182 Egypt
was raised in fees, whereas during this period public reve-
nue was raised from £14,000,000 to over £40,000,000.
Moreover, the quality of English teachers had declined
after Cromer's creation of the Civil Service that closed
promotion from educational to governmental posts. Now,
however, a Ministry of Public Education was established
under a British adviser. Instruction in English was added
to instruction in French, and the amenable Egyptians
emigrated en masse from the French to the English
class-rooms, But while they were still thus reducing the
French hold on Egyptian education, the British found
themselves embarrassed by an outbreak of nationalism
among the students. These boys saw in Mustapha Kamil
the champion of Young Egypt, and in themselves the
advance guard of an Egyptian nation. There was a
movement to replace English instruction by Arabic and
English teachers by Egyptians. To meet this Saad
Zaglul was made Minister of Education, and tried un-
successfully to restore discipline and free the schools
from propaganda. The next move was that voluntary
schools were started for young Nationalists with sub-
scriptions obtained by El Lew a (1901), A national uni-
versity was stopped by Cromer (1905), but was started
successfully under his successor (1908). That it was
not then, and has not since been, a success may be
attributed to the failure of its founders to realise that a
system of national education is not the same thing as a
system of education in nationalism. But that such enter-
prises were even attempted is evidence of our own failure
to realise that the systematic exclusion of a nation from
political education will make their educational system
political.
The British authorities, in the last phase of Cromerism,
proved quite unable to deal with this nationalist agitation,