326 Egypt
finance the association was fairly close. Egypt covered
the deficits in the first Budgets of the Sudan, and, in
return, under financial regulations of 1899, 1901, and
1910, received the right of supervision over Sudanese
finance. Sudanese Budgets were, under this system,
submitted to the Minister of Finance and the Council of
Ministers, while all new and special grants required
Egyptian approval. Under this arrangement we find
that in 1900 the Egyptian Treasury subsidised the
Sudan to an amount of ^457,892, of which ^282,862
was returned to it on account of the Egyptian troops in
the Sudan. These Budget subventions amounted in all
to over £5,000,000, against which, however, must be
reckoned the Customs receipts in Egypt on the transit
trade of the Sudan. There was also an annual Egyptian
subsidy of £23,000 for suppression of the slave trade
which ended in 1923. Since 1913 financial assistance
has been given to the Sudan by the British Govern-
ment, and since 1923 the Budget has been balanced.
It is obvious, therefore, that at its inception and
possibly in its inspiration the administration of the
Sudan in association with Egypt was not unlike the
relationship between the northern civil governments and
the southern military territories of the French North
African Protectorates. But this military administration
of the Sudan developed rapidly, not, as in Algiers and
Morocco, into assimilation by the neighbouring civil
government—namely, Egypt—but by transforming itself
into an independent British civil service of specially
trained British officials to the exclusion both of the
Anglo-Egyptian officers and of the Egyptian civilians,
In the same way the judicial system rapidly assumed a
British or rather Anglo-Indian character; though the
codes it administered were largely copied from those of