Financial Reconstruction 169
the administrative and judicial functions of the Mudirs to
British inspector magistrates of Anglo-Indian type. And
it is worth noting Nubar's fight for the Mudirs, because
it is the first successful effort on behalf of Egypt to set
bounds to the absorption by the British of all govern-
mental functions. The position of the Mudirs had already
been somewhat impaired by the introduction of the French
Codes and Parquet. Taking advantage of this, Mr.
Clifford Lloyd, charged with organising a constabulary,
introduced a sort of Anglo-Indian magistrature to super-
vise and partly supersede both Mudir and Parquet
(December 31, 1883). Nubar, on becoming Prime
Minister (1884), at once attacked this scheme. Lord
Cromer, occupied with the Sudan, left Lloyd to fight his
own battles. His appeal to Caesar against Cleopatra
found no favour in London, and he resigned (May, 1884).
Thereafter the gendarmerie remained a highly ornate
semi-military body without magisterial powers until the
death of its Inspector-General, Baker Pasha (1887).
Nubar then still further reduced their powers in the
provinces. Kitchener, on becoming Inspector-General
(1891), got these powers back, on which Nubar resigned.
He resumed the fight on returning to office (1894), and
got the Inspector-General abolished in return for accept-
ing an adviser, Gorst, the future Agent-General, at a
new Ministry of the Interior. The British thus controlled
local affairs, but from the top, not at the bottom, of the
pyramid,
In the judicial region Nubar*s resistance to Anglo-
Indianismg was even more successful. The attempt of
Sir R. West to substitute the Indian codes, judicature
and procedures for the French system was defeated and
not again renewed.
The cause of ct Egypt for the Egyptians >J was main-