![[audio]](/images/mediatype_audio.gif) | Podcast 6.8: Phoenician Immigrant Associations, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
This episode continues the discussion of Syrian, Phoenician and Israelite (Samaritan) ethnic groups or immigrant associations, moving into the Roman imperial period. This is part of series 6 (Associations in the Greco-Roman World) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: associations; roman empire; greco-roman religion; judeans; israelites
Downloads: 6,263 |
| Podcast 4.3: Salvation from the Gods - Asklepios at Pergamon (Pergamum) - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss the way in which people in Roman times believed that gods saved them in their daily lives, focusing on the case of the healing sanctuary of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Pergamon (Pergamum). This is part of series 4 (Honouring the Gods in the Roman Empire) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: asklepios; asclepius; aesculapius; healing; roman empire; ancient religion; greco-roman religion; asclepieium; asklepieion; pergamum; asia minor
Downloads: 10,566 |
| Podcast 4.5: Justice from the Gods in Lydia - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss the active role of the gods in punishing transgressors by focusing on indigenous practices in the region of Lydia, particularly the propitiation or confession inscriptions. This is part of series 4 (Honouring the Gods in the Roman Empire) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: confession inscriptions; propitiation; lydia; phrygia; roman empire; greco-roman religion; gods
Downloads: 10,302 |
| Podcast 1.1: Paul in his own words - Philip A. Harland
In this first episode on Paul and his communities, we look at autobiographical statements by Paul as a way of introducing Paul and his letters from an historical perspective. This is part of series one (Paul and his Communities) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast. (Episode re-edited and improved January 29, 2009.)
Keywords: history, early christianity, new testament, apostle paul; religion; ancient history; early christianity; ancient religions
Downloads: 19,390 |
| Podcast 3.9: Marcionites and the Unknown God - Philip A. Harland
Here I explore Marcionite forms of Christianity, which contrast significantly to the Judean forms discussed in the previous episode. Followers of Marcion believed that the legalistic God of the Hebrew Bible was to be distinguished from the loving, unknown Father-God who sent Jesus, and that Law was opposed to Gospel. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: marcion; heresies; diversity; early Christianity; christian origins; ancient history
Downloads: 11,440 |
| Podcast 3.3: Docetic and Judaizing Opponents of Ignatius - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss two main groups of opponents combated by Ignatius of Antioch in his letters to followers of Jesus in Asia Minor (Turkey): Docetic and Judaizing opponents (part 1 of 2). This episode introduces Ignatius (who wrote in the early second century) and explains the position of his docetic opponents, who thought that Jesus only appeared to be human when in fact he was a divine being. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of...
Keywords: early Christianity; heresies; new testament; bible; apostolic fathers; ignatius of antioch; christian origins; docetism; gnosticism
Downloads: 11,598 |
| Podcast 7.3: Origins part 2 - Zoroastrian apocalypticism - Philip A. Harland
Here I turn to Persia (Iran) in order to examine Zoroastrian apocalypticism and its relation to Judean apocalypticism. This is part of series 7 (Visions of the End: Apocalypticism) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: Zoroaster; zoroastrianism; apocalypticism; end of the world; persia; iranian
Downloads: 4,521 |
| Podcast 7.1: Visions of the End - What is Apocalypticism? - Philip A. Harland
In this first episode I begin to define apocalypticism with reference to (1) a worldview or ideology focused on an imminent end of the world, (2) social groupings that live out that worldview, and (3) a type writing or genre of literature (e.g. the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible and John's Revelation.in the New Testament). This is part of series 7 (Visions of the End: Apocalypticism) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: apocalypticism; apocalyptic; armageddon; ancient judaism; early christianity; end of the world; millenialism; millenarian
Downloads: 5,003 |
| Podcast 2.9: John's Portrait of Jesus - Son and Word (part 2) - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to discuss how the gospel of John portrays Jesus as both the Word of God and the Son sent by the Father (part 2 of 2).
Keywords: jesus; bible; new testament; gospels; gospel of John; ancient history; early christianity; christian origins
Downloads: 11,916 |
| Podcast 3.11: Secret Book of John, part 1 - The Spiritual Realm - Philip A. Harland
Here I begin to explain the worldview of the Apocryphon of John, one of the Nag Hammadi writings (part 1 of 2). Like other writings in that collection, this author makes a clear distinction between the perfect spiritual realm, also known as the "fullness", and an inferior material realm created by a jealous god or "ruler" (archon). In this episode I describe the perfect spiritual realm and the process of emanations from the perfect "Invisible Spirit" or "Father".
Keywords: early Christianity; ancient history; nag hammadi; apocryphon of john; gnosticism; platonism
Downloads: 12,186 |
| Podcast 3.14: The Gospel of Philip, part 1 - Ideas of Salvation - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss the Gospel of Philip (perhaps best known in connection with the Da Vinci Code). This episode deals with the author's worldview and ideas about the condition of humanity, preparing the way for a second episode on the practices and rituals that enacted salvation. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; gnosticism; gospels; gospel of philip
Downloads: 11,001 |
| Podcast 3.2: A Schism in John's Community, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to delve into the opponents in John's epistles (part 2 of 2). These epistles provide evidence of an early Christian schism over how to view Jesus' humanity. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; bible; new testament; heresies; christian origins
Downloads: 10,999 |
| Pocast 7.5: Origins part 3b - Israelite Prophets 2 - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to discuss the importance of the prophets in the Hebrew Bible for the subsequent development of apocalypticism, dealing with Zechariah and Isaiah 24-27 (sometimes known as the "Apocalypse of Isaiah)
Keywords: prophets; apocalyptic; apocalypticism; apocalypse; zechariah; isaiah
Downloads: 3,791 |
| Podcast 6.6: Approaches to Studying Ethnic Associations and Identities - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss concepts of identity, assimilation, and other sociological and anthropological tools for studying immigrant groups or ethnic associations in the ancient context, preparing the way for an investigation of Phoenician, Judean, and other immigrant groups or cultural minorities. This is part of series 6 (Associations in the Greco-Roman World) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: associations; christianity; judaism; immigrants; identity; ethnicity; ethnic groups; roman empire; sociology; anthropology
Downloads: 5,976 |
| Podcast 1.8: Paul's response to the Galatians - Philip A. Harland
This second episode on Paul's letter to the Galatians looks at Paul's response to the situation involving opponents that were advocating circumcision. I discuss the apocalyptic rationale behind Paul's notion that circumcision was not an entrance requirement for Gentiles to belong to the Jesus groups. In the process, I also begin to deal with Paul's complicated positions regarding the Torah (the law) and its relation to non-Judeans...
Keywords: early Christianity; new testament; bible; christian origins; ancient judaism; greco-roman religions; apostle paul; galatia; judaism
Downloads: 13,192 |
| Podcast 5.11: Jesus as Teacher, part 1 - Form and Content - Philip A. Harland
This and the following episode consider the historical Jesus in the role of teacher. Here I discuss the form or method of his instruction, and begin to introduce the centrality of the "Kingdom of God" to his teachings. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; historical jesus; kingdom of god
Downloads: 9,568 |
| backup of 2.1 when other not working - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss some introductory issues regarding the gospels, including their status as ancient biographies or portraits of Jesus and the literary relationships among the synoptic gospels (approx. 45 minutes). This sets the stage for an historical and literary study of portraits of Jesus in Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, as well as the book of Hebrews. This episode is part of series two ("Early Christian Portraits of Jesus") of the podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; gospels; jesus
Downloads: 1,034 |
| Podcast 4.2: A City and Its Patron Deity - Artemis of Ephesus - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss civic cults in Asia Minor and Ephesus with a focus on the relationship between a city and its patron deity (in this case Artemis Ephesia). This is part of series 4 (Honouring the Gods in the Roman Empire) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: greco-roman religions; asia minor; ephesus; Artemis; civic cults; roman empire
Downloads: 11,015 |
| Podcast 5.6: Jesus, Galilee, and Israelite History, part 1 - Until the Second Temple - Philip A. Harland
This and the following episode place Jesus and Galilee within the broader context of Israelite history. This episode begins with the Assyrian period (700s BCE) and concludes with the Persian period, with the construction of the second temple (ca. 500 BCE). This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: historical jesus; israelite history; galilee; judea
Downloads: 10,935 |
| Podcast 2.10: Hebrews' Portrait of Jesus - Highpriest Melchizedek, part 1 - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss the way in which the book of Hebrews portrays Jesus both as highpriest Melchizedek and once for all sacrifice (part 1 of 2). This is part of series 2 ("Early Christian Portraits of Jesus") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: new testament; bible; early christianity; hebrews; melchizedek; judaism
Downloads: 12,149 |
| Podcast 3.16: The Gospel of Mary - Secret Knowledge from the Ultimate Disciple - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss this dialogue gospel in which Mary Magdalene is presented as Jesus' favorite disciple and the instructor of true knowledge. I explore notions of salvation in terms of the ascent of the soul, as well as the way in which this writing reflects struggles among different groups of Jesus-followers. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; women; gnosticism; mary; gospel of mary
Downloads: 12,318 |
| Podcast 7.9: Daniel's Visions as Veiled History - Philip A. Harland
Here I further explore the first-person visionary account in Daniel chapters 7-12, our earliest example of an historical apocalypse as veiled history.
Keywords: apocalypse; apocalypticism; end of the world; judaism; christianity; daniel; antiochus epiphanes
Downloads: 368 |
| Podcast 6.11 Jesus Groups as Associations and Cultural Minorities, part 1 - Philip A. Harland
This episode introduces groups of early Jesus-followers within the context of associations, Judeans, and cultural minority groups, setting the stage for case studies of Jesus groups in Asia Minor (parts 2-3).
Keywords: early christianity; associations; jesus; christianity
Downloads: 5,313 |
| Podcast 5.8: Jesus, the Galilean and Judean - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss Jesus as a Galilean and a Judean. I do so by looking at cultural life associated with the temple in the first century and the relations between cultures in Judea and Galilee. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: Judaism; historical jesus; galilee; early christianity
Downloads: 10,880 |
![[collection]](/images/mediatype_collection.gif) | Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean Podcast - Philip A. Harland
The Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast (by Philip A. Harland, York University) explores social and religious life in the Greco-Roman world, especially early Christianity including the New Testament. Half-hour episodes are released monthly in the official podcast feed but are available earlier here on archive.org. These episodes are not scripted; most are edited versions of improvised lectures from point-form notes...
Downloads: 15,582 |
| Podcast 7.7: 1 Enoch - Fallen Angels in Early Apocalypticism - Philip A. Harland
Here I examine the story of the fallen angels in 1 Enoch 1-36 in connection with its importance for Judean apocalypticism and I explore the idea of an otherworldly or cosmic journey apocalypse.
Keywords: apocalpyse; apocalpyticism; fallen angels; satan; demons; judean; jewish
Downloads: 548 |
| Podcast 3.4: Docetic and Judaizing Opponents of Ignatius, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
Here I conclude the discussion of Ignatius by discussing his Judaizing opponents, who advocated certain Jewish beliefs and practices. I also deal with Ignatius' strategies in combating groups he considered heretical. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; christian origins; new testament; bible; ignatius of antioch; heresies; history
Downloads: 11,013 |
| Podcast 5.10: Jesus and his Mentor, John the Baptizer - Philip A. Harland
Here I consider evidence from Josephus and the Gospels regarding John the Baptist and his importance for studying the historical Jesus. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early christianity; historical jesus; john the baptist; judaism
Downloads: 10,038 |
| Podcast 2.7: Luke's Portrait of Jesus - Prophet Elijah (part 2) - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to discuss how the gospel of Luke portrays Jesus as a prophet like Elijah, which also entails presenting Jesus as a saviour to the poor and marginalized of society (part 1 of 2).
Keywords: gospels; jesus; early christianity; new testament; bible; gospel of luke; ancient history
Downloads: 11,689 |
| Podcast 3.15: The Gospel of Philip, part 2 - Ritual Enactments of Salvation - Philip A. Harland
Here I finish the discussion of the Gospel of Philip by focusing on the way in which notions of salvation were enacted in the practices of the followers of Jesus who used this writing. In particular, rituals such as the "bridal chamber" illustrate the connections between sex (as a metaphor) and salvation in the mindset of this author. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early christianity; gospel of philip; nag hammadi; gnosticism; bridal chamber
Downloads: 10,363 |
| Podcast 3.10: Introducing Gnostic Worldviews - Philip A. Harland
Here I set the stage for the study of specific Nag Hammadi and related writings by outlining in broad terms some common denominators or assumptions in the range of worldviews traditionally labeled "gnostic". This includes discussion of the Middle Platonic assumptions of many authors. I also deal with the importance of knowledge (gnosis) in the understanding of how salvation from the material realm, which was created by an inferior god, takes place...
Keywords: early christianity; ancient history; gnosticism; gnostic; christian origins; plato; platonic philosophy; nag hammadi
Downloads: 12,643 |
| Podcast 7.8: Introduction to Daniel's Historical Apocalypse - Philip A. Harland
Here I introduce the "historical apocalypse" of Daniel, including a discussion of the kingdoms in king Nebuchadnezzar's dream (ch. 2) and the historical context of chapters 7-12 (the apocalypse proper) during the time of the Hellenistic king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (in the 160s BCE).
Keywords: apocalypse; apocalypticism; end of the world; judaism; christianity; daniel; antiochus epiphanes
Downloads: 313 |
| Podcast 2.3: Mark's portrait of Jesus - Suffering Son, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
This concludes the discussion of how Jesus is portrayed in the narrative of the gospel of Mark, namely as the secretive and suffering Son of God (part 2 of 2). This episode is part of series two ("Early Christian Portraits of Jesus") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast, which is connected with the blog of the same name at
Keywords: bible; gospels; new testament; mark; ancient history
Downloads: 11,687 |
| Podcast 6.5: Associations and the Roman Empire - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss the relation between associations and the Roman empire, including Roman authorities and the emperors. This is part of series 6 (Associations in the Greco-Roman World) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: associations; Roman empire; Christianity; Judaism; imperial cults; honors
Downloads: 6,152 |
| Podcast 6.12: Jesus Groups as Associations and Cultural Minorities, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to discuss groups of Jesus followers in Asia Minor with case studies of 1 Peter and Revelation (John's Apocalypse), focussing on both indications of identity construction or maintenance and signs of assimilation or acculturation.
Keywords: 1 Peter; new testament; early christianity; acculturation; assimilation; identity
Downloads: 5,910 |
| Podcast 5.15: Jesus as a Messianic King? - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss first-century Judean concepts relating to an anointed one, or messiah, particularly a kingly messiah, and discuss contemporary figures who were viewed as kings. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: jesus; early christianity; messiah; king; judaism
Downloads: 7,542 |
| Podcast 2.2: Mark's portrait of Jesus - Suffering Son (part 1) - Philip A. Harland
Here I consider how Jesus is portrayed in the narrative of the gospel of Mark, namely as the secretive and suffering Son of God (part 1 of 2). I discuss Mark's use of literary irony in connection with the secrecy issue and cover critical points at which Jesus' identity comes to the fore in this ancient biography written for a Gentile (non-Judean) audience. This episode is part of series two ("Early Christian Portraits of Jesus") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast, which is con...
Keywords: Jesus; Gospels; early christianity; christian origins; bible; new testament; ancient history; gospel of mark
Downloads: 12,907 |
| Podcast 5.4: Scholarly Portraits of the Historical Jesus, part 1 (Crossan) - Philip A. Harland
This and the following episode explore two contrasting scholarly portraits of the historical Jesus, those of John Dominic Crossan (Jesus as egalitarian peasant) and E.P. Sanders (Jesus as apocalyptic prophet). This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: jesus; historical jesus; new testament; judaism; christianity
Downloads: 11,566 |
| Podcast 5.7: Jesus, Galilee, and Israelite History, part 2 - To the Time of Jesus - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to place Jesus and Galilee within the broader context of Israelite history. This episode works through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, including the time of Jesus, and finishes with a discussion of social and economic life in first century Galilee and Judea. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: historical jesus; early christianity; new testament; judaism; christian origins
Downloads: 11,073 |
| Podcast 2.6: Luke's Portrait of Jesus - Prophet Elijah (part 1) - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss how the gospel of Luke portrays Jesus as a prophet like Elijah, which also entails presenting Jesus as a saviour to the poor and marginalized of society (part 1 of 2). In this first part, I provide some important background for understanding this two volume work, Luke-Acts, both as ancient biography and as ancient history-writing.
Keywords: early Christianity; new testament; bible; gospel of luke; gospels; jesus; ancient history; christian origins; early christianity
Downloads: 12,384 |
| Podcast 6.13: Cultural Minority Associations and Ethnic Stereotypes, part 1 - Philip A. Harland
This and the following episode explore ethnic stereotypes as they impacted associations of Judeans and Jesus-followers, placing these groups within the context of ethnic rivalries. In this episode, I discuss common negative stereotypes about Judeans found within writings of the elites, particularly the Roman Tacitus and the Greek Egyptian Apion.
Keywords: Jews; Judeans; ethnic rivalry; Judaism; identity; stereotypes; sociology
Downloads: 4,749 |
| Podcast 3.12: Secret Book of John, part 2 - Salvation from the Material Realm - Philip A. Harland
Here I continue to explain the worldview of the Apocryphon of John, particularly its notions regarding the material realm, the inferior creator god (demiurge), and salvation from this realm. This is part of series 3 ("Diversity in Early Christianity: 'Heresies' and Struggles") of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; gnosticism; nag hammadi
Downloads: 11,369 |
| Podcast 5.13: Jesus as Healer and Exorcist - Philip A. Harland
Here I investigate the historical Jesus within the context of contemporaries who were viewed as healers and exorcists in first century Galilee and Judea. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: historical jesus; healing; miracles; early christianity; exorcism; exorcist
Downloads: 9,306 |
| Podcast 6.3: Judean and Christian Groups as Associations - Philip A. Harland
Using Josephus and Philo as a starting point, here I discuss how people in the ancient world, including Judeans (Jews), Christians, and others, sometimes expressed the identities of Judean synagogues and Christian congregations in terms of association-life. Although peculiar in some respects, Judean and Christian groups can be studied alongside other associations in the Greco-Roman world. This is part of series 7 (Associations in the Greco-Roman World) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterrane...
Keywords: associations; guilds; social history; roman empire; greco-roman world; hellenistic; religion; early christianity; ancient judaism
Downloads: 8,133 |
| Podcast 7.4: Origins part 3a - Israelite Prophets 1 - Philip A. Harland
Here I discuss the importance of the prophets in the Hebrew Bible for the subsequent development of apocalypticism, beginning with a survey of important events in the history of Israel and discussion of a passage in Ezekiel (chs. 37-39).
Keywords: apocalyptic; apocalypticism; prophets; Hebrew bible; israelite; ezekiel; exile; restoration
Downloads: 4,222 |
| Podcast 6.10: Judean Immigrant Associations, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
This episode continues the discussion of Judean immigrant associations, turning to archeological evidence for assimilation and integration in the Roman era. This is part of series 6 (Associations in the Greco-Roman World) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: jewish; judean; immigrants; roman empire; greco-roman world; religion; jewish diaspora; josephus; asia minor
Downloads: 5,929 |
| Podcast 1.12: Legacies of Paul - Women's leadership, part 2 - Philip A. Harland
This final episode in series 1 concludes the discussion of the Acts of Paul and Thecla in relation to the Pastoral epistles, addressing the ways in which Paul was used within debates about womens' leadership in second century groups of Jesus-followers. This is the final episode in series 1. Series 2 will take an historical and literary look at the gospels in terms of "Portraits of Jesus in Early Christianity"...
Keywords: early Christianity; history; Christian origins; new Testament; bible; acts of paul and thecla; pastoral epistles; 1 timothy; 2 timothy; titus; women; greco-roman society; ancient history; roman empire
Downloads: 13,205 |
| Podcast 5.12: Jesus as Teacher, part 2 - Present or Future Kingdom - Philip A. Harland
This is the second of two episodes that consider the historical Jesus in the role of teacher. Here I discuss evidence regarding Jesus' conception of the "kingdom of God" and the scholarly debates regarding Jesus' present or (imminent) future focus. This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: historical jesus; early christianity; kingdom of god
Downloads: 9,260 |
| Podcast 5.5: Scholarly Portraits of the Historical Jesus, part 2 (Sanders) - Philip A. Harland
This is the second of two episodes that explore two contrasting scholarly portraits of the historical Jesus, those of John Dominic Crossan (Jesus as egalitarian peasant) and E.P. Sanders (Jesus as apocalyptic prophet). This is part of series 5 (The Historical Jesus in Context) of the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean podcast.
Keywords: early Christianity; historical jesus; judaism; new testament; bible
Downloads: 10,245 |
| Podcast 1.7: Paul and the situation in Galatia - Philip A. Harland
This episode looks at the situation in Galatia that led Paul to write his letter in the mid-first century (part 1 of 2). After Paul left this region of Asia Minor, certain leaders of the Jesus movement had passed through and discovered Gentiles (non-Judeans) who were not circumcized, despite the fact they thought they belonged to this Judean (Jewish) movement. Here I explore the rationale of these opponents of Paul who advocated circumcision as an entrance requirement into the movement and as a ...
Keywords: new testament; apostle paul; galatia; galatians; bible; early christianity; christian origins; ancient judaism; greco-roman world; ancient mediterranean; jesus movement
Downloads: 13,058 |
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