WEBVTT Kind: captions; Language: en

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Protection comes high, sky high.

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Today we must be on guard in the sky when
it comes to protecting our resources.

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The national resources that
are so precious to us.

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The offensive weapons are all here today.

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Super sonic, super destructive,

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seemingly unresistible.

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To protect the future of America,
the defense techniques of

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tomorrow had to be discovered now.

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They were discovered in electronics.
That is how SAGE and bursting

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computers into military service.

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Electronics for combat means new concepts,
new tools, new weapons.

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You are listening to the
heartbeat of the SAGE computer.

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Every instrument in this room is
constantly monitoring, testing, pulse

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taking, controlling.

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For this is the programming and
operation center for the SAGE computer

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which surrounds it.

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To it come continuous streams of data,
which it continuously absorbs and stores.

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On magnetic drums, tapes, and cores.

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Data from radar units, Texas towers,
picket ships, early warning

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aircraft, ground observer corps,
weather bureau.

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To say nothing of up to the
minute data on all regularly

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scheduled commercial air flights.

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It also packs away information as to the
number, location, and characteristics

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of all military craft.

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All anti-aircraft guns,
all defensive missiles in the area.

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And this computer is on the job around
the clock with 24 hour a day reliability.

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It is really two computers,
but only one is operating the system.

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The other with the same vast
memory performs as a slave,

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checking calculations and results.

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Ready to take over in a matter of
seconds should the master computer form.

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All this is housed in one of the new
headquarters of computer defense.

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One of the direction centers of
what the Air Force calls SAGE.

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Beyond the fantastic capacity for
calculation and memory, SAGE possesses the

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newest and most revolutionary
advance in data processing.

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The display scope, a computer generated
visual display, on call as needed.

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Until SAGE, the miracle of the computer
was its ability to calculate in split

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seconds and then provide printed information.

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But SAGE needed more than this.

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For the lightning shifts of air battle
the Air Force requested from IBM, a

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computer capable of translating volumes
of changing data into a continuous flow

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of interpretations,
which could be understood at a glance.

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Air defense required split
second presentation as well as

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split second calculation.

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Given this objective, IBM applied the
latest extension of data processing.

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The display scope, a giant picture
tube on which computer results are

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instantaneously and continuously
translated into graphic images.

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In SAGE, airmen have the battle
visualized for them on the

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computer generated display.

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Two floors above the great computers
are the batteries of display scopes.

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Although they look like the offspring of
a marriage between a television tube and

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a radar screen,
display scopes do not show physical

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images transmitted from elsewhere.

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They display the results of
the computer's findings.

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SAGE, with its display scope,
also has one feature possessed by neither

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a television or radar screen.

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It has memory.

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In case of enemy air attack, not only
can a clear picture of the changing air

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situation be displayed on a scope,
but if the airman wishes to see how things got

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that way,
the scope can recall any previous phase of the

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situation from the computer's memory.

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By analyzing the past,
SAGE can project into the future.

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The computer can furnish information on
the counter measures available so that

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the officer in charge can make his
choice as to when and where to fight.

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Once he has selected a plan of counter attack,
the computer guides

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interceptors and missiles to the enemy.

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After encounter, the computer guides
the interceptors back to their bases.

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Aladdin's lamp couldn't do more.

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What is the most precious commodity
that electronics defense wins us? Time.

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Long before the bomber reaches our
defense perimeter, the computer's

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memory will identify it as friendly.

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But if a flight of planes were identified
as hostile, then in a matter of

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minutes...

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Time is everything.
This is electronic defense in depth.

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And what better reason for
an effective air defense?

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But is this protection enough?
Here is protection, too.

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The protection which comes with the
possession of weapons of retaliation.

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Just as our defensive
powers had been advancing,

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so have our instruments of attack.

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The demands of plane warfare required the
fantastic ability of modern computers.

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The question was, how could the
electronic computer be made airborne?

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Problems of consequence when designing a
computer for ground installation became

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overwhelming when it was proposed to
redesign them to fit into jet bombers.

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First, the problem of space and weight.

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The interior of a modern bomber
is cramped for space as is.

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How can a bulky computer be fitted into it?

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For every extra pound of dead weight carried,
a bomber must

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add many more gallons of fuel.

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Second, the problem of reliability.

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Could a computer be designed to
withstand all the stresses of flight?

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[...] climate, turbulence.

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Third, maintenance.

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Could a computer be designed for
easy ground and air maintenance?

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These and other problems were all
finally solved by unique design and by

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employing the basic principle
of modular construction.

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The same multiple arrangement principle
which was applied in the design of this

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doll furniture enabled the Air Force
to procure an airborne computer.

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By designing an electronic assembly
packaged in self-contained units which are

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then joined, a computer of flexible
construction was achieved.

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It can either be installed in
a compact unit or parts can be

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distributed according to the space available.

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Self-contained units make it easier to
achieve durable construction and easier to

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test each unit for reliability.

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Under all conditions, an airborne computer
is likely to be exposed to and some

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highly unlikely ones.

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High altitudes up to 120,000 feet.
Low temperatures down

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to 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Below zero.
High temperatures up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Sunlight.

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And rain tests.

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Life tests of mechanical and electronic units.

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Vibration tests. In this test, the question
is not will the computer work under

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this condition, but how long will it work?

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Once the continued capabilities of the
airborne computer were established, there

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was only one other major obstacle.
Field maintenance.

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To solve this problem, IBM drew on its
commercial experience. It converted its

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control panels to military use.

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In order to test a unit of an airborne
computer, the technician merely

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selects the proper control panel.

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He then plugs the units into the test
equipment and the signal lights tell him

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whether the units are working or not.

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This puts testing computer units in
the same class as testing light bulbs.

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Today, the airborne computer is no longer
a theory nor an experiment. It's a

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fact, tested, functioning,
practical, and restricted.

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It has gone into production
under the label BRAIN. Bombing,

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radar, navigation equipment.

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A new plant is being rice to completion
in Owego, New York to boost its output.

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Here is a scale model of a B-52 showing
the relative locations of brain

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equipment. The rest of the system, computers,
periscope, and screen, are designed

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to take up a minimum of space
and to give a maximum of use.

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Computers have taken wing.

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Hey, Phil. I got some crosshair jitter
in both azimuth and elevation. Would you

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pull the AR-5 and replace it with a spare?

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Sure, Dan. Give me a minute.

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It'll only be a second more.

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Yeah, I think I got it now.

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Okay, the amplifier is replaced.
How's the jitter?

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Settle down. Yeah, it's okay now. Thanks, Phil.

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And as long as we're on guard,
as long as we're ready to look ahead and

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move ahead, the future of America is secure.

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Thank you.