Nationalist Renascence 181
record does this chinless and Chauvinist young effendi
seem a real representative of the strong-featured, simple-
minded Egyptian peasantry—a representative such as
was, for example, his predecessor in the Nationalist leader-
ship, Arabi, or his successor, Saad Zaglul. He was,
however, the man of the moment. The moment demanded
an Anglophobe agitation, and Mustapha Kami!, through
his Arabic newspaper El Lewa (The Standard), with its
French and English editions, irrigated all Egypt with
inundations of vitriolic vituperation. He was also unceas-
ingly active in propagandist missions to Paris and in Pan-
Islamic missions to Constantinople. In France he secured
for the new Nationalists a ready sympathy and support.
Educated at Toulouse, he was taken up by Madame
Adam of the Nouvelle Revue, introduced into Parisian
literary and political circles, and given a prominent place
in the anti-British agitation excited by the Fashoda
incident. This pedestal, together with his considerable
powers as writer and speaker, put him at the head of the
Egyptian extremists as president of the general assembly
of the Nationalist party. At Cairo he was taken up by
the Khedive in defiance of Cromer's interdict on all inter-
course between the two young men (December, 1901).
He was made a Bey by favour of Abbas (1901) and a
Pasha by grace of Abdul Hamid (1904). Probably his
principal service to Egyptian nationalism was the alliance
he arranged between Moslems and Copts, while his most
practical activity, outside propaganda campaigns, was
his penetration of the schools.
In the early years of the century the British awoke to
the danger of further neglecting education in general and
English instruction in particular. But even so the percent-
age of total expenditure on education between 1907 and
1912 never rose above 3*4, and of this one-third to one-half