ ^ tfjj US' >-! JL- ^ ^Ui
£J ^ Li : J IS #|<dJlJ jl i^v^ *SS\ JL* CoJb-
.("0 iit^JL^ 0)
.(Y"Uo) i^L^ ^w^ij t (torv) ^j^b (Y)
wv
U J^IaAiJ ; j^JLajL M U jJljAi 0^1>> p-*^ j-" <-J&>u Vp\ pi 4 0 JjJ^Lj
t&uSn ^jUJi ol <-^y\ cs^y^ u^j-^j
tjUSClt ^..ia.O £$-Uij tSJLisjLJI jjjiii '^jJ' V 1 ^ j^!
AAj^-ljl jLxpIj t^!>L-jU iiLJl olilaiU aIIJIj jljiil p?-*^ JLiy j
.[Y icl^^l]
.(0*) :«^JL-«
t A;..^Jl ^Jj <U3 ^JUJl p-£*Jj iJJlJl S*)U ^lia>J ^Ljl
(>) «ikiy ^ <y jkvOjOI tjg^aj ^" **5lj If-* <-Sj^ Jl&I jJ-
t ^U^l .^ii j£ 4.. r ...:Jl sJla CjI dJi^Jj toUkjl j iuj^Jl
. ^UJl — c^Ls <fC^a^\\ ^pj^lj p^U^JL *J j^vi
^ llftj loLotg^Nl ^y ot^V! ^y jUp^I <J *LU! j ou^-iJl
,(WV») -.((jJL^ g^Jj i(UD :«jl>UJI 0)
A^ j AJU ^flij
\\JZj> : ^jJJ aS^>JU £-^> (^iJl
JJwaJlj f-*^! U^J Aj j jij t LgJ Alii S-^J tL^jUiau^lj tA^Sfl
a^p jjJl ol ^£i*Jl jj^w p_gJl LvojI i*-^— jJ^ J-v^I I^j
pLal ^ij^u aJJuJI S^i- j^a j^ifT ^JiSiJj t^Ua*J j^aJUJl j
^^sl^Jl A;>^ 0 jif^tj tij^iJ- Aj^>- L*jLipL ^jJl j^lia»
• Lj-^ij ^ dj J&j f. ajU?j aJJI jJl
.ol: yUl Jjjj^j J^UJVl wwjpNL ptJu Jl J j>d
^j^iJij j: — « j ,^ g" 'tj ioUjJU^U Jj-^Jlj ^j^iJlj t_i^>_pi
: J kl~>- t(^H^O :o) jjJji J~r ^l*^Jt ^^jAil cJj~JLi3l
.by lOtj^lL*? 8 j l k»Jl ^^-J 11 '.j]*jfi- JUjyJl £^»**JI A.« V «^3J iJlA jjlSj
l^lSol ju^ ti?*;?^ tjl&l ^^IkJl :4a., Ull ^ LtfJ IJlXaj ej^?
. <T> «... >ia
pjfcUJl 4_~Jj t&Ju>Jl jL&Vl Jj^L 4J cJlS" j
(T) Deleuze, Dialogues II, trans. Tomlinson & Habberjam,
Columbia University Press, 2007, p. 8 f.
dJUuc>Jj i iLi V jdl v-^ 1 2 s J^*~
Jj^IaJl <i^> 'LaJuOli Oi^jlj e^>Jlj t-^LjjMl k-i ^S" ^ <uj>*&j
4~~JJ ttal^ 4^Jl»JI J*?o p + Jtouj cSi^kuJI is™U Ual^ JL*Ji*Jt
-JJUi ^j-dJl ^ Aiil'i j JjJu^iJIj (j-iJi ^j^j
O) Petr Lorn, Tfie Limits of Doubt: The Moral and Political
Implications of Skepticism, SUNY Press, 2001, p. 3.
> AY
<Ui JLaLl) tl^j <La iii^, c_JLajl y> jL^^l J^c^j
j AvU^rJ JlaUo ol Jxi i^JJl Jjlu t-i^I ^1 aJ^iJI el*
^ <Jj~-jj <dl ^s^jJlj tAxjjH-iJl iLoJ>Jlj ^UjsJI jl
( Y ) * if *
iUw j>j t p-fr*l*J Ji^iaj t-~~J 4 ^ j 5 * - ^ OlS" taj*e
<J SUS^r^ c-jIj Ui» :^y^ jA JUS t^^l v-** 1 J^"
.(A) :«pL«- :«^jUJl £j»^>)> O)
.(YWV) ryU, :«^jU>Jl (Y)
.(ill) iKjJL^ ^>w»j»j t (V) :«jjUJl jv^u (t)
.(mr) :«^jU*ji (Y)
.(aiv) :yL* (r)
S|f s<^> :$g Jl* US' i^jJl ^iJl y>Ui< j^JL-j
1 _ s 1p oil^JL L^sj^-Uj tl^ij^>-j L»jUiw?lj oJift *Li>-l Ulj
.[VA :^>J|]
.[Mr :SyJI]
y Uia L-ib^Jli Mlj t Jsjlas Jj*l i ^>«j> ^ j-^aJl eJut> j
^LuAdil pjV>*~\ (0)
j jkJl Js- i^Ull A-JLftJJl jbuJl i>« ^
^Ua^Jl oLJlSC«lj ^jklijl Jplibj i/^*-^ (J^J*-* -^.r^L? C?\^J
4 l$Jblj| v?: vfia^j t^jiJl 5-5^ Jlp i^Ujl ^U^Jl Ul
^yi-Uj jUj^ I oUli«J yU-lJl jjU-J t<GUstfj AjIwI jyU* ■Jj^-ij
aJ^** N Jj t^-jljsfJi dUU yb ^JJi eJl&Ji Jl* a^Ju^ ^a-Up ^^a)!
.SL»1 J^Ji
jA Aj liL Lxi 1 J aJL>*Jj 0 JJJ A* 1 ^ 0 jj Al*n L) jJ j jl>wj
Silj^l Syj t fg «j jOaJU -JLS1 t^JLJl ^cJI ^^JJI dUi Ul
^ j^S J* a> jo~~jj i ^il— * t ya>t-lS' aJ[ jj jJa^j * aJuUJI OjU-<J1j
bjjaii 5 ^ oU^l caIU- J lil^wJ 4«lijjji)> :0L»-Vl
jLtJl ^ AiJti ^jp ^oCS" aDL ^JUJl .ybw ^ aSI yd-l j A^Jl!j
AA-JuiJl ^LpI JUw* O^-^i? oLJU iJlSLt! 5 yC aJUJI e-ift Ju^>l j
(Jp J5w> J aiLw ^wvP c*ii^ jjj t o>J> iLJUS' a~>- cJlj V j t aJU jJi
".JLII JjLjJI Lf^aiJb <Jl5C-iV I euXAj i^Jalo
?aJLj)|I ^1 JUT ^ liU
eJi» Jp o^SLs ajU-I c-ooi AxwJill aJUjJI AAvJUil jl : ^iljjlj
uv
^JWL aJLjNI JUS" Oj5 y«^j ^yLJiiJ! bujt 11* j
<: ^1 Jlp ^jJ ^^LuVl ^dl ^ <LJJA\ ^JyJ jlo^JI j^!
<JU»j (j** j& J ^ 4 L^JaP ^>-ljj aJ*>*L>- ^ C~?-1
J* ^1 ^ji3l Lily : <dyj dJJi ^»!>L*)M 4jL-*>U <j^> l^j
:dJJi Sft^ ^JU^I ju ?ja*Ji u^jju: AjT £« jl^l £>i
t^J^Slj J_yX \l^ry 1 0^"^ I 0)
.(rvi/r)
^ ^>mJI J} J^o^lj 4~&J ( lS 3 ^ 51 JJ-^" : 0^W
.(AV^>) tG»U*D
4 Lb oUJL. : jJ^as^j tj^-^kjl ^j-* <• ((oL^..si*Jlj oljLi^ll') tL« ^1 (V)
.(T^l ^) i^ldl p-SJI ciJWl oukil
:oVU£)l ^ I^IU Jj^> 4 iyLJ>l JUS* i^juSl ^jJl
^jl ^Jl t.-JaiJl ^1 ^jJl ^j^JlS^Jl ^ ^-bu OwU-p wi^> Ji Jj
iLo La^nJ j «<J j-l^Jl L<J i !> j t«J j^as^JlSj i'ttw^JJl £tJLL»» c^-U?
Jji t «U*Jl «JUli(» Ig^jlj U^pI J^j t^Uil
i*uVi aiyw sjl^uji oijui ^ cuui oijuji loufy i^ji^^
iJ^ill -Gli-^j t « i aj ,jJb *i Up 4UI ajJ^J ^ SUM aJlp *LiJl
iL*jt j - oOip JU t La>I I4J «dJl ^Js> chilli o-Up iliajw
^JJI JJaicJl JL. LUj cUp *LiJI SJlS^l ^ <1J jIjspNI JI - JJl
t^UJl ^UdJ ^ XJl ^^Jl J\ LuJl II* Jo
Shihadeh, The Teleological Ethics of Fakhr ai-Din al-Razi, Brill,
2006, p. 212.
. (>) «oV^Jl
t4j^>tJ jjjLi^j t^l^L* Ifci <L*^\^3l cS^Vj <_SiLr^
i^jiil ^» oJu^w j^j ti^' j^aJ^ t ^JUJl (^*^ c^b" 5 J^^i *r*'
J^p ^r^M <J 1~JJ6\ ^yy-^l j^LmS/I 1-U Jjpi-^i
.v*^ 1 <*jk-*tt tij^ 1 J^^l
CiUjj llLJli j^Uj U— i U-» ^Jl tjU ^Jl UuJi j& Si jj^LJl
^ Jerjt : s-U-lil ^Jik* ^ Jji US' 4 <bUi^l Jlp VI
. (Y) «U* LI* ollU a5j * ^ *Ui2Jl *_^T
^JUl «JjIjSM fjlp» ^Ua-A- ^si^ j*J t^j^j jkv-jlj J^^lS
. Al~Jl *U1p A.U.»X,.,.j
^U^Jlj 5^a>wJl AiytJl jj^iaAj ^Jl j^aJIa]! jLJIj o_^LJclLJU
. aJJ^J \j aJJLjJI <X3j^ <w»*tJl o -La
t^y-^t Jj-^V jloLa* j*>U*L jUL-l U^tAS jUL^I
J^JL jJUJl jT^Jl J JU531 Jj^l ^-L-Vl UU
aU-J\j <u5j aJlIL jJl*J^ ^ 4 ' * fj^' ^-"b <>iJJuJlj
.[H :ju~] ySLJj %\ \ 2\ "i % :
^ W ^1 ^U^l JU JJdJJj caa*U1 ij^SUJI ol^j>SM
^ ( _ r iJl JUS'" 6^ y»J ~ p-fc^^ 4 t^Lftir 4 _yJl iisl^Jl icOiJl (j-iljB
(Y)
ixJaJl t^j^Jl Cp-H^ j'- 5 t (^^—' A ^*J : (J^ 3 ^ t<(^JLwa)l>> 1 /^l (V)
.(Yn/Y) :UUY\)
1^53^ <. L^JUtf I AAj^iil ofc ^Jj t<— ;b£Jl U^JU cufJ oLp
J j] VoJt*ySj laJj+oSI LaJJa» J-<m«JI tii**<^U3l jj4^>-
iPj :- Jl~- - aJ^K j± J ,IA^>\ %#\jf\ S^ailj
j*sj t^Uit JUS" :^J«Jli ^J4=» i$\ &
SJuiUlJl 4^>J1 JSISj lJb>- <-i>jb ia**JU LaUj
t Li jS" J^^Jd^H Lp^*i <AJI ^r 5 ^ 4 Lfj ^Jl Ul ybj l^je^
jiJLc-j ti«Jlj jU^Jl J^JL «|g aU\ 0 eilj^l 6 jS <JJl alii
iJw^Jl J\ Lr JcS\ J^>y J>Ji ^U^lj ^LSiVl aUI JbU
t^H (^Jla ^yip JLjcJI ^-^xj S.iL*Jl c-'Uw^lj O^^J-r^' cJ^L?
^Jj^UJl i>JU3l LjU- dJL5i ^ylp CvfJ Jij e^La^lj
^jjl tJiJl Ji^ 9 £^ l «- fr ; . U cJ^j tjJUaJlj p4;JLP
< _ r — V-xJ 1 oLaUJij toLJUJl iJlSLi^fl oJla jib y»j
Jli U5 t aJUjJI J^vf^j j-^ ol oljL^S UJlj 4 V j 5J
jl ^jl* pUj tLUil y> » <J ^b" : ^ ^'^^ Cf) f
§g <Jy ^ US' tjT^l* fU* VJ Ji 'V^'
-[©A t «V i^^] 0^1*
^JJl ^UJI j.*JI IJL* ^ ^ j, JjSlI tSjLill J^V jSj
> _
I^lju Sjj-^ <—**S ^1 ^1 ^yLe- jt *||| I-U>t*« y»l -jf^l <0Dl
£ll idJ^s" ti»jjjL5i yfcUxJi ^ ^jji t«
oL^^IaJIj cjLUjJIj ioLxaJJI jj^JaAj ^j-iJl *Vy>j
JaJ ^« ^iJl jl VI j j j 4t_*l j ^i!3 ^LjJl iUwSfl p-^Lail
cfJLJj* <3 y Jualp ^31xa 4<JlLJ! oljJi3L JaJ ^ ^Ij^aJIj t*l£iJL
.(turv) :«ju^t fU>l (\)
HI
. ( ^«Ji>- *<C*^j aIap nWJLi-l^ ijau Js> JiJl j^i t-u "if I Sy J
^JajCo SJLaJl j^Aoj ^lJLSCJM ^1 JjjX^> tioLJI iJJUJl 5lpi ^LLsj^-
t^^L ^U^l jUiiVlj li^yLL! &U\ JJxJl coUaAJI
^xJl jllJl ^-j^ScJ ^JjU^ ^ AjiUJl JuJUJl c^Ap jr*"
- - j*Jblja tiJJUJl SUJlj SjUa^JL ^SlyLllj yUJJl J*j j^JjUo
• ^J^J ^^oiJl ^^JJ j*aJI J
tlgJ Iju^j <*j^iJU iLk*; s^sUJl oJla y&Ui» ^ ^Ij «o! dJUS ^^U
. i^jijjj i^-VLj UjisV ^
HA
Si
Uj .J jJoj ^U-wJlj *iJUi iaw> 4 4-jL>Jl p-lalM J
^ k^LU iuSl L$J1 ojLil jJI ^iJl i>Juw J;a>j
OjjJaJj t^jjJi ^fA^sJL Jl wU^SJ &JL>Jl ^^JaJl JJb>^Jl oLl^J
s
. J^wJl ^L*i>j J^*>VXi>-l a J ( La ( ji> t XJ
S^kiJl oYUl Lto 1^1 Ml ii-Sl^l Vj^ 9 VrH jUiiM!
a^pU^-MI ^JlaJI ^ IfiK ju^UJI dUL" JlpMj t^t^Jlj jSUjJIj
J lull ^j^oaJ\ SI jXJto JL^UJI ^ <U ^JL~* j
J It. j to^UJl :5 ^UkJl Jli, - a^UIj o>UiJl obUII Uli
ijjlk* -U^liaj L^JlS Jj t l*j~*J iyiM»fca Jsl—j i
OU ^Lii ^jij *~*>J ^ o^-iJ ^ O^HJ te ^ "-»,A>J
<ol cJsUlj SybUaJl obL*Jl oJu» £ jJlJ JjVl *\S\ *
: J 15 5.^1*1*1 /illl sdLiJJj cl*^
0) « - it
^ J^i US' i<dJl j J^-^Jj
.[u ^> <£j
V j/jLJi /vi b\ ujuuIj Vih .i* oi ^ axil ^ <i>j
.(nw) :yL* g^Dj :«^jUJl 0)
4 c? ^ Of : <Jy US' t^^AS i^Jl jUS"
jUJJ <dJl ^USJ Jl£J J, 4 [vo : Ji] ^iDl j&k
p-ftlj p-la^j t(i^>-l J-s^li« LgjlS ^ i»^Ua» Jl^>-1 L^jj5 ^ *j
t<dJl sjl^Loj i^j^L-^iJij tSU-L^ilj 4jliiMlj cJJJuJlj t^j^iL>Jlj
.0 eJUAj t^iiJl f-yCjo\j <,aJ\ UJJl j t4jJb ^ ^1 ^ki^jM j
J^-tJ 4JJL ^jJuJl SjU^j ^^iJl iLUJl ijUil eJlfcj
£a3 fa^ 0- £ fC^ i&=^ C£ y<
. [ur :syUi] oyl:
.[rrr iijjji] ^j£fj j£) j$ pi j^fl ^ i*j5
.[YA :jJ Jl] &f
33 Jfyi ^4*r£ ^Jai<? j^V^I ^ j^lalo Ji^ : JUi ti^j^l
^ifJo j^y^ j-*^ ^=4^ :^i^>J! olJ^Ui JUj
.[or :^Vl]
.[tAf :SyUl] £i; £S)i Ijlt^J CSJ
pJipt j! liJa* Lf)Ll«Ij ^j^aJl el* ^Ju j^j
» « jT^Jl Ji Ji>Jl» : .-.I* ^ J ^tJI J-pJ' s ^Lr 4
J! J^^ll J— jl 4jl ^ §g <dJI 01 J, tjJLwJl <Jiu}\ ^ a~L»U
^1 dUJ jl ^ij^ dJUi oUjSM jiyi L^Jlp ^iU ^ tr *Vl
.EiY : f LuMi] 40
jLJNl ^ii jl iUJl 6 J^J ^1 J-jt U §g <dJ! jl J,
llky Sjj— JU US' 4 4JJI ^jl Apij^jl
4© J4li fctft t^Xil E£J % "J a & a
U ji^ : JU US' t^dl 11* o jJl. ^bU V ajT <|g U ^LiSj
.[vv :ois>lt] $^=J& qj \yS
^ Lfl Di» pI^-aJIj *U*JI JIjj J~>J\ J*-jI ciJ^ 1
^ <uUw>1j c^I ^ ^^J! ^| ^aJLII Jj^-j >j jju fJ4 jtf lLIs
p^JLil J*^ t4 i Jl i d}\ ^ Jt^ - ^ t^Wj j-^* **~*J ^
iii** ^y*- tiLiii Ju*^«— « ' i^L* '-^fi <Jij Ui t^j'ili j juaj ^1
L J 15 ^ i^ljJ ^3^1 ^ t **s^* 4 tfle-Uj Jbi-li y) sLlli ' i S?r^* a
U li/jo ^ >_yb d N Sit '. J IS US' ijLj^I ^U-*j L^jjL-pj
$g oji tsjbjji y^ji suji oLjj ljjJi oJla c^i isu
\i\ fiZ y$ : JLS U5 ijj-UaJl ^ Uj^ jiJl j ^ ^iaJl el* UJl
<oUl oJlJIj v^JiIaiJI jyp ^J-*"^' ^>»J
aJJ ^ ^ Ul ci.i:..-r.U ^^iU <3l* tj&^ij .ill Juai«
t\ fif s& 5; ^ ll£^ |3> : JL5 US' oU^l
.(WW it^JL- (U
^jOj! J~^l> J^l jJ\ ^ <dJl ^bl ^13i
i.*>ULi L^U iLijVlj |»JLjJ1 jLj^>-1 jl^Lo ^ j^J
<@ $£2 ^4 k ^vr 4 ^ ^ ^
ilia ^ju^JI ^^aXa Jaj^. ^yLJii /\ (SjZi oW^' ;ol~J)M L/ JcS\
Jl^U* jT^JI oVN-U lli* V ^^iJl JUS" Ay
JJ-i* ^ J^J t^^tl* J-f^J t L5 LJiJi J^Jl Ji-H^
^ tp^li-lj UwJUiJl cOlS Jio /ju t(l JLJl y j^Uj J^U-S/I
Uj c4a.., UH fS* y t?^*^ 1 <r^"Vj cr^ 1 cs* i.**^
^ I^Jl&ISI li^LJl wiUjSll* VyJlflSU-Vl JjUij t^lj^l^ j-ASUJl
^JUio Ju-^h; iw.LJl i_*U?jSfl ( _ f lp ^l5o-^U ^jUJl j5 V* 1 ^'
*UjJl Jai*- j^iJ U S^JlH t^^^Jl y J'iiU^I
dUj^^j itfUoj i.4i*j^^ frU-^lj c^ul* JiyMj jjjJI (j^^Jj t aJLJ!
4-LfeJU> ipl^u ^1 ^iJii^j ^^w^lJl ^yixil lift ^ysi
^jJ ijjyw ^\*>- «A^^JL!t -U>UJ ^pUl j~Jd\y JUJI
iU- j! \ y p&^J J-^^' l£ y^U* (J^aj (Ja3j t^'^L-^i — Lbo
.(*V» - HA/l) :«jjUJI ^*»m» ^1 (\)
Y ♦ A
L^LiJj L^S^U-l S-i-V-J 'cr-J^ 1 ^Jr^ Ji^ L*j^J J^J
jL> ^ j3l cs^i ij^J tSJ^Vlj (ji*J oiUJi j-st ^ La ^gJajj
j^Jl l$Jj^ • Lgx«J> ^Jji *i' UJUtfLi* -LS"lJ uil^Nl
ii^^UJl S^jlx* U5 t l^ijfcjj ^j-aJl i^j^ ^ LgjJ \ oJigJlj
i*J~* (jfciA^) ^j^l J^U-I y) fU)M Ji^N Jij
^iUJl i*JB Jl^l Jlp ylS^Nl JJu;» <y JUJ1 jjj ^-iil
iji" 5JNjlJ1 <W> SJbJLi oijL«Jl elft Ji« !?ijjt*Jlj
Ojj^ t^JilJl pip - %o - ^pj^j^Jl C-^Ul
: pJiJi j^l J^i ii«>- iiJl3i Jla! j-i (ji^
SjlJUll JJU» 4jl yj^] i+JjxZ p-fr/M.; Jjb US' tJUaj^L UfcJL* iyu aJLp
:JJ US' tii^i «u» jjJlp«JI IAa y y) \ty taUiU y> *-U*iJl^
^ A^U-j^l ^ %\a jlLi ^J^ 1 ^ -^~* <>*d '*!
JLaJI dLail t j^Vl j-aJ ^ «uU iipUl ^y* jj ls^*J» iLu j*5oJl JJU> jl
JJU) ^ydl ^Ap ^^aII iflj^ls CJlS' lJL$Jj 4j*S\?Jl iip ^yft a-i* j1 eJiP ^13 lil
jj dip a) ^la; ^ ^.Sf I Jtuj [J IS) : lijlj * jjJb*J» IJIa i-JL* UJIScJI
Ut JUS ,4)1 JU> 4i JU?lj 4^ ^ Ui iLJI J^j ^153,
UUa«i tCjbUJl jljjl j^p 4;^!L>-j J* 2 -*^ tiU-^JI jp j^oaJL J*i^
^Sll ^ li* JSj l«USl ^1 iUJl aU*~ aU^I
^jJb Ui t4JUl 4-JUj ^ U ^UWI jjtf JU> iL-iil 1JU y Jij
^^^l^j u jA y 4AJ cJlkp f£i t 4JI ^(aU^I^SJL-UJI JJUJIc^hjl U
. ^^i(Uai ^^Ip ui LJ I ids' c-a&I ^yJl >*"J
j^alAjj i ^3 1 4j^Ljl 4JJu<Jlj SjUisdi e-Lo UaJ j» L^jujJU iUji Jjc>*jj
CJ ^JJ 4 All Aj^^jJI £^1! y tJjb ^ U tdJJS ^^Ip
^idij /i\ V jt»j oU^i jJWi ^->u ^ ^j^Ji SjU
oL^wcj^ Jl>-I 6 yt\ jX^oj (_$JJi dlLJl jl ! '^xiJ £^Ji ^-*J
0L9 tl^Jli 2L^jJl aJLp ^ frjsf a^V! JsImj}\ plj^N jl J> tJ-SjJl
S^lp ^^aju JVjc~-I ^iUil J~bcdl JjU J 5 *-^
i X* A Q>5 i-'l^J : aJjiJ!
il-JU^^M i*jUj CL-I ^*l>- *^J^ Ljij <.\j»j=*jj ikLJl
u
.Up Jjj N 4,^1 ^
Li^fc* dUij c^iiaJl oJu>j tJJbJi jJb ^j^^ ^ -iau^Jl jla
US' to^JJ ^Jlp j aUI j— > U {j* < UjI Jb _^>J y& a*j^JL51
ijWj ^ 4&» le j£*w l^t # # 5*
c-JUJI oLdl Jij thr :jual] ^i^- -^J^f : J 15 US'
t yw?Vl ilysJ! £*k*l Up ^1 jU»I li^i ^Ul a Uil UO, Jl
:JUi L4 tf iiyiJI f^LU U 3>U oi" '-^J 1 ^ JU US'
jjj <;! j ^^L-Vl J aJj^ jU ij^tijl UjJj i^UJl Jjl»JlJ ^jl/?:!! j
JU* ^ fUJ! JJbJL ^UU ^jl^JI Ola t^lj jiJlj uU$l
^ ^UJl JjbJl J^i ^ a^j ^JLi> jll^l t y^ r dUJJj a,VI *1a
^ US' colg^Jl i^fl ^Js> oSlj ^1 ol^tJl J o^UJlj t«*U$-JiJl SiU.»
^U)( J lis j>. US' 4JUI J\ ii^Jl w^-U tft^l^ jLkL- Jjlp
li^i ^U-t c^X jr^^ : Jii us 1 j a % $\ U4J p-^j
l£li l^jlit J^Xj o^SVf 4 & ^S^s : J IS US' asU-^i-Ij
jij if 1 j^il t-JJLJl <i>jJ* ifii iJLwo Jul>- ^jI j^ilj
: JUs t^L^Vl J jlkUt
Jjuj 4«JLp j^i^l ^ ^1 jrb>ii ^-4^3 v*^ t 5 ^ 9 ^ 4i*>*~i
. (T) «i^Vl JU> ^L&Vl ^ 5aU JJUi ^
j» U^Jj C L50*^ ^f>lUJ J-i-^jlj H»il«Jlj
«*bl H\ iJ-tJI j^- <_r^ ^ ^p 'Si-^ 0^ t ^1 p-UcjI
.(U/f) :UU>V) liJbJl ^kJl tj! *Jl jb ti^jJl ^ ^L>l» t JI>Jl (X)
Y\6
^jU t^LjUl ZJ&^a}\ LUaSJI U y*e!> j tjJaJl £^«-b j tijjjJl ^jLaJI
Lbjl jJ -CP -j-'LJl ji^J 4 <C«J J^jJ <^iJl UJJj I 4iLi ^ ^ J ' 4L*J
; iw-LjJ I iULJi 4iaI-Uj ^.iLJl f-Lgii yiL>- pLgJJij tiL^LJl jj^aJl
jjjxl! L^j c-J^l ^p - ^' J^*^-* L>UaS ^ (*L*^A*yi
. UUitiH ^ <dliS c^LwJl ^UaJi e^^-Oj AkLJl JjlJJj
LgJ oly^-Ol oJl» Jt*j t— *^ (wiLJJ ^jL-Jl ^Jlv^JI ^UJl
oljpjOl aJLfc -y* \^J> <Jl>~\ ^^wuL^Jl JJ^' J*^^ tJaJL«u Ji ^y-^L-Jl
J*1 y> UH\ J* ^1 £jJl J^l ialjn ^1 fUNl J 15 US' 4 vj^I
I } j^2.Q.a jL ^J^°i s^w^l (jsr^*--*-^ l^^J l^*" 4
to ^k>- ^Sbj i> IJla j tkiili j ^ _^-JjJ\ Jj^Jl iolij jjt> UJJ
tiduL^Jl ^ iu^J ^1 ^Lo^l dJJJJ ; Lil Jij tlfJj U^I jl
4~£j ^y ISI iDl <y JLftU^Jl jl : ^_ Jl* ^ y lj
i-J jJi t>U-> jUf CU;>ij <L>-V ij jl Jl t^l>tv2-5ij
.(YAi/V) ^«m> iUJ ^1 0)
hy\a}\ <.<JjJ>\ t^JL^Jl 4^JL- ^Lij JL*^» : j^^ia^J t«iiAAvaJl» iLJ jj! (Y)
rw
OUtfL jlJ^jM JUnjV( (1)
tJu«j>Jl *J>\ Je>\ jljjt-lSlj i£j»«jJl t^jljpJl 4jI&U-<!j iO~>t-<JI
aJI^jj^o <jj j-g-U ap^> UjLxpL aJUj^M o\ L>Jl eJLA ^1 (^-^^ j^iJ
Iji oUjV) ^ <JLSl il^f Jj^ 2 ^' '***J
tjUjNl JaI Jlj^l i>lA>- Ai^^o U <Ul juj t^U^I
pbi J^>J ^15 Jy ^\ dUJ _pi ^Lol iJlJi^ll f-f^^l CJ15"
IS! *USfl <dJl ^ Uii tjUJl dib JIp llw>
.[Ao y^] ^ \j% dty
4© fiipi- <3j& $65u
<jt j*d &3 j>PJ\ \ Z :§g Jj^
.[Ar :sjsUi1]
^ jJJi iyj cjJ §J Sf i ^ £-C ji^ :§ J^U5
.|>V 4@ (jL gfi&j, 'oj%
^Iao (1)1 t jU->Nl ^-Lp UJls jl ^Jl l)Uj)II
YY*
JUJI obU>Jl ^IjiT xt\ !>1 9| aIM £>i» ^ <JJI ^ *L^j aJU
^IJ^S <J4*- o^r^
.[n iopjH] ^SjlK
J| pjj 0^ Uli J>> *1 ty&i jji : J15 ^JQ
. 0) «. . /oil g^J cJtf U Jl* ^ :Jtf c^Lj ^Jdl
rj-» ^J^^J j$X\S eJJsi SJui iUj>Jl (_5^i ^jaili
.(To At) :«^jUJI ^» (\)
. 0) nUI Ji l^t^j jl (411 ^ <ol£J
JLi j^jJli tOUj)ll J5U>- jSL- pUl dlLu V ^yjJl 01 Jj
Jl^l ^ U> LJ J^u aUI 0l ^ caJ ULiJl Ij^Jb/tf obUll ^
iL^Ul I^jJLpj AjjJjJl 4-iJUJl (^*^ ^1 U 1 ^ <UJa*il Jl^Vi
J^tl iSj*X\ flJa*j}S (3jU (A)
oU^^Jl 5jU>JI jo ^* Jjj^j ■kj?^ aJjuJJ aLjcJL 0 jJUJL^Ji
.<Ui <u^j ^LiJl fUNl JU^liJl JbMj ^ L^j-^j i^P^I oUSOl
. ^>UJij ^^J^Jt AjUjJI l^^vJJ J isPjjUl
y> ^j^Jl jt i^t^lj t J15^ c/ is^ ^j^Ji jl o^^ili
: ^ dUi Jlp j fc 4J N JiSLi
J£» a^I^ UJJ IJ^i t oLLk5 N aJUoaJI ^ko Ail dJUi
ajo^jJI oU^tJ iL^s <■ jLjNI jtf UK j cl^i A^u^aJl cjLKJJ ULJi*;
jJaAi V[ J&Ji <J^cS Ji> ^ ^axJl AJl^Lvl ^st jlS"
S*>U ^1 uS i5l]| pJajC <_£jUo jl »iUJu_j tAjlJLJaJj ^^r?"
L ol^>e^ £ty^ *V"J *dW <_5* UJl iJJuJt
. A^>Ji*J
: aJ c 0) « JKJI iulij ^ 0 Si^aic oLsyJi» : aJJi aJ ji diii ^yj
,(TA» />) lilU^S A^j^. ju*^ ij^* *«oUsi^JI» i^UJl ())
^iJj UJJ J£S\ o^S" Jl^^ 1 jLil |^
£jU- y> U l»l jJ^iJl ^ -*>-y UJl jj^i 01 JjJ^Jj SikliJl j^*>- jlS"
i ^jblUi (j-jJ^ J\ 4 CiSw (j^aJl j-jJL2j - Oil - j^Jl J.....U
4j jA>j jl ^jl I j£ p-W ' ^ J j ^ «^ Ji ^
ijK^Jl jUi fJi Jl fj^bl Ujbt <sJo, tUbt
Jjj^ : 1y ^ (4)1 Li t^jUaJlj i^JI j-bl Js*"?^
t-*Uo Ujjj Jdj^' J-r^ *\*\y> jl : ^ Jl j
.(lo«0 Mt^UJl iijJtu-*)) :«ju^I O)
JjpVl jJu^Jl 4jU-jJ k^J>Jl <UJb i^^^jJl J^>Ml C^Lpj^-L*
^Jj^ll ^UJl I^ii^Jt idUJl jKiSl I .y dlli
j£*j ^JuLp jJ^J^j p *jj t^JGlp UJl^*Jl i_ijjA<Jl
dUl aJJI U^.i J* j i^Jcj^JJ jU^Nlj ^JL^JJ jJl *Ul
.[IV :Jliftl] ^of^ 4
.[«v :JU;Sll] 4t*4^-
. b\ JJ>u* ^ya *s> y£ 0^ <L«JLJl Aj^laJl
bi>o - oLSM US' - <j^jSflj olj^Ji jU*- j!5 liU
i^li^Jl ^j-s^J tiliJjJlj fcjl>JNL) ^JL^uJIj J^Jl J-*
J Up Si I oJia ^ ^r**U t^^—iJ 0 j^jJVj oJlJI ^>Jlp j t^jVI ^ JujJ^Jlj
<_£ ^jj <d}U- J»- <dJl { Js^ JiU l^xXi <■ I^jIp UJjj iij^JiJl
^JLwJ! <dJl jJl>- ^jl JliJl ^*J> ^ 4^ aJ 01 aJUI ^-p ^So- «us
YTA
f, i
^lk>- ^ £jj> 4yJLJI <J^^ 0\ U>- t_i>^idl Jj
Sjj-^» t>Us«l L^I ^<dJl «— (US' ^ iLf>Jl oil lf> i_.Ju.tjj ti^P*^Jl
JJLfcoJ.ll ^ <-^>> 4-~jij ^Juliti t <u_* ji*» 5 j jv? ^jfc Jj t ilJ^- iiii
uiAJS J ^k^fj i^jU^l^l ^Ikt^Jl ,_A-*Ji ^Jll 3jX$Jl
v_jL*J1 OjLww JJ «uS3 4 ^L^l ^jJjJl <L..<js 4jIJl»j JlOv 0^ 4jI t-jJl>Jl
J 13 !**^ <y* ^l^*^ (_$~^^ ^_r^ Jij i4*js <_>JL_w J^rV j^aJu? ^L^Jl
; . . . V ^J! dill ^ ^lk-Jl g» KjLUl ^jU ^IkjjJl f i^JJ
U t U l^ilT JLai tjjjUa^Jl j^sJ! «JVl Jrt
p-&js>- ^ j^Jlia^Jl ^j>Jl iL^>Jl £\tj$* i^^J ttijUjCU-^i
j^lkj^Jl oj&r^y. *— Crr*" ^ j^^^i U^L-* o^*
J5 U^*il ^ 0 ji^lJl 1— . *o • <jU»? <u *^ t^J^tp 0^ U5
. (r) i(^JU*;N I j* UUUjc-^/ i Sjjj aLS Lm j : J 15 t ^_*a Ju
(>) Atack, Nonviolence in Political Theory, Edinburgh University
Press, P. 161.
(Y) Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase, Navajivan
Publishing House, 1956, Vol. II, p. 326.
(T) Ibid.
l^ujkS LgJujb ^-^U- J~>^ JjU- o-i* J^J
lgJu*x~j ^ j t <_i>J! Jl5wl ^ J£J> Jul" JLp LgJ^b ^
. AilkJl is^JLJJ ^oJi' *Za>\ ^yti J gJJJlp ilL*
UJUI ^j^>JI ^ Sl^ cSjl^Jl L^i^ Sill ^Vlj lLUVi C ^LJI
jL>- ^^Jyail iivJUJl ill**! ^5 JJ Lp S^^Ue^j 4~>j*Jt iiUwaJI
:^U1 JU ^ t «Caste systera» jUJi
;15ju1 jy» ? U .,. „ a " JI y> p*J\ J» fUaJI ^JUU JUL. liU»
. Ifili ^jli^Jl yk Ljj^ (^JJI Ui[j '^r* 1 ij? *^ cjl>- JS" ijs,
^ iil^Jl oLJl -CbU^pN ULj ajI ^JbUJ *U^>Jl w^sSlj^Jl y>j
Ul tc-^JaJl Igjt t^Jii :ci25 <.«db£U Ujlp ^oJl J j> ^Xl* IJ*~J\ ^rjj
. « . . nfcL*- IIa y>it
^JjU c^Jbi dUi ti^j-b>Jl ( _ ? Lp Sjili jJ> ^JLiU cJlSj
0) Chakrabarty, Social and Political Thought of Mahatma
Gandhi, Routledge, 2006, p. 110.
^i^j (^JJl t^jjUJ io-Ui^Jl ljj^a]\ ^» *y>- IJLa jLvaX>-l J^jj
? -*JL5 1 ^ sLf>Jl obi %>-i ^
L^^lii ilpJl oLS^U-i J^UVi JJJ V UpJj JUjJ^lj jUJNL
. aJLjJI *^>jS\ ^ oLa 1 ^^ut^Jlj
.(rvo - rvt) :( r ^Ai) 4 ^ui uui
^4^> (JjL^Jl M ^5 SjpjJl Jjbl jl5 jl wUi
431 LJL- il^Jl ^ <lUI ^Jjfc ^^-ap UJ dlUJj t^Ul J-^l?
^ Oj-^j t<oUw?I j^j ^JJl J I jJU ^jj>- jUSCJl
.[UY Jf] 4^J^ t Z & &
<dJl ^iXji il jS\ ijJLru c_->«jJI l^w Oj^wJ UJ ^J>-
il^>Jl 4j_jJU ^ 0-~~J tfrL-jJI S^wif- A^^jJl Jajlj-A> C-Jl$i— »lj
i>" 'jr^ ^Laj^I y^i ji ,y li.>>- <u—L o* <£j
IMLii jtf! oLUJl JJd r >i cL^U, 0**>l
^LuJl jh*n>\\ 5 j^aA (V)
^jlo iil fcijJb^t ^^>^ Ijtj *dl!iJj
iJJJLil e*1^£Ji iU^JU*.! <JlP t _^j Ui* 0l dUJu j^iaj ^Jfcj
j I ^iij^j ^>Ju^Jl ^Ij^Jl y Ol V tiJuU-» ^j>Jla« ^Ij-^
tS^L^Jlj ijilib Js>Ul>-Nl i^JL^i" ;4jjJjJl ^>JUAa iJl^j U ^>Jl1I ^
j jiJL* ^1 ^p^j lljj US ja ^_$lo oT^iJl -U$ 45 diii £»j
iSUa^lj 4_^L^> Jj t lip (jr J 4^>Ju^ ^IjJJ j»*>L-Nl ^>jU«-«
jU£Ul ^JlP 4^**- j ic--b t *^P iJlAj fcoj^oj 4>JL<i«j
W tOjisU* j^JI IjUp J^l i-Uj»
J~.^JI £L;I jjs? ^diJj ^lyl aSLu?j i-tjj Jl^-fr 4j p§J
f >coj t ^ @ SjSJtf <*£35 «2 <>ij$ ^ ^ ^>J ^^25" ^Ija^ «JU*
OjftJj <^jft : aJUI J>5ti *\ 'a* ,/\ \ \ iUj[ Sijr^' i>" j^j-^l
U ll^yj l^L gJ^S -^1^ : Jy Ji*j t ^i-f^S Ojij! ^5
& T ^ .4 ^ G> :- jw- J^s
L r J^J ^ T^li j:^ : j/^uJi Jy t^ijiiS Ul l^^it i| Jit J
Utf^ C J UJlialj aJUj djX^i ^*pC & %J &
ylS" Jj>-jj *y 4jI ^ yi> j^Ji LJL5 ciJLSi t^^o ^1 ^L^Jl ^
Ip jix* Sfl yl£Jl J^J al& ^ J, ; iUip^ JL^a,
.[WV :J^JI] 4@ S^^^ ^ ^
^pjj t^jj-Ji jUS^i ^L?- 5 ^Ltij i*Ji»Ji i/yi ai^j
Jjw*j cJ-sS" 4jSH oJlft ^ j>j£3 t L^>«^ C^Lalpi iS y*s>- d j& d\
: 4j*!>LJUj by* ^
c~~J p^L-^J (j^y^ 1 ^Jt 3 " 11 d>i ' J^a> (^Jl jl ^ I^Jl j
A^L^ j^L?- 3 *^ C<S^ jj^UJl Lr *a>c^jl ili^pVl jJfe jiS^Jl
<-JjUV(j J-*NI *~>*aj tJUlj e^lJlj ojJLLJlj iw-L^Jlj <-j^\j
Yn
•Ji^j ti-yi ^ ^ J U obUJIj ^"iUilj ^LuJlj ^UaJt J
oJUp o/i lij J, c^J) ^b*, V Jl jUi^lj 3UUI >u31 J*! ^
ipU^jl ^1 <U» JpUi> ^^aJ ibpl Ji frl y}\ ^^ti
tt^JlSCJl ^ lie ^j^JJI j JLicJl ^ 4JU t J51 ^1 £$,;UJl ^ t*wai*-tJl
<lS"LLdl t j^ffiJl ^-Uj ^yJ-Uxli j^a L^? j~&>- t *l (^2ju ^^ip
i>J f^°V ^jAi ^^-f! o^-^^^^ Jij^ a*
.(A^/A) : jjU- iLij j^>^ : (i^^ i^JiJlj 11 ^1 O)
;>U* ^Vl oUJ ^y JutoJ ^JL. iU^ J*Uit Jl I^ju* ^y>
ti*-"^! oUJ ^y ^ ^gi.oJt y» j-J L> ^Lc<Jl jjA>-x coiJbcu
.ylcjij 45y*uJl J?Ufal ^ o U L^j^pj o;> <u* jt >_oj <-<Hk
wJl j «*Sf I jrf j- jiJl <y U ^yJ t dU ^JU*! ^ 1A*j t li* ^ V cjW y IS
^y j _ r **JJl LjIj U5" ^jiiJl <3l>Jl oJLa 1^1 j Jij ^£iJt jij Ja—j ^y
iycaJl i-LJuiJl ^y iy AsliiU ^Iku ,y> ^iCi t j L^jJ\
e JL^J <U4* ^»JL*j *-iy^J L>*l--li < th- r \y>^\ l^J j! t J^-w^JI
Y1Y
^jJl cjIj asJujJI JLiJw Ji OLlJl frV^A ol JJUaJ Ja Jj
^»! Aivf j U JwaJlj IJLAj tljyJl iv^Sll ^^USft *U—<1j * ■ 1 i M
jj-ljfcJO> ^1 y>SM AjU- ijjj (.oLJuiil jlSoVl
jl «<JOjjlllj J^>^Jl» jJbj ^y-vij ^ ^gi^J jj£ t<JUl <UJ>-J <GIjLp
j\ ^W^°b ^ J ^Li, iJki t^LSjjL- ^y yl£Jl
liaJuiJl aj^UI aJjlJI LSCo
^ lots' L^Jl GU 0 *yJA\ jl ^SUJI j SiUiJJ j UkuJl y~->
<J ^XgJ «Jj^- oyr* ^j^JLaIJ jj^Ji jJL*: ^
IJu ^JUi J>*1 ^ w«Jii4 <iS\ cAJ cjb : 1»Xiji «d Jji; ^v<aJI oS=j
O ) Searl, The word turned upside down, NYRB, October 27, 1983.
iSiy^Jl jjlp jli tljjS'j il>s '-^>-y (.Kt^yJl 4*io-» 4 J— j Jt jt 0)
.on/Y) :< f mr)
.0t« /Y) :jjL- jjiuw t«w>Jl i*S^» tj-j (t)
'(^iil l;*** ^jfi y*i&\ aJU-Li 4jL»»
L-Awaj ^JjL* Jj^JUj ii^jLaJ I J^U^l ^\
_^aJl (^*J t^j^aill ^jL^I <LaJaJl t <Cv*~vj t« (j-w*
(j j..^g.yg.-^uJl j _p*jj^H Jj 4 lzai ^jij^^ LSj^' °- i -^ , - st ^ * Jj^jJUj
J ^yr J>„ ^ V-^ 1 ^ 1 ^
.(y> • /y) : ^L. jjuw t «w^yJi O)
.(YY • /Y) : jjuw JU&M t J*,j (Y)
Yin
U k+* ^ UJ J, Mij^ lSI? tSLti U....UH oLU£l! ^* ^
^ Jaj^j 4jUU)I J jJi£» >yrj iJ>\ J^J fci^i— U3* J**^ J-*^
. ^kULj La j$aa a jiU oUi>J
Y1V
.ot>U^Jl JUjcu^M ui^-JuiJl L>Jb w^L^Jl ^ Sy^l ji^LJl ^
JjL <L~>- c^jj/Vl
*Li>-l AjAl (.IsiaU iiJ JUjCU-I ^jJI LJ &Ju l kiUjJj 4jLa^*P JLjLJ
lift j! ^>U* ^Lil tSj^ 1 J^i t>J
(Y) Singer, 'Hegel' in: The Philosophers: Introducing Great
Western Thinkers, Honderich (ed,) Oxford University Press,
2001, p. 132.
Y t A
t (Charlatan) Jl^-^ aJL J>~a ^IgJl t^JJl j-^Jl
nSJaaJJl <<«jij*j i^j^-iJi <w>^*p
. ^flSJUtf civ tiJU-a iJUsJj ^ ^ JaJtf <o U)i : ^j>j*1\
.(YYY/Y) :^L^ cj^-j (Y)
-(MA ^)
Ijij l$J j^l tJU^Jl ^ tOi ./?.,r?-klM ^>-l
^jU J^i US 4 (untranslatable) si^^d! ilii <jU^i
/ N) «^^L-Sll L^»^<J> ij^-^l £*^>JJ
ji^itJl ^J^l iL-^U]l JL«> - - j^SUJl li* ^^U! Ioj
c^^Jl ^^=r> iJLS^I ^ (t-*^ j>* o\ US' 1^^151 ^ <WJl
4jL-^UJi kJJ* y - il^LJl ^ — - iJUVl 4.,j...J.a.H
o V ^ I iJJ ^ j t (poetic language) I ajJJI J j UJ V 1
0) Smith, German Philosophy: Language and Style, Topoi 10
(1991), p. 155-161.
aJLj OJJS s iia— -o ij^ui. ifljjiaj ^li£3l ^1 jl ^<?Li ^ ^Jfe)! I C,->w< (^jU
. 0) «!&»**j iwi COa^ cjUVl ^^Uii
. Oc«l>Jl kJ?j[^S\ i^kftllQ CJIS" LJ jij I j^>tJ} AjLJjiJI Lw
^1 t J-^iJl IJL* ^ Lp- ^kj ^11 ^P-Xjl ^»Jl^J jlj i>- j sJL* ol
^jaJ c^ 1 ^ 5 ^ 1 .yi-^ 1 ^ jfbJl ^j^ 1
(^) Ibid.
j^Uii i £)Asjy\ ^p^ij *LjJj| jjUi^JL^aSj jjJcJ!»oj!
t (Jeans law-Rayleigh) - JLIj 0 ^U) ^Ljj^l o ^LaJl <wl
t ^ y>^\ sl^jj jLo" i^^ji (Jeans mass) (y~>- c~«~« j
^ ipu&i ^ Ll^ jJI 4jjUJl ^U^JI j^J! ju:
^k^ JL> ci^si (lunar crater) 4^*5 dJiSj 4 jua^
(Martin crater) SSSSj <*y) <wb
4-^b>- oIpIJu| aJj <.La>! <u^'b c^-wo— ^i^<Jl i^5" ^5 ( _ ? ^ c-jLL^S1
juJ njl^il Ji «< — aJ JailS" jtf lij JjUdl iibb o5»
UUJl SJbJut ^i>? JaJtf^L« cJlS' «^UJl JJa*J! J&» ^ ^ tfU>
J ULu ^1 ^iL>l &V '^r*^ £**J «j^J_j«i» 4^.1 /^jc* J>- j jlil
«u^" L> (jLi^l c~JL Ii5^s> « i lk?Jl ow>lj cJlS" ^1 oljUJl
^1} t(^Une) SJuJl ^ Ail ^^r-^w ^s?*u t^jJl ^ J*- ojJb J»*tf
.^Jails' a LlUb^ ^» a- J^l iiU jlS- U^AVA)
iibirjo ^tf> O-x O j^I? iaJii Late- ^JlP <L>Lu t^J 4 A*jC«J| ApLnoJI
^y>j Jj (4j ^j-* 2 -* >* 4 JajlS" «U^j V y>I ^j^jJl LUj
^*JlisLuJl qCJLM ^y* j! :^iljJlj tUajl <Ljy*^ LJUc-
^jbo o j j5o jl* I Jla j 1 pjiijJUxj jjjj *y j t j-**** 4 <J y&
o^l? JjJ-Uj t^-giJl ^ ^j^iJI ^>^j 1 0 g...UJl ^r^' ^15"
fUt jl~£>lj J oy^k dUU tULj \ r ^S\ IJL4,
l-L* Ua>- j^jjJI tSj^J <>*^ ^ V"*"±J ie ^-* (j^j^l A-s^tJi ^1— 1
. A^dJj Ala; « Jjj-^J
uu ^ j» ^Jj^SL-jl^J^ \ ii-JLaJl sJjL-I (^p&Jil aJI : ^SljJLa
sJuL-( - Lit - tjS ScJI jui tij^Jl>cJJ\J iJUS/l <Li — UJI t_^53l
JSj t jj^J^ jj p^—S'U i^^xJi oJl^J ^»Jij (^»\^V*) <^y^>
^iUj ^jyJlj ,^l>Jl (tJl*l' ^ 4.ft..»UJl SJCl—t *^J-^
cjL-Iji t KoLiiUoj oL-tji ^lyJI» t^UJl ju« (\)
.(Yor^) i^kJi s^i
*4JU1I ^L5iJl ^^Jl t «s^UJI 5-;yJl tL ij^Jl (r)
Sjycjl Aj^iJlj A^A-JLaJl <^s£S\ ^ ^J? y*^\ A^jJ JL*U-
! Aj^S^aJI CjIjJuUJ ^J>I^jj < _ S jO-JLa3\ p-filt ijr^^ ^_?r-~^ ^
<.aJ| jjl^o LgJ ij^JJl aJUj>JI oi -J^j Lu5Uj
llSo- ,»JJb (J ^USj t U £\yJ> y 3 ^ lj j^j pjUj *ulS" iJau^Jl SJLjhJI
c^US" ^ SJVoJl oNU>l y* JiNl Ju>Jlj UJbi-l ^ ciU>Jl 0 Ju§J
£ * f
, 0) « p jj&S jJUJI ^-L-Sflj JUJalt
Jb^j ^ ?JaJIj ^JcJl ^jLa: jLJ)[i L^o «Jjui»^Jl ^^Jl»
iLi jb^ j»! ^JcS N jLJ)M ^ ^Lp v-aJjJI
? ^-1 ll^ Ju^> ^! <4^<
^ylp <u^i Ju>si^j 4J1 J^~* ^p ablai ^iJl ^y^^ ^ -5 j-^2i*Jl ( _ r Jj
iJNjJl o\Ul>-^l jijji Jlp «J^i» ^ ^ Jaij Jby Jj tJu-i ^1
^ <jli US' tSJLpUll ^>waxJ aJ^ (j^o jj lij *JLp fjJs>
^iSlScS iU>Jl oJlSj & JS\ US j£) ^dJl oVU>l
j»L«t ^u*. JS" ^ tSjUll ^-^Sf ti>^i1j^Jl oUjJU^JIj oljj..^rJI I4J
.(ooo/Y)
iU^ji jjiaSn o^tjj t&ui ^ «jnuJi o^u^ni oaij u&
j^^j Oj-AiJi ^^J^ <JH^ J-* &\ Cr^i lJ* J^*i J^J
: ^Lk* JjCaJ! ^j^jJl ilia!
C^jlL *wJli ^ Ajj-^aJI £>-iLJi o oift Jis-V tSjtiJl o JLA
^j^ajo L* J>- j^aiw AiS/ tiiljJl j-liti ^jj^-l C-JU' : (jgJuivS J_^iL
< Y >„ M
t yuJJ v^^ 1 : ti ^Ji ^Jl J&» tjJLi^ ^ik. 0)
iJjS\ ixJaJl t<^>«Jl ^ t «?pJl ji ^ ISL» ^Ik. (T)
: *)ta> J jJLi AiJJl oJufc Jl ( _ r lp £~U> ^y*^ jj^^ ^ j 3 *"^
(^iLfll Jut JUjx^» ill*- VI yfc j-*^' I j-* ^ aJjp cJi j U ui^l j^i
4j jm-J Lw i^yil SjLJI £*~J ,^£1 ^r* sj^oAA
! Vo-U^jJ US' JiwcJl ^ j^jJ\ IgJU- w_JlAj ^1 4i*-!>U]| ^-a^So
^JJl ^ jl dJJJJj t^-obU «<~iy» 5^ cJlS *wo^t
jjiS'oJl oUl)J SJUl^Jl l& y*>*d\ '. ^ 4JUL0 i\yti t^i j^^jd 1 crr^ ^» (0
:
(3 ^laJl ^t^- 1 ^ jj-«»UJl jll<4 jl « *->o ^j^J ^jl ^Ltl l^lj
jl ^ A^Vl aL^ ^j^Jl jlj tj^Ul J^^T ^J-^ ^ Ajj^UI
-b»U- ^1 Jufj <JlS UvULij t^l (*apj pJL dU ^iJl
. yi!>S\ J>Ld^L J^j»xli A4^t>UJl Jjj^Ij ^ o j+A* ^J> ^\y^\
4jL-*^ £±j*oj LiJU»U.j (,H ( jJ?jsJ*}\ (^IajI*) jS" ^\\s^a.A L> j^oj
^^aJl ,j^><^ ^irztj* jr^-^L? C^** 2 ^^ O^J>J
.uilS" j^^; jj ^1 ^1 J*
^o;' ^ i_^>^' ^ <a-JU3l si;L*>I ^'jj
jl <^^> ^L&j ^UJ! <_s_ ? £J^5' i^yti) oLJIaJI ^^Jj
l^jj^ p-^-y UJ a^aj asUS jv-fij <Sjj*l\
^yjl JUJl ^ Ad U3l <jJ»L-t it - %li - C-i^l
V L ^>- A-i^JuJI w^^JlJ <u^3 ^giaj jl aJU- *^>*j Ajtj IaJLp Sy^J < ^ > '
^jA JjJ^J' i-uAP 0>sJ l( |»LgjVl ^>w»J ^^j0y*J^\ <LbL>»» L«-m£>J jJ J
t ^.Ju^il t j £^j*&*J>\j ^LnAs^ 4Ab>^< ^ilji ^^joJI ^ jl ' J yt>
fr*>UaJJ ^IJljJVI tobjw ilJi^ lijJu d\j ^y 1 ^^ <i JcJLj L»
t L^is^u yij J^-b jUi^j 4 U^l jr° j^ii t<JIJL>Jl
l^^e+j i v USOJ ^1 ^! JU*JI aJU*N UJlj ,^>J! S^i V
40V 1 V ,J ^ ls^ 1 (r 1 ^ 1 ^ t*>*±
V> ^Jl ^1 jhJS J oUiVl ,y jt oNI /is. tSjUil
C^S" Jij (. j^ol IJLa j 4 (s-l jXuill w— ^Ul) 0 LfW'J
^Jb ^ j>^\ cJWl j^ill ^ ^JiiuJl tJ ^*j j j-s* ou£ ^5
J*iJl 5aU^U-l tjyi A^-Sfl >.^JaJ)i\ ^\ J>j^Jl
JkUl ^Ijj iJI^Jl ^W^ 1 J ^ULJ! ^1 ^Ijjj
Si^iJl aJ^J^ 1 ^LUl - - c^-lj US' t^JJl JkAJJi ^JUJl J
tCkWAi) lijUl 4*JaJl ijjjU ji^LJl JLP iKjlj-pJlH iJi^UJl (>)
.(vr/O :i rfJ bUl i«W ^1 00
nr
»jj !«^-aUj lyiL^lj p^J^-T lj jJLp ^»jJI j j .Jl~«J1» :h-\j*aj
£J2K j^j ,_^!>f ^ ;J££J( ^LaitJ oc^Tj ^
.in 4© Gil sgJI S^jj j?> : Jlij
UU» spL* SjjJI ^j^I c^L~ j^JI J^-SJI ^yJl ^jt !>1 J,
«. LJjlSI J! j^-UJI Jl rf ^ ? t(H J dUi J>„ iuLJ J*b dLU -OJLi
. [nv : juSii] 45^91 Su£ % <Z% jSJ* <Sjij 4 ^2 J; £&J
. [rA : 4@ tfj 4^r" 4 qii\ ;jj£K ^ 5j^f( ^
^ l^-i &2< ji ft-ftJt £$y it t^Sti ^Li3
^ & 2 4 J>w ^ o-.vdif
. [Y * »
Y-^d
i jJ^> U5 ^>-i lj ^j^l ^j~dL*w<Jl jl jJ
:dUS h^j dj&^> J-> tLJjdl Lr J dUi 4^jJ jls t^oU! aJjuJI
N U? ~*J! ^j^cJl Ijlaj i ^jl><>-5* jl'H'b Os^^b
Jju^ iLk b^ul c$JJl ^b 1 e£iUJl JS*JI
Yin
2ul22uitt £jUu J^Ij (VT)
.((/^Jl^ % f!>L-V» <ot JL^Ja-Jl ^J^ 51 5 jL*JI ^s*Jl
«-JJLSol <JLS 1 ^liS" jl jiit ^ j-voj ^Ju t^jJl ^Ij^j^U 4j^JjlJI
.(f^Vl ^^-wiiJl iat>LJlj
!?olJj V ^^Jl ^c^Ji jl j\
o! Jjjtll JlSLilj oL^Jl V &li 1^ 4UI 1^1 J0i
Y1V
SSS « J&Lit ^ Jfj c^iir ifes;
.[oc ;j> ji] 4^1 ^> j£ y ^^j; jjl ^3 —
"its! tjjij VJul* (J5ii^ ! fjjg Jli U5 ;i*j^gJJ L^jU-p
.[V :ju~]
. [o : yU] 4C f i)f ^gtf 4 I^i; d/jftj 6]> : Jli j
Y1A
^ jji^ ^ ]y^jj 'Sh^> cX~£ ^iW* ^==*£°\
JaI y jij^ : 4j y US' tOwkJl .ijlj^Jl j^Aijlj ^^UiiVl
.[w ^^Vij J22lf St ^ £25 '0i
.[r ,y ^^kli]
:^t£Jl J*'^ $g JiS Jii liiUl ^ r U j Li iJiAj
.[M :sjsUI] 4^t0
jCj S*£) £1 ^ i : A © fi>-U f^=*$
.fox 4^ 4 fiSilft j^l^ ^
j! *-LJ*yi oLJ c-jubo ^^zJl s^^' cjU5C>i^ oJL^i
i 3^ y_ J* y& i^^l JJ, <L>«ia*Jl IfJiU ^15 ^
:JU dJUJUj ?aJ*)U J*. &\ ^ Ijpj <i_u*! oj5L- lij^i
^1 ^jOJI JUJI Ol Jp ULl JLalj^ cJj Jij
4 lu* ijj jji-l Sf^' J^* 6 ^' *J^*?^ ^ O^J J^»iJ
ol yd I jSls 1 ^1 V t>wg^ jj-^J' ^ ol : ^iljJij
.[tt jjjjjf
.[11 4© lA^ ^ f4^^i dllX
^ L^Jjj L^jIj iL-lia^ cj.I^-=» i£ *uf C>^Sj^> : <Syu_ US'
J? ^dj^^ aS^t-J ivw-o^^ o\JjSCJl Jb»-I ^ Jj t^sl^ ll>-jjji^
.[W 4^ ^?
Aj^JjJl 4j^A*J| ij* J^. f f U ■* tjLSj AAiLJl ^Vl aJJI ^S"Jbj
. [yi . to : ^i] 4^1 i^gr i£5j ciif ^ 4 a © 5^
LgJL>-U 1$JUj <Ul dJJS £*j aJjU ij^j ^ Uaatl I j»j oju
$ bLiij ft:: r# ^ jjjff 4
.[% : f USll] (^li ^ 0;
.[10 I^wJl] ^||p Jw;-^ ^-aij
jUj^l jl ^>-siCj ^LpUl AJJUJL j ^ilUcuJl ^yJl jjl o-Lgi
JU*Sfl i&jyujl ^jUJlj *^>Jl J2JI jtja^li jJp 0S9»
i^^jj 5JL-Ui) JUpSH jIj tUjJl y CjI^JI ^ <L«a^ Ij^l t r- s i\J ; ^UoJl
a^Jj jit 4( Jiiailj ^l^illj iJ^Jl yip - JU: - jlj t JUS^^S
YVY
ijh-Vi g**r <u ^1 iSJUkLUll J Si^^Jl oUI/Jl £>UJlj JjuJI JaI
. 0> «tjUji
:<U1 «u^-j Jji ^h^UJI jl j haju^jJ!
^-Pj Lilej ^ tayi -Uj lift Jio ^ y>- Ji US' tjjjjl ^-Ju ^Japt
Ajj^>Ji Aj^jJl eJLA jLc> ijoJJl i«U^>Vi oJlS li^
^kJl j oJuJl S^U- ^^Awj ol S JikS\ e>x$i aJu^]I -^Jui L-«j
4*Jaj| '(Jsjr^ <^*H^ *^U->^ :<j**>^ l«4jJjls<a)1» jjj! (\)
.(YrA/t) :UUYO t JjSlI
. (TAA /to) ii^Uoil ^ ^1 (T)
tvr
^LJ y djj&J> j^jl V
Si (44)^ liSS" ijt>^ : J'i U5 isllJi & tj ^
.[it -.jjuan ^@ SjSC -i
.[oo :i> Jt] ^01 J^SJ( 4 £ A it
.ttt : f uv« <^ pissss $ VA? * £ ^ 44-
. [rt : jl*^Ji] i\£=> <J«J& jj^aT o^jj c4^^ : J^J
*Lk>- e-N Jjfc I Jjij 4jiL*il iJxj! e*}\»P (j****. S ^ Cxw_j
N j* !iLs y ^Jj f^-y ^jji^i dui^- aJi oL au i^- ljjju;
LJbUialj ^UU^ VI tfjijl ^>Jl ^UiiVl y J^U yij iijL*
Jg ji^t JLp ^Jl j if }L*)M jLaXjl JLP jJl \Jj>> jt ^ : iJj^Ji aaJs>J)\ j
rvi
t{( c5^! K Apj J» t j j^^Lu^l Ul^o aj^So aUa5 ^ y&jl
j£e UjLl o0j^> :Jli US' ^JjJI eJLPjj aJJI j^j ^ a^^JL ^k^Jl
.[A
US' kOUj)l1 S^JaiJl JUJi ^ aDI J*^ oU^-Nlj
toJL^j JLp «|g Jilt Jus jji a^&I IJla SJjJj
E x ^ mf . S s
3 j$ i^t ^^Llt lil ^ : Jli US' tSjiJDi oUL ^>Jl
. [ U » j**'^
aJUJI JlaUj t _ s ^>- AjUp- aUI -Uj Jk5 j^j^Jl ol ^ aJj
h\ :JUs t^US" ^ £j>\y> a^!A5 ^ dUi aJ US' to-U-j
4@ ^ <S£jj^' 3*5 'Aui tsjfr j^i &±>J> (3*- Ait l_J>j
.[VV : yU]
ilij ^$Jf u& s^i^>>^ j*-*^ csjh wii^jj* i* o\j^ '. J is j
.O 4@ oL^H
rvo
j^i *ul ^ &^y> 3' ,>■> tib Ji ul>^ : Jl* j
J! o\J&\ ^"y J j^JU: J jli^Jl jl^-L; jl^Vl s-lUj
.[\Vi .-ji^p JT]
> »> ■ *
JS^> : Jli US' aJL^» ilL^Ji jl^ jJl j jlpjJ! pUa^l
tiJ t—Jjli -Is SjJtjJJ Vfj-^^ldl ^^a^J 01 Ja^*>C~-i AJLLJl
<^J (O^J L^ 1 ^ *X>* ^J^-
.^LJ p-f^^A* aIJI jt-g^L^
^ 431 ^ ol^J! oil J.W Ulj jllM ULLJj
YVV
^L)l 4iiJl ij^; jLj)/J ly^* 1 : ^jl j»U»N I J IS US' c ^^JUJI
£| 4J <dJ! jjb- ^Jl ^1 dJLb f^-jU J* ^ V
. aJI j jJUjj «u j^-l;^ (_jiJl J^-tJU i^JNl ^JUxll jij t^lijJU
il5Li N <uJi>- oUtJL jj^aJl Jij^ j_y jA-^ Is
oJui jP o (1)1 ^1 ^JU-P Lfl« $|| <ujJ «dJl ^i-i>tJ
Oij^^ ^l^UJl ^ Jju^ 5 y> jUsxill t
S;Ul tf*t ^ J^i Jl l^-ji v^lj jjjbdl ol? lij Vj
IS|> J 1 fl ^r^J <3 l3 Ij c Ji*j j t ^y>- j}\ olj yl* ^ I
YVA
dJUUj t^J^l i~**JI ^i^l llUi 01* o^ 3 ^ 1
4@ ii j^ai i^=5 •MT j2 J Vjfj^ :$g Jis
$|( <dL5l OL o j-j^ t k ji^ p,J ^^ SJL^i <cxi oL>J
flSU-Vl ^ UJI JS" *<j**i*
,3djJaJl ^Ljl J i (( ^ J> ej^J 4^ V J5" ^JJl
^ qp U-l^ U-* Uj»- ^.^.„4>) <^ 'j-^— 0. ^ p-»
(.y 1 ^11 ^sr 1 ^ ^ v *^ '/ ur^ ^ j^' oil iJiObj
.[tA :sjsUJ!3 ^3^t ^ jUt lli jUiT^I
tlowf J^_>^ ' Jj^J ££jL3Jl ^ V ^ a -'At ^dJ-*-* jd^*^ i^J
.[\t. ^ ^( ^ jtf CI Jil A\ ^ ^ifcl
^Jub ^ ^\_ r a±\ Jy- j^ScuJl ^JLJI ^Vl JuS'tii lla
^ ^JLJI i^ljJl JLp dJLJi «.ajl ^IlT j t0r iJLSUJl ^
. Jj03l S^PjJl jl**J |t-UJl ^ 4^»U
.[«• i^ywiill] ^IjbXiybl ^J>y^,
t^J?L>«^Jl AJaL- SjjJa^ l^J 5|| <uJ <JJ| O
Ori ^ l P ts'jJ JP 1 ^ a"^ 1
LlJU ^ Lp^JI iakj> p^UjU Jl*UJ| UU-lj
O tajiks^-* 1 1 J p-j»>li<Jl Oj*-Jl> p-fr>\ AoUJl iJJUJ( o^Ap ^yixj JCP
dUS t^^V! (Jlp j^tilj i^iJl olj.il *\_yf^ s J\j 4 iJ Z**J\
^ ^j>t>cA 4ofjj«Ji cjU^'V jy^^ (j-* U-^
tOL^Vl ^ ^ J ftA-jU J^U3I ^^L- Jp jJl ^
j j5 jJL^ 1 ol ^ j-vo>- jl t dJUi ^Js- Lvfljl jl jjiJl Jti j
^«Us cr"^ <^ j j^-y fj* '^JiUJj t^-L^Jl oUlgJ^sM *X*
blU jli^ r^ji aJJI J£ U5 i^jJl ^j! Jlp ^^.^J Jakixj ^L-»
: -dJl Jii US' ikLJil jliJ-fc; ^ I J^J
.[VA :^] 45^]^ &3 ^ Cj gf^ 4 2^ (23
I s C)l>tlaJ jjjfl j^lf- ^JJtJ oMLvj^L £*<s> y>
. jJJ JkS\ <y h_Js>J\
o-j^k<Jl cMjL^Jl oJb~j (.^j^j^Jl IJla iJ^eJuj ^^L-jU jjl/»U^
ca3j^^» ^Ijt C~*laS li-iS JS (Jy ^ Jl*j*J i^gjj
^ Hjfy '■ y>$\ ijj~> ^ ^ja> l^jlij o^l /JL p#>-l£j\j
.[to ^jii] (S^iIHj |Ci
.[11 :*LJl] 4@ 6jiJ SjLi
Jij t«dJl ^S"JL ^j-Jlj o jS'Jb uiiw J tj <Ul jjj ^JijJ ^ jU^Jl
YA1
^j^Soi; o*i>- jljiJi <jjU>- ji ^> ti$J ^UjU 5Ju^j i js^a ^JNi ^^JuJij
i^oJSj c jJL^Jl *>Jil<Ji oLjJj! k-J > o^^i ^ WfcLwo ^ jS^> C-JlS" UJlj
4.,,? g'.ll j pJjLilj <JJuJlj ajUgj>Jl ^ Jj-^ ^"^^^ J-**-*
JJUiIj v^^ 1 ii;Jb>Jl oUl5^Vl Jl^U
t^jj tSA-^Jl ^ji-j jJljl C^ift _y*^ ;«JaJsJI»j t«^i3lj»
.[1* :JUVl] ^^jjij ^ jit ^ ^j&j J^Jl
4© juxL ^ ^ I?/. i f^t 4 3 j : 4*jSJ f !>UI Up ail
[A- :^]
jtf JLai tJ?jj Jufr *Jjl : JU 3§| <UP t S jjj* ^\ ^j^-
& 1 jJ t/» ^1 ^ y tJju . ^ ^ 4 J*\J ^ '-cr^ C^J Ji l?A
* *5H JlS U5 4 & ^ij^. \JU c^LJaJL ^b^u-Vl US'
i*> : J15 ii^l 51 :«*l>^>w»> ^ r L~- (.UV! 'dlUJj
40 ^ Sjli to 41 £u> \p% <£U & \jt ji>
4ftg> £ ci^ ^ LP* ^jft CJSl^ a*\ :^>jn
.o»yt) « ! *ju a (>)
.(rm) m^Ju^ji ^» (y)
.0 Mo) :«fJL*
YA1
■ <u d!
k__A-^s> jj 4-J y> J5 <Jt*0jj j_$r^ ^-tf^J l!;*>^JI t^Jlj^Jl sJ-^i
! Jli «|| 4JL31 J j jl rf^j S^y* csi' ^ (( L*-fcr > *c > ^ ))
• 0),, jjJ ^ cJ^I ^ pLjj itJbj Ijfiy I>1 UJUi jAJtt
(<UV) :yJL-i t (YTV>) :«^jUJI qjw" (\)
L^o ^1 lf\S j>- Jw? Loj JLp ^s-Jj jLJ^I jl 4 aJL3I 4>- j 1$j
^ dUi Jl Jij c J^UxJl dJJb" jUJ^I JUai jlj J*i
.SjjJjJ! JLiLJJ oliJl b) oLJlS^^lj
4~-i jOjl aJU l^Jl Cju Jp\ gSlsJIj OLUJI 4j ^fl*i JU*-I j^SU^j *
I^iLs^j ^Jl a~$J)M c^^^ »jte~»^M y> ■^^SpJI ^i^Jl jl -
.aJj^JI ^^L*Jl ^"J- 3 cJtl> U^>
s
Jjij Jr -2 ^ ^-**J^ (Hi*^ jr^J t iiiltJi JU? I J^'^Vl j! -
Ig.. j tiiLLJl oUUiil iAjLiy ijJUU J} A^'iL-Vi ^jj
.i^gJuJl A^iUJ ^ pJL» J l i-jUJl JUaiil aJLp ^ j> Uj 4 jJLii I
. 5 ^->JI j <— jLJj^I ^ (31 y^lj fcjL^Vl ^y^j
V iisA?- ^UJI L*»j eL>*Jl> JiJ^ t_s* l£ _r~?^ ^waJl jj -
5
/^j ^Jj ^^J^ ^J-^^i t^UJl ^"^^ ^UxsJt 43tA^ J^p- J^ai
^iUJ UJlj i^iUJl ^y^l ^jUaiJl J-UJl ^^r-'l
TV
^ s j^^Jl «^juJi i^lkiJt <~>1>> JU t >*Ji~J1 jUl
^ (Vnr wdl (jJL^UJ i^ljjJl Jaj ^
^^^o^iljl <La j lid j Ajj^JI 5jL^£> £4^* >* LjJiJl ^ -iJfc^Jl jJ-*j ^
v Ua>JI oYU> a~USM JL-ljjJI Juy t ( r T»»V ^ YA) Ijil^Jl
<5^JjJl ^Ul UUjcoj «ejUa>Jl 4jj3 jh : ^ys iJJuJl c^U l_jUsl>- ^9
^J* 8 ^ fc/V*^ 1 ^ Aj/jJt ^J^J' £1 O^^Jl
u**»?u 5jUa>JI JIaj>I ^j-^j ^b tJ^L^JI U>L*^> Kioj^xJl jJ^i>«J
^jJl J_^iUl j-a <wa*jj ifUli JjuJJ ^JwaxJlSj c jj^LvJl 1$JJ
^Ui^l flkJij tiJUil ^yJl UJLiJi p\s ;i,U^Nlj
jl^U-^lj O^Jl ^Ua^JLj ^ja^JLji A-jiSfl JU*Nlj t^jjj^Jlj
^ aj^jlJI cd^pu ^> yb ^»-UJij iJ-uJlj SjL^>Ji))
*1S ^UJl ^Ul u^U- US' j3l jj>J» ^ ftilJu^-l to! jU>
4® ^4 & j&3l "C&tS M SSi (SSt 2 Jflf rJj*
.[Wt :*UJ(]
.[YOV iSjLll] jl OilUl y >4^>4
j-i- j ipj^JLoJt 3jUdL>Jl oUJaj jj-j jji^lj J-j-^aililj ^^ap^ill ^^Ip
J^J ^ t iLiftJl J J yJl ^JL*J I I * yj> ^X* apj
s : ^j^jLoj 4«ojxJI iljpU ' ^jg t<upjjjl ^jbLLJU
^ M U» :l-Uoj t«<L^jJl» t a^USGl ^^jl 51
A^aLJI 4JJ*^\ j»-*U-oJl t «<w*>-lj j^j 1*^1 jJl
J*\y Jl lijl
^jJL^j t^LJl SjUjJI Jlc- ^LS" jJl J-^l ^jpl^i 4((oL^JjVl
c^UJl ^iJl fUJl ^iJi ^Jubj t^USCJl JIp ^ ^1
c«-Jiia3l oIjLp JLv-jL? ' «4JJuJ\j SjUa>JlB : f j^a-o J-*L*cJl i j^*Ji
*£- $ i>j 4w 6* £ of : **rj cs> Ojtij
.[u :ju^i 4® f^aggs ^
*~.\ j> J *U c^JJi jU o^l_^Jl ^LiV tSj\
. ^.k aJi
jLcJI ^ ajjUJI ajjuil J»c>-)) : yfc «^^JI ^U3l» oLLyJ ^> j! j
Jjl
.[YAo aUjII ^.Jl^JI oLJl^VI <L,U
alJLPi^ J^yd! iUll Vlj^y VbjiSS A^y\ JuUJl 8 Jia Juy -
.[YAo :^,] ^Uli^)llj
«3| JIS US' 1*^1 oUaJL ^li^Vl Si US'!' -
.[YA1 :^]
UiU- i^-lj .^ijj t4> jL^JI ^ >IS3I ^wSlI ^JLilj c^jUJI JiUlj
J^J tiajjlj 3Lt JJUL. *>JU US' pftUtOA "Jjj ^-jIp ^ US' <cJU jj
J?^" ^ yr-M j^>1 ol ^ ^1 **\> ^ f^->' s j-^ Jl **j> 0^
.[YAA cYAV :^] Wj^wJl ^ j* Jb-lj > dJUS
Si^JJ! J SiLJlj t K«<lJLjJSJl SiU-)> pUl JjuJI J>-1 <u«ijj ^4^> ^ £jg ^Jl
Ju^it ^ ^U)| JjwJJ ^X^aiit St :«1jL^i» *>-jj iXalfJtll a ^ Jp JSlj J*1
. [Y Ao iJU&mJI ^Pj-ill Cjlfr\^\
t^ljjJl LW J Sijl^il oljUVl ^ dJJi
. oJJI frLi jj L-ljjJl ^» j>U» IJlfc jl
L^UJil cj ^ jj! ^ ( y^\ o/i Uj ^wd! iJISCil ill
Y^A
tij^-tJi ^-ojcJI j^&-Up ^Ujj t«^iJli>^JI aljLwJl" : jjJj-^'SM
o^5o gjJUl t^-JUJl o ^U5l apUaJ (^jJUil ££^>3t jW- Justs' «^jcJI»
jJLaJ! t^jlkJij iU^-l ^ tSytlkSl
4j^£aJ1 d^^p^l JL*>j jl5 lili 4 j^ - ^' *Ua>-i J^^J
Uil ^d^^l ^^ 5-*ljJJl ^ U JSCs
^P ^ \jJ \ l^oj 4AlsA>«-iJl jjP ^UsJi L^J> t^LUtUl oLva>e-i3lj
^ p-$ij"Lj jj Jo-lj JL* ^ ^j^- ;«U^]» ^...ri'.J N UjUj
ja tl^* iUi^l ^1 ^1 .r^lj ' Wr^" ls* 'jr^ jtJI ll» o jUij
^ L^ly«il JL>-lj <5L- ^ l^UJjj s-U-i^t j-ini t^i&uJj ytljiaJI 8 Jla
. oL&>J J *LwI ^Si SJb-kjJt O V y>£$\ jlSol SJLdL* ^~>- ^ c-LaJl
.((c^^cji 4j^3i iiiw? ^^ )) : *
ollftj tK^oycJ* olJuJuf? i-jLL*)) 4Jl5l^l Jlp oVjU*j UjbtAS 1
JlgJL<Jl j S-^j. J-» *— 9-i-*j tAj_jJjJ< aJJkJIj SjlvasJl -Ul^j
«L>JL £*X N Ujlj lil ^l^j f&^ih (H 5 - 1 ^ 0* cT'^ 1
A^yJl iiUlllj <in^,o H oUJaJJ Li»^sA=i-j t^LU ^ % iL»y\ •wo^il
j! I* jj 8 :oUjV1 1JL» ^U^>1 I^SS" si«5^ tSj-^ljtJl
<Uii<Jl j j y}\ <u*j iJJl j jT yiJl aJIp y IjS I* (^Lp - L^> ^-jL^JIj -
t IgJli ^ ^ UIjl^ j-^jJ l^ip <y -5 UjL^-lj
hLjjJI aJu^ jj to ^sJ-Vl ^1**$* t/^H (JLwJl ^UJi * U bbsl lili
Lji5L-j Jr^^ ^^r^ 1 '^Jr*^ Jj^J ^^f^ jij^
pjfcj t LLiJl J oU^Ji j-fclis> |JU-j j-J>L>Jl ^U^Jl ^ (Jl ^c^-^M j (.^jJl
ol - i*lJL. J£j - jL-j^l i.i.vC ^wdlj j/lxJl juj^ 4j! :^5IjJ1j
IjSUj ol ly » . V>-: , - 4JUI olj^j - c-jU^jI ols
r^* J-»j il^ 1 <Jj ctr ^! fj^b o^j^ sjU^
j£ JjJi Jlp iij$J)M fjUL ^-lilj tLUJl iJL^jj 5>.^l
t^j^i £SjUJ! l$s j*i U^S"! Jj tli>- S^-SS <tj&\ oIjuJl^j i-jli* ^
Jjc^l dL-Vl ^J>JL ^ ^ Jcr- l> W^J
^ ^_L~» iSjj U*So 40 y>-^>U <u— JL LjJ-!1 Sjlo- 4jUw?1 <^jj aj^UJI
U :l^iai V^jju 4) IJl* £>1 ^ r ^
jtf jtf^ <dJlj MjllS ?^ Jt j^i : Jtf ^ U *\ ^
iJUt *Ul ^ J^b1 dliJ <d)ly :JUs !?^4" y»J T *lSf *V lip
r»Y
O)..
^jj lift ^ fJ>o jH^I otj i^^Vl oljUiaJ!
jjU, j^j ^jfc j^jt ^S- <j~>*i iL^i J-aajj ^jLJI ^s^lJl
^tJ^Jl ijijJtf^j A^jjilj i^jUJl ajLa>t}\ ^ «4j^JjJ! yfellLjl))
t <lJLp S jUi>Jl 5 ^Jsu- ^jiJuJ MdJJlSl 3§| <0 jj t^^Vl
UJlM jlj^-c- J^ai ^ U? LtjJ jl sSt^^ ^ J^j jJi
ojLju <ulsL>-j 4 ((S^VI AjjS'y*" ^'%~>y\
!?w-tkiJl ^ L Cjl dLi JU> (. y>S> fUa*^i I4J SJb-Li
.Om) rijJL*. ^^"j ;(YHA) :«^jUJl (Y)
jUSGl Lb ^Ik^l j! tjUl o^i Uj oL>i jl^Nl
^^JUI /Nl ^JU, V - Ji^j - & MLJJJI jjirfij ^JUdN
Ja j ?4pjOJ f I xSh QjSJ\ jljiJl ^JU J^i ur0 Si i
4>J f^u>i JL*k il^Ji ^jVi ji jibJi ji>i
o^L i^uj uji jis^i j j-Lj ?jiiaJi
Ijpjl, r ^Vl jl Jtu Ok. ^ ji LSI : JjSfl iJbJl
<U y>l Lw < jJw*J^Jl ^1 <UI jl *1 jjlj l-l$3 tali^Jlj oLJaJt ^j^hJj
«UJ £>l ^1 <dJl iuj ^ ^ aUI jlj 40UaJl JSl ^ O^^ 51
. wiJS j>>Jj 4 kujIjp ji iw*>o US' ^JJh j! kw-^>tj
N r ^U^U J^JI jl ^ £*L o^J jl ^ lijfcll
.dUs y>^j i$<i£*j <££ij (*y v^ 1
U^i jJI^j - 4JJI ju>o jUjU. LJ ULS" jlj - jJUJl ^Jla> JiUi
LUJI r l — <Jl ^L^Jlj ^Ul J\ 4J5 ^jJLil ^Ua^Jl
^Jjfcj Aj^-JI A^jJlj ^1 jiil ^.•.oU ^oLa* ^ilyJl i^Lvffl^Lllj
£~*ai\ cJ'y t SJL.P ^1 fj-li jUaiVl C.. * . * .. ^ i.^j^s*Jl y> JU,
tU^IiU US' Ujlibi ipSCLS jtf ^ ^^Jlc c Ja*J US' UjJI pXyU Jl~J
. 0) . (r ^U) u<r
atf Je ^l^^^^^^iol y>j j~Jl IJUj
j^- dUij tAijj^w p-fcl* tLiJLjl jjjJ- J 4~iLJl ^JLp ^jZJ-v
i
t«^>waJl» J ^jUtJi fjjj US' tjJ— jUJ -Uj -X>-l Ju- JUs
*L?~bU ^jJIS" JU Oaj jb-1 JUS Jt* §§4AJ!J^-j JU>»
<>&j 4 jl p£J* ur t^1 c^J jb * I!* ^n. ^ aJi jfcsSi j|j ^^*Ji
. «#| *U1 J^j Jl sji; j*T cJlSo : Jli t U^JL" t UoJl j»JU*
t^jU*Jl ^jj US' Jtf aSU iLJjJlj <L»Jl J Jin^a JjoL* j-j jjl*
jlj & o ^-N I J y> LJI ^UJi oli^J) JLp <uUt^>! «g| jlS Ji j
p./*- l^* fH? ^ 1/ ^ ^ & J^Pi Oi"^ 1 (■"*
. (Y) «s^l J Uj LuJl J ^ Ifr^ ^Uw» J Ijlrfs tiUfaillj v-^'
ilJuy ^ L ^}\ [4} ^j^> l^K LjjJl Sjj-^ J J^L? Jj
. (r) «>tiU! Jar j t^jji
.(o^Y-V) :«^UJI (T)
uUv^>l (^* J ^° (-F^ ^^T^ OljiJl OU CJl5 Jj tiajas lg_*Ji*j
aj^JjJI cjUw^JI ^ y JS" j^ILp ^Jl^J! ^i^Jl Si Lr^ jj*-^
.[m Jt] ^ 4 f^J
§^ -iS'jj diSi t ^iS^i ^ y ^Ul jL^I» ilasJ
. oUJl jj^jL^JI ^JLs^j 4jU£Jl ^j^l
jjyJl LSjUJl 4 _ ? a>^ V ^up ^JtJl j./?.; J I &Jla Jll«1 . . JU- 4^1 ^jUj
. AjjUflJl ^JfcluJi ^J^Jfij 4i_o^jcJl oljbJugJ Aj* j\JLoj <>L*S>
JU US' to^>-Vl qJU^* ^ jiil $ iJjJl ^JL^* £*UJ £^-^1 <iJ*j
pl5^t jiSl J* toLLJlj ^UaJIj tii^UJI fl&^y : «*L^Vl» <J Jl*U- ^1
J-^*>*j AjIs t<Uj^>-Vl Aj^jJl O^Jlj JjVl Sj-Jl jjj ^ (j--^ -L*^
0^- V I ^ jAS (_yt (j^oJ U c-~-~j 45 l-Uj t LJ J^a>cj V
(^Jii «iJL/UJ jIju5j oU-L>iJjl c*--—* 4 ^5wJl ^»!>L-^M ^jjU
4^y\ cJl? ^ VI iilJbJl ^U^l dJULl ^jii, 1^^,
.ic-UJlj iJUiJl ^ ^-LtJl jjJl ^LJjJt pJa>u»J L >^ 1
t&JbJl JjL-jJI ii*>L*l S-^j t a-o^JJ I ^l&ji ^L*-d^
ij^OjJl oLliJl <Jukyj <.k*»y&y \ oL»ww-j^*Jlj t^voJUJl O IsAs-aixJ is*
-Ai ^££JI ujiLUj SlpjJl w»LdJl ^ j,* j tiLjl
^U^Jl ^ ^yiilw Uj «^jU-<JL5 ^yL^-l^ <J^-^ SilejD ^K^jUfcj
4«2ujJaJl aJj^JI pJa*s» w^UJl uJi i-j j-lJ lil <jl CjI y - oLJLlI
tjUs^U-^lj til^sjLjl Oj^aIL f-ljjVlj ^^ya^ j^pUjJl J^-^^jJ 1
O jr>t-Jl ^SCaJl ^loJL»JL> jjjr-Jlj ; jli£3l ^iaXj ^_^_Ul j <.hujJ»S\ ^ jJLp
L^aJI oUj^^Jl! JjxiMj t^jpjJl tJjyJIj t^jUl jykjc]\j
i r *>\>^> Jb o^bJlj t^Uj^M ^IksJlj <JaP_^J( ^JjLJuJj ;«L^2i«jJl»
ijjUj ihj^J6\ ^>^Jtj iiUiJl h^LJ\ ^Ij JS
. Jx*Jt IJla Jia Jais^j (jl «0l5 1 JLJ t ysUauJt oJufc eU*j 4^Jj
frUi*^ oUjlJI ^Lv^-J Jjw j ^Jc~J ^Jj^
dL^p^J dJUuJ U J£j ty* J^J jl tJ^ljJl U^i* ^
^g^aij J^jj-Ljl OUjVIj tS^UuJl ojUuJ
4*jji jA f^ASOl lift j^S t<ciyt* pJaP J*^l IJLgi t4j iLj*
r l~^\j ^UaiVlj jlpi^lj ^iiJlj :>La^U t «<d) f^L-I^l
j** ^Lil ^dUiJj (.^ *>L-^I aJU^- j> o^^' J^^b
ji jT^Ji jUl Jij 4iL p!>u)fi ^juyd ^-Ui Ja!
.[XY : jUii] 4&J\ <iL^\ ^ j>j Mill pU-i
.[To :*LJI] ^>r#* &i
US' <Cli N - S-*Ji*Jl aJIJl; 5 j^Jl oJla ^^jl ^laJli
^y> ^JiJl ^L ku ^ V^^J £jLtJl ylj^ J^ji (*J Cr*
:Jli U5 nu*\yj 4111 ^Ijl fUl jU^-i ^jUJ ^ tfl M
a> aJLJI j!p ^JJl ^Jl \1a jib - t5jUJl ^1 - dLU JJLi
&jj*> L y>- jjl ^ t>L^l j~Jc~o M L<2-*j Jj>tJ dU-Uj
^llsk> JL>*^I -J^-^^ *iyr \ty ^ij-j! 11* J*A
^^jJI Vi^^j t-ixJJI
L 5 5> "_p' 0^ U-^P \jj*-5> AA«l*Jl el* ^» L yi*jj
nr
ajLJs ji J^>- Iaaj tiiJJS j i ~ UwLsi ^^-J Jv*j>Ji «JUj - ^ Ji\
J^!j ^fr>\ J-rf S ^ ^ij-JI
^S3l 4jL1s>J ^ W 1 ojtA 4j^i ^-Ul Jj^Jl lift ^ jSt J
il^jJl olft &^ J? jfc^ :^jU*Jl
lL> ^jxbJl ^-ib>*j U JSj iiUlJij *Ju-ia}\ i~*£{>J>\ <iUi ^
SjUapJl oJL* OUU 4jf-l>» oJlLj bbol ^JJi «5jUa^Jl 4j(jUfe»
J*^^» <oI dUi «^ ^» Jjj SJU^Ji .y ^ Ul - uLioil
U L^AdS" Ji A^j-li aJU- Aj^^fJI ijjjOl Ul>Jl oJlAj 14^3 oLm£>! AJj^jJi
S3 0^ yjX- ^ 3 jl« : SI Ui" t ^SL* J^-tj oT^I
.tU :^JI] 4© S£3Lf
:hy \ e Ju jjut J 4& Jj^ ^ ijil pJJ sE# u£>
no
1 c^L-i t_^>H (j^ 2 -^ 3: ^ ^ : - *. lfl Tl l ^rl>t> ^5
!^JU>\jJ i;4jjJJlII iJxJl j^U^j JujUJI SjU^Jl p4* f>i ^
aJUaUI jj^l ijyLej c/""^' iULy ^jjii I j?* o j- v-i
ts^-^A; <_£i li jyc* cIj Jj Je> ^ k-S jl ^jjJiloJl ^_jULU
<y> t>Lai t jAJ UIj^a 4AlaPj^Jlj (J^SJJL; tL^> ^-^Jt
. M^yiLJl w>lk*Jl J,jIj>Jj c-b-b^JD) yiSLil : iLlj #
«^JuJl k-jUa^Jl 0/YL» i^lji ^j^iUJl ^^ajo jSi
^JJi tS J ^ ?USjJL Jj^Ij UiU** ^i^ 4 cJ 1 ^ j^ 21 ^* J*
^JlU>o JbJL>- p-j^JLj £-j ^iJl Jjfe 16 Jhj ^ «JjJL>tJl ^LftL*)) i£j2>\ O — ! j
^1 ?Jb*J frU-UJ A^iluJi oljL^-Nl j£< £j oXp JbJL^Jl Jaj
IOLJIO)M a 1a ^ c^jA JuAxl tf, ^kJl J^Ju
JIp i-Sli U«l l^i -dll 61" : JL5 jg^Jl Si ijb j.1 oljj ^JUi jjj^l
. 0) «^ g jlJ j* iii* *jZ
/ y \
til JLp J»U-*Jl : J Li
nv
tig -u?« ^.u ^jl^JI ( ^-*-t» : J IS j{J ^1 C)l ^ t jUm-JLJI
/ T Mj ^3 *<£a U !l& Uj»1 ^ J^-L?-!
;JjUi % ^j^Ji ^jIj^ ^-^J- 1 t_?^ ^ J^-^ (( <y^ l*** - * 8
^4^9 ^L<aj ^-/^ ep-l^i] ^l-i^l Lai tjjJj>c^Jl ^JLli
.(AW £~>w>»j UVYVV) :«^jUJ! £^w*» (^)
.(>V\A) ifl^ ^r^ 1 ^ ^^jUJlg^)" (Y)
HA
.[Y\ : r U^I] 4© S^ifl
3: i $ £ ^ 4H
.[VV :^Sll] ^^Jt ^
UJ : jU y J^l^Jl oi Jl £ja j^tz - j~S U jSLU; j - oLVl oJifs
j^JUj j»^>\ ^* ^! a j*jh.J1 JUOpxJli idJUJJj fc<iUaj|j
JL>-b*J S Jji»- Jj^JjJjJ i^^aJl ofriyij KJuJj>-
^ j^j^ frL^J JL»JL>J l . aI^saJI 0j^a]1 «ul>w?lj j^Jl
^^J-« sj^J W I -^J-^ - £j ^ ^ j-^aioJ I (1) \S 0[ L»l 4 j ^JLa
^jiJ j^i <. Ajj^aji j o\ jfi^i (Jji Jaas K^^aJl iaiJ* ^^U- iiU>Ji ^^uJ!
^*«~o lJL*J 4 A*S -^-^T" (I) JO iw^s ^ J t^^yl-^Vl <j j) <>., (go j j^o <- / a ^^ ^^J^
^1^1 Jj^O jt Jl4>U J^i ^ JLOj*dl jj* ^j^J All! ^Jll
caJ ^^L^^L J* J^j aJ^I ^jS\ ^jit ,^J^I
L ^b£ «aJU^» Jj-^I»j j^ ^J^i ^ J**i J^*
Jj ;JbJL^Jl y» jjJU! IJub ^ tj^u 0^ fJL~Ji ct^LM <Jj^j *te
oJuJl pJbJU t J;U Ua>- (Jt*j iRS^p yJl JLp i^UJt a^J^JI
oUVl j J5L- jJl ^ Vj-^ 1 f ^ ( us» t, 1 Ju ^ u **** J
^ij^i «juji j^>i» ^ ^i^vi jj t( ^*ujij ^uji j^t m
<S\j ajUw>I j «i§ aJl* (1)15" Up 2*1 yJi LJx tiU t(_j ya^Jl j
^^Jl !)1 jj^l ^Ui JL* Jjb iLj idLi C^-Ul JaS-lJL.
c o (^Jlft pJU-» ftli^lj i jjJl (_£wCgJl» t_iJLS' ^ ^jj~*>j i>l>wa]l
<js** J^, y> <o}» : Jli |§| ^1 j! i^U. ^ ^L^JI ^jJj^
.(>Af :«-u^1 (Y)
rtY
jj> LJiiU juji jsi>j ^Jij ji^Vi fljl ^
aJL^aJI j j aJlp infill Jo-^>- ^g-A* ^-^j ^ ^ J*Utf
s
01 :Jy3l ^L^Jl tSjJl ^L^» ^jjUl JjJoj Jii
3j>cj tOj-Jl ^Jlp jl5 oJLil^l 45*>UJI
US' ajjl^j ^j^Mi ^io; ^ JUJ1 IJla ^ s|| ^1 Jij
^ (j-iUl Ji* ^ Ju> ^1 $g I 01 ^ ^ J dUi .Urj
^ jJLjfJl jjjLa ||g JU US' t^LJl <lj*Jl» j^Jj^j ijUwaJl
^Jbj ^JUaii i-iLJl ^LjI J,.ua.» ^JLc- cJi <L>Mi oJLgi tAAMaJl oi^j ^-£*^>l
^Ijr* ***/^J ^> ,J ^ c->LvJ
.A^Sy ^ jUp
t JbJb>*Jl oij ^ j^kJi Ia~~« o j ^^cjl yfc <uSfl ^ j t5»b^J jjJlII (^^i
^u5o*t^ cj L! ^ jTyaJ 1 oil j o 1 <u US' ^ ^ Ji j
iL J>t : jl ^p JT ijf* «H JIS U5 i^yUJl
.[V Jl] 414^: jfe ^ £i ^22
.(Vt»Y) :«^UJ| qm^i O)
jl jUfcpl y» jli *«u1pj 4<JUj ^1^31 ^ ^1 oLVl
HO
cr* tf J ^dJ 4l ~~*- ;> " ^* *^ I
iJJlj w»L^J!j ^LjJJl oLi^kilS i&jt>Jl S^-iJ! S^Jlj LJUl
^Jl C^^- y> «^L^> ^ US'
^Jl5j jl LgJ jSU-> ^Jl ^yb a j-^»U^Jl ^ay^ ^aIuJI jlj t (^yvd ^*
JiJl aJU^j < _ 5 ^Uj 4<U-giJ ^>^l ^yUjJl L^jJL-Vl U
.Jay- JJUll j» di3S t^LJl ^fxJl j^^Jlj
olS" J kji ^^^M j ^i/^"^' j!>UiJlj aajLJI l^j J
: dJU JjAt el i «tiJlfil» j UL^H)) ^ J*a*N J J^i *^>* o^HJ
IJLa Jli i^j-^JL «^JLp» ^^a^jVj t « « jl.rf?i» Jaii Jjj IJla j&
jJ> l^4~Jl>\ ^ **%jai ytu\^\j <jl>wiJl jl Jl f^A£Jl
t J*)UiJl c}^^' M ^ ^d' 4 ^' { jju>Cj ^-aS} t^^i-s J jjJl£»
Is* p-4r^J «tf p4^^ : §^ Jli US t JU» J^. JSj
j^C-j^ : J IS US' i<J^vo ^^w^- Ju t<bl^j J> L>J1 5J^a ^i^j
jZj! ipj ^Jt jlij^ :Jli US c43l ^bS ^ oUVl ^> (JuJlj
U y \ j\S j Uiplj tj^A*>^u-lj <-<jAj^" c^^' Jl#>si*J is^il Owls'*)
W Jjiil iJUb ^ t *tf li* ^ j^Jl ^5 IjjU .^Uill ^JbJJI jlj (JUil
^ c> fl^ 1 al^u! UV^Sj t «J«j JiUJ^I i<Lkj
:JU US' i«uSfl oX» uLi^Nl ^y> ^ cUi <U1 ^ y. Jij ca^j
\fe ftiit ^ &^ S| oa^jat $ it J: ^%
.[HI :jt^ JT] ^ilL^Jtj <lil$jt ^jiUjj ^|=»5j
.[y ^ssjf; c^jf j^gj ^
^ yJI jjrfflill I jiisj jj ^U^aJI ^ I jib jjjJiSl <1)U : ^^k?
^ J^>J! ^ Iji ^Ul i-SlI Ojy y ^Jju ^ Q£aj
Jj t p fr ^j ^Jj ^,-^UaU ^yzJl ^^aJ «S^U jj-xjUj
!?^!_u ^ J US' j o>*V iH^'
fJpSl JS^> : Jli US' t^UJlj
. [ \ • A : >jL*y}
ur*^ t oTjtaU j^^Ljt ^w-j v f-^j p I
(3 cij^ <yl 4>>- 05 ^j^i ' v *i L>-«^ j i| Ul : JlS <o I
.(AT) :«^jUJl (>)
Ht^i 5! us
JaI>J 2bU» N il JUS" Zlch ^jJiZtej
f^L^o <5jjU ^ jjj ^ U*j 4 ^ j ^
e ju ^1 :JU» .Sj~p ^1 ju Jl^U :J15 Siill UJU,
. (T) «i,Vl
. <uJU* <uij ^v~~>- j ^s-^JL pJUJl J 1*5 ^jJlX— j
JU SjjS *13l Jj— j «->! (j^^J ^ -X*** ^ 4 i t j^^a}\t US' ^JuJl
! jjl t>^<H j* j *v aJj^JI 6jU JIp ^JLj ji Ja*j J^i
. {\ : j*jJl] V «Sj£ ^ tjJji^ 3^ '■ ^jk ^ 01 U-w*
.(rva) :«^jUJi o)
.(TiH) :€ ( JL— (T)
.(U*o :yju, 2^)1 (r)
4P y. jU* -U— U^j" " JU <bl 4JJI ^ ji^>- <L-±J&-
p-g—ibJj ^jLaij *|| ^^Jl ii^j jljiJJ rt-gij^Jj ^iiJij 5jUc-^JI jjj
JUa Jl_^ ^ ^~j>j** iUwaJl j_^ jl Ji*j J^i c
: J15 <bl i^n-^ .jj -dil JLP fc« ; ^ ;;: >* t J>t v a3t ))
^1 U j- k> ,^JjJ jJp! Li >?i 5^ 4JU1 v b<T ^ U c^J> <S\ V ^ JJI y
<Y) „ 11
:Jli jj^Lc- ^1 £r*^ J — i J-«-^ jn' ^ 'cr"^
.(ttn) rt'^U- t(TA*r) :«^jUJl ^»^» (O
.(t tin ^^sj :«^jUJl (T)
: J J^Li ^I^J £>o ^ ^1 c«uL J* J\*j J-^-U t JSlS
cr^ lJ^ <j4*~*^ <S> !( ^> UwaJ 1 «-L-J» cJlS" JiJ Jj
: JU ^1 ^ (i-s- t^^Lf ijUwail 5S*>U
US' Ujj> j^l r 1 Jib JUaJl : ^ -dJI J^-j Jb., ^ ^ ^ JU»
t^S jlp U jl ^1 V U :^JL2i <^g Jj-^J
. (r> «l^4 jLSU, t 4£J! Up^i 4 *UJl ^ ^to 05 ^11 jl ^1
o-U CjJb ^(^-jil 4^Ja*» O^xHj AxJt^Jl ^^UJl oJLfc
.(nv/Y) c^U jL-^l ^^^1 oUiaJl» t ^ ^1 (O
.(TtT) .-n^ ^^ii (T)
rrr
i^l>- s^LgJtj to^^^aJL i«U o^LfJ- ^jLlJl p-gJ JL^i -b j tp-ftJUo
eijJiJl J5 Oj^Jlj c^aLJI J^I ^_§jJla Jp jL- j^j <dJl
^JLp <w? y>- J US' j ia^sI m ^Jl iJLLi aJ[ JUj l« j ^3L
£4 <■ jt-^ *iJJi C-J US <. ULa^T j^J^' ixflJ «|§| 1 yJL iUe<rfsJl»
(jJ^jl^ iJkUlj JjJt ^ -*-U I J^a 4*J tpJbl_U>j ^tf* , <TP y>j tj»^J .OL^ ja) ^JJI
3£ SCJSK # :- - j is us- ju, iLi 4i^ab
^ Ul I^IS" ^1 JSU Jaj !?[\.*\ 4@ ^
^ Ji ft-'j" 3^ <-*j}j*i U pile ojL, U j^aL V
oi^j SiJjJl i^jUJi jsuyi i^uJi wl^Ul Jy»b li[ ^
riiJail oJlA JLj /^j <, ^_. j ..^..t> U Juwj t^^UJl £Hj**J t£JLs*-Vl
y»> iLo <bL>Jl ^15C>-S/1 J^Ulj ti^Jl Oljy o^kis-Loj tjlj^^
: Jli t-uU*-a ^ JUwl ^jI ^jj US' t L^>p a3L-j aDI l-jUS" SJ
:fjjUJI ^1 JU US' iJjuaIIj i^j^ll
ti,, .... Ji ^1 : ^p jjj^Ufle l^t? jjJJI ijJuJI Jjbl *l$2i jtf)>
t JbJ v^j O-J^J t ^JJl -LP 4JJI JL^Pj tSj ^Pj i^^UJlj t ^JL-j 4 jL~j jUJL-j
p-fr^Lxj ^Jb jl ^bUwaJl /^P ^yfikJlj ^-AjllSl wLkJLj JUJI ^Jb Jj
tdJUi (j^ji j- - ^ ^ Oj. l J>- t^Ut^aJl frl^ai jLS" Jji ^U*Xp-NI
J_^ ^>Jl 4*1* 5JUwa _,^p y\ ^yip jj^Ul ji* £r*"^
(ov/YO : jb t^j^Jl ^jJI : t<jJbMgplP t ^l~p ^1 (Y)
,y i^J^Ui t«4JLsa4j ^JLnJt jU fc^JI JUP ^1 (V)
.UVt) :aJL,^I
.(oV« ♦) :«-u>1 x~m.» (O
jl^>-1j tSJbl>J!j ^joLiJlj ii3UJlj <-~»Ju5' <p^xJt t^jhljuJl
^sy \ <ji*^>j ^^yi jv*^ ^-v- ^jjUJi ^^L-Ni «jLiU
4»^UJI (JiJj cilNjJl ^ iyJUl ^U>\ coi>3l J>
^* <£ ^ <-(j^^ V <J^ i$L*Jl j\ ^ jJuj t If*,
f JL^w j a jj^ 4*j jJtJl jy^ jJI i L ^>\^\ J IS US' 4 iSL-Lw
Ifci £_<L> ^loJj>Jl J ^-U- ^ 4^«L/1*J Kjfja**
^JlJl ^ ^loJb»Jl JaSl jl ^ 4^bjl J^I ^ jJLp «J jl£
t p-^^U-lj p-*\yGj p4&\j>j ^UJlj fUJl J-jj-Ji ^*>La.)M
SjLijJl A^iJaxIi ^-f^ 1 4« cJ ^Jl»j 4«£j^>«^Jl»j 4«^UlJ|»j
. ijP^jjj ^ysj^sjji oUjijj is*?*>u*j
^» J.^i.lb £jUJl eiL^-lj J J 1 Sl>Jl jjkalji J*-*3l IJL* JjU
! ?^JL,JarJl oli^-^Jlj iSL-LwJl ^y^j»
rrv
Jj <.^\ KO^jJl ijas*** oUl ^ iLi t^jJuN ^ 1^5" h\ Ji
Lolj ttiu»i 1^>Jpj i^Jl ^ ^15^> U t,jJL>-j J^I Jljut Jt*J
^jl ^djlj^j j^wJl^j i Kjj-^^x-^JlB lZ y> ^ JJ <^J?U-
ot tf> ^Lai i«jL^Vl ^ J^Vl»j ^3_pJl
JI ^IjJl Ji^CUl ^-jjj ^ ^Jil ^vJUJl JL-ljJl Jl Sil^laJl
jJIjSj ivljl fj*> s ^r*"J «0 Jb-lj j£jla ^J! ^^U^i JUJL>*Ji
^1^5 J tOj-iSl CjU-jJij i^JJuJlj Ajil— »Ni JJL*Jl }^ J ojlj Jjr^'
>*Ji» i^U J* ^ ^1 J**Jt i-i* *Uj
J^UpI J* sl^Jl J J>J JJU ^fi «jfcJl
Si ^>Jl (j; jj-^ ^j** *^r~-* j*^* 1 a!»< jr*Jl ^JM _^*JI ^ISo-S! 1
Oj^L; *1jJ^M J»U*» ^ tiuJbJl jj-*- :<LjbJlj
y>l jp <l^>Jj>Ji io-i U <oL jj^«Jl J*1~Jj ;jUS^I ^uAiJl
(H^JU ?dlUJ JU^J! /V! ^ Li tJ US3l
jj^ijl L2J \ <±-jJoJJ ^bNj t^uljlj v^jIiS^I ^Ul jjs
Zyi^A JUP < jP — !Av?l jll j^o ^oJb»- jAj — kL^**^**^))
J*-j J ^ *U' J j W : J^Si ^aU! J^j JJ Jj*-; : Jli
/^(i^l y> g :^«d]IJ^-j JUi ?^ j»JL Ly
j*-^!sL- jLu^l Ja! ^ c^^l obw v^p ^S"S 4JUI ^dJUJJj
^1 £jLs ii>yj 1^3 j^a C; ^JJL'
.[w: 4© ^5 iti l£ Si]
4 K^JJUJl ^»» cIjI jd\ ^jj ^^Ju <ol j t K^^Vl ^1 jJl JL55 3^>»j
ij U4JU ^1 SJjjJuJIj ^ «J^Ji i»L3— Vl»
« J>J1 JlSJU ti^LJl oUl^jl jl ^yU&l ^1 y»Vl Jl ^1 y)l
ciUUl jjyD JklL ^JUJI ^ J£J1
.\Js? y»Uj> Uj'..i Jf yi^ J
^5^1 ^ 2^ (H^ 01 :J^i ^Ul <ya~j
.4J*>L>-1 iS" jJL- L^iflj 4 4j^Jij iiip pJUv« L^ij <-<ij\ *-^£>
. oU* ^*b *J*U3l ^/i^ L«l 1 ^^tJD Ui>- dJJi
U*i o j=^>r j>j 4 ^_gjiJU <u!p Uj jji-aj^j tk^jiiijx^Jl jJJjJIj 4^-4^
£^ JjI ^JJI tijUVl «(5>*^l 0^Ja.V US
^1)1 «^UI caJip ^1 J^J Uj^- J^-uJIj JIjJI
^t>L-Vl 4>» ^ia^ <£^\ ^^y^s^Jl ^^uJU "V j 4^1^.1 ^pfflJI Jj*^
oLiajw diJi ( _ ? 1p j»j L* ^>«Jj 4 J j~> ^^Jl ^ J>jyililj 4 ^^>L«^I Ij
j&Loydl) 0 J*~L>y iUaiJl jj j! US' 4eJbJl>- Lu^w
I US' t 1 ^ -gii-' 1 U j ^jj 4 j^L^ ^ i j^jXx-d I y& <u jLw»*jj
US' 4<Sly iJuw 4JU* iJud oWjlJI ^ ^Jl jjJu^N
. iU>^<Jl oWl^Jl ^
Bi J^UJlj JjUxJlj JU^Nl J ^Sll j^-bJ lit 4i3 ^
^djl^ ^ OjjJl IJla «iiJUl *U1p» ^~~^J Jj t^iJ J>^- J*
••M A£ J* J** ^liJl JU^l ^1 o/i ^JUI J^Vl LUj
.[Y :a-jj 4© ^=4^ 6> fcj ££X -
.[oa : 0 UoJl] o^ocT typ± Sg£ Q&fy -
iSLjl Gj^ : <JLS US' iajjU-JI ^ jli Jj tOT^ilL L^k*
.[t ipj.ijil] 4-^$ VI Jji'j ^
i^^*^' ^^f*-*' 5 <j^' »i-jJb»- j£i <uU-j
.(rU/Y) :5JL-^l l^y i^l^. :jJ>j t «^Uil^JI» t J^LiJI O)
J-^o^Jj t^^^Jl ^a ^1 ^_a Js>tJlj ^j^aJlII ^-$jNL-*1~j1
:- JU; - *Jji jju3I Ja^ Jjtu-I US' t -Jl ^ ^aU-tj oT^aJl j-«
'Z 'Sjty : - JU; - JjSj i*x*)1 JaIj i[ur :^yS\]
^ jl ^ jk^Jl J*b t[o :^^] 4© 9^ ^5 uiiiJi^
rtv
<J^laJl t c j^^ ^"b- 5 *^ ^J^Ai i^^^^l
flj j ti^^lil JU^LLw il^Jlil 4*">U-j cU-LJUI J^Uoj objj^Jlj
J jJ jSly <y t£ *J>**t ^y liy-L* 2^ ^L^J ol US
- LgiJaj jl - Lfjyu ^ Jl&I oJL* j 10 ^jJl Jlel yj jU^l
^ ^^^J s^JJlJI jj» ' Jl^ tiUi^Jl jj j-aJI^JI ^£SI
jS> ^>Jl <JUJI ,y ^fj> UJsaJI jj^U j! US'
. ^IS^Vl oll»Lu <_jLiS ^y ^-g-*!AS jb JjLlU^ ^Jj <.4kw2i« jJ>
jl cJJtS «^y- ^y? i*\ y» ^y ^UaUJl j j yJl oli^-^J jl US'
t'UUii'Vlj t^j^JJl)* : ^» j&l* oU-l^S ti^u^JLli Uilj^ LUp U*-^-* ^_gJ
^ «JlyiNlj tiil^^D) Jj> UajSIj t«JjUJlj t( ^UJl»
i^^j ctik^Jl IjlJI c/\j <.*\ >^l» ^IS^^Il
AM/y) :^UJI i«->. c«^.Ui1^JI» c^UJl (^)
^ viJJi 44 *"j <jr° J*-?* *=rj {j» \~>j~>** ^ t«-L>-UJlj
. oT^iJI Jli-tj i^yJJ Jwil^JI ^jiLJl Ji*Jl ^kJI Jj-^I
0 M j ti^b*-* ^JL» JJUj jSUjJI iajj ^ j V ^f>l US'
y*j - iJ^i cA'U^I SJLp OyJl Si^Ul c:».^gj li^j i^jLiJl ^y> y^t
\ ^ ^*jyv> ^ jJL> ^JLa iJUiiJl jjjii! 01 US'
UJ 41 Jl jJUJI *j ioNVjJI ^ jJLp <u «J ^ U dL^y\
. ^ jJ! ^yUJ *lJtl»Vlj ^ia^j S^aJl ^^U. ^ L _ r iJl i-Sjlj i_S
.JL^JI *Uj tlip. y>Qi o! ^ cJV-^Vlj
JuJbfJ ^ ia^% US'
^ ^^yjl 4^jl ^jSJu 4«j^UJI 5iJU^«» : ^j**^ t^s^jU^Jl
i-ilU^Jl J ^-5JL> IjJ^I (^c^ *r£\ 1^1* tiiUl JaI : Lfi jjJu^ij
^\ £9 1 j^JI j^JLp * jJ>\ ^y> jAi jJi ^ L« j-^a>- jL** iJLfcj t <^Ul Jt*V
^ri">^' t^* 0^ ij* *^ 4ilUfc4» :JU* toUc^j^Jl
^ya^^ l*\ yd &Jt»Jl ^aLJIj ^j^bjl jl :^i_*Jlj
«^» jaS\ IJl* jl :aaJ5>JIj !di3^ cJJUj jl ^JiJI ^UJl
.Aj^-iJl aJ^Ul-.^ *>UJl ilSuJlj S^UJlj SULoJU li>
jjU^ ^ ^jJu'l U ^ iL^>-Vlj t5JLaiJl jjjiJl ^-o-S
SjUNl j_4-iU*i, ^1^31 ^ysju J^o U ^1 ^ jl :ii^!5LiJl
.^iLJil ^ *U^1 ^\ :JjVl ^Vl -
( ^ ir w«iLj| cLk>-i ^^"^ l U^S" U>^£ j! V aIIJIj * >U50J
*^jJl c-^rl^Jl Jj t^^jj Lo^i; N jl ^--^w 4JuaUI j j jaU
.[rA C3f j£* £3 fif ^ !£3 oi> :$£ *Jji J^ 1 tJ *
jjjj ji
.(\oo/t) :«^jli«JI iUj ^1 O)
jJli :^sU? JS - X* ^aJLJl |vJuJ JL>-^ UJIj)) y\ ^U^l JU dJUjJj
J* ^ y^S\ oL*JaS ^oLa»j K^jLLJi ^ iUiUJl Ojj^Jt diL"
V tj^^sAAJi l$A>Jl«j 4^1*3^1 iL-ljjJl ^ Aj^^Jl JjL~JI oJlAj
L V U JkUl J^l>> :«g*j fUVl Jli U5 LgJ ijJU^
i j JU^iJl ^3ji ^ jt^\ c5^* JL-I . . l«li>-j
rtv
.° } « e Lb ^1 -JLSI pUS" jaI ^1 tur -LJl 4i« l« 431 .US' i«0Jl
tj^^j 1$JLp c oUjI JjLo oUUUJl <>Jl& jl jtif-l Ulj
^1 ^ ;JSl ^ ^Jji : J IS SI Jl*I>)I iLjJl ^
J jjJG lA-X^rj < -.l^jy^\ aJUj^II oULiJ( oOA £jL A^^^l JjL- J
. { _ r #\yS\j iS-uU^Jij 4^1jcl-N1 :JjLw-j
.* ^ t ya
iosakran@ gmail .com
.(01 ^) tiiUiJJ J^-Ul jS>
:2Lul jUl j^Jl *
aUaJl 4 jlji jb t^yN*^ ^ij^l JS^i* 4 ~
. (.a \ 1 * A) i^Ml
.UUYY) tiilltll
. j*JL- iLij juj^o ; (j^Ss^J t«^JJiJ!j ^J**^ ij^j^ ^j- 5 " =
.jlj^Jl i-^j^ t^sr^' : *• 't/^akuJl ( J& ijJl» =
^JU jb t«^P^JI i^LJU =
t ouLJl i^jjJl ti-H^ ■ aLij Juj>^4 : J;^" <.«<jJi-^]l» =
. ^Ju&\ Jt»l>- JUj>«^ ; JjJL*<J 4 8i jAiJl* =
. j*JL« iLij JU^a I ,JJb»j <.«<U_^Jl 4J**J] ^l^iaM =
A^l^UJl 4*_*JaJl Jwcvvl I<3Jto*j 4«pJi*Jl jlysJl jf**** ^1 ~~
i^JJl iW^I jb i^ljA^I UaP :jJW t j!>UJl -
.UUW) 4 J/VI 4*JJl 4LJJ! jb 4Sjl^ ^ik^ : jJi>j
4 ^jUlJ! jb t^UiJl ^Lt : J^a>^
. isjLllI i^AJl jb t-j^l • {j~*>** t (, jUjU- jUi U : CjJb- ^j-^ 1 =
.U\mv) liJliil oJJl tjLJl jb k «jUJl t Uj JUij -
. Ajj^a^Jl i~£Jl ta_j*-Jl J I ^ ^ i^Jl 4 L# k£Jjl ^JL*« -
tij^Vl A^iiJl iAj^Ujj ^ lyS : J^d>J t(uLLiJl» t L-«* ^1 -
.(jb\MV) 1 Jj^\ hJ^\
.will
<Lvu«*j-« 4<lL*Jj ■ J^r**" t*<Ju<ajj ^JL*^ ^^r* <> J^* —
. jb i^j^ojJI ^jJl ^_-»*^ :^Jis*J 4«JJL»J ^j^" 4 jS'L-P ^jI -
.uu\to ^v^ 1 'j-^i > '\y.^ r-^ *W* fc J 1 -^ 1 "
ixJaJl 4<LJl*J1 ^$31 jb tjjjjJl ( _ r -*-i : J-i>J c-iL$J» =
.UUY£)
.U\UA) i<*Jl*ll AxJJi
i*Jaj! 4 £Jl>\ jb t jU**Jl ^yJu^ i**Af}\j h\jJU 4 j-iS" ^\ -
rot
. C&\ £ TV) ^kJ!
.^LJiaJI (^£JI jb ^^jlaJI ^^ja c^jUJI -
toLxJl lL>^a> *. « oT ! j^-jZj ^^jUJI JbU <.juJI -
.(WY*») liJuJ!
.onu)
s^su ^iK^» '•pAij^i Wj -
.(f\^<U) i^jMl <*iaJl jb i«ObJl AjJaJH tj^u £>U> -
U) tJjSM <*JaJl tiuyJl oJb-jjl oL-Iji jS> 4«^jiJ
c^yJl ^UiJl /jjl tdS^UJl SjjyJl U-jljjJbNlH t JjyJl 4JJI JLP -
tJjSfl iUJi o>Ul jb .tt^l JsL^j iilJbJl ^ ^jJH -
.uu»v)
.( r mn)
jS> t «oLtiL«j OL-Iji :2blJL>Jij 4^UJl A.U -U^w -
.(fUW ; ^ JaJI iV./ 31 "o^jtt CjLuIji
.((»mr) ^:U! ;^yJ! J\£l\ jSyA\ ^ =
c J/V! UJaJl i^-^d! ^yJl iJi^Jl ii^Usj-'ifl t ^Jti> ^^Sl -
.( f lW)
.(pY * ► \) t JjVl <*JaJl tj-*Jl jb tiki^JbJl JJbJl i ~
jb ■"jjl* ■ y iiifjj^Jls ia->-Lj -
.(^*W) jb JJ>JI
too
.( r mo t&ui <*j*ji
.(^••o) t^Uii) JpVi ^Jbj^l t^^-p ji^
.( f UAY)
jJu^Vl ^j-JUwJI i j-^i -h^j '-^-y ti^ikJl *JUj!-» ^^jk ~
.( r Y-*\) i JjVl i*J*Jl t ^yJl 5^1
- A tack, Nonviolence in Political Theory, Edinburgh University
Press.
- A. Abdel-Malek, Orientalism in crisis, Diogenes 1963.
- Bijay Das, Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, Atlantic
Publishers & Dist, 5th ed, 2005.
- B. Williams, On hating and Despising philosophy, LRB, 1996.
- Bunch & Hellemans, The History of Science and Technology,
Houghton Mifflin, 2004.
- Chakrabarty, Social and Political Thought of Mahatma
Gandhi, Routledge, 2006.
- Deleuze, Dialogues II, trans. Tomlinson & Habberjam,
Columbia University Press, 2007.
- Dosse, History of Structuralism, University of Minnesota
Press, 1997.
- Foucault, "Nietzsche, Freud, Marx", In: Ormiston & Schrift
(eds). Transforming the Hermeneutic Context, State University
of New York Press, 1990.
rov
jiUy i - 3b AdU^Ji
WYY gdujjJ I >jif Yt Y W u ♦ ja
-VnUOTY^OV^^la -VUUoYAAAY
daral wae @ gmail.com